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The study aims to assess street children's challenges in getting a quality education and find strategies and policies for improving their formal education opportunities. Unfortunately, street children in Pakistan are unable to get an education, and even out-of-school street children do not have access to free education. Due to poverty, lack of awareness, and other significant conditions, they are unable to attend school. They have the right to get a formal education and play their role in society like other children. This study results show that most out-of-school street children undergo financial issues and other family problems, due to which they are unable to continue their education. Therefore, they become child labourers, beggars, car cleaners, etc. Sometimes, they forcefully work to meet their basic day-to-day needs. The research is based on qualitative and quantitative research methods collected through interviews with the primary respondents, including street children’s parents, surveys, questionnaires and case studies; the paper will also identify the main factor contributing to the exclusion of street children getting a formal education. The findings show the importance of an inclusive approach combining education, civil society support, NGOs and community engagement to empower street children to get formal education.

Pakistan Railways is facing a crisis marked by a need for more operational locomotives essential for its functioning. This study endeavours to uncover the root causes of lack of success and explore avenues for enhancing operational efficiency and effectiveness. The study draws out some parameters and resolutions about competence and corruption issues in Pakistan railways. It examines and provides possibilities for improving performance and increasing capacity by highlighting different problem areas. The well-grounded qualitative approach was used to design the research methodology. Analysis of in-depth face-to-face interviews with senior officials helped identify the significant factors of competence and corruption contributing to the decline of Pakistan railways. The study delineates key parameters and proposes resolutions to address these challenges, aiming to enhance the organisation's performance and capacity by identifying and addressing critical problem areas. The research analysis identifies the principal factors contributing to the Pakistan Railway's decline in competence and corruption. NVivo 14 was utilised to discover richer insights from the interviews, enhancing the rigour and reliability of the findings. The study offers several recommendations to concerned authorities to elevate the competence levels within Pakistan railways and steer them towards recovery and efficiency.

Policies are created at the highest level, and street-level bureaucrats (SLBs) implement them at lower levels. SLBs work directly with citizens and exercise significant discretion in their service. According to Lipsky's theory, SLBs face various problems and use multiple coping techniques to deal with them. This study focused on the discretionary powers of the heads of departments (HODs) and the use of coping mechanisms when faced with challenges in enacting the semester system policy. The existing study used the theoretical model of coping mechanisms using a single-case research methodology to investigate the HODs of a prestigious public university's coping behaviour in implementing the semester system. Semi-structured interviews were employed to get the perspectives of HODs in this qualitative research. This study used the classification model of coping families developed by Tummers, Bekkers, Vink, and Michael (2015) and concludes that management has given HODs some task-discretionary authority for carrying out the semester system policy based on thematic analysis. The findings reveal that HODs move against the students rather than towards or away from them in coping behaviour. HODs strictly follow the semester system's policy by adhering to rigid rule-following.

This paper broadly examines the transport infrastructure under China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). A qualitative approach has been adopted to reach for authentic information based on primary and secondary data, like journal articles, newspapers, and reports. The data about transport development projects, their connectivity, budget, employment ratio and the construction companies are gathered for analysis. This paper aims to highlight Pakistan's economic growth due to road development and the benefits of road infrastructure for the growing economy of Pakistan from the perspective of regional countries. Further, its impact on employment, industry and tourism has been investigated optimistically. It also focused on the benefits of the inter-regional connectivity provided by CPEC, which have yet to materialize for Pakistan fully. The reasons are challenges and obstacles faced in implementing the various projects under CPEC, including delays in approvals and funding, security concerns and issues with local communities and land acquisition. Furthermore, there is a need for a comprehensive and coordinated framework in Pakistan to leverage the potential benefits of CPEC connectivity fully.

This course provides students with a rigorous introduction to Statistics for Political Science. Topics include basic mathematical tools used in social science modeling and statistics, probability theory, theory of estimation and inference, and statistical methods, especially differences of means and regression. The course is often taken by students outside of political science, especially those in business, urban studies, and various fields of public policy, such as public health. Examples draw heavily from political science, but some problems come from other areas, such as labor economics.

The impacts and influences of globalised digitalisation has increased its presence within the political structures of both international economic and international security regimes, and the rise of e-governance systems and digital security technology has probed IR scholarship to study this policy shift from traditional forms of governance to digital ones. Less considered here is how digitalisation has been extended to the international humanitarian governance regime. Digital tools are increasingly being produced and employed within international humanitarian interventions. However, despite the rapid mobilisation of these digital technologies, humanitarian crises and their corresponding interventions are becoming more frequent and more prolonged and the assumed benefits of these well-intending digital tools are failing to improve the lives of their beneficiaries. While evaluations of these interventions are not lacking, the preoccupation of material, quantitative assessments of humanitarian missions erroneously neglect the perspectives and experiences of their intended beneficiaries. In this regard, the paper seeks to problematize the methods in which humanitarian practitioners produce and implement their digital aid in a critical study into the political and normative structures which shape the design of digitised humanitarian governance. Post Colonial theory is recalled as a central, anchoring framework from which its concepts of racialisation, hegemonic identity reconstruction, and exploitation will be theory-tested via public policy analysis to the research’s case study. Here, the ‘neutrality’ of humanitarian governance is debunked, and hidden lineages of coloniality within the UNHCR’s mandate in the Rohingya refugee emergency are brought to the fore.

Resilience has become an increasingly resonant concept in Puerto Rico following the impact of Hurricanes Irma and María, becoming a part of both theoretical and practical discourse in work with individuals and governmental procedures. This work presents a content analysis regarding the public policies proposed by the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico that incorporated the concept of resilience. It analyses the conceptualisations of resilience in the critical theory of Michel Foucault with the purpose of problematising and contextualising them in the interconnections of Puerto Rico’s social, political, economic and environmental dynamics. The article also examines the implications of this analysis for public policy management from a social work perspective, as well as recommendations for anti-oppressive practice., Resiliencia es un concepto que ha tomado mayor resonancia en Puerto Rico tras el impacto de los huracanes Irma y María, integrándose indistintamente en la forma discursiva, teórica o práctica, en el trabajo con personas y en las gestiones gubernamentales. En este trabajo se presenta un análisis de contenido sobre las políticas públicas propuestas por la Asamblea Legislativa de Puerto Rico que incorporaron el concepto resiliencia. Se analizan las conceptualizaciones sobre resiliencia de la teoría crítica de Michel Foucault, con la finalidad de problematizarlas y contextualizarlas en las imbricaciones de las dinámicas sociales, políticas, económicas y ambientales de la Isla. Además, se abordan las implicaciones de este análisis para la gestión de política pública desde la perspectiva de Trabajo Social, así como recomendaciones para una práctica antiopresiva.

Viewing dark triad as a positive personality trait, the researchers intend to explore the constructive use of impression management with regard to career success based on structural holes theory, paying particular attention to social capital and network benefits as sequential mediators between impression management and career success. A systematic literature review was conducted comprising published research studies on the chosen variables of interest. The researchers made use of several websites and links, like Google Scholar, PsychINFO, ResearchGate, and Web of Science. The systematic research was conducted to identify the desired variables and review was summarized from 2000 to 2020. Considering the past literature, it was proposed that impression management improves social capital that further leads to network benefits, thus, contributing to career success, whereas the dark triad strengthens the relationship between impression management and social capital. In last section, potential areas for future research in the context of impression management and dark triad are identified and a research agenda is put forward for the potential researchers. In future, researchers may benefit from the proposed conceptual model and can conduct a longitudinal quantitative research study considering the variables studied.

This paper presents a reflection on the research field of tourism policies in Hispanic America and Spain. For this, 81 research and dissemination papers published between 2004 and 2016 are analyzed. On the one hand, a content analysis is presented on three topics: a definition of tourism, a definition of tourism policy and a look at what the current research challenges are in this area. On the other hand, through a qualitative approach, an overall perspective is drawn in relation to the most analyzed countries in the region, the territorial levels and the predominant theoretical approaches taken. The main findings indicate, first of all, that an economic definition of tourism and tourism policy continue to predominate. In effect, this diminishes its understanding as a complex and multidimensional socio-economic phe­nomenon. And second, that despite an emerg­ing academic interest in this field of study, the contribution of public policy analysis to tourism has been marginal. Therefore, it is of great relevance and urgency to analyze this in a broad and more in-depth manner due to the growing importance of the tourism sector in the region., Este artículo presenta una reflexión sobre el campo de investigación de las políticas turísticas en España e Hispanoamérica. Para esto se analizan 81 artículos de investiga­ción y divulgación publicados entre 2004 y 2016. Por una parte, se presenta un análisis de contenido sobre tres temas: qué es el turismo, qué es una política turística y cuáles son los retos actuales para la investigación en este tema. Por otra parte, con un enfoque cualitativo, se realiza un balance en relación con los países más analizados de la región, los niveles territoriales y los enfoques teóri­cos preponderantes en dichos trabajos. Los principales hallazgos señalan, primero, que una definición económica del turismo y de la política turística continúa siendo predo­minante, en detrimento de su entendimiento como un fenómeno social complejo con variadas dimensiones. Y, segundo, que, a pesar de un interés académico emergente por este campo de estudio, el aporte del análisis de políticas públicas al turismo aún es marginal, por lo tanto, es muy relevante y urgente la profundización de este vínculo ante la importancia creciente del sector turístico en la región.

Whistle blowing is a term used to report the unethical act of colleagues and wrongdoings within the organization. Bringing attention towards the misconducts and organization’s effective response accordingly improves the productivity and quality of services. However, this generates the potential threats of organizational and interpersonal conflicts for the whistle-blower thus leads often failure in reporting by the personals or employees. This study explores the perceived barriers by the university teachers, which may hinder the process of reporting wrongdoings. Social constructionism qualitative research design is used. At first phase, face-to-face interviews of six faculty members and narrative research design has been used. At second phase, three focused group discussion sessions with total 24 participants, were carried out in three public sector universities of Punjab, purposively selected. Analysis shows that the people hesitate to blow the whistle due to psychological, social, and organizational barriers, like, fear of joblessness, security threats, lack of supportive organizational polices, lack of adequate mechanism for blowing the whistle, the personal waded interest of the personals. However, this procedure can be enhanced by addressing the issue well in time, adequate security measures, ensured job security for the whistle-blowers, and adoption of a well-developed reporting mechanism in the universities.

The sustainable consumption and production is crucially relevant for Pakistan, given the massive degradation and depletion of natural resources due to the population explosion – and agricultural and industrial development pursued without regard for environmental sustainability. Freshwater availability has declined and quality of drinking water has deteriorated, leading to increase in water-borne diseases. The decaying water infrastructure results in a 40pc water loss in conveyance from dams to farms, for agricultural development. Industrial, agricultural, and household chemicals are freely imported and used without any regulatory system. Massive depletion of natural resources has meant the cutting of trees, resulting in increased timber imports. Pakistan National Action Plan (PNAP) was developed in May 2017 to achieve the sustainable goal particularly goal 12, which is about Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP). This paper focuses on the ingenious activity and strategy devised in the PNAP for the preparedness, implementation and monitoring of the SDG-12, as National Developmental Agenda of Pakistan. Utilizing library research methods, the major material used for this research is qualitatively collected by analyzing the contents of documents. For primary data, government documents have been consulted. Whereas the secondary data has been collected from books and articles available on the theme.

This essay aims to analyze some fundamentals that support the formulation and implementation of extended school day policies: integration between formal and non-formal education, ​​idea of educating city, notion of educational territory, notion of intersectoriality, intergovernmental relations approach and policy network approach. The empirical knowledge shows that these aspects, in whole or in part, have supported political strategies in some countries. The integration of theses six fundamentals made possible the elaboration of an analytical scheme called Integrative Approach. This approach is, at the same time, a model of analysis and management of public policies, which allowed the systematization of some proposals for the formulation and implementation of extend school day policies., Este ensaio teve como objetivo analisar alguns fundamentos que embasam a formulação e a implementação de políticas de ampliação da jornada escolar: articulação entre educação formal e educação não formal, ideia de cidade educadora, noção de território educativo, noção de intersetorialidade, enfoque de relações intergovernamentais e abordagem de redes de políticas. O conhecimento empírico mostra que esses aspectos, no todo ou em parte, têm fundamentado estratégias políticas em vigor em alguns países. A articulação entre esses seis fundamentos possibilitou a elaboração de um esquema analítico denominado Enfoque Integrador. Esse enfoque é, ao mesmo tempo, modelo de análise e modo de gestão de políticas públicas, o que permitiu a sistematização de algumas proposições à formulação e implementação de políticas de ampliação da jornada escolar., Este ensayo tiene como objetivo analizar algunos fundamentos que embasan la formulación y la implementación de políticas de ampliación de la jornada escolar: integración entre educación formal y educación no formal, idea de ciudad educadora, noción de territorio educativo, noción de intersectorialidad, enfoque de las relaciones intergubernamentales y abordaje de redes de políticas. El conocimiento empírico muestra que esos fundamentos, en el todo o en parte, han embasado estrategias políticas presentes en algunos países. La integración entre esos seis fundamentos posibilitó la elaboración de un esquema analítico denominado Enfoque Integrador. Ese enfoque es, al mismo tiempo, modelo de análisis y modo de gestión de políticas públicas, lo que ha permitido la sistematización de algunas proposiciones para la formulación y la implementación de políticas de ampliación de la jornada escolar.

Despite the increasing institutionalization of public policy as a field of study, there has been little reflection on the teaching in this field. The purpose of this paper is to contri­bute to the characterization of public policy teaching in Colombia based on the case of a handbook-type text on public policy. A citation analysis was carried out and surveys applied to students and graduates of a mas­ter program in public policy. A rationalistic oriented use of the book was identified, with a focus on the implementation phase at diffe­rent territorial levels. The popularization of the field and the operational definition of public policy are some of the main contributions of the book. The profile of the public policy ap­prentice was identified and some opportunities and challenges are outlined in the end., A pesar de la creciente institucionaliza­ción de las políticas públicas como campo de estudio, poco se ha reflexionado sobre su enseñanza. El propósito del artículo es con­tribuir a la caracterización de la enseñanza de las políticas públicas en Colombia a partir del caso de un libro de texto tipo manual sobre el tema. Se realizó un análisis de citas y de encuestas aplicadas a estudiantes y egresados de maestría en Políticas Públicas. Se identificó una orientación racionalista en el uso del libro, con énfasis en la fase de implementación en distintos niveles territoriales. La divulgación de este campo de estudio y la definición ope­racional de política pública que propone son los principales aportes del libro. Se identifica el perfil del aprendiz en políticas públicas y se esbozan al final algunos retos y oportunidades para la enseñanza en políticas públicas.

Este artigo aborda a Politica Publica do Programa Baiano de Tecnologia Apropriada (PBTA) tendo como pano de fundo a sua avaliação. O objetivo aqui é evidenciar o papel da politica, os atores envolvidos e os benefícios trazidos para o desenvolvimento da população agrícola, fomentar o desenvolvimento socioeconômico do Estado, e, encurtando a distancia entre o conhecimento cientifico e tecnológico da base produtiva. O critério de escolha como sendo o Sul da Bahia deve-se ao fato de ser a região cacaueira exemplo de pólo produtivo de coomodity tradiconal – cacau, e por sua abrangência social e economica que lhe atribui lugar de relevância no Estado.A diversidade de gargalos que se apresentam por atividade, fez com que o PBTA se firmasse como uma ferramenta de articulação, e assim, proporcionando uma maior interação entre os atores participantes do processo produtivo no Estado da Bahia. E, neste sentido este trabalho procura analisar e avaliar o PBTA-cacau. Este artículo discute la Política Pública del Programa de Tecnología Apropiada de Baiano (PBTA) en su contexto. El objetivo aquí es resaltar el papel de la política, los actores involucrados y los beneficios aportados al desarrollo de la población agrícola, fomentar el desarrollo socioeconómico del Estado y acortar la distancia entre el conocimiento científico y tecnológico de la base productiva. El criterio de elección como el sur de Bahía se debe al hecho de que la región del cacao es un ejemplo de polo productivo de coomodidad tradicional: el cacao, y por su alcance social y económico, lo que le da un lugar de relevancia en el estado. La diversidad de los cuellos de botella Los cuales son presentados por actividad, hicieron que el PBTA se registrara como una herramienta para la articulación, y de esta manera, brindara una mayor interacción entre los actores que participan en el proceso productivo en el estado de Bahía. En este sentido, este trabajo busca analizar y evaluar PBTA-cacao

Simon (1976) argues that public management takes place in a bounded-rationality context, in which time, resources, information and knowledge are always limited resources available for policy decision making. In such context, Executive Evaluation or ‘quick evaluation’ is an efficient mechanism to support decision-making-in-ongoing-processes in an enlightened way; particularly when the goal is to account for the accomplished results (if any), and provide information for ‘real-time’ program improvement. This article describes an approach to Executive Evaluation. Methodologically it appeals to knowledge held by relevant local actors, as well as the use of simple, adaptive and relevant instruments. It considers the specificity of information needed by decision makers, so that they can have a precise assessment of policy or program performance., La gestión de lo público se desarrolla en un entorno de racionalidad limitada en los términos de Simon, aquella caracterizada por el hecho irrefutable de que el tiempo, los recursos, la información y los conocimientos disponibles son siempre limitados cuando se toman decisiones sobre política pública. En ese contexto, la evaluación ejecutiva o “rápida” se presenta como una forma eficiente de apoyar dicho proceso de toma-de-decisiones-en-lamarcha de manera ilustrada; particularmente cuando el propósito es dar cuenta de los resultados alcanzados y proveer información útil para mejorar el desempeño del programa o política en “tiempo real”. En ese sentido, la evaluación ejecutiva propuesta en el presente artículo se presenta como una metodología que apela al conocimiento con que gozan actores relevantes en el terreno, y al uso de instrumentos simples, adaptativos y relevantes en funciónde las necesidades de información con la que los tomadores de decisión pueden hacerse una idea certera sobre el desempeño de la política o el programa en cuestión.

Studying the case of the subsidy for electric vehicles in Great Britain (“plug-in car grant”), this research suggests an integrated impact assessment approach by coupling policy issue system modeling with stakeholder preference elicitation. In particular, we utilize fuzzy cognitive mapping to model the policy issue as a dynamic and complex system. We further simulate the subsidy policy in the model to estimate the changes in select policy aspects. The simulation outcomes are assessed through perspectives of stakeholder groups. For the latter task, nine stakeholder groups were identified and profiled by conducting content analysis and applying the novel CAR method.

Systems analysis allows quantitative empirical testing of models that exist in the study of public policy. Simulation and visualisation techniques can help policy makers to reduce uncertainties on the possible impacts of policies. This paper presents a new tool for systems modelling and simulation of policy problems to support the problem analysis, the design of policy options and impact assessment activities. The tool facilitates the cognitive activity of representing complex mental models using system dynamics simulation modelling by defining standards and a procedure for policy modelling. We propose a new policy-oriented problem structuring method (PSM), the ‘labelled causal mapping’. The method supports scenario-based dynamic simulation and provides graphical representations of the involved actors, key variables, control flows and causal dependencies in a policy decision situation. A web-based tool prototype has been implemented in a Node.js environment. Two real policy problems are presented for demonstration of the use of the prototype.

This course examines alternative conceptions and theoretical underpinnings of the notion of "sustainable development." It focuses on the sustainability problems of industrial countries (i.e., aging of populations, sustainable consumption, institutional adjustments, etc.); and of developing states and economies in transition (i.e., managing growth, sustainability of production patterns, pressures of population change, etc.). It also explores the sociology of knowledge around sustainability, the economic and technological dimensions and institutional imperatives along with implications for political constitution of economic performance.

El turismo de sol y playa es una actividad estratégica para la economía española que depende altamente de los recursos naturales que la posibilitan. Para garantizar su competitividad y su sostenibilidad futura es imprescindible la incorporación de medidas ambientales en la política turística. El análisis crítico argumentativo de los tres últimos planes turísticos aprobados por el gobierno de España permite observar el alcance y las limitaciones de la incorporación de tales medidas. Los poderes públicos reconocen la persistencia de los problemas ambientales pero esto no siempre se ha plasmado en los planes.

While the simulation-based impact assessment of public policy proposals allows policy makers to identify the feasible policy options and verify their economic, social and environmental impacts, it does not provide the explicit evaluation of policy options. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) techniques can support an in-depth performance evaluation of policy options taking into account the preferences of decision makers and stakeholders. These preferences reflect acceptable trade-offs of performance among objectives. This study reviews multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) technique and presents a common policy appraisal format using main evaluation criteria linked to a set of measurable, context dependent attributes. We argue for a rank-based approach for eliciting preferences, select a novel method for attribute weight elicitation, and show how it can be integrated within a public policy multi-criteria evaluation framework. A use case for policymaking, ‘Ultra-Low Emission Vehicles (ULEV) Uptake in UK’, is used for demonstration of the proposed approach for policy decision analysis. This approach seeks to couple systems modelling and simulation of policy scenarios with MCDA, stakeholder analysis and preference elicitation. The outputs can further provide analytical insights in controversy/acceptability of policy options, and consequently guide further policy formulation and the design of better options.

Policy analysis —as a specific field of study and training in political science— has known an important development in the last two decades in Latin America. The article synthesizes the stages and the context of the general development of this field of study focusing on Latin America and Colombia. The author seeks to characterize the field of policy analysis in Colombia starting from the analysis of curricula, course content, the bibliographic material employed in the undergraduate careers of Political Science, as well as through the consideration of the theoretical approaches, methodologies, and the most referenced texts and authors in the programs. The results of the research show a strong presence of the neo-rationalist approach and the wide use of textbooks in Spanish language published in Colombia. The article concludes with a discussion on the institutional autonomy of public policy analysis in the country., En América Latina las políticas públicas han ganado un lugar significativo tanto en los discursos políticos como en la academia. Prácticamente desconocido hasta finales de la década de 1980, el concepto de política pública es hoy un lugar común para señalar el trabajo gubernamental en pro de resolver, mitigar o regular algún problema o asunto público, o para invocar su necesidad. Su desarrollo académico —y por tanto, su enseñanza— no se encuentra desligado de las concepciones que prevalecen en materia de relaciones entre Estado y sociedad, y de perspectivas epistemológicas. Este artículo sintetiza la evolución del campo de estudio y el contexto de su introducción en América Latina y Colombia; luego, a partir del análisis de los contenidos curriculares y bibliográficos de las asignaturas de pregrado en las carreras de Ciencia Política y afines de diecinueve universidades, se busca caracterizar el campo del análisis de políticas públicas en Colombia. Los resultados de la investigación muestran la fuerte presencia del enfoque neorracionalista y de la importancia de los libros de textos en español publicados en Colombia, concluyendo con una discusión relativa a la posible autonomización institucional del análisis de políticas públicas.

Presented material from the 24th NISPAcee Annual Conference "Spreading Standards, Building Capacities: European Administrative Space in Progress", Zagreb, Croatia, May 19-21, 2016.

This research tests Iranian public policy analysis model. This model is a descriptive and qualitative model that created through grounded theory approach and then used Partial Least Square for confirmation test and explore predictability of it. The results confirm that public policy analysis model of Iran have three dimension of formulation analysis, implementation analysis and evaluation analysis which these components have influence together sequently.

The ultimate objective of studying, modeling and analyzing policy problems is to incorporate the newest management technologies in the public policy decision-making in a meaningful and practically feasible way that adds significant value to the process. Simulation techniques can support the policy decision process by allowing empirical evaluation of the system dynamics present in the policy situation at hand. This paper presents a decision support simulation model for the European Union (EU) Climate and Energy targets 2030 as a case study of public policy decision making on the EU level. The simulation model is based on the problem structuring or framing by derivation of a system dynamics model from verbal descriptions of the problem, the graphical representation and analysis of change scenarios using the ‘Causal Mapping and Situation Formulation’ method. This approach supports the analysis of qualitative and quantitative information in order to facilitate both the conceptualization and formulation stages of the system modeling process. The resulting model, which is simply a topology of quantified causal dependencies among the problem key variables, can be used to simulate the transfer of change. The aim of simulation herein is to apply cognitive strategic thinking and scenario-based planning in a public policy problem situation in order to design alternative options and provide foresight or ex-ante impact assessment in terms of economic, social, environmental and other impacts., Will be published soon in Springer Advances in Computational Social Science The Fifth World Congress Series: Agent-Based Social Systems.

El trabajo busca determinar si Invest in Bogotá puede considerarse un instrumento de Buen Gobierno. Se analizará cómo desde la perspectiva del Análisis de Políticas Públicas, puede evaluarse la agencia, desde su formulación hasta su implementación, para el periodo 2006-2010., The work seeks to determine whether Invest in Bogota can be considered an instrument of Good Governance. Be analyzed from the perspective of how Public Policy Analysis, the agency may be assessed, from conception to implementation, 2006-2010.

The aim of this paper is to present an analysis of the relationship between the Organic Law on Science, Technology and Innovation (2010) and the Organic Law of Hydrocarbons in Venezuela (2006) as instruments of public policy of the Venezuelan political process. We present a conceptual framework that allows us to place ourselves in the context of public policy analysis. The method used is both interpretative laws in question as the theoretical framework for the analysis of public policies to establish the relationship between the above-mentioned laws. Arises as a result the development of both legal instruments are part of the political process in Venezuela, aimed at generating public value, to meet the needs of stakeholders and to the development of the country, emphasizing the sovereignty, both energy and science and technology.

A higher development of analytical frameworks for the understanding of the relationship amongst State, society and environment, and for the development of policy analysis as a discipline, is necessary for Latin America and specifically for Colombia. This article contributes to de development of these analyses, by studying the change of the Colombian environmental policy after the enactment of the 99 law of 1993. The “three I” framework is used, which stands for the convenience of mobilizing the three dimensions of analyses, commonly used in a separate way in politic analyses: ideas, interests and institutions; to avoid considering, a priori, that any of them is more important than the others, as the main stream of policy analyses does (Heclo, 1994; Hall and Taylor, 1996; Palier and Surel, 2005). The hypothesis that the analysis from each dimension is enough to fully explain the policy change is stated. The results are then compared to verify the validity of the hypothesis. The resulting relationship amongst the dimensions and their explicative capability is identified. A conclusion is drawn on the convenience of developing analytical tools from Latin American contexts and the use of frameworks that overcome the common boundaries of disciplines and classical analytical frameworks. For that, the use of Pierre Bourdieu‟s theory of fields is proposed., Hace falta para América Latina y específicamente para Colombia, mayor desarrollo de marcos analíticos dirigidos al entendimiento de la relación entre Estado, sociedad y entorno, y al desarrollo del análisis de políticas públicas como disciplina. El presente artículo aporta al desarrollo de estos análisis, estudiando el cambio de la política ambiental colombiana después de la promulgación de la ley 99 de 1993 1 . Se sigue para ello el enfoque de las “Tres I”, que reivindica la conveniencia de movilizar tres dimensiones de análisis, usadas comúnmente de forma separada en los análisis políticos: las ideas, los intereses y las instituciones; para evitar considerar, a priori, que alguna de las dimensiones prima sobre las demás, como lo hacen las corrientes clásicas de análisis de políticas públicas. (Heclo, 1994; Hall y Taylor, 1996; Palier y Surel, 2005). Se plantea la hipótesis de que el análisis desde cada dimensión es suficiente para explicar completamente el cambio de la política. Los resultados son contrastados posteriormente para verificar la validez de la hipótesis y se identifica el tipo de relación sobreviniente entre las tres dimensiones, así como su capacidad explicativa. Se concluye sobre la conveniencia de desarrollar herramientas analíticas desde contextos latinoamericanos y de hacer uso de enfoques que superen los límites comunes de las disciplinas e incluso los marcos clásicos de análisis. Se propone para ello, el uso de la teoría de campos de Pierre Bourdieu (Bourdieu, 1976:112).

As an instrument of the Colombian market-led land reform, the Comprehensive Land Subsidy (sit) provides for land entitlement to poor peasants and smallholders tied to the development of rural production projects, through a communal property regime in certain cases. Through the case study of Sandrana y Samaría, this paper seeks to analyze the extent to which this land reform instrument and its implementation conditions create the necessary framework for productive and community development based on the acquisition of a land title. To that end, the study focuses on the logic of the main aspects of this policy instrument in the context of the Colombian land reform policy., ¿Por qué una tierra con alta potencialidad productiva entregada a sujetos de la reforma agraria llegó a generar condiciones desfavorables para sus beneficiarios? El terreno Sandrana y Samaría, adjudicado a 195 familias de campesinos sin tierra, desplazados e reinsertados es un caso que cristaliza los problemas del proceso de adjudicación colectiva de tierra, de la construcción comunitaria y organizativa y del desarrollo de proyectos productivos relacionados con el proceso de reforma agraria. Con base en el estudio de este caso, este artículo establece las características de un modelo frecuentemente aplicado de la reforma agraria colombiana y analiza en qué medida genera el marco necesario para que la tierra sea un vector del desarrollo comunitario y productivo, como lo implican los supuestos de la reforma agraria.

Since the 1950s the Government has been forgotten as object of study in social sciences, but do to importance of the public policy cycle, since the 80s, this topic has been taken once again as a topic of interest. This paper emphasizes on three main contributions from the public policy arena to governmental studies: the first is the fact that it has reappeared in social science debates; the second have been the alternative ways that have aroused to study the Government, which has lead to a mask removal to allow visualization. Finally it has proposed a more equilibrated analysis for the execution and successful implementation of the public objectives, which at the same time allow multiple stakeholders to participate in the public policy cycle., Desde 1950 o estado tinha sido esquecido como um estudo das ciências sociais, mas por causa da importância do ciclo de políticas públicas, a partir da década de oitenta tem apresentado uma reavaliação de seu estudo. O artigo destaca três contribuições da areia politica publica para estudar o estado: A primeira foi a reaparição da discussão das ciências sociais, a segunda foi o de fornecer e utilizar formas alternativas de estudar o Estado, o que levou a tirar a mascara e assim permitir a visualização, e, finalmente, propõe uma compreensão mais equilibrada na realização dos objetivos públicos, que permite aos diferentes atores sociais participar do ciclo de políticas públicas., Desde la década de 1950 el Estado había sido olvidado como objeto de estudio de las ciencias sociales; pero debido a la importancia que tiene en el ciclo de las políticas públicas, a partir de los ochenta se presenta una revalorización de su estudio. El artículo destaca tres contribuciones desde el campo de las políticas públicas al estudio del Estado: la primera fue hacerlo reaparecer en el debate de las ciencias sociales; la segunda fue ofrecer y utilizar maneras alternativas para estudiar el Estado, lo que provocó que se quitara la máscara y permitiera su visualización; y, por último, propuso un análisis más equilibrado en la realización y logro de los objetivos públicos, donde se permita a los múltiples actores sociales participar en el ciclo de las políticas públicas.

The objective of this article is to vindicate the importance of using analytical frameworks for studying public policy and identifying if the analysis performed on the Colombian environmental policy after the enactment of law 99 of 1993, which are written as part of specific analytical frameworks. An interpretation of representative frameworks is performed analyzing the environmental policy and which are calssified according to the typology of the analytical frameworks in the Borbow and Dryzek public policies (1987) and identifies the type and context of each study analysis. We conclude that the generality of the reviewed text does not fit into specific analytical frameworks that contribute to the development of the public policy discipline., Este artigo tem como objetivo reivindicar a importância do uso de quadros analíticos para o estudo de políticas públicas e identificar se a análise realizada sobre a política ambiental da Colômbia após a promulgação da Lei 99 de 1993 faz parte dos quadros analíticos específicos. Uma interpretação dos textos representativos que analisam a política ambiental é feita, os quais são classificados de acordo com os marcos analiticos das políticas públicas de Bobrow e Dryzek (1987) e identifica-se o tipo e contexto de cada estudo de análise estudado. Nós concluímos que a generalidade do texto revisado não encaixa em quadros analíticos específicos que contribuem para o desenvolvimento da disciplina de políticas públicas., El presente artículo tiene como objetivo reivindicar la importancia del uso de marcos de análisis para el estudio de políticas públicas, e identificar si los análisis realizados sobre la política ambiental colombiana después de la promulgación de la Ley 99 de 1993 se inscriben en marcos analíticos específicos. Se hace una interpretación de textos representativos que analizan la política ambiental, los cuales son clasificados según la tipología de marcos analíticos en políticas públicas de Bobrow y Dryzek (1987) y se identifica el tipo y contexto de cada análisis estudiado. Se concluye que la generalidad de los textos revisados no se encuadra en marcos de análisis específicos que contribuyan al desarrollo de la disciplina de las políticas públicas.

This course examines alternative conceptions and theoretical underpinnings of the notion of "sustainable development." It focuses on the sustainability problems of industrial countries (i.e., aging of populations, sustainable consumption, institutional adjustments, etc.); and of developing states and economies in transition (i.e., managing growth, sustainability of production patterns, pressures of population change, etc.). It also explores the sociology of knowledge around sustainability, the economic and technological dimensions and institutional imperatives along with implications for political constitution of economic performance.

El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar el desarrollo y los principales enfoques del análisis de las políticas públicas en Alemania desde el periodo de la posguerra. En primer lugar se define qué es análisis de políticas públicas y se enfatiza en la evolución de este término en el alemán desde la importación de la disciplina en los años sesenta hasta la actualidad. En seguida se hace un recorrido histórico que busca establecer las líneas dominantes de la ciencia política alemana para mostrar el aporte del análisis de políticas públicas a la politología. Se describen las circunstancias que permitieron la emergencia de la disciplina en el medio académico. Se muestran las etapas del desarrollo teórico de la disciplina desde los años sesenta, empezando por la preocupación por restringir el determinismo económico, hasta la consolidación en los años noventa. También se exponen dos de los enfoques del análisis de políticas públicas que tienen mayor acogida dentro de la comunidad académica en ese país: el institucionalismo centrado en los actores, que constituye el aporte alemán a la teoría del institucionalismo e integra elementos del neoinstitucionalismo y de la teoría de juegos; y el análisis orientado al aprendizaje político que toma conceptos del modelo Advocacy coalitions y del concepto del aprendizaje político. Por último se exponen las perspectivas del análisis de políticas públicas en el marco del desarrollo institucional y de actores en la Unión Europea., The aim of this article is to show the development and key aspects of the analysis of public policies in Germany after the Second World War. At first, a definition of what determines the analysis of public policies is given. Furthermore, the article demonstrates the evolution of the concept of the analysis of public policies in the German language. The evolution has started with the introduction of the discipline in the 1960s, and proceeds until today. In addition the historical development will be pointed out, which seeks to establish the dominant lines of political science in Germany, and attempts to show the contribution of the analysis of public policies to the political science. Then, it is described the circumstances that made the emergence of the discipline, within the academic community, possible. Therefore, the stages of the development of the discipline since the 1960s are enumerated. It starts out with the concern to restrict the economic determinism, and continues to its consolidation in the 1990s. Two of the key aspects of the analysis of public policies are pointed out, which are mainly used in the academic community in Germany. One of those key aspects is the actor-centered institutionalism, which is the German contribution to the theory of the Institutionalism. This Theory includes elements of the New-institutionalism theory, and of the play-theory. The second key aspect is called policy-learning analysis, which is based on concepts of the model of Advocacy coalitions and of policy-learning. The last part of this article demonstrates the perspectives of the analysis of public policies in the context of the development of the institutions and actors in the European Union.

The aim of this article is to show the development and key aspects of the analysis of public policies in Germany after the Second World War. At first, a definition of what determines the analysis of public policies is given. Furthermore, the article demonstrates the evolution of the concept of the analysis of public policies in the German language. The evolution has started with the introduction of the discipline in the 1960s, and proceeds until today. In addition the historical development will be pointed out, which seeks to establish the dominant lines of political science in Germany, and attempts to show the contribution of the analysis of public policies to the political science. Then, it is described the circumstances that made the emergence of the discipline, within the academic community, possible. Therefore, the stages of the development of the discipline since the 1960s are enumerated. It starts out with the concern to restrict the economic determinism, and continues to its consolidation in the 1990s. Two of the key aspects of the analysis of public policies are pointed out, which are mainly used in the academic community in Germany. One of those key aspects is the actor-centered institutionalism, which is the German contribution to the theory of the Institutionalism. This Theory includes elements of the New-institutionalism theory, and of the play-theory. The second key aspect is called policy-learning analysis, which is based on concepts of the model of Advocacy coalitions and of policy-learning. The last part of this article demonstrates the perspectives of the analysis of public policies in the context of the development of the institutions and actors in the European Union., El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar el desarrollo y los principales enfoques del análisis de las políticas públicas en Alemania desde el periodo de la posguerra. En primer lugar se defina qué es análisis de políticas públicas y se enfatiza en la evolución de este término en el alemán desde la importación de la disciplina en los años de 1960 hasta la actualidad. En seguida se hace un recorrido histórico que busca establecer las líneas dominantes de la ciencia política alemana para mostrar el aporte del análisis de políticas públicas a la politología. Se describen las circunstancias que permitieron la emergencia de la disciplina en el medio académico. Se muestran las etapas del desarrollo teórico de la disciplina desde los años de 1960, empezando por la preocupación por restringir el determinismo económico, hasta la consolidación en los años de 1990. También se exponen dos de los enfoques del análisis de políticas públicas que tienen mayor acogida dentro de la comunidad académica en ese país: el institucionalismo centrado en los actores, que constituye el aporte alemán a la teoría del institucionalismo e integra elementos del neoinstitucionalismo y de la teoría de juegos; y el análisis orientado al aprendizaje político que toma conceptos del modelo Advocacy coalitions y del concepto del aprendizaje político. Por último se exponen las perspectivas del análisis de políticas públicas en el marco del desarrollo institucional y de actores en la Unión Europea.

This dissertation examines whether aid allocation patterns affect the outcomes of foreign aid in promoting economic growth. Specifically, the study explores how different categories of aid affect economic growth, whether the quality of governance is significant in explaining differences in economic growth, and whether the interaction of different levels of governance with different categories of aid flows is significant in promoting growth. The study also explores whether the quality of governance in recipient countries affects the donors' decisions at the aggregate and individual country levels. Chapter 2 provides the background for the dissertation research by discussing the evolution of foreign aid and describing the trends and patterns of foreign aid considering aggregate volumes, sources, and destinations. It also discusses some methodological issues related to the definition of foreign aid, differences between commercial and capital flows, official development assistance, and strategies of aid giving. Chapter 3 provides an overview of existing studies. The analysis suggests that there is a definite gap in existing voluminous literature on aid allocation and effectiveness. This chapter also reviews issues related to governance and its relation to foreign aid. Chapter 4 defines the research methodology for the empirical analysis. It starts by describing the theoretical framework that outlines the basic causal relationship between foreign aid, governance, and development outcomes (economic growth). Then, this chapter derives the econometric equations used to test the effectiveness of aid in promoting development outcomes. Chapter 5 describes the data and the econometric methodology. This research analyzes the aid allocation and aid effectiveness by using panel data. The analyses of empirical results, including the robustness test and their relation to existing research is provided in chapter 6.

The thesis of the paper is that the truly distinguishing characteristic of independent policy analysis organizations is their role as independent organizations that provide analytic assistance to government agencies in the resolution of public policy issues., Presented at the Faculty Colloquium of the Interdisciplinary Systems and Cybernetics Project, Program of Policy Studies in Science and Technology, Washington, DC., 14 Feb 1969.

34 Md. J. Int'l L. 139 (2019)

50 U. Mich. J.L. Reform 525 (2017).

38 Harv. Envtl. L. Rev. 1 (2014).

In Decision Making in Environmental Law (Lee Paddock, Robert Glicksman, & Nicholas S. Bryner eds., Elgar 2016).

34 Yale J. on Reg. 33 (2017)

Cet article porte sur la genèse des politiques de soutien à l’innovation en France et l’émergence de savoirs de gouvernement de types économiques consacrés au gouvernement des activités liant la science et l’industrie. En observant les recompositions de l’État et de l’espace bureaucratique entre 1959 et 1965, nous souhaitons faire apparaître le fait que ces deux processus procèdent de la même dynamique. La construction des relations science-industrie comme un objet savant par les économistes rend en effet possibles la mise en administration des relations science industrie et le pilotage par le centre des politiques technologiques. L’extension des capacités d’action de l’État central procède de la mobilisation de savoirs économiques. Il accompagne par ailleurs le développement de l’économie de la recherche comme sous-discipline autonome au sein des sciences économiques., This paper focuses on the genesis of innovation policies in France and on the emergence of economic knowledge devoted to governing activities linking science and industry. By examining the reconfiguration of the state and that of the bureaucratic space between 1956 and 1965, we seek to show that these two processes proceed from the same dynamic. The construction of science-industry relations as an object by economists made it possible for science-industry relations to be administered and for technological policies to be governed from the "centre." Economic knowledge thus created new state capacities. It also led to the development of the economics of research as an autonomous sub-discipline within the economic sciences.