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The correct interpretation of breast density is important in the assessment of breast cancer risk. AI has been shown capable of accurately predicting breast density, however, due to the differences in imaging characteristics across mammography systems, models built using data from one system do not generalize well to other systems. Though federated learning (FL) has emerged as a way to improve the generalizability of AI without the need to share data, the best way to preserve features from all training data during FL is an active area of research. To explore FL methodology, the breast density classification FL challenge was hosted in partnership with the American College of Radiology, Harvard Medical Schools’ Mass General Brigham, University of Colorado, NVIDIA, and the National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute. Challenge participants were able to submit docker containers capable of implementing FL on three simulated medical facilities, each containing a unique large mammography dataset. The breast density FL challenge ran from June 15 to September 5, 2022, attracting seven finalists from around the world. The winning FL submission reached a linear kappa score of 0.653 on the challenge test data and 0.413 on an external testing dataset, scoring comparably to a model trained on the same data in a central location.

Kakve doktrinarne implikacije proizlaze iz međunarodnog odgovora na propast Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije? Suočen s duboko suprotstavljenim vizijama jugoslavenskog samoodređenja koje su postojale unutar same zemlje, međunarodni poredak, slijedeći upute Badinterove komisije, reagirao je ad hoc protiv onog etnonacionalizma koji se manifestirao kao najopasniji od svih suprotstavljenih nacionalizama na tom području. Pripisujući međunarodno priznanje određenom skupu ustavno uspostavljenih unutarnjih granica, Badinterova je komisija za svoje ponašanje ponudila objašnjenje koje je prije zamaskiralo nego istaknulo njezino de facto napuštanje dotadašnje doktrine. Ovime je pokušala minimalizirati potencijalne implikacije koje bi njezina odluka mogla imati na principe suverenosti i samoodređenja. Bilo kakav pokušaj pozivanja na odluke Badinterove komisije kao na dokaz šire promjene u doktrini međunarodnog prava, u smislu pridavanja međunarodnopravnog statusa ustavno određenim pod-nacionalnim jedinicama, zanemaruje partikularni kontekst u kojem su te odluke donesene i prijeti da dade neopravdanu podršku izvana potaknutim secesionističkim projektima., What are the doctrinal implications of international responses to the demise of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)? Faced with harshly conflicting internal visions of Yugoslav self-determination, the International order – taking direction from the Badinter Commission – reacted in an essentially ad hoc manner against the most manifestly virulent of the competing ethno-nationalisms. In ascribing international legal status to a particular set of constitutionally-established internal boundaries, the Badinter Commission gave a rationale that masked rather than highlighted its departure from existing doctrine, seeking thereby to minimize any implications for the future of sovereignty and s elf-determination. Any effort to invoke the Badinter Commission judgments as evidence of a broader doctrinal transformation, attributing international legal personality to constitutionally-delineated sub-national units more generally, neglects the peculiar context of those judgments and threatens to lend undue support to externally-promoted secessionist projects.