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Las mariposas han sido representadas como parte del simbolismo mesoamericano prehispánico y posthispánico. Algunos investigadores han estudiado esas representaciones desde la clasificación taxonómica. El objetivo de esta investigación fue sistematizar la diversidad taxonómica de lepidópteros mesoamericanos proporcionada por fuentes históricas. Para ello, i) se realizó una revisión sistematizada de las especies de mariposas reportadas en la literatura, ii) se incluyó una revisión de la nomenclatura actual de las especies, iii) se sugirió un cambio/corrección de la identificación de un taxón. En general, se obtuvo un listado taxonómico de doce lepidópteros en estado adulto y nueve lepidópteros en estado larvario con base en las fuentes de información prehispánicas y posthispánicas. Se sugirió un cambio/corrección de Acentrocneme kallari Scudder, 1875 (Aegiale hesperiaris Walker, 1856) a Scyphophorus acupunctatus Gyllenhal, 1838, basado en conocimientos biológicos, lingüísticos y etnológicos vinculados a la especie propuesta. Este estudio da cuenta del nacimiento de la lepidopterología en la región neotropical., Butterflies have been represented as part of prehispanic and posthispanic Mesoamerican symbolism. Some researchers have studied those representations into a taxonomic classification point of view. The aim of this research was to systematize the taxonomic diversity of Mesoamerican lepidopterans provided by historical sources. For that, i) a systematized review of butterflies’ species reported in literature was performed, ii) a review of current nomenclature of the species was undertaken, and iii) a change/correction of one-taxon identification was suggested. Overall, a taxonomic list of twelve lepidopterans in adult stage and nine lepidopterans in larvae stage was obtained based on prehisphanic and posthispanic sources of information. It was suggested a change/correction from Acentrocneme kallari Scudder, 1875 (Aegiale hesperiaris Walker, 1856) to Scyphophorus acupunctatus Gyllenhal, 1838 based on biological, linguistic and ethnological knowledge linked to the proposed species. This study accounts of the birth of lepidopterology in the neotropical region.

Media scholars as well as cultural criminologists have long pointed to television and film representations of incarceration as vital in shaping public views of criminal justice practices. Drawing from the literature on media representations of incarceration, we examine College Behind Bars and Girls Incarcerated: Young and Locked Up to assess the patterns and themes that appear. We focus on issues of transgression, regression, stereotypes, gender, trauma, coping, support, and redemption. By assessing these themes, we show that these television productions reproduce the tendency in fictional television and movie depictions of incarceration to emphasize stereotypes and reproduce myths about the criminal justice system and people held captive within it. While these shows foster consumption and commodification of the harms of the criminal justice system, we contend these TV programs also partially allow for the voice of women to emerge and their stories to be heard.

A view that has been gaining prevalence over the past decade is that the human conceptual system is malleable, dynamic, context-dependent, and task-dependent, that is, flexible. Within the flexible conceptual representation framework, conceptual representations are constructed ad hoc, forming a different, idiosyncratic instantiation upon each occurrence. In this review, we scrutinize the neurocognitive literature to better understand the nature of this flexibility. First, we identify some key characteristics of these representations. Next, we consider how these flexible representations are constructed by addressing some of the open questions in this framework: We review the age-old question of how to reconcile flexibility with the apparent need for shareable stable definitions to anchor meaning and come to mutual understanding, as well as some newer questions we find critical, namely, the nature of relations among flexible representations, the role of feature saliency in activation, and the viability of all-or-none feature activations. We suggest replacing the debate about the existence of a definitional stable core that is obligatorily activated with a question of the degree and probability of activation of the information constituting a conceptual representation. We rely on published works to suggest that (1) prior featural salience matters, (2) feature activation may be graded, and (3) Bayesian updating of prior information according to current demands offers a viable account of how flexible representations are constructed. This proposal provides a theoretical mechanism for incorporating a changing momentary context into a constructed representation, while still preserving some of the concept's constituent meaning.

To engage with specialized subject content, students must develop adequate reading skills. In mathematics, this includes to integrate information from different semiotic resources. This study elucidates how differences in the structural connections between mathematical symbols and written language in mathematics texts can affect the reading process. With the help of eye-tracking techniques, we investigated differences in focus and navigation when 15-year-olds read task texts in two distinct designs: a traditional design with written language presented in lines and all connections based on semantics; and a design including a graphic emphasizing links between symbols and explanations. While the graphic design was found to facilitate fast interpretation of the symbol–language connections, the traditional design seemed to encourage global reading, involving more text parts. When designing texts for mathematics learning, structural connections may be chosen to adapt texts to various student groups and purposes.

The advancement of quantum technology is putting in the spotlight the question of quantum awareness or quantum literacy among the general population. Therefore, initiatives have been put forward to bring quantum mechanics to pre-university level. Some countries entered quantum mechanics in their regular high school curriculum, and some did not. Various approaches have been developed with varying success. The symposium brought together experts with experience teaching quantum mechanics at high school and introductory university levels. Following the logic of creating a curriculum, various considerations have been identified that play a role in what approach a particular instructor chooses. A main difference emerged between making connections with classical physics using potential wells and barriers as context versus breaking up with classical physics using quantum technology as context. The article presents a synthesis of the discussion on what to teach, how to teach, how to choose between different approaches and how to prepare teachers.

Many features of physical systems, both qualitative and quantitative, become sharply defined or tractable only in some limiting situation. Examples are phase transitions in the thermodynamic limit, the emergence of classical mechanics from quantum theory at large action, and continuum quantum field theory arising from renormalization group fixed points. It would seem that few methods can be useful in such diverse applications. However, we here present a flexible modeling tool for the limit of theories, soft inductive limits, constituting a generalization of inductive limits of Banach spaces. In this context, general criteria for the convergence of dynamics will be formulated, and these criteria will be shown to apply in the situations mentioned and more.

This study explores how attention mechanisms impact representation distributions within neural networks, focusing on catastrophic forgetting and robustness to input noise. We compare Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), their attention-enhanced counterparts (RNNA, LSTMA, GRUA), and the Transformer model using musical sequences from "Daisy Bell". A key finding is the difference in how these models distribute the information in their representation. Base models like RNN, LSTM, and GRU concentrate information within specific nodes, while attention-enhanced models spread information across more nodes, demonstrating greater robustness to input noise. This is shown by significant differences in performance deterioration between base models and their attention-augmented versions. However, base models such as RNN and GRU exhibit better resistance to catastrophic forgetting compared to their attention-enhanced counterparts. Despite this, attention models show a positive correlation between higher overlap percentages in their representations and improved accuracy for certain tasks, alongside a negative correlation with higher numbers of empty nodes. The Transformer model stands out by maintaining high accuracy across tasks, likely due to its self-attention mechanisms. These results suggest that while attention mechanisms enhance robustness to noise, further research is needed to address catastrophic forgetting in neural networks.

The following investigation describes and analyses imaginaries and discourses of Swedish misbehaved and criminal youth in the daily press between the years 1850 and 1900. It was during that time specialized public institutions started taking a more protagonist role in the caretaking and rehabilitation of these children and adolescents, in combination with the establishment of public investigations and academic research that aimed to explore and further understand the origin of their misbehavior. This thesis is a contribution to the previous state of knowledge as it brings light to the historical trajectory and establishment of these imaginaries, that later resulted in a renewed legislation and more systematic approach to the rehabilitations of these children. This trajectory shows us descriptions of children and adolescents that embodied the opposite to what was expected at the time. The investigation uses a grounded theory to establish the most common imaginaries and representations of deviant youth in the historical daily press. Theories relating to power, the public sphere and gender have been applied in the interpretation of these depictions. The study also established a connection between these imaginaries and dominant discourses that were (re) produced in the daily press of the time. These discourses were formulated by several institutions and professions that participated in the creation of the truth regime around disorderly children and adolescents. Towards the end of the period, a more unified picture of Swedish deviant youth is identified, as a result the regimes of truth that were established during the period.

This article draws on five participatory action research studies to address how geomedia theory can induce multiple imaginations of the future. Critical future research advocates that societies need to collectively create visions of multiple futures, transcending the single rational (neoliberal) future path. The studies were conducted in collaboration with rural communities and local tourism entrepreneurs who were exploring geomedia technologies to develop destinations. The tourism sector uses geomedia technologies but often depends on commercial platforms that seek upscaling and generalisation, becoming detached from local practices and place-specific settings. By applying critical geomedia studies, we problematised the relationship between people, place, and technology in the present, the past, and the future. Geomedia studies provided a critical lens that provoked future visions beyond preformatted technological infrastructures and media practices. The participants were asked to engage with complex issues such as access, restrictions, equality, authority, and legitimacy in relation to the specific place, bringing forth a multitude of local assets and narratives envisioning alternative geomedia technologies. As a result of this process, participants paid greater attention to local assets, gained a more critical approach towards technology, and dared to use digital solutions in a more visionary manner. We, therefore, argue that researchers need to engage with society to bypass hegemonic geomedia representations. By illustrating how geomedia theory can be utilised within community development, we provide a framework for how collaborative research can more explicitly engage with local actors’ thoughts and imaginings of possible futures.

This thesis investigates media representations of female ex-combatants in ideologically polarized countries, looking to the case of Colombia. It employs a theoretical framework grounded in gender and framing theory, exploring how the dimensions time perspective, invisibilization, dehumanization, irrationality, victimization, and tone shape portrayals of female ex-combatants. A quantitative content analysis is performed on the three newspapers El Espectador, El Tiempo, and El Nuevo Siglo, to compare the relative frequency of these dimensions across newspapers of different ideological orientations. The results show that left-leaning media is more likely to portray female ex-combatants in an active manner through direct quotes, humanization, and rational portrayals, whereas right-leaning media are more likely to engage in invisibilization and passive portrayals. While these results confirm a tendency to invisibilize female combatants, the limited presence of dehumanization and irrationalization indicate a reduction of explicit negative bias. The findings suggest that in ideologically polarized countries, opposition to gender-sensitive peace processes can diminish gradually, which underscores the importance of sustained efforts for inclusivity.

This study investigated meaning-making of arrows in a representation of the greenhouse effect among 14-year-old secondary school students. Data was generated during Biology lessons where 74 students discussed how they interpreted a representation from the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation, which is an NGO that produce school material . The students were divided into 33 groups, who made written notes. In addition 12 groups were videotaped and eleven of these groups were interviewed a week later. The analysis focused on meaning-making of the arrows in the representation with the starting point that the arrows were represented in two distinctive ways, colour (yellow/orange) and shape (straight/curved/wavy). The result show that the colour yellow was strongly connected to the Sun whereas orange was connected to heat. The mode waviness made meaning-making more diverse and the coupling to the colour orange triggered interpretations about heat and different emissions and gases. One implication is that arrows are interpreted in the light of everyday experiences. In order to make sense in a more scientific way the arrows need unpacking and contextualisation. The overall connection between meaning-making and representation was captured by one group as: "It is an easy representation, if you understand it".

Meaning making in science is supported by different modes, such as spoken and written language, images and gestures, all of which have different affordances. The epistemological commitments of modes are affordances that cannot be avoided. This article investigates how the epistemological commitments of modes affect possibilities for learning. Video data was collected from a learning activity where upper secondary students drew and explained an experiment representing the greenhouse effect. The analysis uses the variation theory of learning, which assumes that students learn when they notice new aspects of objects of learning by experiencing variation against an invariant background. Such variation can be created through the representations used. Findings show that, in the learning activity, variation was created in a range of modes. Some of the variation, particularly with regards to radiation, was due to the epistemological commitments of drawing. However, these aspects of radiation went unnoticed by the students, possibly because several aspects varied simultaneously. The teacher then helped the students to become aware of certain variation. Implications for the teaching and learning of science when taking the epistemological commitment of different modes into consideration include both challenges, such as when unintended variation is created, and opportunities, such as when spontaneously occurring variation can be taken up for discussion., REDE (Representasjon og deltakelse i naturfag)

Par l’analyse de conflits locaux induits par trois projets d’infrastructures pensés dans le cadre d’un paradigme créatif du développement socio-économique, cet article s’attache aux discours des acteurs et au cadre idéologique au sein duquel ils s’inscrivent pour caractériser les représentations qu’ont ces acteurs du territoire et des économies de la culture et de la création. Nous montrons que ces projets et les modalités de leur soutien par les décideurs publics tendent à mobiliser, parmi d’autres, des acteurs culturels locaux. Ces phénomènes induisent une politisation des projets en questionnant les formes de leurs attachements (ou leur absence) à l’économie locale de la création., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Representations of migrants influence how they are perceived by others. Hence, how children who have migrated or whose parents have migrated (Children in Migrant Families: CMFs) are represented in clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for Swedish school health services (SHS) may influence how they are perceived by school nurses. Thus, this study aimed to explore representations of CMFs in school nurses’ CPGs. Data consisted of 130 CPGs from municipalities in Sweden. Documents were analyzed using the “What is the Problem Represented to be” (WPR) approach – an analytic strategy for investigating embedded assumptions of “problems”. In the analysis, Sarah Ahmed's work on “strangers” and “strangeness” was applied. In the CPGs, the CMFs and their health were repeatedly mentioned in conjunction with the need for particular or additional actions, efforts, or routines when assessing or discussing their health, to a degree beyond what is “usually” provided. This need was motivated by representing the CMFs and their health as being the same, yet different in relation to “Swedish” children in general. Thus, the children were not only represented as different, but they were “foreignized”. These representations of difference and foreignness placed the children on a continuum in relation to what is recognized as “familiar” in their health, and constructed elastic boundaries between the strange and the familiar. By illustrating how these boundaries were used for difference-making between “familiar” and “strange”, this study showed how CMFs are alternately represented as similar and different, and foreignized while provided with SHS aiming to make them “familiar”.

This work is part of a survey on functional thinking at an early age carried out in Spain (www.pensamientoalgebraico.es). We present part of the results obtained in a study carried out with first grade students (6-7 years). The general objective of this research is to describe the work of these students when solving a task that involves the function f(n)=3n. We focus on the representations, strategies, and structures they demonstrate. We highlight the formation of groups used by some students, the predominance of pictorial representation and the diversity of strategies in solving the task., Este trabalho faz parte de uma pesquisa sobre pensamento funcional em idades precoces realizada na Espanha (www.pensamientoalgebraico.es). Apresentamos parte dos resultados obtidos em um estudo realizado com alunos da primeira série (6-7 anos). O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é descrever o trabalho desses alunos ao resolver uma tarefa que envolve a função f(n)=3n. Centramo-nos nas representações, nas estratégias e nas estruturas que evidenciam. Destacamos a formação de grupos utilizada por alguns alunos, a predominância da representação pictórica e a diversidade de estratégias na resolução da tarefa., Este trabajo se enmarca en una investigación sobre pensamiento funcional en primeras edades realizada en España (www.pensamientoalgebraico.es). Presentamos parte de los resultados obtenidos en un estudio realizado con alumnado de primero de primaria (6-7 años). El objetivo general de esta investigación es describir el trabajo de estos alumnos al resolver una tarea que involucra a la función f(n)=3n. Nos centramos en las representaciones, las estrategias y las estructuras que evidencian. Destacamos la conformación de grupos utilizada por algunos alumnos, el predominio de la representación pictórica y la amplia gama de estrategias en la resolución de la tarea.

En septiembre de 2023 tuvo lugar el “I Encuentro Nacional de Producción, Análisis y Difusión de Información sobre Favelas y Comunidades Urbanas en Brasil”, promovido por el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE). El objetivo central del evento fue discutir la nomenclatura “aglomeraciones subnormales”, utilizada para designar territorios periféricos como favelas, cuevas, zonas inundadas, etc. en las investigaciones y publicaciones oficiales de la agencia. En este texto busqué relatar mi experiencia en el evento, a partir de la descripción de algunos aspectos que considero centrales, además de explicar cuánto me impactó personalmente este encuentro como mujer, negra y periférica que soy. Al final de mi presentación, concluyo que nombrar es ejercer poder. Al abrir sus puertas a la sociedad, el IBGE se acerca a la construcción de una sociedad más democrática y plural, alejándose de discursos estigmatizantes y peyorativos sobre estos territorios y sus poblaciones., Em setembro de 2023, ocorreu o “I Encontro Nacional de Produção, Análise e Disseminação de Informações sobre as Favelas e Comunidades Urbanas do Brasil”, promovido pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). O objetivo central do evento foi discutir a nomenclatura “aglomerados subnormais”, utilizada para designar territórios periféricos como favelas, grotas, alagados etc. nas pesquisas e publicações oficiais do órgão. Neste texto, busquei relatar minha experiência no evento, a partir da descrição de alguns aspectos considerados centrais por mim, além de explicitar o quanto esse encontro me impactou pessoalmente como mulher, negra e periférica que sou. Ao final de minha exposição, concluo que nomear é exercer poder. Ao abrir as portas para a sociedade, o IBGE se aproxima da construção de uma sociedade mais democrática e plural, afastando-se de discursos estigmatizantes e pejorativos sobre esses territórios e suas populações., In September 2023, the “I National Meeting of Production, Analysis and Dissemination of Information on Favelas and Urban Communities in Brazil” took place, promoted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The central objective of the event was to discuss the nomenclature “subnormal agglomerations”, used to designate peripheral territories such as favelas, caves, flooded areas, etc. in the agency's official research and publications. In this text, I sought to report my experience at the event, based on the description of some aspects considered central by me, in addition to explaining how much this meeting impacted me personally as a woman, black and peripheral that I am. At the end of my presentation, I conclude that naming is exercising power. By opening its doors to society, IBGE moves closer to building a more democratic and plural society, moving away from stigmatizing and pejorative discourses about these territories and their populations.

This study develops a four-factor framework (4F model) based on fear, suffering, values, and characteristics for analyzing depictions of physical-risk martial heroism. Specifically, this framework is applied to assess representations of two World War II flying aces, the Royal Air Force pilot Douglas Bader and his German contemporary from the Luftwaffe, Erich Hartmann. On investigation, it is revealed that Bader and Hartmann are either described as fearless or capable of continuing their heroic journey despite their fears. Moreover, the literature contends that both these pilots experienced immense suffering but eventually overcame them. Regarding values, Bader is portrayed as a conservative patriot, whereas Hartmann is said to be a romantic and chivalrous hero. In terms of their characteristics, the depictions of Bader highlight both his positive and negative traits, whereas the darker sides of the hero are virtually absent in the rosy representations of Hartmann.

Forskning visar att representation och skriftlig kommunikation är två viktiga komponenter i utvecklingen av elevers matematiska förmåga. Denna studie avser att öka kunskapen om elevers användning av olika representationsformer i deras skriftliga kommunikation i matematik på gymnasieskolan. En riktad kvalitativ innehållsanalys av elevlösningar från ett matematikprov har genomförts med utgångspunkt i ett teoretiskt ramverk för elevers användning av representationsformer. Analysen av elevlösningar tyder på att det finns en stor variation i elevers användning av representationsformer, både vad gäller vilka representationsformer som kan identifieras samt i vilket syfte de olika representationsformerna används. Variationen i elevers representationsanvändning påverkas av hur olika representationsformer kombineras med varandra för att uppnå olika syften i elevers matematiska lösningar. Resultatet är ett viktigt kunskapsbidrag till undervisande matematiklärare, eftersom kunskapen kan användas vid utformning av undervisning som avser att utveckla elevers skriftliga matematiska kommunikation., Research demonstrate that representation and written communication are two important components in developing students’ mathematical literacy. This study aims to add knowledge about students’ using different representations in their written mathematical communication in high school. A qualitative content analysis of students’ mathematical solutions has been made based on a theoretical framework for students’ use of representations. The analysis of students’ mathematical solutions indicates a big variation in students’ use of representations, both according to which representations can be identified and to the different uses to which the representations are put. The variation in students’ use of representations is influenced by how different representations are combined in different uses in students’ mathematical solutions. The result is an important contribution of knowledge to mathematics teachers because the knowledge can be used to design teaching that aims to develop students’ written mathematical communication.

La revisión metodológica que se presenta en este trabajo, aborda un análisis de tres obras artísticas de Marco A. Alvarado, centrándose en la intersección de la docencia y la geopolítica en el ámbito universitario. La primera vincula un periodo de transición personal y cultural, destacando su relevancia durante el gobierno de León Febres Cordero y la alineación de Ecuador con la doctrina Monroe. La segunda, utiliza palabras de lenguas mayores y menores entrelazadas, representando las distancias entre lo aprendido y la verdad desafiando el término "Latinoamérica" y lo redefine al insertar la palabra shuar "tiishiraiti", generando reflexiones sobre el lenguaje como herramienta de subordinación o autodeterminación. La tercera, utiliza letras fundidas en cemento para fusionar las palabras "pupitre" y "murid", explorando la infantilización de la educación universitaria y la búsqueda espiritual de conocimiento. Este ejercicio propone una reflexión sobre la influencia de directivas supranacionales en la educación, evidenciando la pasividad de los actores sociales y criticando las tendencias globalistas que buscan configurar una educación obediente a agendas opacas. Las propuestas artísticas se utilizan como elementos didácticos para una reflexión crítica sobre la educación universitaria en artes visuales, destacando su interconexión con la geopolítica, la identidad nacional y las influencias culturales, planteando preguntas relevantes sobre la autonomía educativa en contextos globalizados., The methodological revision that is presented in this work, addresses an analysis of three artistic works by Marco A. Alvarado, focusing on the intersection of teaching and geopolitics at the university level. The first one links a period of personal and cultural transition, highlighting its relevance during the government of León Febres Cordero and the alignment of Ecuador with the Monroe doctrine. The second, uses words from major and minor languages intertwined, representing the distances between learning and the truth, challenging the term "Latinoamérica" and redefining it by inserting the Shuar word "tiishiraiti", generating reflections on language as a tool of subordination or self-determination. Thirdly, he uses letters cast in cement to fuse the words "pupitre" and "murid", exploring the infantilization of university education and the spiritual search for knowledge. This exercise proposes a reflection on the influence of supranational directives on education, highlighting the passion of social actors and criticizing globalist trends that seek to configure an education obedient to opaque agendas. The artistic proposals are used as didactic elements for a critical reflection on university education in visual arts, highlighting its interconnection with geopolitics, national identity, and cultural influences, raising relevant questions about educational autonomy in globalized contexts., A revisão metodológica que se apresenta neste trabalho, aborda uma análise das três obras artísticas de Marco A. Alvarado, centrando-se na intersecção da docência e da geopolítica no âmbito universitário. A primeira vincula um período de transição pessoal e cultural, destacando sua relevância durante o governo de Leão Febres Cordero e o alinhamento do Equador com a doutrina Monroe. Na segunda, utiliza palavras de línguas maiores e menores entrelaçadas, representando as distâncias entre o aprendido e a verdade, desafiando o termo "Latinoamérica" e redefine ao inserir a palavra shuar "tiishiraiti", gerando reflexões sobre a língua como herramienta de subordinação o autodeterminação. A terceira, utiliza letras fundidas em cimento para fundir as palavras "pupitre" e "murid", explorando a infantilização da educação universitária e a busca espiritual de conhecimento. Este exercício propõe uma reflexão sobre a influência das diretrizes supranacionais na educação, evidenciando a pasividad dos atores sociais e criticando as tendências globalistas que buscam configurar uma educação obediente a agendas opacas. As propostas artísticas são utilizadas como elementos didáticos para uma reflexão crítica sobre a educação universitária em artes visuais, destacando sua interconexão com a geopolítica, a identidade nacional e as influências culturais, plantando perguntas relevantes sobre a autonomia educativa em contextos globalizados.

Este artículo propone una panorámica sobre los principales museos dedicados al comunismo en Europa Central y del Este. Se aproxima al estado de la cuestión, que los ha interpretado en relación con la historia pública, las políticas transnacionales de rememoración poscomunista o el influjo de las prácticas de recuerdo del Holocausto. El texto sugiere que estas instalaciones deben ser leídas como narrativas de memoria y que sus relatos resignifican materiales muy dispares que operan a través de una intensa re-simbolización mediante distintas estrategias –espectaculares, empáticas, inmersivas–, orientadas a conmemorar un pasado traumático, pero también a dotarle deuna pátina nostálgica. Desde dicho supuesto, en la segunda parte del trabajo se propone una clasificación relativamente flexible de los centros estudiados: los museos de nueva planta entendidos como narrativas del sufrimiento, los configurados desde la autoridad simbólica del lugar de memoria o los que ofrecen una exposición centrada en la vida cotidiana durante el socialismo. El resultado es una imagen, hasta cierto punto poliédrica, que incluye la representación del totalitarismo y el genocidio, el absurdo histórico, la cultura banal o el icono kitsch., This article proposes an overview of the main museums dedicated to communism in Central and Eastern Europe. It approaches the interpretations of these institutions in relation to public history, transnational policies of post communist remembrance or the influence of other practices about the Holocaust. The text suggests that these institutions should be read as narratives of memory based on an elaboration of meanings of disparate materials. They operate through an intense re-symbolization through different strategies –spectacular, empathetic, immersive–, mainly aimed at commemorating a traumatic past, but also at giving it a nostalgic patina. Based on this assumption, in the second part of the work a flexible classification of the centres studied is proposed: the museums understood as narrativesof suffering, those configured from the symbolic authority of place of memory or those that offer an exhibition focused on daily life during socialism. The result is a multifaceted image that includes representation of totalitarianism and genocide, historical absurdity, banal culture or kitsch icons., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España, Sección Deptal. de Relaciones Internacionales e Historia Global (Ciencias de la Información), Fac. de Ciencias de la Información, TRUE, pub

La presente investigación ofrece un estudio sociocultural de la fotografía periodística en el escenario venezolano mediante la revisión de las imágenes que han recibido reconocimiento internacional en los premios World Press Photo y Pulitzer. A partir del análisis y contextualización de fotografías de corte periodístico y documental, el objetivo ha sido el de reflexionar sobre la función social y usos de la imagen en la contemporaneidad. El corpus ha estado integrado por imágenes de fotógrafos venezolanos o radicados en Venezuela que han sido premiadas con los mencionados galardones: dos fotografías individuales y dos series de fotografías. La más antigua es la foto de Héctor Rondón, de 1962, sobre el suceso conocido como “El Porteñazo”. La segunda de las fotografías y la primera serie tienen como contexto común las protestas y disturbios del 2017 contra el gobierno de Nicolás Maduro. Sus autores son Ronaldo Schemidt y Juan Barreto, respectivamente. La última serie muestra las víctimas del hambre y la desnutrición en Venezuela y fue publicada por The New York Times. Su autora es la fotoperiodista Meridith Kohut. Todas estas fotografías han sido estudiadas empleando una matriz de análisis que incluye la profundización de los conflictos y realidades que muestran, su valor intrínseco como imagen, así como la repercusión y proyección de las mismas. Las conclusiones del trabajo dan cuenta de cómo la visualización de los hechos a través de la fotografía y su reconocimiento internacional afirman las posibilidades de la imagen para aproximarse a la realidad y mostrar sus matices y contrastes. También su valor de denuncia. El que estos premios se otorguen tiempo después de los sucesos registrados permite retomar los temas que documentan, a veces olvidados o desplazados ante la vorágine de nuevos acontecimientos., This research offers a sociocultural study of journalistic photography in Venezuela by reviewing images internationally recognized with the World Press Photo and Pulitzer Prizes. From the analysis and contextualization of journalistic and documentary photographs, the objective is to reflect on the social function and uses of the image in contemporary times. The corpus comprises images by Venezuelan or Venezuela-based photographers awarded the prizes mentioned: two individual and two series of photographs. The oldest is Héctor Rondón’s 1962 picture of El Porteñazo. The second photograph and the first of the series shared the context of the 2017 protests and riots against the government of Nicolás Maduro; their authors are Ronaldo Schemidt and Juan Barreto, respectively. The second series showed the victims of hunger and malnutrition in Venezuela and was published in The New York Times ; its author is photojournalist Meridith Kohut. All these photographs have been studied using a matrix of analysis that delves into the conflicts and realities they portray, their intrinsic value as images, and their repercussion and projection. We conclude how the visualization of facts through photography and its international recognition affirms the possibilities of the image to approach reality and show its nuances and contrasts, as well as its denouncing value. The fact that these prizes were awarded long after the recorded events makes it possible to revisit the subjects they document, sometimes forgotten or displaced in the maelstrom of new events., Esta pesquisa oferece um estudo sociocultural da fotografia jornalística no cenário venezuelano mediante a revisão das imagens que ganharam reconhecimento internacional nos prêmios World Press Photo e Pulitzer. A partir da análise e contextualização de fotografias de corte jornalístico e documental, o objetivo é refletir sobre a função social e usos da imagem na contemporaneidade. O corpus foi integrado por imagens de fotógrafos venezuelanos ou radicados na Venezuela que foram premiadas com os mencionados prêmios: duas fotografias individuais e duas séries de fotografias. A mais antiga é a foto de Héctor Rondón, de 1962, sobre o acontecimento conhecido como “El Porteñazo”. A segunda das fotografias e a primeira série têm como contexto comum os protestos e distúrbios de 2017 contra o governo de Nicolás Maduro. Seus autores são Ronaldo Schemidt e Juan Barreto, respectivamente. A última série mostra as vítimas da fome e da desnutrição na Venezuela, e foi publicada pelo The New York Times. Sua autora é a fotojornalista Meridith Kohut. Todas essas fotografias são estudadas com a utilização de uma matriz de análise que inclui o aprofundamento dos conflitos e das realidades que mostram, seu valor intrínseco como imagem, bem como a repercussão e projeção delas. As conclusões deste trabalho evidenciam como a visualização dos fatos por meio da fotografia e seu reconhecimento internacional afirmam as possiblidades da imagem para se aproximar da realidade e mostrar suas nuances e contrastes, além de seu valor de denúncia. O fato de esses prêmios serem dados tempo depois dos acontecimentos registrados permite retomar os temas que documentam, às vezes esquecidos ou deslocados ante a voragem dos novos acontecimentos.

L’animal est au cœur d’interrogations politiques, sociales, écologiques et ontologiques qui éclairent le passé de manière profondément contemporaine. Si une « question animale » a bien émergé à l’âge classique et aux Lumières, inspirant de nombreux travaux, traités et autres publications, les recherches académiques des dernières décennies ont cependant connu une évolution fondamentale dans le champ historique. Qualifiées d’animal turn, elles sont caractérisées par le passage d’une vision de l’animal comme « objet » à celle d’un animal agissant, véritable acteur silencieux et souvent discret au cœur de multiples processus sociaux. Dans ce paysage prolifique qui cherche à produire une histoire des animaux, avec les animaux, ou par les animaux, la place et le rôle des médias sont quant à eux assez peu interrogés, du moins rarement spécifiquement. Les animaux occupent pourtant une place de choix sur la scène médiatique, des affiches illustrées et grands quotidiens du XIXe siècle à la circulation de mèmes et gifs sur les réseaux socio-numériques au XXIe siècle, en passant par les magazines TV animaliers ou les films et les albums jeunesse du XXe siècle. Ils apparaissent sous l’angle des représentations, des interactions avec les hommes, de leurs rôles et fonctions dans les sociétés, dans l’espace politique comme public. La question animale peut surgir dans les médias à l’occasion d’un détournement, d’une information, d’arguments commerciaux, d’enjeux de protection ou encore à travers ces animaux vedettes qui peuplent notre quotidien. Que nous apprend l’histoire de la diversité de ses fonctions, de ses usages et de ses imaginaires déployés dans les médias ? Ce dossier du Temps des médias invite à penser les animaux dans le temps long de l’histoire des médias.

This open access volume offers original essays on how motherhood and mothering are represented in contemporary fiction and life writing across several national contexts. Providing a broad range of perspectives in terms of geopolitical places, thematic concerns, and theoretical and interdisciplinary approaches, it demonstrates the significance of literary narratives for understanding and critiquing motherhood and mothering as social phenomena and subjective experiences. The chapters contextualize motherhood and mothering in terms of their particular national and cultural location and analyze narratives about mothers who are firmly placed in one national context, as well as those who are in “in-between” positions due to migrant experiences. The contributions foreground and link together the themes central to the volume: embodied experience and maternal embodiment; notions of what is “normal” or natural (or not) about motherhood; maternal health and illness; mother-daughter relations; maternality and memory; and the (im)possibilities of giving voice to the mother. They raise questions about how motherhood and mothering are marked by absence and/or presence, as well as by profound ambivalences.

We begin by giving some theoretical background to the underlying concepts of spin representations and spinors. This is done from the perspective of Lie groups and Lie algebras. In particular, we discuss the functionality of Clifford algebras in the determination of the double-covering spin groups. An introduction to K-algebras and Clifford algebras is then given, focusing on the properties of pseudo-Euclidean spaces . Some low-dimensional examples are also included, culminating with a characterisation of some Clifford algebras as matrix algebras. Elementary representation theory is then introduced and quickly followed by the definition of the Clifford-Lipschitz and spin groups. The work of Lundholm and Svensson (2016), Vaz and da Rocha (2016), and Schwichtenberg (2018) is then united to construct a definition of the spin representations. An attempt at formulating a definition of spinors from a mathematical perspective is then given; formed by combining multiple approaches and definitions of the above-mentioned authors, as well as drawing inspiration from important cases in theoretical physics, in particular that of SO(3) and the Lorentz group SO(1,3).

Indigenous peoples’ right to control representations of their own culture and heritage is unquestionable, but in the case of tourism activities other stakeholders’ understandings come into play. The nation-state is still an important organizational foundation for tourism. For the Indigenous Sámi people, who are located in four different nation-states, national destination management organizations (DMOs) have a crucial role in how their culture and traditions are represented. The current study examines the content of Visit Norway and Visit Sweden’s visual marketing of indigenous Sámi tourism products. Using content analysis to sort electronic images and related texts, categories distinguishing natural, human, and other types of relevant symbols were created. The marketing strategies of both countries reinforce the traditional connection of the Sámi people to nature and their reindeer. Visit Sweden uses a distinct notion of what we call the artification of the Sámi, where young female artists contribute to the modern image of this indigenous people. Visit Norway continues to use more stereotypical representations of the Sámi, with a focus on colourful outfits and traditional buildings. Thus, tourism marketing continues to reinforce simplified images of the indigenous populations of the Arctic and their relation to the nation-state. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

During the 20th century, Argentine cultural industries configured representations of motherhood around an idyllic model in which mothers spent their maternal experience as pure joy, attentive and obedient to the prescriptions of the cultural environment. This dominant archetype began to be discussed in emerging content in the 21st century, in the context of a situation permeated by the issues and demands of the women's, feminist and gender diversity movements. This article observes a set of products of the Argentine mass culture that strained the traditional and hegemonic model of motherhood in order to identify the invariant features that constitute them and reflect on the scope of their representations considering the epochal climate in which they were produced., Durante el siglo XX, las industrias culturales argentinas configuraron representaciones de la maternidad en torno a un modelo idílico en el que las madres transcurrían la experiencia materna como puro regocijo, atentas y obedientes a las prescripciones del entorno cultural. Ese arquetipo dominante comenzó a ser discutido en contenidos emergentes en el siglo XXI, en el marco de una coyuntura permeada por las problematizaciones y las demandas de los movimientos de mujeres, feministas y de la diversidad de género. Este artículo, observa un conjunto de productos de la cultura de masas argentina que tensionó el modelo tradicional y hegemónico de la maternidad con el objeto de identificar los rasgos invariantes que los constituyen y reflexionar sobre los alcances de sus representaciones considerando el clima de época en el que se produjeron.

Objective: To study the textual and visual representations produced by the Chilean newspaper Clarín (1954-1973), regarding men, women, and homosexuals classified as abnormal, defined and characterized on the basis of an alleged hereditary dangerousness, the primacy of instinct rather than reason in their behavior, and a sexuality perceived as perverse and contrary to social and moral order. Methodology: Based on a content analysis and a case study, which were part of the newspaper’s police chronicle (crónica roja) during the period of study, we examine the fabrication and naturalization of stereotypes and prejudices through journalistic strategies such as reiteration, saturation, and orchestration of texts and images. Originality: The article addresses an underexplored context from the perspective of studies on behavioral and sexual differences and the role of the press in the fabrication of social labels, prejudices, and violence towards individuals and groups. Conclusions: The newspaper examined was not only a supplier of information but also a protagonist at the time due to its way of approaching the understanding and construction of reality, justifying moralistic and hegemonic values and practices, despite its popular, defiant, and anti-oligarchic profile. Its constructions of meaning preserve certain actuality, showing both the historicity and the contingency of the subject., Objetivo: estudar as representações textuais e visuais produzidas pelo jornal chileno Clarín (1954-1973) de homens, mulheres e homossexuais classificados como anormais, definidos e caracterizados com base em uma suposta perigosidade hereditária, a primazia do instinto sobre a razão em seu comportamento e uma sexualidade percebida como perversa e contrária à ordem social e moral. Metodologia: através de uma análise de conteúdo e um estudo de caso que fizeram parte da crônica policial (“crónica roja”) do jornal da manhã durante o período em estudo, examinamos a fabricação e naturalização de estereótipos e preconceitos através do uso de estratégias jornalísticas como a reiteração, saturação e orquestração de textos e imagens. Originalidade: aborda um contexto que tem sido pouco explorado sob a perspetiva de estudos sobre diferenças comportamentais e sexuais, e o papel da imprensa na fabricação de rótulos sociais, preconceitos e violência contra indivíduos e grupos. Conclusões: o jornal examinado não era apenas um fornecedor de informações, mas também um protagonista do período devido a sua forma particular de abordar a compreensão e construção da realidade, justificando valores e práticas moralistas e hegemônicos, apesar de seu perfil popular, desafiador e antioligárquico. Suas construções de significado são ainda hoje relevantes e mostram o tanto a historicidade como a contingência do assunto., Objetivo: estudiar las representaciones textuales y visuales producidas por el diario chileno Clarín (1954-1973) respecto de hombres, mujeres y homosexuales, catalogados de anormales y definidos y caracterizados de acuerdo con una supuesta peligrosidad hereditaria, la primacía del instinto antes que de la razón en sus conductas y una sexualidad percibida como perversa y contraria al orden social y moral. Metodología: a través de un análisis de contenidos y un estudio de casos que formaron parte de la crónica policial o crónica roja del matutino durante el período en estudio, se examina la fabricación y naturalización de estereotipos y prejuicios mediante el uso de estrategias periodísticas como la reiteración, la saturación y la orquestación de textos e imágenes. Originalidad: se aborda un contexto muy poco explorado desde la perspectiva de los estudios sobre las diferencias conductuales y sexuales y del papel de la prensa en la fabricación de etiquetas sociales, prejuicios y violencias contra personas y grupos. Conclusiones: el diario examinado no fue solo un suministrador de informaciones, sino también un protagonista del período, con su particular manera de acercarse a la comprensión y construcción de la realidad, justificando valores y prácticas moralistas y hegemónicas, a pesar de su perfil popular, desafiante y antioligárquico. Sus construcciones de sentido aún mantienen cierta vigencia en la actualidad y muestran tanto la historicidad como la contingencia del tema.

The following paper focuses on analysing how Lazaro Cárdenas poli-tics were a model to the French left. Suffering negatives clichés of being a vio-lent and “Bolshevik” country, Mexico also provoked admiration and interest among the French. Cardenist Mexico seemed to cause a hope for left parties which were on the verge of governing France. Segments insisted in Mexico antifascist politic and its help to Spanish republic, or they showed Mexico as an alternative example to Soviet Union. Furthermore, the Mexican oil expro-priation in 1938 was perceived as a bold anticapitalistic decision that should be applied in France. So, the elements of admiration and interests expressed by French left journals are presented. Therefore, it is possible to consider that Cardenismo also appeared to be a model to the French left., El presente artículo se enfoca en analizar cómo la política de Lázaro Cárdenas representó un modelo para la izquierda francesa. Víctima de prejui-cios negativos como país violento y “bolchevique”, México también suscitó admiración e interés entre algunos franceses. El México cardenista pareció causar esperanza para una izquierda que se preparaba para gobernar Fran-cia. Sectores insistieron en su política antifascista –por su apoyo a la Repú-blica española– o presentaron a México como modelo alternativo a la URSS. Además, la expropiación petrolera de 1938 fue percibida como una medida anticapitalista audaz que merecería ser adaptada al escenario francés. Para ello, se procede a una presentación de los elementos de admiración e interés manifestados por la prensa de izquierda francesa. De esta forma es posible considerar que el cardenismo también se ilustró como paradigma para la izquierda francesa.

The article presents the set of meanings and social representations that were formed around the discussion of the liberal-conservative concepts for the Costa Rican case, during the twilight of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, which were marked by a convulsive and unequal political-electoral and sociocultural environment within Costa Rican society. This was due to tensions that arose between liberals and conservative popular sectors that were supported by the Catholic Church. The first part of the text develops a brief overview of the theoretical origins of both notions and their evolution over time during the 19th century in the Costa Rican case. Subsequently, it delves into the scope of the liberal-conservative discussion in the late nineteenth century and the dawn of the twentieth century., El artículo expone acerca del conjunto de significados y representaciones sociales que se conformaron alrededor de la discusión de los conceptos liberal-conservador para el caso costarricense, durante el ocaso del siglo XIX, y, los primeros años del siglo XX que estuvieron marcados por un ambiente político-electoral y sociocultural convulso y desigual dentro de la sociedad costarricense. Lo anterior, debido a tensiones que surgieron entre liberales y sectores populares conservadores que se encontraban acuerpados por la Iglesia católica. El texto desarrolla en una primera parte, una mirada breve en torno a los orígenes teóricos de ambas nociones y su evolución en el tiempo durante el siglo XIX para el caso costarricense. Posteriormente, se profundiza sobre los alcances de la discusión liberal-conservadora en las postrimerías del siglo XIX y los albores del siglo XX.

Artículo firmado por 38 autores. ©Elsevier Science BV. The authors wish to thank Bill Pence and Rob Seaman for many insightful discussions. We thank Bob Hanisch and Michael Wise for providing helpful comments that improved the contents of this paper. This research has made use of NASA’s Astrophysics Data System., The Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) standard has been a great boon to astronomy, allowing observatories, scientists and the public to exchange astronomical information easily. The FITS standard, however, is showing its age. Developed in the late 1970s, the FITS authors made a number of implementation choices that, while common at the time, are now seen to limit its utility with modern data. The authors of the FITS standard could not anticipate the challenges which we are facing today in astronomical computing. Difficulties we now face include, but are not limited to, addressing the need to handle an expanded range of specialized data product types (data models), being more conducive to the networked exchange and storage of data, handling very large datasets, and capturing significantly more complex metadata and data relationships. There are members of the community today who find some or all of these limitations unworkable, and have decided to move ahead with storing data in other formats. If this fragmentation continues, we risk abandoning the advantages of broad interoperability, and ready archivability, that the FITS format provides for astronomy. In this paper we detail some selected important problems which exist within the FITS standard today. These problems may provide insight into deeper underlying issues which reside in the format and we provide a discussion of some lessons learned. It is not our intention here to prescribe specific remedies to these issues; rather, it is to call attention of the FITS and greater astronomical computing communities to these problems in the hope that it will spur action to address them. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved., Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

Let G be the fundamental group of the complement of the torus knot of type (m, n). This has a presentation G = < x, y vertical bar x(m) = y(n)>. We find the geometric description of the character variety X(G) of characters of representations of G into SL(2, C)., Depto. de Álgebra, Geometría y Topología, Fac. de Ciencias Matemáticas, TRUE, pub

© Elsevier. We would like to thank Pedro González–Díaz, Guillermo Mena Marugán and Mariano Quirós for a careful reading of the manuscript and valuable discussions. We also thank Andrei Linde for clarifying our conclusions on extended inflation., We consider the quantum gravity and cosmology of a Jordan-Brans-Dicke theory, predicted by string effective actions. We study its canonical formalism and find that the constraint algebra is that of general relativity, as a consequence of the general covariance of scalar-tensor theories. We also analyze the problem of boundary conditions and propose that they must be imposed in the Jordan frame, in which particles satisfy the strong equivalence principle. Specifically, we discuss both Hartle-Hawking and wormhole boundary conditions in the context of quantum cosmology. We find quantum wormhole solutions for Jordan-Brans-Dicke gravity even in the absence of matter. Wormholes may affect the constants of nature and, in particular, the Brans-Dicke parameter. Following Coleman's mechanism, we find a probability distribution which is strongly peaked at zero cosmological constant and infinite Brans-Dicke parameter. That is, we recover general relativity as the effective low energy theory of gravity., Depto. de Física Teórica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

El presente artículo identifica las representaciones que José Tadeo Monagas, presidente de Venezuela en el siglo XIX, ofrece sobre la sociedad venezolana en sus discursos anuales ante el Parlamento. Los relatos, en este análisis, se estudian como productos enculturizadores que proporcionan modelos axiológicos y cognitivos con el objetivo de mediar entre lo que sucede y la interpretación que las personas hacen sobre la realidad. Las categorías usadas se obtienen a partir de un análisis de conte- nido con el cual se registran los referentes y su representación en los ocho discursos estudiados. Los resultados reflejan que las representaciones con que José Tadeo Monagas narra la realidad venezolana se encuentran usualmente disociadas de los hechos y acontecimientos ocurridos en el período estudiado, con el objetivo de evitar las explicaciones sobre los cambios que se producen y los problemas que la sociedad venezolana experimenta en ese momento histórico., The present article identifies the representations that Jose Tadeo Monagas, president of Venezuela in the nineteenth century, offers about the Venezuelan society in his annual discourses before Parliament. In this analysis, the narrations are understood as enculturation products, which provide axiological and cognitive models with the objective of mediating between what is happening and the interpretation that people make about reality. The categories used are obtained from a content analysis, which has been employed to register the refer- ents and their representation in the eight speeches studied. The results show that José Tadeo Monagas’ representations of Venezuela’s reality are usually divorced from the facts and events of the period studied, in order to avoid explaining the changes that occur and the problems of Venezuelan society in that historical moment., Unidad Deptal. de Sociología: Metodología y Teoría, Fac. de Ciencias de la Información, TRUE, pub

A significant number of studies have found that the use of graphical representations can contribute to success in solving math problems. However, research results also suggest that the effective use of these representations depends on certain specific conditions. From this, it is established as a field of opportunity for research to learn more about these particular conditions. This research’s objective was to analyze the influence that the characteristics of the students’ graphic representations have on their performance when solving mathematical modelling problems. To carry out the investigation, we analyzed the drawings made by 63 seventh grade students from a school in Mexico when solving geometric modelling problems. In the study, we applied a set of analysis tools to classify graphic representations and their involvement in solution strategies and processes. The results showed evidence of a relevant relationship between the characteristics of the students’ drawings and the planning and execution of solving methods., Un número significativo de estudios ha encontrado que el uso de las representaciones gráficas tiene el potencial de contribuir al éxito en la resolución de problemas de matemáticas. Sin embargo, los resultados de las investigaciones también apuntan a que el uso efectivo de estas representaciones depende de ciertas condiciones específicas. A partir de ello, se establece como un campo de oportunidad para la investigación el conocer más sobre estas condiciones particulares. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la influencia que tienen las características de las representaciones gráficas producidas por los estudiantes en su desempeño al resolver problemas de modelización matemática. Para llevar a cabo la indagación se analizaron los dibujos realizados por 63 estudiantes de primero de secundaria de una escuela en México al resolver problemas geométricos de modelización. En el estudio se aplicaron un conjunto de herramientas de análisis dirigidas a la clasificación de las representaciones gráficas y su implicación en las estrategias y procesos de solución. Los resultados mostraron evidencia de una relación relevante entre las características de los dibujos de los estudiantes y la planeación y ejecución de métodos para la solución del problema.