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This book introduces and applies the economic way of thinking to public policy and public administration. It provides a non-technical introduction and assumes no prior economic or mathematical training but looks closely at the methodological and normative assumptions underlying economic analysis. It provides a deep understanding of the method than a simple technical presentation would allow. After introducing the basic assumptions of the economic method, the book considers the analysis of market failure, the role of government in a market economy, behavioural economics, bargaining in government, bureaucracy, interest groups, and levels of government. By providing a balanced introduction to and overview of economic approaches to government, the book will be useful to undergraduate and postgraduate students in public administration and public policy, as well as academics and practitioners in these fields interested in the application of the economic way of thinking.

It has long seemed plausible that the languages of hunter-gatherer societies might be systematically different from those of food producers. Compared to food-producing societies, hunter-gatherer societies are usually smaller and less complex, with lower population density. They are often based on kinship as a main organizing factor and usually lack large-scale sociopolitical organization with its concomitant traits such as language standardization.

Considerable ambiguity remains over the extent and nature of millennial/centennial-scale climate instability during the Last Interglacial (LIG). Here we analyse marine and terrestrial proxies from a deep-sea sediment sequence on the Portuguese Margin and combine results with an intensively dated Italian speleothem record and climate-model experiments. The strongest expression of climate variability occurred during the transitions into and out of the LIG. Our records also document a series of multi-centennial intra-interglacial arid events in southern Europe, coherent with cold water-mass expansions in the North Atlantic. The spatial and temporal fingerprints of these changes indicate a reorganization of ocean surface circulation, consistent with low-intensity disruptions of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). The amplitude of this LIG variability is greater than that observed in Holocene records. Episodic Greenland ice melt and runoff as a result of excess warmth may have contributed to AMOC weakening and increased climate instability throughout the LIG.

Delay and avoidance are massive problems in cancer screening. While work continues to examine demographic and cognitive factors, emotions are central and likely causally implicated. In this chapter, a discrete emotions view of the origins of cancer screening is presented. After characterizing emotions, focus rests on evaluating the evidence regarding how and why three avoidance-promoting emotions (fear, embarrassment, and disgust) are implicated. The chapter describes the symptoms and medical examinations that elicit these emotions and suggests that people fail to screen for breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers because screenings elicit (or are anticipated to elicit) these feelings. It concludes by assessing some of the measurement, design, and interpretative challenges in the area, considers the sexual nature of many screens, and discusses the fact that screenings may elicit multiple emotional responses.

Delay and avoidance are massive problems in cancer screening. While work continues to examine demographic and cognitive factors, emotions are central and likely causally implicated. In this chapter, a discrete emotions view of the origins of cancer screening is presented. After characterizing emotions, focus rests on evaluating the evidence regarding how and why three avoidance-promoting emotions (fear, embarrassment, and disgust) are implicated. The chapter describes the symptoms and medical examinations that elicit these emotions and suggests that people fail to screen for breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers because screenings elicit (or are anticipated to elicit) these feelings. It concludes by assessing some of the measurement, design, and interpretative challenges in the area, considers the sexual nature of many screens, and discusses the fact that screenings may elicit multiple emotional responses.

© 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd The purpose of this three-study paper was to develop and validate the Perceived Social Influence in Sport Scale-2 (PSISS-2) that aimed to resolve the limitations of PSISS-1 in assessing the relative social influence of significant others in youth sport. In Study 1, a pool of 60 items generated from revisiting a qualitative dataset about significant others of young athletes were examined by two expert panel reviews in terms of content validity, clarity, coverage, and age-appropriateness, leading to the development of 16 items of the PSISS-2. In Study 2, multi-group exploratory structural equation model for PSISS-2 was conducted among 904 young athletes, and the results supported a model comprising positive influence (ie, conditional and unconditional positive influence combined), punishment (ie, conditional negative influence), and dysfunction (ie, unconditional negative influence) as three factors. The goodness of fit of the three-factor model was acceptable and invariant across the coach-, father-, mother-, and teammates-versions of PSISS-2. In support of the criterion validity of PSISS-2, the three factors explained substantial variance of young athletes’ perceived competence, effort, enjoyment, and trait anxiety in sport. Study 3 examined the relationship between PSISS-2 factors, psychological need support, and controlling behaviors in a subsample of 452 young athletes, and the findings supported the concurrent validity and discriminant validity of the scale. In conclusion, the data are supportive of PSISS-2. The three factors of the scale (ie, positive influence, punishment, and dysfunction) may form a new framework for understanding and comparing the relative role of significant others in youth sport.

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Objectives: Ego depletion impairs physical and cognitive capacities, but its effects on daily intentions and behavior remain unclear. This study provides insight into relationships between ego depletion, intentions, and exercise, leisure sitting and other non-activity related behaviors. Design: The study involved repeated assessment using a daily diary. Method: Australian university students (N = 103, 52% female, M age = 22 years) self-reported end-of-day ego depletion, decisional intentions, and behavior for time spent exercising, in leisure-time sitting, doing paid work, sleeping, studying, housework, and the amount of alcohol consumed across seven days. Results: When people were more ego depleted at the time of reporting intentions, they intended to exercise for less time the next day than when people were less ego depleted. However, if people were highly ego depleted when reporting exercise intentions for the next day, they were subsequently more likely to reach those intentions. There were no significant effects of ego depletion on intentions or on the likelihood of achieving intentions for any behavior other than exercise. Conclusions: Given that the effects of ego depletion on intentions and behavior were seen for exercise but not other daily behaviors, it may be that ego depletion only impacts intentions to engage in physically effortful behavior. Future research is needed to test replicability of the effects. Interventions may consider accounting for ego depletion in efforts to enhance behavioral intentions; however, the findings also highlight the importance of keeping behavior change (as opposed to change in intentions) as the main outcome focus.

Vision occlusion spectacles are a highly valuable instrument for visual-perception–action research in a variety of disciplines. In sports, occlusion spectacles have enabled invaluable knowledge to be obtained about the superior capability of experts to use visual information to guide actions within in-situ settings. Triggering the spectacles to occlude a performer’s vision at a precise time in an opponent’s action or object flight has been problematic, due to experimenter error in using a manual buttonpress approach. This article describes a new laser curtain wireless trigger for vision occlusion spectacles that is portable and fast in terms of its transmission time. The laser curtain can be positioned in a variety of orientations to accept a motion trigger, such as a cricket bowler’s arm that distorts the lasers, which then activates a wireless signal for the occlusion spectacles to change from transparent to opaque, which occurs in only 8 ms. Results are reported from calculations done in an electronics laboratory, as well as from tests in a performance laboratory with a cricket bowler and a baseball pitcher, which verified this short time delay before vision occlusion. In addition, our results show that occlusion consistently occurred when it was intended—that is, near ball release and during mid-ball-flight. Only 8% of the collected data trials were unusable. The laser curtain improves upon the limitations of existing vision occlusion spectacle triggers, indicating that it is a valuable instrument for perception–action research in a variety of disciplines

© 2017 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Intention has been an extremely important concept in physical activity theory and research but is complicated by a double-barreled definition of a decision to perform physical activity and the commitment to enact that decision. We put forth the hypothesis that these separate meanings have different measurement requirements, are situated in distinctly different intention-based models, and show discrete findings when explaining physical activity motives.

© 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Physical activity theories have almost exclusively focused on conscious regulatory processes such as plans, beliefs, and expected value. The aim of this review was to aggregate the burgeoning evidence showing that physical activity is also partially determined by non-conscious processes (e.g., habits, automatic associations, priming effects). A systematic search was conducted and study characteristics, design, measures, effect size of the principle summary measures, and main conclusions of 52 studies were extracted by two independent coders. The findings support that habitual regulatory processes measured via self-report are directly associated with physical activity beyond conscious processes, and that there is likely interdependency between habit strength and intentions. Response latency measures of automatic associations with physical activity were widely disparate, precluding conclusions about specific effects. A small body of evidence demonstrated a variety of priming effects on physical activity. Overall, it is evident that physical activity is partially regulated by non-conscious processes, but there remain many unanswered questions for this area of research. Future research should refine the conceptualisation and measurement of non-conscious regulatory processes and determine how to harness them to promote physical activity.

© 2015, Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Physical activity is partly regulated by automatic processes such as habits (ie, well-learned responses to cues), but it remains unclear what cues trigger these processes. This study examined the relations of physical activity automaticity and behavior with the consistency of people, activity, routine, location, time, and mood cues present upon initiation of physical activity behavior. Australian adults (N = 1,244, 627 female, M age = 55 years) reported their physical activity automaticity, behavior, and the degree of consistency of these cues each time they start a physical activity behavior. Multiple regression models, which accounted for gender and age, revealed that more consistent routine and mood cues were linked to more physical activity automaticity; whereas more consistent time and people cues were linked to more physical activity behavior. Interventions may more effectively translate into long-lasting physical activity habits if they draw people's attention to the salient cues of time, people, routine, and mood.

Interpretive political science focuses on the meanings that shape actions and institutions, and the ways in which they do so. This Handbook explores the implications of interpretive theory for the study of politics. It provides the first definitive survey of the field edited by two of its pioneers. Written by leading scholars from a range of disciplinary backgrounds, the Handbook’s 32 chapters are split into five parts which explore: the contrast between interpretive theory and mainstream political science; the main forms of interpretive theory and the theoretical concepts associated with interpretive political science; the methods used by interpretive political scientists; the insights provided by interpretive political science on empirical topics; the implications of interpretive political science for professional practices such as policy analysis, planning, accountancy, and public health. With an emphasis on the applications of interpretive political science to a range of topics and disciplines, this Handbook is an invaluable resource for students, scholars, and practitioners in the areas of international relations, comparative politics, political sociology, political psychology, and public administration.

Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/wais2015ch4.txt Description: Ultra-high temporal resolution methane concentration data from West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide (WD) ice core obtained by online, continuous technique (see Stowasser et al., 2012). 1714 m of ice core were analyzed using 3 different laser spectrometers during two laboratory campaigns of 2-3 months duration in early 2012 (1804-2621 m) and 2013 (2709-3404 m). Please refer to Table S1 in Rhodes et al. (2015) for precision, accuracy, and time/depth resolution information. Data provided here are cubic smoothing spline fit at 2 year spacing to the raw time-integrated data. Please refer to Supplementary Information in Rhodes et al. (2015, doi:10.1126/science.1262005) for more details.

In this article, we consider the continuous analog of the celebrated Mandelbrot star equation with infinitely divisible weights. Mandelbrot introduced this equation to characterize the law of multiplicative cascades. We show existence and uniqueness of measures satisfying the aforementioned continuous equation. We obtain an explicit characterization of the structure of these measures, which reflects the constraints imposed by the continuous setting. In particular, we show that the continuous equation enjoys some specific properties that do not appear in the discrete star equation. To that purpose, we define a Lévy multiplicative chaos that generalizes the already existing constructions. Keywords: Random measure, star equation, scale invariance, multiplicative chaos, uniqueness, infinitely divisible processes, multifractal processes.

The rise of the new public management in the 1980s led to recurring challenges to the administrative traditions of the public service in Australia, Canada and the UK. This article analyses how the heads of the public service articulate the traditions of 'constitutional bureaucracy' found in Westminster systems of parliamentary government and selectively draws on past understandings to understand present-day changes. We describe traditions under challenge that reshape reforms as reforms reshape them. We conclude that the heads of public services have found 'space' or 'voice' to articulate innovative ways of combining past traditions with new organising principles of governance. In each case, it is not a question of'in with the new, out with the old', but of'in with the new alongside key components of the old'. The myths and legends of yore remain germane to the modern public service.

This report describes a new method for the detection of deterministic signals in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise. The new method, based on recurrence plots, relies on a sliding-window technique combined with histogram analysis. Performance of the new approach is quantified in terms of receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves. The report also provides background information on recurrence plots and ROC curves necessary to understand the new approach., The original document contains color images.

This article illustrates the value of SeaWiFS ocean color imagery in assessing the ability of five different ocean prediction systems to map the "ocean weather." Nowcast results are presented from three global systems in the northwestern Arabia Sea and from all systems in the Gulf of Mexico. Ocean weather includes warm and cold eddies, the oceanic analog of atmospheric high and lows, and the meandering pathways of ocean currents and fronts. Ocean color imagery is a unique independent data set that is very effective in differentiating the relative skill of the different systems and in helping to diagnose specific strengths and weaknesses of the systems. Ocean color from the SeaWiFS satellite (operated by Orbital Sciences Corp.) was collected and processed at NRL using an extension of NASA algorithms. Improved coupled ocean-atmosphere algorithms for coastal waters were used to uncouple the spectral color signature into the near-surface chlorophyll concentrations. These images provide unique tracers of both circulation and biological activity. Daily chlorophyll images were generated by a 7-day latest pixel composite to remove clouds and retain ocean features. The chlorophyll features are clearly associated with the location of ocean circulation features, whereas their absolute concentrations associated with the biological response. Features marked by both chlorophyll-rich and chlorophyll-poor water proved useful in comparing the ocean prediction systems. In addition, the study clearly illustrates that biological responses of the surface waters are strongly linked to physical events and processes., Pub. in NRL Review, Remote Sensing, p207-212, 2005.

The global ocean is a seamless body where open-ocean systems shape and are shaped by nearshore conditions, surface processes drive and respond to interior circulation, and localized events often can be predicted and understood only within a larger context. To support Navy operations and other research and operational activities within such an environment, we have developed and are transitioning to the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVO) a fully global implementation of the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM). We have endeavored to produce a friendly environment for nesting higher resolution models wherever the need should arise. Some global NCOM data products of particular interest include surface currents and temperature, mixed-layer depth, current and thermohaline profiles, and shelf circulation. Global NCOM extends present global Navy operational model capabilities into the Arctic and to nearshore regions, with a minimum depth of 5 m. Operational roles of global NCOM include providing standalone data where global resolution is sufficient and timely overviews of local circulation as detailed localized products are prepared. Perhaps its most important purpose is to provide boundary conditions used by regional or relocatable models, giving required information regarding the surrounding environment to localized models more specialized for a particular task or domain. In general, nested models will have more detailed forcing, topography, additional data for assimilation, or higher resolution necessary for improved local detail. The global model includes inflow from almost 1000 rivers to improve the fidelity of coastal salinity. Global NCOM is designed to be suitable for inclusion in a coupled ocean-atmosphere modeling system, and it is also designated as the host for an embedded ice model, PIPS3, which is in development for transition., Prepared in collaboration with Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. Published in the NRL Review: Ocean Science and Technology, p 175-178, 2003. The original document contains color images. All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white.

This article argues the study of traditions is an integral part of the human sciences and then concentrates on how to study traditions. In section 1, we outline a pragmatic approach to traditions, before illustrating our case in section 2 by analysing three features of British government - public sector reform, Thatcherism and joined-up governance. We seek to show it is possible to decenter the idea of tradition and analyse traditions at several levels. Finally, in section 3, we discuss the problems posed when analysing traditions at different levels of generality; including, reifying traditions, essentialism, identifying traditions, and creating traditions.

This article seeks to place the study of British government in a broader context by exploring the potential contribution of an anti-foundational epistemology. We seek to ‘reinvent’ a self-conscious, sceptical and tentative approach rooted in philosophy and history. The first section defines the Westminster model and the family of linked narratives: traditional sceptics, social science, radical theory, new public management. The second section outlines an anti-foundational epistemology, focusing on the notions of traditions, narratives, decentering and dilemmas. The third section applies this approach to one prominent school of thought about British government: policy networks. We argue that an anti-foundational approach will decenter networks, shifting the locus of analysis from the institutions to individuals, and focus on dilemmas to explain how networks change. Finally, we conclude there is no essentialist account of British government, only complex and diverse narratives, and no tool kit for solving problems, only lessons drawn from many stories.

A Gulf Stream forecast system based on the NOARL two-layer, primitive equation circulation model is being developed and transitioned to operational U. S. Navy use by the Data Assimilation Research and Transition (DART) team at NOARL and NAVOCEANO. The model is initialized using a dynamic height field obtained by applying the Optimum Thermal Interpolation System (OTIS) feature models to a map of front and ring positions. Results of experiments designed to evaluate the system in an operationally-realistic mode are presented. In one set of experiments, observed cloud cover (data gaps) is superimposed on a sequence of frontal paths derived using virtually complete data coverage. In the other set of experiments, operational front and ring maps, rather than research-grade maps, are used for initialization. In both sets of experiments, a rudimentary data assimilation system is established by using a previous forecast to fill in long data gaps in the frontal path. Both model forecasts, which are initialized from a composite which assume the frontal path does not change in time, are compared to the verification paths. Statistical results indicate that the system's forecast skill is better than that of persistence. Anecdotal results also demonstrate the value of the system. (edc)

This investigation reviews the technical results from previous MHD accelerator research and conducts a theoretical analysis of the simulation capabilities of an MHD-augmented hypersonic flow facility. This investigation identified the performance potential of MHD accelerator and hot gas generator combinations subject to reasonable constraints from available technology. The performance goal was to extend the hypersonic flight simulation limits from Mach 10 to Mach 25. The results of this investigation identified the critical technology issues which must be addressed in the design of an MHD-driven hypersonic test facility., Preprepared in collaboration with Tennessee Univ. Space Inst., Tullahoma.

Two programming paradigms, logic programming and functional programming, are discussed in detail with emphasis on the particular advantages and disadvantages of each paradigm. The integration of these two programming paradigms is explored based on the notion that declarative sorts of knowledge (facts and logical relationships) should be expressed in a declarative way, and that procedural sorts of knowledge (manipulation, control, and utilization of knowledge) should be expressed in a procedural way. Toward this end, the conceptual framework for an integrated language is established, and the basic features of the language are outlined. (Author)

Water pollution abatement technology within the U.S. Navy was evaluated and compared with the needs of the civilian sector, particularly municipalities, industries, and the boating community. Since the Navy technology appeared to have potential application within the civilian sector, recommednations were made as to methods for improving the transfer of the technology. One potential transfer vehicle that was utilized was a one-day workshop entitled 'Workshop on the Application of Pollution Abatement Technology to Local Governments,' held in Annapolis on October 16, 1974. The workshop was sponsored by the Naval Ship Research and Development Center.

Presently, recoilless rifle ammunition makes use of one of two basic types of propellant containers: the perforated metal case or the frangible propellant envelope. This study was designed to investigate the feasibility of using a combustible nitrocellulose envelope to eliminate the problems connected with both of the above types of case. Results indicate suitability of the combustible envelope for use in recoilless weapons. (Author)

An efficient method is presented for calculating equilibrium chemical composition at a given pressure and stoichiometry with temperature, enthalpy, or entropy specified as the additional condition. A substantial reduction in computational time was achieved over conventional methods. Examples are given for the H2/O2 system (six equations reduced to two) and C/H2/O2/N2/Ar system (eleven equations reduced to three). A computer program is presented for solving problems with fuels which involve C and H (hydrocarbon or hydrogen) or N and H. Extension of the method to include other systems is explained in sufficient detail to eliminate the requirement for an extensive knowledge of chemistry by potential users., Prepared in cooperation with ARO, Inc., Tullahoma, Tenn. Rept. no. ARO-VKF-TR-71-181.

This report presents a theoretical discussion of the effect of nonequilibrium quantities of free radicals on the ignition delay in the hydrogen-air system. A correlation was found between the ignition delay computed from complete reaction kinetics and the initial rate of the reaction O2 + H = OH + O. A rate equation is derived in which a modified expression for the total free radical content is substituted for the H concentration. The implications of non-equilibrium amounts of free radicals on the testing and operation of high velocity combustion systems are discussed. (Author)

The Robert Jemison, Jr. Papers span the period from 1797 to 1960 and include both the personal and business papers of Robert Jemison, Jr., along with papers of Robert Jemison (grandfather), William Jemison (father), Priscilla Jemison (wife), Cherokee Jemison Hargrove (daughter), and Andrew Coleman Hargrove (son-in-law), and Robert Jemison, Jr. (IV) of Birmingham (1878-1973). Included are the records of his grist and lumber mills, plantations, stage line, the Tuskaloosa Plank Road, toll bridges, ferries, postal contracts, and the North East and South West Railroad.

The Robert Jemison, Jr. Papers span the period from 1797 to 1960 and include both the personal and business papers of Robert Jemison, Jr., along with papers of Robert Jemison (grandfather), William Jemison (father), Priscilla Jemison (wife), Cherokee Jemison Hargrove (daughter), and Andrew Coleman Hargrove (son-in-law), and Robert Jemison, Jr. (IV) of Birmingham (1878-1973). Included are the records of his grist and lumber mills, plantations, stage line, the Tuskaloosa Plank Road, toll bridges, ferries, postal contracts, and the North East and South West Railroad.