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Small non-coding RNAs can be secreted through a variety of mechanisms, including exosomal sorting, in small extracellular vesicles, and within lipoprotein complexes. However, the mechanisms that govern their sorting and secretion are not well understood. Here, we present ExoGRU, a machine learning model that predicts small RNA secretion probabilities from primary RNA sequences. We experimentally validated the performance of this model through ExoGRU-guided mutagenesis and synthetic RNA sequence analysis. Additionally, we used ExoGRU to reveal cis and trans factors that underlie small RNA secretion, including known and novel RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), e.g., YBX1, HNRNPA2B1, and RBM24. We also developed a novel technique called exoCLIP, which reveals the RNA interactome of RBPs within the cell-free space. Together, our results demonstrate the power of machine learning in revealing novel biological mechanisms. In addition to providing deeper insight into small RNA secretion, this knowledge can be leveraged in therapeutic and synthetic biology applications.

Originally, protocols were designed for multi-agent systems (MAS) using information about the network. However, in many cases there is no or only limited information available about the network. Recently, there has been a focus on scale-free synchronization of multi-agent systems (MAS). In this case, the protocol is designed without any prior information about the network. As long as the network contains a directed spanning tree, the scale-free protocol guarantees that the network achieves synchronization. If there is no directed spanning tree for the network then synchronization cannot be achieved. But what happens when these scale-free protocols are applied to such a network where the directed spanning tree no longer exists? The latter might arise if, for instance, a fault occurs in one of more crucial links. This paper establishes that the network decomposes into a number of basic bicomponents which achieves synchronization among all nodes in this basic bicomponent. On the other hand, nodes which are not part of any basic bicomponent converge to a weighted average of the synchronized trajectories of the basic bicomponents. The weights are independent of the initial conditions and are independent of the designed protocol., Comment: The article was submitted to IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control for review at March 27th, 2024

In this paper, we have focused on identifying a class of continuous- and discrete-time MAS for which a scale-free non-collaborative (i.e., scale-free fully distributed) linear protocol design is developed. We have identified conditions on agent models that enable us to design scalable linear protocols. Moreover, we show that these conditions are necessary if the agents are single input and single output. We also provide a complete design of scalable protocols for this class., Comment: This paper was accepted for publish to IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control at Vol. 69, Issue 5, 2024

This paper provides necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions to the state synchronization problem of homogeneous multi-agent systems (MAS) via scale-free linear dynamic non-collaborative protocol for both continuous- and discrete-time. These conditions guarantee for which class of MAS, one can achieve scale-free state synchronization. We investigate protocol design with and without utilizing local bounds on neighborhood. The results show that the availability of local bounds on neighborhoods plays a key role., Comment: This paper was submitted to IJRNC on Aug. 3, 2023 and resubmitted on April 7, 2024. Now, it is under review at the fourth round

This paper aims to achieve scalable exact output and regulated output synchronization for discrete-time multi-agent systems in presence of disturbances and measurement noise with known frequencies. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous multi-agent systems are considered, with parts of agents' states accessible in the latter case. The key contribution of this paper is on the distributed protocol that only uses the information of agent models, rather than the communication network information and the agent number, so as to achieve the scalable exact synchronization under disturbances and measurement noise. The validity of the protocol is verified by numerical simulations with arbitrarily chosen number of agents., Comment: This paper was submitted to International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control at Feb. 19, 2023, and obtained the recommendation of "resubmitting" at Aug. 23, 2023. Now, the authors are in the process of revising based on comments from the Referees

In this paper, we study scalable {\delta}-Level coherent state synchronization for multi-agent systems (MAS) where the agents are subject to bounded disturbances/noises. We propose a scale-free framework designed solely based on the knowledge of agent models and agnostic to the communication graphs and size of the network. We define the level of coherency for each agent as the norm of the weighted sum of the disagreement dynamics with its neighbors. The objective is to restrict the level of coherency of the network to {\delta} without a-priori information about the disturbances., Comment: 19 pages, 11 figures, This is a preprint of the paper "Scalable {\delta}-Level Coherent State Synchronization of Multi-Agent Systems with Adaptive Protocols and Bounded Disturbances" submitted to the International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control

This paper studies global regulated state synchronization of discrete-time double-integrator multi-agent systems subject to actuator saturation by utilizing localized information exchange. We propose a scale-free linear protocol that achieves global regulated state synchronization for any network with arbitrary number of agents and arbitrarily directed communication graph that has a path between each agent and exosystem which generates the reference trajectory., Comment: This paper was submitted to 2023 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC), Yichang, China. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2204.02129

This paper studies scalable global state synchronization of discrete-time double integrator multi-agent systems in presence of input saturation based on localized information exchange. A scale-free collaborative linear dynamic protocols design methodology is developed for discrete-time multi-agent systems with both full and partial-state couplings. And the protocol design methodology does not need any knowledge of the directed network topology and the spectrum of the associated Laplacian matrix. Meanwhile, the protocols are parametric based on a parameter set in which the designed protocols can guarantee the global synchronization result. Furthermore, the proposed protocol is scalable and achieves synchronization for any arbitrary number of agents., Comment: This article is the complete version of the paper that was accepted by CCC 2022, Hefei China, July 25th-28th, 2022. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1908.06535, arXiv:2004.13479

This paper studies scale-free protocol design for H_\infty almost output and regulated output synchronization of heterogeneous multi-agent systems with linear, right-invertible, and introspective agents in presence of external disturbances. The collaborative linear protocol designs are based on localized information exchange over the same communication network, which do not require any knowledge of the directed network topology and spectrum of the associated Laplacian matrix. Moreover, the proposed scale-free protocols achieve H_\infty almost synchronization with a given arbitrary degree of accuracy for any size of the network., Comment: This paper is the extended version of the paper accepted at 2021 CCC Conference. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2006.01890, arXiv:2012.14032

This paper presents a method for controlling the voltage of inverter-based Microgrids by proposing a new scale-free distributed cooperative controller. The communication network is modeled by a general time-varying graph which enhances the resilience of the proposed protocol against communication link failure, data packet loss, and fast plug and play operation in the presence of arbitrarily communication delays. The proposed scale-free distributed cooperative controller is independent of any information about the communication system and the size of the network (i.e., the number of distributed generators). The stability analysis of the proposed protocol is provided. The proposed method is simulated on the CIGRE medium voltage Microgrid test system. The simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed scale-free distributed nonlinear protocol for regulating the voltage of Microgrids in presence of communication failures, data packet loss, noise, and degradation., Comment: A version of this paper is submitted to IEEE Transactions on Power Systems Journal

In this paper, we study scale-free state synchronization of discrete-time homogeneous multi-agent systems (MAS) subject to unknown, nonuniform, and arbitrarily large communication delays. The scale-free protocol utilizes localized information exchange and is designed solely based on the knowledge of the agents' model and does not require any information about the communication network and the size of the network (i.e. number of agents)., Comment: This is the extended version of the paper submitted to 2021 Chinese Conference on Decision and Control. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2007.03478, arXiv:2002.06577

In this paper, we study delayed regulated state/output synchronization for discrete-time homogeneous and heterogeneous networks of multi-agent systems (MAS) subject to unknown, non-uniform and arbitrarily large communication delays. A delay transformation is utilized to transform the original MAS to a new system without delayed states. The proposed scale-free dynamic protocols are developed solely based on agent models and localized information exchange with neighbors such that we do not need any information about the communication networks and the number of agents., Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures, a short version of this paper will be submitted to ACC 2021. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2004.09498, arXiv:2004.13014

This paper studies scale-free protocol design for H2 almost state synchronization of homogeneous networks of non-introspective agents in presence of external disturbances. The necessary and sufficient conditions are provided by designing collaborative linear dynamic protocols. The design is based on localized information exchange over the same communication network, which does not need any knowledge of the directed network topology and the spectrum of the associated Laplacian matrix. Moreover, the proposed protocol is scalable and achieves H2 almost synchronization with a given arbitrary degree of accuracy for any arbitrary number of agents.

This paper studies output synchronization problems for heterogeneous networks of continuous- or discrete-time right-invertible linear agents in presence of unknown, non-uniform and arbitrarily large input delay based on localized information exchange. It is assumed that all the agents are introspective, meaning that they have access to their own local measurements. Universal linear protocols are proposed for each agent to achieve output synchronizations. Proposed protocols are designed solely based on the agent models using no information about communication graph and the number of agents or other agent models information. Moreover, the protocols can tolerate arbitrarily large input delays., Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, short version of this paper will be presented at Chinese Control Conference 2020. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2002.06577, arXiv:2001.02117, arXiv:1908.06535, arXiv:2004.09498

This paper studies global regulated state synchronization of homogeneous networks of non-introspective agents in presence of input saturation. We identify three classes of agent models which are neutrally stable, double-integrator, and mixed of double-integrator, single-integrator and neutrally stable dynamics. A \textit{scale-free linear observer-based} protocol design methodology is developed based on localized information exchange among neighbors where the reference trajectory is given by a so-called exosystem which is assumed to be globally reachable. Our protocols do not need any knowledge about the communication network topology and the spectrum of associated Laplacian matrix. Moreover, the proposed protocol is scalable and is designed based on only knowledge of agent models and achieves synchronization for any communication graph with arbitrary number of agents., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2004.09498, arXiv:1908.06535, arXiv:2001.02117, arXiv:2002.06577

This paper studies synchronization of homogeneous and heterogeneous discrete-time multi-agent systems. A class of linear dynamic protocol design methodology is developed based on localized information exchange with neighbors which does not need any knowledge of the directed network topology and the spectrum of the associated Laplacian matrix. The main contribution of this paper is that the proposed protocols are scale-free and achieve synchronization for arbitrary number of agents., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, a part of this paper will be presented at 2020 Chinese Control Conference. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1908.06535, arXiv:2001.02117, arXiv:2002.06577

This paper studies regulated state synchronization of discrete-time homogeneous networks of non-introspective agents in presence of unknown non-uniform input delays. A scale free protocol is designed based on additional information exchange, which does not need any knowledge of the directed network topology and the spectrum of the associated Laplacian matrix. The proposed protocol is scalable and achieves state synchronization for any arbitrary number of agents. Meanwhile, an upper bound for the input delay tolerance is obtained, which explicitly depends on the agent dynamics., Comment: This article focuses on the synchronization of DISCRETE-TIME multi-agent systems (MAS) in present of unknown non-uniform input delays. It is the discrete-time version of article arXiv:2001.02117. Even though the same problem (the synchronization of MAS) is dealt with in these two papers, the analysis and design tools and the resulting protocols are completely different

This paper studies regulated state synchronization of homogeneous networks of non-introspective agents in presence of unknown nonuniform input delays. A scale-free protocol is designed based on additional information exchange, which does not need any knowledge of the directed network topology and the spectrum of the associated Laplacian matrix. The proposed protocol is scalable and achieves state synchronization for any arbitrary number of agents. Meanwhile, an upper bound for the input delay tolerance is obtained, which explicitly depends on the agent dynamics., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1908.06535

In this paper, we consider scalable output and regulated output synchronization problems for heterogeneous networks of right-invertible linear agents based on localized information exchange where in the case of regulated output synchronization, the reference trajectory is generated by a so-called exosystem. We assume that all the agents are introspective, meaning that they have access to their own local measurements. We propose a scale-free linear protocol for each agent to achieve output and regulated output synchronizations. These protocols are designed solely based on agent models and they need no information about communication graph and the number of agents or other agent models information., Comment: The short version of this paper is presented in 2020 American Control Conference Denver, CO, USA. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2007.03478, arXiv:2004.13014, arXiv:2004.09498, arXiv:1908.06535, arXiv:2004.13479

This paper studies global and semi-global regulated state synchronization of homogeneous networks of non-introspective agents in presence of input saturation based on additional information exchange where the reference trajectory is given by a so-called exosystem which is assumed to be globally reachable. Our protocol design methodology does not need any knowledge of the directed network topology and the spectrum of the associated Laplacian matrix. Moreover, the proposed protocol is scalable and achieves synchronization for any arbitrary number of agents., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, extended version of the paper submitted to 58th Conference on Decision and Control - Nice, France - December 11th-13th 2019

This paper studies delayed synchronization of continuous-time multi-agent systems (MAS) in the presence of unknown nonuniform communication delays. A delay-free transformation is developed based on a communication network which is a directed spanning tree, which can transform the original MAS to a new one without delays. By using this transformation, we design a static protocol for full-state coupling and a dynamic protocol for delayed state synchronization for homogeneous MAS via full- and partial-state coupling. Meanwhile, the delayed output synchronization is also studied for heterogeneous MAS, which is achieved by using a low-gain and output regulation based dynamic protocol design via the delay-free transformation., Comment: Accepted by the 31th CCDC held by Nanchang, China, June 3rd-5th, 2019

Despite great advances, molecular cancer pathology is often limited to the use of a small number of biomarkers rather than the whole transcriptome, partly due to computational challenges. Here, we introduce a novel architecture of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) that is capable of simultaneous inference of various properties of biological samples, through multi-task and transfer learning. It encodes the whole transcription profile into a strikingly low-dimensional latent vector of size 8, and then recovers mRNA and miRNA expression profiles, tissue and disease type from this vector. This latent space is significantly better than the original gene expression profiles for discriminating samples based on their tissue and disease. We employed this architecture on mRNA transcription profiles of 10787 clinical samples from 34 classes (one healthy and 33 different types of cancer) from 27 tissues. Our method significantly outperforms prior works and classical machine learning approaches in predicting tissue-of-origin, normal or disease state and cancer type of each sample. For tissues with more than one type of cancer, it reaches 99.4\% accuracy in identifying the correct cancer subtype. We also show this system is very robust against noise and missing values. Collectively, our results highlight applications of artificial intelligence in molecular cancer pathology and oncological research. DeePathology is freely available at \url{https://github.com/SharifBioinf/DeePathology}.

The nature and manner of delivering electronic content as the subject of debate in information technology have transformed the technology environment. In fact, Information communication technology (ICT) not only generates data or content but also delivers and processes data in a variety of ways. This justifies why ICT can change the nature of the communication in the cyberspace or transform the manner of use and communication. Like the development of cyberspace technology, the creation of valid and reliable data, demands improving infrastructures. Actually, there is an urgent need for a purposeful and specialized monitoring of the information process at a standard level. Such monitoring should be aligned with the features of the social context in which it is being exercised. The proper use of cyberspace is associated with the content production. In fact, the optimal electronic content is managing the Internet and electronic environments that facilitate the communication among the users by providing standard content. This paper is an attempt to investigate the necessary features of electronic content and examine how recipients and users should receive and exchange the content and use it accurately. Given the widespread and influential nature of technology in science and life, acquiring the knowledge of technology and transferring it to the users in different sectors are necessary.

Management in a system or organization is properly planned and implemented only when the concepts of anthropological and behavioral sciences are desirably expressed in the structure of the management of that institution i.e. the behavioral knowledge based on which individuals are the work resources and manage the system. It is necessary to analyze and address human dimensions from different angles in order to correctly plan and manage a system based on a standard behavior and proper organization. In addition to being aware of the scientific management structures in the process of managing any organization, giving importance to other parts of management such as knowledge management, organizational management, behavioral management, industrial management, etc. should be aligned with management software knowledge. Recognizing and understanding the nature of individual behavior in a system, and planned selection and implementation of an organizational behavior consistent with the ideals of behavioral psychology is the most fundamental step in managerial development. By examining the performance of successful management systems, one can recognize the main role of the individual and the rules of conduct governing him in the quality of work efficiency.

Management emerges in any human set where people interact and communicate with each other. Given the type of system structure and type of task, and the services, the appropriate managerial structure should be taken so that the collections can be coordinated in the right direction and accomplish certain results. In modern civilization and new era, cities are known as resources and capitals, and they must plan with this global approach in the development of urban management because different institutions and organizations are active in a city, each of which has the responsibility of part of the task of management. Therefore, in order to implement urban management in a standard way, each of the different sectors must have an expert work plan. Moreover, community institutions must interact and communicate with each other and have a specific purpose. Indeed, modern urban management of all the systems of society is compatible with standards of the day and has a perspective on the city's economic, political and social future.

El propósito primordial de la economía es crear un ambiente ideal para el negocio en línea con el que otros objetivos de una sociedad exitosa puedan ser realizados. La economía es el principal pilar de la sociedad y un país con una economía dinámica y próspera es un país exitoso que puede satisfacer las necesidades de sus ciudadanos y también tiene la capacidad de comerciar en el entorno internacional. Una economía internacional de un país debe ser formada basada en la dependencia de recursos, habilidades y ubicación en una interacción consciente con otros países, es decir, una interacción que promueve la economía nacional y satisface las necesidades de una manera de principio para que la economía nacional no se vea perjudicada, Da una oportunidad a las capacidades nacionales de suministro en el comercio mundial. TI y comercio electrónico han transformado las estructuras de comunicación y de negocios y han creado una nueva forma de monetización, para estar en esta dirección de crecimiento internacional, el papel del comercio electrónico en la economía internacional requiere un análisis de expertos.

En la situación actual, el ciberespacio ha podido aprovechar al máximo la comunicación, los negocios y la información, etc., es decir, la necesidad de aprender y utilizar el ciberespacio es innegable. Como capital en un país, el software ha sido capaz de crear empleos e impulsar las actividades de una comunidad. También ha sido capaz de atraer a personas sin restricciones locativas. De hecho, el software ha encontrado un estado global o, de hecho, muestra una perspectiva del progreso global. Con la diversidad y amplitud en el contenido y la estructura del software, este conocimiento puede estar en constante evolución y hacer cambios en la estructura de la vida social. En consecuencia, si esta tecnología puede ser utilizada y localizada utilizando conocimientos e ideas, y de acuerdo con las condiciones intelectuales y culturales de una comunidad, se explotarán las habilidades de los expertos nacionales y se utilizarán los efectos del ciberespacio para localizar esta tecnología

Management emerges in any human set where people interact and communicate with each other. Given the type of system structure and type of task, and the services, the appropriate managerial structure should be taken so that the collections can be coordinated in the right direction and accomplish certain results. In modern civilization and new era, cities are known as resources and capitals, and they must plan with this global approach in the development of urban management because different institutions and organizations are active in a city, each of which has the responsibility of part of the task of management. Therefore, in order to implement urban management in a standard way, each of the different sectors must have an expert work plan. Moreover, community institutions must interact and communicate with each other and have a specific purpose. Indeed, modern urban management of all the systems of society is compatible with standards of the day and has a perspective on the city's economic, political and social future.

Management in a system or organization is properly planned and implemented only when the concepts of anthropological and behavioral sciences are desirably expressed in the structure of the management of that institution i.e. the behavioral knowledge based on which individuals are the work resources and manage the system. It is necessary to analyze and address human dimensions from different angles in order to correctly plan and manage a system based on a standard behavior and proper organization. In addition to being aware of the scientific management structures in the process of managing any organization, giving importance to other parts of management such as knowledge management, organizational management, behavioral management, industrial management, etc. should be aligned with management software knowledge. Recognizing and understanding the nature of individual behavior in a system, and planned selection and implementation of an organizational behavior consistent with the ideals of behavioral psychology is the most fundamental step in managerial development. By examining the performance of successful management systems, one can recognize the main role of the individual and the rules of conduct governing him in the quality of work efficiency.

El propósito primordial de la economía es crear un ambiente ideal para el negocio en línea con el que otros objetivos de una sociedad exitosa puedan ser realizados. La economía es el principal pilar de la sociedad y un país con una economía dinámica y próspera es un país exitoso que puede satisfacer las necesidades de sus ciudadanos y también tiene la capacidad de comerciar en el entorno internacional. Una economía internacional de un país debe ser formada basada en la dependencia de recursos, habilidades y ubicación en una interacción consciente con otros países, es decir, una interacción que promueve la economía nacional y satisface las necesidades de una manera de principio para que la economía nacional no se vea perjudicada, Da una oportunidad a las capacidades nacionales de suministro en el comercio mundial. TI y comercio electrónico han transformado las estructuras de comunicación y de negocios y han creado una nueva forma de monetización, para estar en esta dirección de crecimiento internacional, el papel del comercio electrónico en la economía internacional requiere un análisis de expertos.

En la situación actual, el ciberespacio ha podido aprovechar al máximo la comunicación, los negocios y la información, etc., es decir, la necesidad de aprender y utilizar el ciberespacio es innegable. Como capital en un país, el software ha sido capaz de crear empleos e impulsar las actividades de una comunidad. También ha sido capaz de atraer a personas sin restricciones locativas. De hecho, el software ha encontrado un estado global o, de hecho, muestra una perspectiva del progreso global. Con la diversidad y amplitud en el contenido y la estructura del software, este conocimiento puede estar en constante evolución y hacer cambios en la estructura de la vida social. En consecuencia, si esta tecnología puede ser utilizada y localizada utilizando conocimientos e ideas, y de acuerdo con las condiciones intelectuales y culturales de una comunidad, se explotarán las habilidades de los expertos nacionales y se utilizarán los efectos del ciberespacio para localizar esta tecnología

The nature and manner of delivering electronic content as the subject of debate in information technology have transformed the technology environment. In fact, Information communication technology (ICT) not only generates data or content but also delivers and processes data in a variety of ways. This justifies why ICT can change the nature of the communication in the cyberspace or transform the manner of use and communication. Like the development of cyberspace technology, the creation of valid and reliable data, demands improving infrastructures. Actually, there is an urgent need for a purposeful and specialized monitoring of the information process at a standard level. Such monitoring should be aligned with the features of the social context in which it is being exercised. The proper use of cyberspace is associated with the content production. In fact, the optimal electronic content is managing the Internet and electronic environments that facilitate the communication among the users by providing standard content. This paper is an attempt to investigate the necessary features of electronic content and examine how recipients and users should receive and exchange the content and use it accurately. Given the widespread and influential nature of technology in science and life, acquiring the knowledge of technology and transferring it to the users in different sectors are necessary.

In this paper, we consider the semi-global regulation of output synchronization problem for heterogeneous networks of invertible linear agents subject to actuator saturation. That is, we regulate the output of each agent according to an a priori specified reference model. The network communication infrastructure provides each agent with a linear combination of its own output relative to that of neighboring agents, and it allows the agents to exchange information about their own internal observer estimates while some agents have access to their own outputs relative to the reference trajectory., QC 20140131

In this paper, we consider the output synchronization problem for heterogeneous networks of right-invertible linear agents. We assume that all the agents are introspective, meaning that they have access to their own local measurements. Under this assumption, we then propose a decentralized control scheme for solving the output synchronization problem for a set of network topologies. The proposed scheme can also be applied to solve the output formation problem with arbitrary formation vectors. We also consider the regulation of output synchronization problem, where the output of each agent has to track an a priori specified reference trajectory, generated by an exosystem. In this case, we assume that the root agent has access to its own output relative to the reference trajectory., QC 20140915

This paper studies output synchronization problem, formation problem, and regulated synchronization problem for a heterogenous network of discrete-time introspective right-invertible agents. We first propose a decentralized control scheme to solve the output synchronization problem for a set of communication topologies. Moreover, if the synchronization trajectories are assumed to be bounded, a universal controller can be constructed for all communication topologies, which contain a directed spanning tree. The design can be applied to solve the formation problem with arbitrary formation vectors. In the regulated synchronization problem, we assume only the root receives information from exosystem. We then design a decentralized controller to solve the problem for a set of communication topologies., QC 20150112

This paper studies the synchronization problem for a network of identical discrete-time agents with unknown uniform constant communication delay. When the agents are non-introspective, the problem is solvable via a decentralized low-gain-based synchronization controller if the delay satisfies the proposed upper bound. When the agents are introspective, the synchronization problem can be solved with arbitrary bounded communication delay., QC 20150112

We consider two synchronization problems, namely, state synchronization for networks of identical linear agents, and regulated output synchronization for networks of non-identical linear agents, under a time-varying topology. Agents are assumed to be multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO), minimum-phase, right invertible and nonintrospective (i. e., they only receive relative output information from their neighboring agents, but lack independent information about their own states or outputs). The time-varying topology is assumed to switch among a finite number of directed graphs containing a directed spanning tree with an arbitrarily a priori given non-vanishing dwell time. Moreover agents are unable to exchange of controller states with their neighboring agents. For solving each problem, we propose a distribute dynamic protocol based on a combination of low-gain and highgain design techniques., QC 20150327

To examine the effect of plant density and sowing pattern on some characteristics of corn (hybrid T. W. C. 647), a field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station of Iranshahr. This experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design arranged in a factorial with four replications. This experiment had four levels of plant densities (D1 = 70,000, D2 = 80,000, D3 = 90,000 and D4 = 100,000) with three levels of planting arrangements (p1 = single row, p2 = double row 15 cm space apart and p2 = double row 20 cm space apart). The results showed increasing accumulation trend of leaf dry matter on different levels of planting arrangement till receiving 1560 degree day and fixation and after that decreasing. With increasing density and using double row planting arrangement till before grain milking stage, the most leaf dry weight produced and after that decreased. With increasing plant density amount of leaf dry matter will increase, as high plant density (100,000 plant ha-1) has the highest leaf dry matter. The results showed till douching stage (1658 degree day) logarithmical increasing of assimilate accumulation reach to its highest amount and after a time fixes and later that because of the leaves become old and transferring assimilates from source to sink, amount of leaf dry matter decrease. Stem dry weight changes started from 607 growth degree day and continued till milking-doughty stage (1357 – 1560 GDD), and decreased later because of assimilate repeated transferring during seed becoming old. Trend of changes in stem dry weight such as leaf is sigmoid. It means with passing time stem dry weight have increased and decreased safter reaching to maximum weight. With plant entering to reproductive stage and after getting 1123 GDD emergence of flowering started which ended to ear production. Study of ear dry matter accumulation trend at different levels of planting arrangement showed there was significant difference between double row planting pat

The responses of forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] varieties to salinity and irrigation frequency were studied from January to December 2009. Two salt tolerant varieties of forage sorghum namely Speedfeed and KFS4 were grown under salinity levels of 0, 5, 10, 15 dS m-1 and irrigated when the leaf water potential reached -1(control),-1.5 and -2 MPa. Salinity and irrigation frequency significantly (P≤0.01) affected leaf water potential, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and stomatal size. Though both varieties were sensitive to salt and water deficit the KFS4 variety had 10.7, 8.2, 6.1 and 4 percent higher leaf water potential, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, respectively compared to Speedfeed, hence KFS4 is more tolerant to stress conditions compared to Speedfeed. Combination effect of high salinity and low water availability had an adverse effect on stomatal conductance. When irrigation was delayed from the leaf's water potential of -1 to -2MPa, the chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were decreased by 26.8, 10.1 and 28% respectively. The highly significant declined was mostly at -2 MPa irrigation frequencies, it means irrigation of forage sorghum can be delayed till leaf water potential reaches to -1.5 MPa, which takes about two weeks time. The number of stomata and the size of their apertures determine the extent of gaseous exchange and hence the photosynthetic potential. The number and dimension were less in the treated plants.

Corn (Zea mays L.) is the world’s most important crops after wheat, barley and rice. Among the factors that influence corn productivity is tillage practices. Tillage operation affects the physical properties of soil structure and will change specific gravity of soil, apparent tolerance and thermal conductivity. Also reports showed that tillage effects had advantages on water distribution, porosity, root distribution and crop yield. Change in soil porosity leads to the change in soil aeration or air transfer and water soluble into the soil which may reform the crop production. Researchers reported that no tillage causes the decrease of soil porosity space which can have reverse effect on the rain fed crop yield. Between 1970 and 1980 there appeared considerable changes in the concept of tillage requirement for produce of products. These changes were energy consumption reduction and use of minimum tillage methods which often lead to reduction of soil erosion, and also no tillage for seed bed preparation. The rotary cultivator method which has been the common practice for corn has some disadvantages and it would be worthwhile to compare it with other tillage methods. The shallow depth of ploughing and degradation of the soil because of intensive impact of the rotary blade with the soil has been identified as problems of this tillage method. Knowledge of soil physical properties of the areas with annual rain fall of above 1000 mm is necessary and important since the use of an unsuitable tillage method can lead to soil erosion.

To examine the effect of plant density and sowing pattern on some characteristics of corn (hybrid T. W. C. 647), a field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station of Iranshahr. This experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design arranged in a factorial with four replications. This experiment had four levels of plant densities (D1 = 70,000, D2 = 80,000, D3 = 90,000 and D4 = 100,000) with three levels of planting arrangements (p1 = single row, p2 = double row 15 cm space apart and p2 = double row 20 cm space apart). The results showed increasing accumulation trend of leaf dry matter on different levels of planting arrangement till receiving 1560 degree day and fixation and after that decreasing. With increasing density and using double row planting arrangement till before grain milking stage, the most leaf dry weight produced and after that decreased. With increasing plant density amount of leaf dry matter will increase, as high plant density (100,000 plant ha-1) has the highest leaf dry matter. The results showed till douching stage (1658 degree day) logarithmical increasing of assimilate accumulation reach to its highest amount and after a time fixes and later that because of the leaves become old and transferring assimilates from source to sink, amount of leaf dry matter decrease. Stem dry weight changes started from 607 growth degree day and continued till milking-doughty stage (1357 – 1560 GDD), and decreased later because of assimilate repeated transferring during seed becoming old. Trend of changes in stem dry weight such as leaf is sigmoid. It means with passing time stem dry weight have increased and decreased safter reaching to maximum weight. With plant entering to reproductive stage and after getting 1123 GDD emergence of flowering started which ended to ear production. Study of ear dry matter accumulation trend at different levels of planting arrangement showed there was significant difference between double row planting pat

The responses of forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] varieties to salinity and irrigation frequency were studied from January to December 2009. Two salt tolerant varieties of forage sorghum namely Speedfeed and KFS4 were grown under salinity levels of 0, 5, 10, 15 dS m-1 and irrigated when the leaf water potential reached -1(control),-1.5 and -2 MPa. Salinity and irrigation frequency significantly (P≤0.01) affected leaf water potential, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and stomatal size. Though both varieties were sensitive to salt and water deficit the KFS4 variety had 10.7, 8.2, 6.1 and 4 percent higher leaf water potential, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, respectively compared to Speedfeed, hence KFS4 is more tolerant to stress conditions compared to Speedfeed. Combination effect of high salinity and low water availability had an adverse effect on stomatal conductance. When irrigation was delayed from the leaf's water potential of -1 to -2MPa, the chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were decreased by 26.8, 10.1 and 28% respectively. The highly significant declined was mostly at -2 MPa irrigation frequencies, it means irrigation of forage sorghum can be delayed till leaf water potential reaches to -1.5 MPa, which takes about two weeks time. The number of stomata and the size of their apertures determine the extent of gaseous exchange and hence the photosynthetic potential. The number and dimension were less in the treated plants.

Corn (Zea mays L.) is the world’s most important crops after wheat, barley and rice. Among the factors that influence corn productivity is tillage practices. Tillage operation affects the physical properties of soil structure and will change specific gravity of soil, apparent tolerance and thermal conductivity. Also reports showed that tillage effects had advantages on water distribution, porosity, root distribution and crop yield. Change in soil porosity leads to the change in soil aeration or air transfer and water soluble into the soil which may reform the crop production. Researchers reported that no tillage causes the decrease of soil porosity space which can have reverse effect on the rain fed crop yield. Between 1970 and 1980 there appeared considerable changes in the concept of tillage requirement for produce of products. These changes were energy consumption reduction and use of minimum tillage methods which often lead to reduction of soil erosion, and also no tillage for seed bed preparation. The rotary cultivator method which has been the common practice for corn has some disadvantages and it would be worthwhile to compare it with other tillage methods. The shallow depth of ploughing and degradation of the soil because of intensive impact of the rotary blade with the soil has been identified as problems of this tillage method. Knowledge of soil physical properties of the areas with annual rain fall of above 1000 mm is necessary and important since the use of an unsuitable tillage method can lead to soil erosion.

This paper studies consensus among identical agents that are at most critically unstable and coupled through networks with uniform constant communication delay. An upper bound for delay tolerance is obtained which explicitly depends on agent dynamics and network topology. The dependence on network topology disappears in the case of undirected networks. For any delay satisfying this upper bound, a controller design methodology without exact knowledge of the network topology is proposed so that multi-agent consensus in a set of unknown networks can be achieved. Moreover, when the network topology is known, a larger delay tolerance is possible via a topology-dependent consensus controller., QC 20130905

This paper studies the consensus among identical agents that are at most critically unstable and coupled through networks with uniform constant communication delay. An achievable upper bound of delay tolerance is obtained which explicitly depends on agent dynamics and network topology. The dependence on network topology disappears in the case of undirected networks. For any delay satisfying this upper bound, a controller design methodology without exact knowledge of the network topology is proposed so that the multi-agent consensus in a set of unknown networks can be achieved. Moreover, when the network topology is known, a larger delay tolerance is possible via a topology-dependent consensus controller. The results are illustrated by simulations., QC 20211019conference ISBN: 978-1-4673-2066-5Not duplicate with: 610302, 645684

In this paper we study the response to external disturbances of a double integrator with saturating feedback. For a class of disturbances that have bounded integrals over all intervals, we show that a linear static feedback law can always be designed to ensure boundedness of the states. Moreover, boundedness can be preserved if the disturbance is biased by a small DC signal. In the special case that the disturbance is made up of a finite number of sinusoids and a small bias, any linear static feedback ensures boundedness of the states. These results are an extension of previous results by Wen, Roy, and Saberi (2008).

The response of two forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] varieties, Speedfeed and KFS4, to salinity and irrigation frequency were studied from January to December 2009. The two varieties were grown under salinity levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15 dS m-1 and irrigated when the leaf water potential reached -1 (control), -1.5 and -2 MPa. Salinity and irrigation frequency significantly affected stem diameter, number of tillers, plant height, total leaf area and cumulative dry matter yield of ratoon forage sorghum (P<0.01). Low soil water (-2 MPa) reduced plant height in non-saline and medium saline conditions by 33.4 and 28.9%, respectively, whereas in highly saline soil there was 34.4% reduction in plant height even at medium water stress (-1.5 MPa). Maximum number of tillers (2.48 tillers plant-1) was produced in non-saline soil. Low soil water content and high salinity reduced the number of tillers produced. Total leaf area of plants also decreased with increasing salinity and irrigation interval. Overall Speedfeed variety had stems with a smaller mean diameter than KFS4 and produced a higher number of tillers than KFS4. Regardless of variety, leaf firing increased with increasing salinity, reaching 59.95% in the extreme salinity treatment of 15 dS m-1 , and it increased with increasing water stress reaching 48.77% in the extreme water stress treatment of -2 MPa. However, there was less water deficit and salinity injury noticeable in KFS4 at all irrigation levels compared to Speedfeed. Most of the decline in growth parameters was significant only at -2 MPa irrigation frequency which means irrigation of forage sorghum can be withheld till leaf water potential reaches -1.5 MPa.

The response of two forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] varieties, Speedfeed and KFS4, to salinity and irrigation frequency were studied from January to December 2009. The two varieties were grown under salinity levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15 dS m-1 and irrigated when the leaf water potential reached -1 (control), -1.5 and -2 MPa. Salinity and irrigation frequency significantly affected stem diameter, number of tillers, plant height, total leaf area and cumulative dry matter yield of ratoon forage sorghum (P<0.01). Low soil water (-2 MPa) reduced plant height in non-saline and medium saline conditions by 33.4 and 28.9%, respectively, whereas in highly saline soil there was 34.4% reduction in plant height even at medium water stress (-1.5 MPa). Maximum number of tillers (2.48 tillers plant-1) was produced in non-saline soil. Low soil water content and high salinity reduced the number of tillers produced. Total leaf area of plants also decreased with increasing salinity and irrigation interval. Overall Speedfeed variety had stems with a smaller mean diameter than KFS4 and produced a higher number of tillers than KFS4. Regardless of variety, leaf firing increased with increasing salinity, reaching 59.95% in the extreme salinity treatment of 15 dS m-1 , and it increased with increasing water stress reaching 48.77% in the extreme water stress treatment of -2 MPa. However, there was less water deficit and salinity injury noticeable in KFS4 at all irrigation levels compared to Speedfeed. Most of the decline in growth parameters was significant only at -2 MPa irrigation frequency which means irrigation of forage sorghum can be withheld till leaf water potential reaches -1.5 MPa.