Search

Increasing thermal risk in cities is endangering the health and well-being of urban population and is driven by climate change and intensive urbanization. Therefore, if we plan to enlarge the capacities of cities to be more climate resilient in the 21st century, more detailed monitoring of urban climate on local and micro scales is needed. For this research we performed two microclimate measurement campaigns in urban area of Belgrade, during hot summer days in 2021. In total, five measurement sites were chosen in different urban designs and different local climate zones (LCZs). For thermal monitoring (air temperature – Ta and globe temperature – Tg) the Kestrel heat stress tracker sensor with 1-min measurement resolution was used, but we used 10-min average values. Obtained results showed distinct thermal differences (up to 7 °C on average) between densely built-up areas and green areas. Differences between built-up LCZs are lower with values from 2 to 4 °C. Important part of this research was microclimate monitoring on sites within the same LCZ (intra-LCZ variability). Results showed that shadows and short- and longwave radiation play a paramount role in thermal variability. Direct and reflected radiations on one measurement site increased Ta up to 6 °C and Tg up to 12 °C when compared to other measurement site (in a similar urban design), which was in the shadow.

Climate change has been recognized as an important issue in public health, with particular concerns being raised about the effects of heat and cold extremes on health, and about seasonal changes over the year and their associations with increased mortality and hospitalizations. This paper explored the relationship between physiological equivalent temperature (PET) and cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions in Novi Sad (Serbia) with the aim of assessing the impact of urban outdoor thermal conditions on health. Analysis was performed using daily data on cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions by gender covering the period from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2017. For the same period, PET was calculated using data from two urban meteorological network stations. The association between PET and hospital admissions was examined using a generalized additive model (GAM) combined with a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM). The study found a non-linear relationship between PET and cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions, with a larger impact during the cold period of the year. The findings also indicated that under conditions of high PET, the cumulative RR increased for cardiovascular admissions (for males) and respiratory admissions (for females). People with pre-existing respiratory diseases were found to be more vulnerable under conditions of extremely low and moderately low PET, with a greater effect at lag 0–14 days. By contrast, for people with cardiovascular diseases, low PET was linked to a decrease in hospital admissions, with the risk being lowest at lag 0 and 0–3 days.

Thermal comfort assessments at local or micro-scales within urban areas can provide crucial insights for the urban adaptation strategies pertaining to climate-conscious urban planning and public health. However, the availability of long-term or mid-term daily or hourly meteorological data sets from urban environments remains a significant challenge even in the 21st century. Consequently, this study aimed to assess the thermal conditions in cities across the western part of the Balkan Peninsula, encompassing five countries (Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro), by utilizing the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) index. Meteorological data sets, comprising air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and cloudiness, were collected from 32 national meteorological stations/measurement locations spanning the period from 2001 to 2020. The PET calculations were conducted based on meteorological data measured three times per day (7 a.m., 2 p.m., and 9 p.m.). Upon conducting a spatial analysis of the meteorological stations, it was observed that most of them (25 stations) were situated within built-up areas or urban suburbs, rendering them highly relevant for local or micro-scale climate and bioclimate assessments. The findings revealed that urban locations exhibited slightly higher PET heat stress levels, particularly during the summer season and at 2 p.m. Moreover, higher average PET values were observed in both urban and non-urban stations situated within a continental climate during warmer periods, such as summer. In contrast, during the colder seasons, namely winter and spring, higher PET values were prevalent in the Mediterranean region. Furthermore, the PET frequency analysis revealed a greater prevalence of extreme and severe heat stress levels in stations within continental climates, particularly those located in urban areas, as compared to stations in Mediterranean climates. In contrast, during the winter and spring seasons

Thermal comfort assessments at local or micro-scales within urban areas can provide crucial insights for the urban adaptation strategies pertaining to climate-conscious urban planning and public health. However, the availability of long-term or mid-term daily or hourly meteorological data sets from urban environments remains a significant challenge even in the 21st century. Consequently, this study aimed to assess the thermal conditions in cities across the western part of the Balkan Peninsula, encompassing five countries (Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro), by utilizing the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) index. Meteorological data sets, comprising air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and cloudiness, were collected from 32 national meteorological stations/measurement locations spanning the period from 2001 to 2020. The PET calculations were conducted based on meteorological data measured three times per day (7 a.m., 2 p.m., and 9 p.m.). Upon conducting a spatial analysis of the meteorological stations, it was observed that most of them (25 stations) were situated within built-up areas or urban suburbs, rendering them highly relevant for local or micro-scale climate and bioclimate assessments. The findings revealed that urban locations exhibited slightly higher PET heat stress levels, particularly during the summer season and at 2 p.m. Moreover, higher average PET values were observed in both urban and non-urban stations situated within a continental climate during warmer periods, such as summer. In contrast, during the colder seasons, namely winter and spring, higher PET values were prevalent in the Mediterranean region. Furthermore, the PET frequency analysis revealed a greater prevalence of extreme and severe heat stress levels in stations within continental climates, particularly those located in urban areas, as compared to stations in Mediterranean climates. In contrast, during the winter and spring seasons

Due to rapid urbanisation, urban microclimate research has become increasingly popular in the last decade. Significant variation in microclimate conditions can be created due to diversity in urban geometry and it can affect outdoor thermal comfort. Biometeoro-logical measurements and survey were conducted in different urban settings (square, park, street) of the city of Novi Sad during a warm autumn day in October 2019. Air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and globe temperature, but also outdoor thermal comfort indices such as Mean Radiant Temperature (Tmrt) and Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) were obtained for each location. The largest differences in the biometeorological conditions are noticed between the urban park and other urban areas. The maximum average value of Ta was at the city square with 27.9oC, while in the urban park and street Ta were about 25oC. The values of RH were the lowest at the city square. Globe temperature (Tg) had the highest values, on average, at the city square (about 40oC), while the average values in the urban park and street were about 26–28oC. The highest average PET values are registered at the city square (41.4oC), followed by substantially lower average PET registered in urban park (27.1oC) and urban street canyon (26.2oC). The analysis showed that during about 70% of the time, urban dwellers experience extreme heat stress at the city square. Contrary to that, no extreme heat stress is noticed in urban park and street canyon.

Intensive urbanization and global warming are impacting the health and well-being of urban population. Nevertheless, urban environments with different designs will have different micro and local climate conditions. This study used data from micrometeorological measurements performed in different urban spaces (downtown, urban park, riverside) in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, on hot summer days in June 2021. Air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and globe temperature were measured and Mean Radiant Temperature (Tmrt), Psychologically Equivalent Temperature (PET), and modified Psychologically Equivalent Temperature (mPET) were calculated for each location. Results show that the downtown is the most uncomfortable area in terms of the highest Ta, Tg, Tmrt, PET, and mPET values registered at this location. The urban park is the most comfortable area with the lowest values of Tg, Tmrt, PET, and mPET. Relative humidity is the highest at the riverside and the lowest in downtown. Furthermore, riverside had lower average Ta during summer daytime compared to urban park and downtown likely due to the synergy between river cooling effect (evaporation and sensible heat transfer) and tree shade.

Climate change is one of the largest environmental issues causing hydroclimatological extremes such as floods, droughts, and aridity. The aim of this study is to assess the observed and projected climate changes in Bačka (Serbia). Detailed trend analyses and possible climate scenarios over Bačka has not been presented up to now. In this paper, four data sets were extracted and calculated: mean annual air temperature, mean air temperatures during the vegetation period, mean annual precipitation and total precipitation during the vegetation period. The presented parameters were obtained from the annual meteorological reports of the Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. Trend equation based on linear regression, trend magnitude according to the trend equation, and Mann-Kendall statistics have been used for trend analysis of climatic parameters. A GIS modeling of the possible climate scenario was created according to the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model (BCC-CSM2-MR). Based on the trend equations, positive trends related to air temperature and precipitation variables are dominant. The trend magnitude shows the largest mean increase in all time series related to air temperature during the vegetation period. The highest mean precipitation increase occurs only in two time series. The Mann-Kendall statistics showed significantly positive trends in 11 cases and no changes in 9 cases. According to BCC-CSM2-MR, changes will be especially dominant in case of air temperatures. The expected changes in the total precipitation during the vegetation period show a tendency towards semiarid conditions. The presented results of observed and projected climate changes demand adaptation measures, especially from the aspect of sustainable agriculture.

Урбано окружење дефинише специфичну микро-климу која директно утиче на квалитет живота у урбанизованим подручјима, често имајући негативан утицај на урбану популацију. Феномени попут урбаног топлотног острва и површи, представљају директан продукт урбаног начина живота. Урбане метеоролошке мреже (urbanmeteorological networks, UMNs) представљају алат који омогућава боље разумевање и анализу тренутних фактора као и алат уз који се боље планира урбани развој. Постављене да прате и бележе различите објекте и њихова стања у оквиру урбане средине, урбане метеоролошке мреже креирају базу великих, метеоролошких, временских серија. Најчешће имплементације оваквих система, представљају бежичне мреже сензора (wireless sensor networks, WSN). Овај рад представља синтезу искустава у развоју оваквих типова мерних станица. У периоду од седам година истраживања у оквиру ове области, аутор је препознао значај поузданости података у процесу аквизиције. Битније, услед недостатка довољног броја публикованих истраживања која се односе на поузданост података прикупљених од стране WSN и њиховог централног сегмента на серверу (процес чија је улога преузимање, валидација, парсирање и складиштење података у инстанцу датабасе сервера), прикупљени подаци се користе у научне сврхе без провере њихове валидности. Како би се утврдила могућност промене валидности информације прослеђене од стране мреже сензора, пре њеног складиштења у неку од форми базе, за потребе овог истраживања развијен је модел поузданог сокет сервера, базираног на високом степену поузданости као и перформанси, који у свом раду укључује три главна процеса који за своју комуникацију користе комбинацију сигнала и контролних порука. Студија случаја је изведена на серверски оријентисаном хардверу у оквиру кога је оперативни систем, Linux, доведен до лимита свог рада. Узастопни тестови су показали недоследност у преносу информација између оперативног система и апликативног нивоа, која може да доведе до губитка прикупљених података по, Urbano okruženje definiše specifičnu mikro-klimu koja direktno utiče na kvalitet života u urbanizovanim područjima, često imajući negativan uticaj na urbanu populaciju. Fenomeni poput urbanog toplotnog ostrva i površi, predstavljaju direktan produkt urbanog načina života. Urbane meteorološke mreže (urbanmeteorological networks, UMNs) predstavljaju alat koji omogućava bolje razumevanje i analizu trenutnih faktora kao i alat uz koji se bolje planira urbani razvoj. Postavljene da prate i beleže različite objekte i njihova stanja u okviru urbane sredine, urbane meteorološke mreže kreiraju bazu velikih, meteoroloških, vremenskih serija. Najčešće implementacije ovakvih sistema, predstavljaju bežične mreže senzora (wireless sensor networks, WSN). Ovaj rad predstavlja sintezu iskustava u razvoju ovakvih tipova mernih stanica. U periodu od sedam godina istraživanja u okviru ove oblasti, autor je prepoznao značaj pouzdanosti podataka u procesu akvizicije. Bitnije, usled nedostatka dovoljnog broja publikovanih istraživanja koja se odnose na pouzdanost podataka prikupljenih od strane WSN i njihovog centralnog segmenta na serveru (proces čija je uloga preuzimanje, validacija, parsiranje i skladištenje podataka u instancu database servera), prikupljeni podaci se koriste u naučne svrhe bez provere njihove validnosti. Kako bi se utvrdila mogućnost promene validnosti informacije prosleđene od strane mreže senzora, pre njenog skladištenja u neku od formi baze, za potrebe ovog istraživanja razvijen je model pouzdanog soket servera, baziranog na visokom stepenu pouzdanosti kao i performansi, koji u svom radu uključuje tri glavna procesa koji za svoju komunikaciju koriste kombinaciju signala i kontrolnih poruka. Studija slučaja je izvedena na serverski orijentisanom hardveru u okviru koga je operativni sistem, Linux, doveden do limita svog rada. Uzastopni testovi su pokazali nedoslednost u prenosu informacija između operativnog sistema i aplikativnog nivoa, koja može da dovede do gubitk, Urban environment defines a specific micro-climate, which directly affects the quality of life in urbanized areas and often has a negative impact on urban population. Phenomena like urban heat and surface heat islands are direct products of an urban lifestyle. Urban meteorological networks (UMNs) are a tool that can help to better understand and analyze the current situation and make right decisions about future urbandevelopment. Deployed to monitor and record different objects and their states inside urban areas, UMNs build a longterm meteorological data time series database. The most commonly used systems in achieving this goal include wireless sensor networks (WSN). This paper presents a combined experience in deploying three different WSN systems. During seven years of research in this field, the authors have recognized the importance of data reliability in data acquisition. More importantly, due to the lack of research addressing the reliability of the data received from WSNs by the core segment of the server (processes used in receiving, validating, parsing and storing data into a database instance), the received data are used in scientific studies without questioning their reliability. To determine the possibility of shifting information provided by the data measured from sensor networks before it is stored in a desired form of database, this paper proposes a highly reliable socket server model. The model is built with high reliability and performance in mind and it includes three major processes, which use a combination of signals and control messages to pass information about their states. A case study is performed using high-end hardware, running a Linux operating system stressed to its limits. A repetition testing revealed inconsistency in the information provided by the operating system to the application layer, which could lead to the loss of information about short-term and rarely occurring, monitored objects. The results lead to the conclusion that th

Temporal and spatial variability of annual and seasonal precipitation from 71 stations located in Western Balkan (WB) countries (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro) and their correlations with nine atmospheric circulation patterns was examined for the period 1950–2016. Annual precipitation increased significantly throughout the WB (from 2% to 8% per decade) on 20% of stations located mainly in the mountainous western Serbia and eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Winter was characterized by non-significant precipitation changes in most of the studied area, with only a few stations characterized by significant precipitation increase (up to 12% per decade) in the mountainous area of WB, and a few stations characterized by significant decrease (up to –6% per decade) in the Pannonian plain. Significant precipitation increase was noticed on 15% of the stations in spring, while it was noticed on 17% of the stations in autumn. Summer precipitation decreased significantly (up to –5% per decade) on a limited area of northern Serbia (6% of the stations), while the majority of stations showed non-significant increase. The strongest influences on annual precipitation in WB region are of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Mediterranean Oscillation (MO), leading to the precipitation decrease during their positive phases. Winter precipitation is significantly negatively correlated with AO, East Atlantic/Western Russia oscillation (EA/WR), and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and has a significant positive correlation with Western Mediterranean Oscillation (WeMO) on the majority of stations. MO has the strongest influence on summer precipitation in WB region leading to precipitation decrease, while AO has the dominant influence on precipitation in the region during autumn.

This study aims to investigate spatial and temporal dynamics and relationship between air temperature and five air humidity parameters (relative humidity, water vapor pressure, absolute humidity, specific humidity, and vapor pressure deficit) in Novi Sad, Serbia, based on two-year data (Dec 2015–Dec 2017). The analysis includes different urban areas of Novi Sad, which are delineated in five built (urban) types of local climate zones (LCZ) (LCZ 2, LCZ 5, LCZ 6, LCZ 8, and LCZ 9), and one land cover (natural) local climate zone (LCZ A) located outside the urban area. Temporal analysis included annual, seasonal, and monthly dynamics of air temperature and air humidity parameters, as well as their patterns during the extreme periods (heat and cold wave). The results showed that urban dry island (UDI) occurs in densely urbanized LCZ 2 from February to October, unlike other urban LCZs. The analysis of the air humidity dynamics during the heat wave shows that UDI intensity is most pronounced during the daytime, but also in the evening (approximately until midnight) in LCZ 2. However, lower UDI intensity is observed in the afternoon, in other urban LCZs (LCZ 6, LCZ 8, and LCZ 9) and occasionally in the later afternoon in LCZ 5. Regression analysis confirms the relationship between air temperature and each of the analyzed air humidity parameters.

An urban environment defines a specific micro-climate which directly affects the quality of life in urbanized areas and often has a negative impact on urban populations. Phenomena like urban heat and surface heat islands are direct products of an urban lifestyle. Urban meteorological networks (UMNs) are a tool that can help to better understand and analyze the current situation and make the right decisions about future urban development. Deployed to monitor and record different objects and their states inside urban areas, UMNs build a long-term meteorological data time series database. The most commonly used systems for achieving this goal include wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This paper presents a combined experience in deploying three different WSN systems. During seven years of research in this field, the authors have recognized the importance of data reliability in data acquisition. More importantly, due to the lack of research addressing the reliability of the data received from WSNs by the core segment of the server (processes used in receiving, validating, parsing, and storing data into a database instance), the received data are used in scientific studies without questioning their reliability. To determine the possibility of shifting information provided by the data measured from sensor networks before it is stored in a desired form of database, this paper proposes a highly reliable socket server model. The model is built with high reliability and performance in mind and it includes three major processes, which use a combination of signals and control messages to pass information about their states. A case study is performed using high-end hardware, running a Linux operating system stressed to its limits. Repetition testing revealed inconsistency in the information provided by the operating system to the application layer, which could lead to the loss of information about short-term and rarely occurring monitored objects. The results lead to the conclusio

In the light of climate change and burgeoning urbanization, heat loads in urban areas have emerged as serious issues, affecting the well-being of the population and the environment. In response to a pressing need for more standardised and communicable research into urban climate, the concept of local climate zones (LCZs) has been created. This concept aims to define the morphological types of (urban) surface with respect to the formation of local climatic conditions, largely thermal. This systematic review paper analyses studies that have applied the concept of LCZs to European urban areas. The methodology utilized pre-determined keywords and five steps of literature selection. A total of 91 studies were found eligible for analysis. The results show that the concept of LCZs has been increasingly employed and become well established in European urban climate research. Dozens of measurements, satellite observations, and modelling outcomes have demonstrated the characteristic thermal responses of LCZs in European cities. However, a substantial number of the studies have concentrated on the methodological development of the classification process, generating a degree of inconsistency in the delineation of LCZs. Recent trends indicate an increasing prevalence of the accessible remote-sensing based approach over accurate GIS-based methods in the delineation of LCZs. In this context, applications of the concept in fine-scale modelling appear limited. Nevertheless, the concept of the LCZ has proven appropriate and valuable to the provision of metadata for urban stations, (surface) urban heat island analysis, and the assessment of outdoor thermal comfort and heat risk. Any further development of LCZ mapping appears to require a standardised objective approach that may be globally applicable.

The Urban Heat Islands (UHI) effect is a microclimatic phenomenon that especially affects urban areas. It is associated with significant temperature increases in the local microclimate, and may amplify heat waves. Due to their intensity, UHI causes not only thermal discomfort, but also reductions in the levels of life quality. This paper reviews the important role of green infrastructure as a means through which the intensity of UHI may be reduced, along with their negative impact on human comfort and wellbeing. Apart from a comprehensive review of the available literature, the paper reports on an analysis of case studies in a set of 14 cities in 13 countries representing various geographical regions and climate zones. The results obtained suggest that whereas UHI is a common phenomenon, green infrastructure in urban areas may under some conditions ameliorate their impacts. In addition, the study revealed that the scope and impacts of UHI are not uniform: depending on peculiarities of urban morphologies, they pose different challenges linked to the microclimate peculiar to each city. The implications of this paper are threefold. Firstly, it reiterates the complex interrelations of UHIs, heat waves and climate change. Secondly, it outlines the fact that keeping and increasing urban green resources leads to additional various benefits that may directly or indirectly reduce the impacts of UHI. Finally, the paper reiterates the need for city planners to paymore attention to possible UHI effects when initiating new building projects or when adjusting current ones.

In this study, the Local Climate Zones (LCZs) in Novi Sad, the second largest city in Serbia, are analysed as to surface temperature differences. The LCZs were delineated on the basis of the GIS-based method created by Geletič & Lehnert (2016). Land Surface Temperatures (LSTs) were derived from the satellites Terra, sensor ASTER, and LANDSAT-8. The thermal images were provided at a similar time (at about 9.30 AM) between 2002 and 2008 (ASTER) and between 2013 and 2017 (LANDSAT-8). Statistical analyses, including the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey-HSD test, were employed to reveal LST differences between the LCZs. The results indicate that in 84% of cases there were significant differences in LST between pairs of LCZs. Temperature differences between LCZs were the most pronounced in the summer season. In general, 8 (large lowrise), 10 (heavy industry), 2 (compact midrise) and 3 (compact low-rise) LCZs had the highest surface temperatures in Novi Sad. Contrary to this, LCZs A (dense trees), B (scattered trees) G (water bodies) were the coolest zones.

Urban meteorological network (UMN) was established in the Central European City of Novi Sad (Serbia) based on "local climate zones" (LCZs) system. Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) index was used for the assessment of outdoor thermal comfort in the "built" and "land cover" LCZ classes of Novi Sad. The index was calculated in the RayMan software based on the meteorological, physiological as well as building and vegetation data. Temporal analysis was performed for extreme heat stress days (PETmax ≥ 41 °C), extreme heat stress hours (PETav ≥ 41 °C) and days with occurrence of "tropical nights" (Tmin > 20 °C) during exceptionally hot summer of 2015. Our results show that extreme heat stress hours are the least frequent in compact midrise LCZ 2, followed by dense trees LCZ A. On the contrary, countryside (low plants-LCZ D) showed to be the most uncomfortable area during daytime followed by compact low-rise areas (LCZ 3). Tropical nights are the most frequent in midrise LCZs 5 and 2 (40-46 nights) and decreasing towards open, sparsely built and natural LCZs (6-8 tropical nights in LCZs A and D). This is almost 800% decrease and it has implications for health and recreation of urban population and emphasizes the need for UMN development based on LCZ system.

Hot summers with several intensive heat waves lead to strong heat-related mortality in Central and Southeast European cities. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate association between maximum temaprature and mortality during the summer period in 2015 and to contribute to the future long-term assessment of heat-related mortality in urban population. The daily number of deaths of all causes and cause-specific mortality for the population of Novi Sad were used, as well as hourly air temperature data from the Novi Sad urban network (NSUNET) system. Four heat waves were detected using the Huth and Kysely methods. Three heat wave periods lasted longer than ten days. In July and August, 45% of days had a maximum temperature above 30 $$C, and more than 70% of days had a maximum temperature above 25 $$C. The average number of deaths was higher during the heat wave days. Significant association was found between Tmax and all-cause, cardiorespiratory, non-cardiorespiratory in total population, all-cause and cardiorespiratory mortality in the age group 65 and over. This study demonstrates a high magnitude of relation between mortality and temperature. Finally, the results show that population in urban areas is highly vulnerable during heat waves.

Тема докторске дисертације је примена и процена класификационог система локалних климатских зона (ЛКЗ) помоћу аутоматизованог модела и биоклиматских анализа на примеру Новог Сада (Србија). Развијени ГИС модел се показао као адекватан за мапирање и дефинисање ЛКЗ у Новом Саду и његовој околини издвојивши чак 13 ЛКЗ употребом 7 параметара градске површине. Осим тога, у оквиру дисертације је приказан и развијен нов модел за чишћење базе података. Добијени резултати су указали да се најизраженије разлике у средњој температури ваздуха (Тср) јављају између локалних климатских зона (ЛКЗ) ноћу током топлотног таласа и износе до 5,5 °C (ЛКЗ2-А, разлика између урбане збијене средњеградње и густе шуме изван града). На годишњем нивоу разлике у Тср износе 1,7 °C између града и природне околине, односно 0,7 °C унутар различитих градских ЛКЗ. Статистичком анализом средњих максималних и апсолутно максималних температура ваздуха на годишњем, сезонском и месечном нивоу нису уочене знатне разлике између ЛКЗ. Учесталост појаве температурних индекса је указала да тзв. „хладни индекси“ (мразни дани, ледени дани) указују на температурне специфичности ЛКЗ у Новом Саду, док то није евидентно анализом тзв. „топлих индекса“ (летњи дани, тропски дани), изузев тропских ноћи. Анализом релативне влажности ваздуха је уочено да постоје знатне разлике између изграђених и природних ЛКЗ, док то није случај између изг рађених ЛКЗ. У Новом Саду се јавља тзв. „урбано острво сувоће“ ноћу током топлотног таласа када је збијена средњеградња (ЛКЗ 2) окарактерисана са максималним дефицитом влажности од око 33% у односу на природну ЛКЗ А изван града. Статистичка анализа вредности израчунатих биоклиматских индекса PET и UTCI је указала да се ЛКЗ разликују у условима спољњег термалног комфора човека на годишњем, сезонском и месечном нивоу, као и током, Tema doktorske disertacije je primena i procena klasifikacionog sistema lokalnih klimatskih zona (LKZ) pomoću automatizovanog modela i bioklimatskih analiza na primeru Novog Sada (Srbija). Razvijeni GIS model se pokazao kao adekvatan za mapiranje i definisanje LKZ u Novom Sadu i njegovoj okolini izdvojivši čak 13 LKZ upotrebom 7 parametara gradske površine. Osim toga, u okviru disertacije je prikazan i razvijen nov model za čišćenje baze podataka. Dobijeni rezultati su ukazali da se najizraženije razlike u srednjoj temperaturi vazduha (Tsr) javljaju između lokalnih klimatskih zona (LKZ) noću tokom toplotnog talasa i iznose do 5,5 °C (LKZ2-A, razlika između urbane zbijene srednjegradnje i guste šume izvan grada). Na godišnjem nivou razlike u Tsr iznose 1,7 °C između grada i prirodne okoline, odnosno 0,7 °C unutar različitih gradskih LKZ. Statističkom analizom srednjih maksimalnih i apsolutno maksimalnih temperatura vazduha na godišnjem, sezonskom i mesečnom nivou nisu uočene znatne razlike između LKZ. Učestalost pojave temperaturnih indeksa je ukazala da tzv. „hladni indeksi“ (mrazni dani, ledeni dani) ukazuju na temperaturne specifičnosti LKZ u Novom Sadu, dok to nije evidentno analizom tzv. „toplih indeksa“ (letnji dani, tropski dani), izuzev tropskih noći. Analizom relativne vlažnosti vazduha je uočeno da postoje znatne razlike između izgrađenih i prirodnih LKZ, dok to nije slučaj između izg rađenih LKZ. U Novom Sadu se javlja tzv. „urbano ostrvo suvoće“ noću tokom toplotnog talasa kada je zbijena srednjegradnja (LKZ 2) okarakterisana sa maksimalnim deficitom vlažnosti od oko 33% u odnosu na prirodnu LKZ A izvan grada. Statistička analiza vrednosti izračunatih bioklimatskih indeksa PET i UTCI je ukazala da se LKZ razlikuju u uslovima spoljnjeg termalnog komfora čoveka na godišnjem, sezonskom i mesečnom nivou, The topic of the doctoral dissertation is the application and assessment of the classification system of local climate zones (LCZ) using the automated model and bioclimatic analysis on the example of Novi Sad (Serbia). The developed GIS model proved to be adequate for mapping and defining LCZs in Novi Sad and its surroundings by delineating 13 LCZs using 7 parameters of the city surface. In addition, in the framework of the dissertation, is developed new model for cleaning the database. The obtained results indicated that the most pronounced differences in mean air temperature (Tsr) occur between LCZs at night during a heat wave and are up to 5.5 ° C (LCZ2-A, the difference between urban compact midrise and dense forests). At annual level, the difference in Tsr is 1.7 °C between the city and the natural environment, and 0.7 °C within different city LCZs. Statistical analysis of mean maximum and absolute maximum air temperatures at annual, seasonal and monthly levels did not show significant differences between LCZs. The frequency of occurrence of temperature indexes indicated that the so-called "cold indices" (cold days, ice days) indicate the temperature specificity of LCZs in Novi Sad, while this is not evident from the analysis of so-called "warm indices" (summer days, tropical days), except for tropical nights. By analyzing the relative humidity of the air it was noticed that there are significant differences between the built-up and natural LCZs, while this is not the case between built-up LCZs. In Novi Sad there is recognized so-called "Urban dryness island" at night during a heat wave period when a compact midrise LCZ 2 is characterized with a maximum humidity deficit of about 33% compared to the natural LCZ A outside the city. Statistical analysis of the values of calculated bioclimatic indexes PET and UTCI indicated that LCZs differ in the conditions of the outdoor thermal co

There is a strong need for user-friendly software among urban planners and climatologists in order to develop climatologically conscious urban designs. In this paper we present possibilities (i.e. software packages) for the improvement of outdoor thermal comfort in built urban environments using Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) calculations. For this purpose, automatic algorithms for changing body locations, buildings heights and trees locations in street parking lot areas were developed and applied in the Grasshopper software. The applicability of the algorithms was tested in real-world street parking lot in a Central European city as an example. Temporal analyses were performed during heat wave period in 2015. Outdoor thermal comfort was improved at approximately 66% of body locations during heat wave period. Usage of automatic algorithms in appropriate software showed to be a valuable contribution for urban planning strategies aimed at counterattacking the adverse effects of urban climate and expected climate change (i.e. temperature rise) in cities.

This paper examines temporal and spatial patterns of annual and seasonal maximum temperatures (Tmax) in Slovenia and their relationship with atmospheric circulation patterns. A significant increase in maximum temperature (Tmax; from 0.3°C to 0.5°C∙decade−¹) was observed throughout the country at the annual scale in the period 1963–2014. Significant positive trends are observed on all stations in summer (from 0.4°C to 0.7°C∙decade−¹) and spring (from 0.4°C to 0.6°C∙decade−¹). The results indicate significant correlations between the mean annual maximum temperature (Tmax) and the East Atlantic Oscillation (EA) (from 0.5 to 0.7), the Arctic Oscillation (AO) (from 0.4 to 0.7) and the Scandinavian Oscillation (SCAND) (from −0.3 to −0.4) throughout the country. A significant EA influence is observed in all seasons, while the AO influence is noticed in winter and spring, SCAND in spring and summer, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Mediterranean Oscillation (MO) in winter, the East Atlantic/Western Russia Oscillation (EA/WR) in summer and the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in autumn.

Хидролошке суше су сложена појава како у погледу фактора који је изазивају, тако и у погледу њеног утицаја на екосистем и друштво. У дисертацији је приказана предност анализе малих вода, односно хидролошких суша са две променљиве (дефицит и трајање), у односу на уобичајену анализу са једном вредношћу(најчешће минимални годишњи протицај). Резултати добијени статистичком анализом суша, које су издвојене методом прага недвосмислено су показали да имају већу применљивост у водопривреди него методе које користе стандардизоване индексе, јер дају конкретне вредности недостајућих количина воде (запремине дефицита суша) у односу на релативне вредности стандардизованих индекса. Метода прага је примењена на39 станица у сливу Велике Мораве за период 1960-2014, што до сад представља највећи узорак на којем је примењивана у Србији, било да се ради о анализи малих или еликих вода. Као праг за издвајање суша узета је вредност Q90 , јер је циљ био анализа просторних и временских карактеристика екстремних(великих) суша у сливу Велике Мораве. Избор прага утицао је и на избор методе парцијалних серија за статистичку анализу карактеристика суша. За одређивање параметра теоријских расподела коришћени су L-моменти који дају поузданије оцене параметара од обичних момената. У досадашњим радовима, који су анализирали хидролошке суше методом парцијалних серија, функција расподеле се унапред одабирала, а не на основу тестова сагласности и провере графика вероватноће,као што је урађено у овој дисертацији. За проверу сагласности годишњег максимума дефицита и трајања коришћени су тестови Колмогоров-Смирнов и Крамер–Мизес, на основу којих су изабране меродавне расподеле за прорачун суша различитих повратних периода на станицама, и обрнуто.С помоћу L-момент дијаграма(LC s/LC k )утврђена је хомогеност реги, Hidrološke suše su složena pojava kako u pogledu faktora koji je izazivaju, tako i u pogledu njenog uticaja na ekosistem i društvo. U disertaciji je prikazana prednost analize malih voda, odnosno hidroloških suša sa dve promenljive (deficit i trajanje), u odnosu na uobičajenu analizu sa jednom vrednošću(najčešće minimalni godišnji proticaj). Rezultati dobijeni statističkom analizom suša, koje su izdvojene metodom praga nedvosmisleno su pokazali da imaju veću primenljivost u vodoprivredi nego metode koje koriste standardizovane indekse, jer daju konkretne vrednosti nedostajućih količina vode (zapremine deficita suša) u odnosu na relativne vrednosti standardizovanih indeksa. Metoda praga je primenjena na39 stanica u slivu Velike Morave za period 1960-2014, što do sad predstavlja najveći uzorak na kojem je primenjivana u Srbiji, bilo da se radi o analizi malih ili elikih voda. Kao prag za izdvajanje suša uzeta je vrednost Q90 , jer je cilj bio analiza prostornih i vremenskih karakteristika ekstremnih(velikih) suša u slivu Velike Morave. Izbor praga uticao je i na izbor metode parcijalnih serija za statističku analizu karakteristika suša. Za određivanje parametra teorijskih raspodela korišćeni su L-momenti koji daju pouzdanije ocene parametara od običnih momenata. U dosadašnjim radovima, koji su analizirali hidrološke suše metodom parcijalnih serija, funkcija raspodele se unapred odabirala, a ne na osnovu testova saglasnosti i provere grafika verovatnoće,kao što je urađeno u ovoj disertaciji. Za proveru saglasnosti godišnjeg maksimuma deficita i trajanja korišćeni su testovi Kolmogorov-Smirnov i Kramer–Mizes, na osnovu kojih su izabrane merodavne raspodele za proračun suša različitih povratnih perioda na stanicama, i obrnuto.S pomoću L-moment dijagrama(LC s/LC k )utvrđena je ho, Hydrological droughts are a complex phenomenon both in terms of the factors that cause it, and in terms of its impact on ecosystems and society. The dissertation shows the advantage of low water analysis, i.e. hydrological drought with two variables (deficit and duration), compared to the usual analysis of a single value (a minimum annual flow). The results obtained by statistical analysis of drought, which are separated by the threshold method clearly demonstrated to have greater applicability in water management than methods that used standardized indices, because they give concrete value of missing quantities of water (drought deficit volume) with respect to relative values of standardized index. Threshold method was applied to 39 stations in the Morava River Basin for the period 1960-2014, which so far represents the largest sample on which it was applied in Serbia, whether it is on the analysis of low or high water. The value of Q90 was selected as a threshold for separating the drought, because the goal was to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of extreme (large) droughts in the basin of Velika Morava. Selected threshold affected the choice of partial duration series method for statistical analysis of the drought characteristics. L-moments were used to determine the parameters of theoretical distributions because they give more reliable estimates of the parameters than ordinarymoments. In previous papers, which analyzed the hydrological drought by partial duration series, distribution function was chosen in advance, and not on the results of goodness-of-fit tests and visual validation of frequency curve on probability paper, as it was done in this thesis. To check the goodness-of-fit tests of annual maximum deficit and duration tests of Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Cramer –Mises were used, and based on their results representative distribution was chosen for calculation of different return periods of droughts on the stations, and vice versa. The

Cilj ovog istraživanja je kreiranje algoritma za poboljšanje spoljašnjeg termalnog komfora u velikim urbanim sredinama, uzimajući u obzir određene geometrijske parametre izgrađenog okruženja, primenom softverskih aplikacija za parametarsko modelovanje. Algoritam za poboljšanje spoljašnjeg termalnog komfora ima opciju automatske izmene lokacije čoveka, što omogućava procenu termalnog komfora u području velikih razmera, kao što su bulevari, blokovski prostori, trgovi i drugi. Takođe, algoritam za poboljšanje spoljašnjeg termalnog komfora omogućava i automatsko menjanje visina zgrada u cilju postizanja optimalnog urbanog dizajna koji podrazumeva najbolji spoljašnji termalni komfor., The aim of this research is to create an algorithm for improvement of outdoor thermal comfort conditions in urban areas taking into account certain geometrical parameters of built urban environment, applying parametric modelling and different software packages. The algorithm for improving the outdoor thermal comfort offers the option of automated change of a man’s location, which enables the evaluation of outdoor thermal comfort in large-scale urban areas, such as boulevards, courtyards, squares etc. In addition, the algorithm for improving the outdoor thermal comfort also allows automatic variations of building height in order to achieve the optimal urban design which implies the best outdoor thermal comfort.

This paper presents an urban climatological application of the urban monitoring systems – recently implemented in Szeged, Hungary and Novi Sad, Serbia – using the first set of data collected during the summer of 2014. In order to ensure a representative number and placement of stations, the selection of measurement sites was based on Local Climate Zone (LCZ) maps developed for both cities. Present paper concentrates only on the intra-urban temperature pattern characteristics expressed by the thermal reactions of the different LCZ classes in both cities. The daily temperature indices (e.g., summer days) have the highest values in the densely built up LCZs. The diurnal cycle of surplus temperatures by LCZ classes under anticyclonic weather conditions were found to be similar in the two cities with higher absolute values in the case of Novi Sad. During summer, the diurnal variation of conventional heat island intensity confirms the general knowledge that it remains positive with highest values at night, while negative values occur predominantly during the day.

This paper presents an urban climatological application of the urban monitoring systems – recently implemented in Szeged, Hungary and Novi Sad, Serbia – using the first set of data collected during the summer of 2014. In order to ensure a representative number and placement of stations, the selection of measurement sites was based on Local Climate Zone (LCZ) maps developed for both cities. Present paper concentrates only on the intra-urban temperature pattern characteristics expressed by the thermal reactions of the different LCZ classes in both cities. The daily temperature indices (e.g., summer days) have the highest values in the densely built up LCZs. The diurnal cycle of surplus temperatures by LCZ classes under anticyclonic weather conditions were found to be similar in the two cities with higher absolute values in the case of Novi Sad. During summer, the diurnal variation of conventional heat island intensity confirms the general knowledge that it remains positive with highest values at night, while negative values occur predominantly during the day.

Хидролошке суше су сложена појава како у погледу фактора који је изазивају, тако и у погледу њеног утицаја на екосистем и друштво. У дисертацији је приказана предност анализе малих вода, односно хидролошких суша са две променљиве (дефицит и трајање), у односу на уобичајену анализу са једном вредношћу(најчешће минимални годишњи протицај). Резултати добијени статистичком анализом суша, које су издвојене методом прага недвосмислено су показали да имају већу применљивост у водопривреди него методе које користе стандардизоване индексе, јер дају конкретне вредности недостајућих количина воде (запремине дефицита суша) у односу на релативне вредности стандардизованих индекса. Метода прага је примењена на39 станица у сливу Велике Мораве за период 1960-2014, што до сад представља највећи узорак на којем је примењивана у Србији, било да се ради о анализи малих или еликих вода. Као праг за издвајање суша узета је вредност Q90 , јер је циљ био анализа просторних и временских карактеристика екстремних(великих) суша у сливу Велике Мораве. Избор прага утицао је и на избор методе парцијалних серија за статистичку анализу карактеристика суша. За одређивање параметра теоријских расподела коришћени су L-моменти који дају поузданије оцене параметара од обичних момената. У досадашњим радовима, који су анализирали хидролошке суше методом парцијалних серија, функција расподеле се унапред одабирала, а не на основу тестова сагласности и провере графика вероватноће,као што је урађено у овој дисертацији. За проверу сагласности годишњег максимума дефицита и трајања коришћени су тестови Колмогоров-Смирнов и Крамер–Мизес, на основу којих су изабране меродавне расподеле за прорачун суша различитих повратних периода на станицама, и обрнуто.С помоћу L-момент дијаграма(LC s/LC k )утврђена је хомогеност реги, Hidrološke suše su složena pojava kako u pogledu faktora koji je izazivaju, tako i u pogledu njenog uticaja na ekosistem i društvo. U disertaciji je prikazana prednost analize malih voda, odnosno hidroloških suša sa dve promenljive (deficit i trajanje), u odnosu na uobičajenu analizu sa jednom vrednošću(najčešće minimalni godišnji proticaj). Rezultati dobijeni statističkom analizom suša, koje su izdvojene metodom praga nedvosmisleno su pokazali da imaju veću primenljivost u vodoprivredi nego metode koje koriste standardizovane indekse, jer daju konkretne vrednosti nedostajućih količina vode (zapremine deficita suša) u odnosu na relativne vrednosti standardizovanih indeksa. Metoda praga je primenjena na39 stanica u slivu Velike Morave za period 1960-2014, što do sad predstavlja najveći uzorak na kojem je primenjivana u Srbiji, bilo da se radi o analizi malih ili elikih voda. Kao prag za izdvajanje suša uzeta je vrednost Q90 , jer je cilj bio analiza prostornih i vremenskih karakteristika ekstremnih(velikih) suša u slivu Velike Morave. Izbor praga uticao je i na izbor metode parcijalnih serija za statističku analizu karakteristika suša. Za određivanje parametra teorijskih raspodela korišćeni su L-momenti koji daju pouzdanije ocene parametara od običnih momenata. U dosadašnjim radovima, koji su analizirali hidrološke suše metodom parcijalnih serija, funkcija raspodele se unapred odabirala, a ne na osnovu testova saglasnosti i provere grafika verovatnoće,kao što je urađeno u ovoj disertaciji. Za proveru saglasnosti godišnjeg maksimuma deficita i trajanja korišćeni su testovi Kolmogorov-Smirnov i Kramer–Mizes, na osnovu kojih su izabrane merodavne raspodele za proračun suša različitih povratnih perioda na stanicama, i obrnuto.S pomoću L-moment dijagrama(LC s/LC k )utvrđena je ho, Hydrological droughts are a complex phenomenon both in terms of the factors that cause it, and in terms of its impact on ecosystems and society. The dissertation shows the advantage of low water analysis, i.e. hydrological drought with two variables (deficit and duration), compared to the usual analysis of a single value (a minimum annual flow). The results obtained by statistical analysis of drought, which are separated by the threshold method clearly demonstrated to have greater applicability in water management than methods that used standardized indices, because they give concrete value of missing quantities of water (drought deficit volume) with respect to relative values of standardized index. Threshold method was applied to 39 stations in the Morava River Basin for the period 1960-2014, which so far represents the largest sample on which it was applied in Serbia, whether it is on the analysis of low or high water. The value of Q90 was selected as a threshold for separating the drought, because the goal was to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of extreme (large) droughts in the basin of Velika Morava. Selected threshold affected the choice of partial duration series method for statistical analysis of the drought characteristics. L-moments were used to determine the parameters of theoretical distributions because they give more reliable estimates of the parameters than ordinarymoments. In previous papers, which analyzed the hydrological drought by partial duration series, distribution function was chosen in advance, and not on the results of goodness-of-fit tests and visual validation of frequency curve on probability paper, as it was done in this thesis. To check the goodness-of-fit tests of annual maximum deficit and duration tests of Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Cramer –Mises were used, and based on their results representative distribution was chosen for calculation of different return periods of droughts on the stations, and vice versa. The

Хидролошке суше су сложена појава како у погледу фактора који је изазивају, тако и у погледу њеног утицаја на екосистем и друштво. У дисертацији је приказана предност анализе малих вода, односно хидролошких суша са две променљиве (дефицит и трајање), у односу на уобичајену анализу са једном вредношћу(најчешће минимални годишњи протицај). Резултати добијени статистичком анализом суша, које су издвојене методом прага недвосмислено су показали да имају већу применљивост у водопривреди него методе које користе стандардизоване индексе, јер дају конкретне вредности недостајућих количина воде (запремине дефицита суша) у односу на релативне вредности стандардизованих индекса. Метода прага је примењена на39 станица у сливу Велике Мораве за период 1960-2014, што до сад представља највећи узорак на којем је примењивана у Србији, било да се ради о анализи малих или еликих вода. Као праг за издвајање суша узета је вредност Q90 , јер је циљ био анализа просторних и временских карактеристика екстремних(великих) суша у сливу Велике Мораве. Избор прага утицао је и на избор методе парцијалних серија за статистичку анализу карактеристика суша. За одређивање параметра теоријских расподела коришћени су L-моменти који дају поузданије оцене параметара од обичних момената. У досадашњим радовима, који су анализирали хидролошке суше методом парцијалних серија, функција расподеле се унапред одабирала, а не на основу тестова сагласности и провере графика вероватноће,као што је урађено у овој дисертацији. За проверу сагласности годишњег максимума дефицита и трајања коришћени су тестови Колмогоров-Смирнов и Крамер–Мизес, на основу којих су изабране меродавне расподеле за прорачун суша различитих повратних периода на станицама, и обрнуто.С помоћу L-момент дијаграма(LC s/LC k )утврђена је хомогеност реги, Hidrološke suše su složena pojava kako u pogledu faktora koji je izazivaju, tako i u pogledu njenog uticaja na ekosistem i društvo. U disertaciji je prikazana prednost analize malih voda, odnosno hidroloških suša sa dve promenljive (deficit i trajanje), u odnosu na uobičajenu analizu sa jednom vrednošću(najčešće minimalni godišnji proticaj). Rezultati dobijeni statističkom analizom suša, koje su izdvojene metodom praga nedvosmisleno su pokazali da imaju veću primenljivost u vodoprivredi nego metode koje koriste standardizovane indekse, jer daju konkretne vrednosti nedostajućih količina vode (zapremine deficita suša) u odnosu na relativne vrednosti standardizovanih indeksa. Metoda praga je primenjena na39 stanica u slivu Velike Morave za period 1960-2014, što do sad predstavlja najveći uzorak na kojem je primenjivana u Srbiji, bilo da se radi o analizi malih ili elikih voda. Kao prag za izdvajanje suša uzeta je vrednost Q90 , jer je cilj bio analiza prostornih i vremenskih karakteristika ekstremnih(velikih) suša u slivu Velike Morave. Izbor praga uticao je i na izbor metode parcijalnih serija za statističku analizu karakteristika suša. Za određivanje parametra teorijskih raspodela korišćeni su L-momenti koji daju pouzdanije ocene parametara od običnih momenata. U dosadašnjim radovima, koji su analizirali hidrološke suše metodom parcijalnih serija, funkcija raspodele se unapred odabirala, a ne na osnovu testova saglasnosti i provere grafika verovatnoće,kao što je urađeno u ovoj disertaciji. Za proveru saglasnosti godišnjeg maksimuma deficita i trajanja korišćeni su testovi Kolmogorov-Smirnov i Kramer–Mizes, na osnovu kojih su izabrane merodavne raspodele za proračun suša različitih povratnih perioda na stanicama, i obrnuto.S pomoću L-moment dijagrama(LC s/LC k )utvrđena je ho, Hydrological droughts are a complex phenomenon both in terms of the factors that cause it, and in terms of its impact on ecosystems and society. The dissertation shows the advantage of low water analysis, i.e. hydrological drought with two variables (deficit and duration), compared to the usual analysis of a single value (a minimum annual flow). The results obtained by statistical analysis of drought, which are separated by the threshold method clearly demonstrated to have greater applicability in water management than methods that used standardized indices, because they give concrete value of missing quantities of water (drought deficit volume) with respect to relative values of standardized index. Threshold method was applied to 39 stations in the Morava River Basin for the period 1960-2014, which so far represents the largest sample on which it was applied in Serbia, whether it is on the analysis of low or high water. The value of Q90 was selected as a threshold for separating the drought, because the goal was to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of extreme (large) droughts in the basin of Velika Morava. Selected threshold affected the choice of partial duration series method for statistical analysis of the drought characteristics. L-moments were used to determine the parameters of theoretical distributions because they give more reliable estimates of the parameters than ordinarymoments. In previous papers, which analyzed the hydrological drought by partial duration series, distribution function was chosen in advance, and not on the results of goodness-of-fit tests and visual validation of frequency curve on probability paper, as it was done in this thesis. To check the goodness-of-fit tests of annual maximum deficit and duration tests of Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Cramer –Mises were used, and based on their results representative distribution was chosen for calculation of different return periods of droughts on the stations, and vice versa. The

Cilj ovog istraživanja je kreiranje algoritma za poboljšanje spoljašnjeg termalnog komfora u velikim urbanim sredinama, uzimajući u obzir određene geometrijske parametre izgrađenog okruženja, primenom softverskih aplikacija za parametarsko modelovanje. Algoritam za poboljšanje spoljašnjeg termalnog komfora ima opciju automatske izmene lokacije čoveka, što omogućava procenu termalnog komfora u području velikih razmera, kao što su bulevari, blokovski prostori, trgovi i drugi. Takođe, algoritam za poboljšanje spoljašnjeg termalnog komfora omogućava i automatsko menjanje visina zgrada u cilju postizanja optimalnog urbanog dizajna koji podrazumeva najbolji spoljašnji termalni komfor., The aim of this research is to create an algorithm for improvement of outdoor thermal comfort conditions in urban areas taking into account certain geometrical parameters of built urban environment, applying parametric modelling and different software packages. The algorithm for improving the outdoor thermal comfort offers the option of automated change of a man’s location, which enables the evaluation of outdoor thermal comfort in large-scale urban areas, such as boulevards, courtyards, squares etc. In addition, the algorithm for improving the outdoor thermal comfort also allows automatic variations of building height in order to achieve the optimal urban design which implies the best outdoor thermal comfort.

This paper presents an urban climatological application of the urban monitoring systems – recently implemented in Szeged, Hungary and Novi Sad, Serbia – using the first set of data collected during the summer of 2014. In order to ensure a representative number and placement of stations, the selection of measurement sites was based on Local Climate Zone (LCZ) maps developed for both cities. Present paper concentrates only on the intra-urban temperature pattern characteristics expressed by the thermal reactions of the different LCZ classes in both cities. The daily temperature indices (e.g., summer days) have the highest values in the densely built up LCZs. The diurnal cycle of surplus temperatures by LCZ classes under anticyclonic weather conditions were found to be similar in the two cities with higher absolute values in the case of Novi Sad. During summer, the diurnal variation of conventional heat island intensity confirms the general knowledge that it remains positive with highest values at night, while negative values occur predominantly during the day.

Urban climate monitoring system (UCMS) was established in Novi Sad (Serbia) in 2014 based on the Local Climate Zones (LCZs) classification system, GIS model calculations and field work. Seven built and two land cover LCZ types were delineated and 27 stations equipped with air temperature and relative humidity sensors were distributed across all LCZs. Suitability of the developed monitoring system for human outdoor thermal comfort research in different LCZs of the city and its surroundings was investigated during a heat wave period using Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) index. During the daytime (night-time) the highest thermal loads are present in open midrise (compact midrise) LCZ, while the most comfortable is LCZ A (dense trees) during the whole day. In general, the highest thermal loads are obtained in midrise, followed by low-rise, sparsely built, low plants and dense trees LCZs. All LCZs (except LCZ A-dense trees) had higher PET when compared to LCZ D (LCZ D-low plants) during evening and nocturnal hours with maximum difference of 7.1 °C (00 UTC) between LCZ 2 (compact midrise) and LCZ D (low plants). Contrary to this, LCZ D (low plants) had higher PET compared to the majority of LCZs during the daytime with maximum difference of 8.5 °C (9 UTC) when compared to LCZ A (dense trees). Furthermore, the smallest thermal comfort differences during heat wave occurred between LCZs with similar structure (i.e. open low-rise and large low-rise, compact midrise and compact low-rise) and cover (i.e. sparsely built and low plants).

This paper examines temporal and spatial variability and trends of annual and seasonal precipitation in Slovenia and their relationship with three atmospheric circulation patterns represented by their indices: North Atlantic Oscillation index (NAOi), Mediterranean Oscillation index (MOi) andWestern Mediterranean Oscillation index (WeMOi). Data from 45 precipitation stations were used for the period 1963-2012.Mean annual precipitation varies from 736 mm in eastern Slovenia to 2,518 mm in northwestern Slovenia. A significant annual precipitation decrease (from -3% to -6% per decade) is observed in western Slovenia. Significant negative trends are observed in southwestern Slovenia in summer (from -4% to -10% per decade) and near the Adriatic coast in spring (from -6% to -10% per decade). Non-significant negative and positive trends are observed in winter and autumn, respectively. Results indicate significant correlations between winter precipitation and MOi (from -0.3 to -0.7), NAOi (from -0.3 to -0.6) andWeMOi (from 0.3 to 0.6). Significant WeMOi influence is observed in spring and autumn, while NAOi and MOi influence has not been detected. Annual precipitation and WeMOi are significantly correlated in central and eastern Slovenia, while significant NAOi and MOi influence is observed in western Slovenia (with the larger area covered by MOi influence).

This paper presents an urban climatological application of the urban monitoring systems – recently implemented in Szeged, Hungary and Novi Sad, Serbia – using the first set of data collected during the summer of 2014. In order to ensure a representative number and placement of stations, the selection of measurement sites was based on Local Climate Zone (LCZ) maps developed for both cities. Present paper concentrates only on the intra-urban temperature pattern characteristics expressed by the thermal reactions of the different LCZ classes in both cities. The daily temperature indices (e.g., summer days) have the highest values in the densely built up LCZs. The diurnal cycle of surplus temperatures by LCZ classes under anticyclonic weather conditions were found to be similar in the two cities with higher absolute values in the case of Novi Sad. During summer, the diurnal variation of conventional heat island intensity confirms the general knowledge that it remains positive with highest values at night, while negative values occur predominantly during the day.

За дефинисање климатских региона у Србији су коришћени следећи параметри: просечна средња месечна темперература ваздуха, просечна средња месечна максимална температура ваздуха, просечна средња месечна минимална температура ваздуха, укупна месечна сума падавина. Истраживани период је износио 30 година (1981-2010). За температурне низове је коришћено 69 станица, а за падавинске низове 78. У обзир су рађене станице које имају минимум 80% попуњеног низа, док су за недостајући низ коришћени методи интерполације и екстраполације. За дефинисање климатских региона коришћене су следеће методе: кластер, АНОВА, Пирсонов тест корелације, анализа поузданости, факторска анализа и геостатистичке анализе кригинг и метода полинома. На основу напоменутих параметара издвојено је 12 температурних и 8 падавинских региона., Za definisanje klimatskih regiona u Srbiji su korišćeni sledeći parametri: prosečna srednja mesečna tempereratura vazduha, prosečna srednja mesečna maksimalna temperatura vazduha, prosečna srednja mesečna minimalna temperatura vazduha, ukupna mesečna suma padavina. Istraživani period je iznosio 30 godina (1981-2010). Za temperaturne nizove je korišćeno 69 stanica, a za padavinske nizove 78. U obzir su rađene stanice koje imaju minimum 80% popunjenog niza, dok su za nedostajući niz korišćeni metodi interpolacije i ekstrapolacije. Za definisanje klimatskih regiona korišćene su sledeće metode: klaster, ANOVA, Pirsonov test korelacije, analiza pouzdanosti, faktorska analiza i geostatističke analize kriging i metoda polinoma. Na osnovu napomenutih parametara izdvojeno je 12 temperaturnih i 8 padavinskih regiona., To define climate regions in Serbia, it has been used following parameters: average monthly mean tempereratura air, the average monthly mean maximum air temperature, average monthly mean minimum air temperature, total monthly sum of precipitation. The studied period was 30 years (1981-2010). For the temperature sequences were used 69 stations and for precipitation 78. Station which were used had a minimum of 80% of the completed series, while for the missing series was used methods of interpolation and extrapolation. To define climate regions were used following methods cluster, ANOVA, Pearson correlation test, reliability analysis, factor analysis and geostatistical analyzes kriging and method polynomials. On the basis of abovementioned parameters Serbia has 12 temperature and 8 precipitation regions

This paper presents development and implementation of an automated urban climate monitoring system in mid-sized European city Novi Sad (Vojvodina, Serbia). The urban climate monitoring network contains 27 stations (25 in urban area and 2 in non-urbanized environment). To determine the representativeness station cites we used Stewart-Oke Local Climate Zones (LCZ) classification, authors' local knowledge and field surveys to delineate urban area and surrounding environments. For LCZ determination we used Lelovics-Gál automated GIS (Geographic Information System) method. Stations measure the values and every 10 minutes send the readings related to air temperature, relative humidity, battery voltage, status value and other technical information to the main server. In order for the data stored in database server to be ready for usage in urban climate studies and for analyzing entire systems' work, we created Urban Path System tool (UP-SYS_tool) and URBAN-PATH Portal. Furthermore, the automatic data procession system visualizes the measured values from urban climate monitoring network in Novi Sad and informs the citizens about the most recent temperature, relative humidity and thermal comfort measurements. These, in situ measurements should provide long-term time series in order to highlight the thermal differences among different urban structures in city/es (intra-urban and inter-urban comparisons), and contribute to better understanding of urban climate in the urban canopy layer.

The rivers Danube, Sava and Tisa belong to the Black Sea river basin and they flow through many European countries, while in Serbia they flow through the Pannonian flatland. The water quality of these rivers, which is affected by complex anthropogenic activities and natural factors, is one of important factors that are taken into account in the evaluation of development sustainability of this region. Using the correlation analysis in this paper we tested the impact of air temperature as a natural factor on certain parameters indicating the water quality. A significant correlation was found between air temperature and total nitrogen oxides in the Danube of up to -0.744, namely of -0.740 on the Tisa, and -0.299 on the Sava. A significant correlation was found in electrical conductivity - up to -0.793 on the Danube, -0.226 on the Tisa, and 0.380 on the Sava. Correlation links were found between air temperature and oxygen, Biochemical oxygen demand, as well as suspended matters saturation percentage, but their correlation values are significantly lower. Based on the results of the research it was concluded that air temperature had low effect on changes in water quality during the year and that anthropogenic impact was far more dominant.

Основни циљ ове дисертације је истраживање утицаја температуре ваздуха на сезоналност морталитета становништва у Новом Саду. Однос између температуре ваздуха и морталитета становништва истраживан је у периоду од 1897. до 2009. године. Током анализе, а у циљу бољег уочавања сезоналних промена морталитета становништва, посматрана временска серија је подељена на неколико периода. Први период се односи на крај 19. и прву половину 20. века (1897-1952), други период обухвата другу половину 20. века (1953-1997), а трећи период чини 1998-2009. година. У раду је анализиран утицај температуре ваздуха на морталитет укупног становништва, морталитет становништва према полу и морталитет становништва старог 65 и више година, а у периоду 1998-2009. године, у анализу су укључени и узроци смрти становништва. Посебно је анализиран кардиоваскуларни морталитет и морталитет становништва изазван респираторним болестима, док су остали узроци смрти посматрани заједно. За анализу утицаја температуре ваздуха на сезоналност морталитета коришћене су различите статистичке методе као што су корелациона и регресиона анализа (графички приказане на дијаграму растурања), t-тест, релативни ризик и коефицијент сезоналне варијације морталитета. Код анализе морталитета према полу коришћен је и однос шанси. Резултати добијени у овом раду показују да је морталитет становништва у Новом Саду већи током зимског периода године. У периоду 1897-1952. године није пронађена статистички значајна повезаност између температуре ваздуха и морталитета становништва, док је у другој половини 20. века (1953-1997) и у периоду 1998-2009. године уочена статистички значајна негативна корелација између температуре ваздуха и морталитета становништва, а регресиона анализа показује да се са растом температуре ваздуха морталитет становништва смањује. У периоду 1998-2009. године пронађена је и статистички значајна негативна корелација између морталитета кардиоваскуларних болести и температуре ваздуха, као и између морталитета респ, Osnovni cilj ove disertacije je istraživanje uticaja temperature vazduha na sezonalnost mortaliteta stanovništva u Novom Sadu. Odnos između temperature vazduha i mortaliteta stanovništva istraživan je u periodu od 1897. do 2009. godine. Tokom analize, a u cilju boljeg uočavanja sezonalnih promena mortaliteta stanovništva, posmatrana vremenska serija je podeljena na nekoliko perioda. Prvi period se odnosi na kraj 19. i prvu polovinu 20. veka (1897-1952), drugi period obuhvata drugu polovinu 20. veka (1953-1997), a treći period čini 1998-2009. godina. U radu je analiziran uticaj temperature vazduha na mortalitet ukupnog stanovništva, mortalitet stanovništva prema polu i mortalitet stanovništva starog 65 i više godina, a u periodu 1998-2009. godine, u analizu su uključeni i uzroci smrti stanovništva. Posebno je analiziran kardiovaskularni mortalitet i mortalitet stanovništva izazvan respiratornim bolestima, dok su ostali uzroci smrti posmatrani zajedno. Za analizu uticaja temperature vazduha na sezonalnost mortaliteta korišćene su različite statističke metode kao što su korelaciona i regresiona analiza (grafički prikazane na dijagramu rasturanja), t-test, relativni rizik i koeficijent sezonalne varijacije mortaliteta. Kod analize mortaliteta prema polu korišćen je i odnos šansi. Rezultati dobijeni u ovom radu pokazuju da je mortalitet stanovništva u Novom Sadu veći tokom zimskog perioda godine. U periodu 1897-1952. godine nije pronađena statistički značajna povezanost između temperature vazduha i mortaliteta stanovništva, dok je u drugoj polovini 20. veka (1953-1997) i u periodu 1998-2009. godine uočena statistički značajna negativna korelacija između temperature vazduha i mortaliteta stanovništva, a regresiona analiza pokazuje da se sa rastom temperature vazduha mortalitet stanovništva smanjuje. U periodu 1998-2009. godine pronađena je i statistički značajna negativna korelacija između mortaliteta kardiovaskularnih bolesti i temperature vazduha, kao i između mortali, The main aim of this dissertation is to investigate the temperature-related human mortality in Novi Sad, for the period from 1897 until 2009. In order to detect temporal sesonal changes during time, research period was split in three parts. First period is related to the end of 19th century and first half of 20th century (1897-1953), second period covers second half of 20th century (1953-1997) and third period is related to 1998-2009. In this dissertation impact of air temerature on human mortality of total population, than mortality by sex and mortality of old population (population aged 65 and over) is scrutinised. In the period 1998-2009 in analyses and causes of death are included. Three group of cause of death are investigated: cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease and all other causes of death are observed together. Several different statistical methods were used for analysis of impact of air temperature on seasonal variation of human mortality: correlation and regression analysis (presented at scatter diagram), t-test, relative risk and coefficient of seasonal variation of mortality. The odds-ratio was used in the chapter related to mortality by sex. Results for Novi Sad, show that human mortality in higher during winter period. In the period 1897-1952 statistical analysis does not show significant relation between air temperature and human mortality, while in the period of second half of 20th century (1953-1997) and period 1998-2009 statistical analysis indicated strong negative correlation between air temperature and human mortality and according to results of regression analysis increasing of air temperature is related with decreasing mortality. In the period from 1998 to 2009 statistical analysis show significant and negative correlation between cardiovascular mortality and air temperature, as well as mortality from respiratory disease and air temperature. Analysis of relation between other causes of death and air temperature does not show any si

Annual and seasonal quantities and trends of precipitation were analyzed for twelve stations located in Pannonian and Peripannonian parts of Serbia. Investigated period was from 1949 to 2010. The results showed that the precipitation trends during winter and spring had decreased, while in summer and autumn had increased. Tendencies of annual precipitation time series show rise on most analyzed stations as a consequence of rainy years and extreme rainfall events in the last 15 years. In the investigated period, 10 years with severe and extremely severe drought occurred and they tend to occur in subsequent years. Cluster analysis gave very good picture of precipitation distribution.

Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT) was applied for the detection of inhomogeneities in the time series of mean monthly air temperature data for 7 stations in Vojvodina Province (North Serbia) for the period 1949-2010. In time series of two stations missing data have been found, but gaps do not exceed 5% of dataset. These gaps have been filled in with values from the three best correlated neighbouring stations. Seven series of the moving average multi-annual air temperature (48-month and 72-month span) have been investigated. For inhomogeneity detection of these time series AnClim software package has been used, while further analysis used various statistical and cartography methods. Reference series have been chosen from 4 to 6 stations, based on distance, similar altitudes and squared correlation coefficient higher than 0.9. SNHT has been applied for detecting abrupt homogeneity breaks. The critical level of the test was 95%. Detected break points were compared to metadata records in order to diagnose causes of featured inhomogeneities. That type of information was crucial for applying calculated corrections of investigated series. After the homogenisation process, the adjustment values have been analysed. The breaks which are explained in metadata are related to the relocations of the stations and show mostly low correction values. Differences between average values of raw and homogenised monthly time series are mostly within range from 0 to 0.12°C. According to low difference data, the results present very similar linear trends of original and homogenised time series for all stations. Still, there are a substantial changes of spatial distribution paterns. The patterns for homogenised series seem more regular, due to successful application of homogenisation process, making the image of climate variations in Vojvodina more reliable.

In this paper the near surface and tropospheric temperature trends are compared on the territory of Vojvodina were inves­tigated, on the basis of four sets of data from ground-based and satellite observation, for the period 1979-2005. The trend analysis has shown that there is no amplification of trend of air temperature increase with altitude. On the basis of our calcu­lations, we obtained the results that the air temperature increase in Vojvodina, approximately 1.5 times higher in the near-sur­face layer, compared to lower and middle layers of troposphere. This shows flat or decreasing amplification with altitude, in contrary to some models.

In this paper the near surface and tropospheric temperature trends are compared on the territory of Vojvodina were inves­tigated, on the basis of four sets of data from ground-based and satellite observation, for the period 1979-2005. The trend analysis has shown that there is no amplification of trend of air temperature increase with altitude. On the basis of our calcu­lations, we obtained the results that the air temperature increase in Vojvodina, approximately 1.5 times higher in the near-sur­face layer, compared to lower and middle layers of troposphere. This shows flat or decreasing amplification with altitude, in contrary to some models.