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The East Antarctic Ice Sheet discharges into the Weddell Sea via the Coats Land ice margin. We have used geophysical data to determine the changing ice sheet configuration in this region through its last advance and retreat, and identify constraints on its future stability. Methods included high-resolution multibeam-bathymetry, sub-bottom profiles, seismic-reflection profiles, sediment core analysis and satellite altimetry. These provide evidence that Coats Land glaciers and ice streams merged with the palaeo-Filchner Ice Stream during the last ice advance. Retreat of this ice stream from 12.8 to 8.4 cal kyr BP resulted in its progressive southwards decoupling from Coats Land glaciers. Moraines and grounding-zone wedges document the subsequent retreat and thinning of these glaciers, loss of contact with the bed, and the formation of ice shelves, which re-advanced to pinning points on topographic highs at the distal end of their troughs. Once detached from the bed, the ice shelves were predisposed to rapid retreat back to coastal grounding lines due to reverse-bed slopes, the absence of further pinning points, and potentially to the loss of structural integrity propagating from the grounding line. These processes explain why there are no large ice shelves from 75.5-77° S.

The East Antarctic Ice Sheet discharges into the Weddell Sea via the Coats Land ice margin. We have used geophysical data to determine the changing ice sheet configuration in this region through its last advance and retreat, and identify constraints on its future stability. Methods included high-resolution multibeam-bathymetry, sub-bottom profiles, seismic-reflection profiles, sediment core analysis and satellite altimetry. These provide evidence that Coats Land glaciers and ice streams merged with the palaeo-Filchner Ice Stream during the last ice advance. Retreat of this ice stream from 12.8 to 8.4 cal kyr BP resulted in its progressive southwards decoupling from Coats Land glaciers. Moraines and grounding-zone wedges document the subsequent retreat and thinning of these glaciers, loss of contact with the bed, and the formation of ice shelves, which re-advanced to pinning points on topographic highs at the distal end of their troughs. Once detached from the bed, the ice shelves were predisposed to rapid retreat back to coastal grounding lines due to reverse-bed slopes, the absence of further pinning points, and potentially to the loss of structural integrity propagating from the grounding line. These processes explain why there are no large ice shelves from 75.5-77° S.

This Occasional Paper combines three separate threads of analysis on culture and violent nonstate actors as a launching pad to spur further research into this critical arena of culture and security. In the first contribution, "Strategic Culture and Violent NonState Actors: Concepts and Templates for Analysis," James M. Smith lays out a conceptual basis and a series of templates for guiding the analysis of culture and violent nonstate actors. These templates focus on the analysis of WMD acquisition and use, and on culturally driven operational campaigns. In the second contribution, "Strategic Culture, Al Qaida, and Weapons of Mass Destruction," Jerry M. Long applies a cultural analysis of radical Islam and al Qaida in discussing the many factors and influences involved in the core al Qaida group's WMD decisions. His work graphically demonstrates the complexity of such decisions for that core group, and suggests that what many may find as counter-intuitive caution plays a major role here. In the final contribution, "The Taliban Insurgency and Its Tribal Dynamics: An Analysis of 'Shabnamah' (Night Letters)," Thomas H. Johnson, in examining a tribal insurgent psychological campaign in Afghanistan, demonstrates that traditional beliefs, myths and stories, and behavioral influences can be manipulated for significant effect in countering U.S. efforts to gain stability and legitimacy for the Afghan government. Together these papers underscore the central role of culture in analyzing and understanding nonstate adversaries., INSS Occasional Paper 64.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2006., Includes bibliographical references (p. [118]-[121])., Machines have been used throughout history as an extension of the human body; a prosthetic device that can provide the opportunity to redefine the spatial experience of a given time and place. In this investigation the Pinhole camera was used as a device for capturing photographic images of an urban place. The images produced by the pinhole cameras are representations of the existing place and its experience. The representation of a place generated by the device mediates the relationship between the body and the landscape. This thesis explores the production of architectural form with respect to the uncertainties of our built environment, strategies of representation, and the construction of urban devices that re-define the spatial experience., by James M. Smith., M.Arch.

This is the 55th volume in the Occasional Paper series of the U.S. Air Force Institute for National Security Studies (INSS). For the past three years INSS has organized, sponsored, and/or participated in panels addressing arms control and strategic security issues at annual meetings of the International Studies Association (ISA) and its subordinate International Security Studies Section. The purpose of this effort is to keep the study and analysis of strategic-level issues visible to the broader government and academic communities at a time when few members of the academic community are undertaking research on these topics. The three papers in this volume were presented on a panel, "Diplomacy and Arms Control," at the 45th Annual Convention of the ISA held in Montreal, Quebec, in March 2004. Michael Wheeler sets arms control within a focused diplomatic and historical perspective. He traces the important and integral place of arms control diplomacy to U.S. traditions, and projects continuing relevance for arms control within that context for the next 20 years. James Smith approaches the topic from a process and policy perspective using Russia and North Korea as case studies. He suggests that strategic arms control, nonproliferation, and counterproliferation have developed and continue as parallel tracks in U.S. policy, and proposes a combined policy construct for future policy effectiveness and efficiency. Glen Segell completes this set of lenses by addressing the European perspective on arms control, including the important comparative views of U.S. arms control policy and practice as seen through European eyes. He sees general harmony in United States and European efforts and interests, but also highlights areas of divergence and policy concern. Together the three papers present a broad and complementary package that reinforces a continuing and important role for "arms control" into the near- and mid-term future., INSS Occasional Paper 55. The original document contains color images.

Many observers have suggested ways that the United States might respond to the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. Some of these proposals have been presented in a systematic manner. Many of these suggested strategies are threat-based, and most are directed specifically at the al-Qaeda network. While any effective strategy must address existing threats, developing a strategy based on one type of event can lead one to focus on the tactical and operational aspects of terrorism, perhaps missing some of the more important strategic dimensions. A threat-based perspective often produces only a short-term response. Thus, policies based on recent experience may miss important options. Other studies suggest conceptual approaches that are objectives-based. One widely cited and relatively comprehensive framework has been developed by the ANSER Corporation; it has been disseminated widely via its online Homeland Security journal and newsletter. It offers an objectives-based approach that provides a phased response to a range of threats. It posits a strategic cycle of deterrence, prevention, preemption, crisis management, consequence management, attribution, and response. Another systemic approach is contained in the recently crafted United States National Security Strategy. It outlines an immediate response to terrorism: a short-term campaign to disrupt and destroy terrorist organizations through direct action, preemption, and denial of sponsorship, support, and sanctuary. In the longer term it calls for a "war of ideas" to criminalize and isolate the terrorists, coopt the support of moderates, diminish the underlying conditions of violence, and employ public diplomacy to provide information, truth, and hope to the citizens of societies from which terrorism rises. And underlying both of these policies is the effort to protect and defend the United States through homeland security initiatives., Presented at the Annual Research Results Conference (10th), held in Colorado Springs, CO on 20-21 Nov 2002.

Deterrence by denial is the ultimate objective of the terrorism response framework. Although most counter-terror strategies begin with deterrence, their aim is to prevent an attack, not to deter the terrorist strategy. Some also describe deterrence of terrorism in terms of deterrence by punishment. While it is possible to deter a specific attack by threatening punishment, it is unlikely to succeed in terms of deterring a terrorist campaign in the first place. This framework depicts deterrence as the net result of operational, tactical, and strategic programs that range from pre-attack policies through the long-term response to a terrorist incident. This is ultimately deterrence by denial. Delegitimized and marginalized, the terrorists' message falls on deaf ears, and recruits no longer rush to their cause. They are denied sanctuary, funding, and logistics support. Their organization, communication, and movement is disrupted. Their planning, training, and access to weapons is curtailed. They are denied victims. They are denied the ability to generate fear and as a result are unable to influence targeted government. With this across-the-board denial, the terrorists and the terrorists' message are marginalized, and their strategy is rendered impotent. At that point terrorism is deterred.

ISBN 1-58566-110-4

This is the 44th volume in the Occasional Paper series of the United States Air Force Institute for National Security Studies (INSS). This report summarizes a three-phase research project undertaken by the USAF Institute for National Security Studies on behalf of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency to forecast long-range global trends affecting arms control technologies. The report projects the international political, economic, and scientific environments to the year 2015. It posits economic and technological drivers as shaping the system, including its military and political dimensions. The result will be a two-tiered system, with great danger arising from significant proliferation in the second tier and the transition zone between tiers. The report next draws conclusions from this likely future for the scope, value, and practice of arms control. Arms control will be focused less on limitation and reduction of existing weapons, although the endgame between the United States and Russia will remain a significant effort. The focus will shift to the less well-defined realm of counterproliferation, and to marginal, failing, and failed states as well as nontraditional and non-state actors. New dimensions will be added, including control efforts toward small arms, advanced conventional weapons, military space, and information operations. The report then extrapolates from this future to assess the likely arms control technology requirements in cooperative, noncooperative, intrusive, and nonintrusive regimes. The projection here is continuing requirements for each of these specialized sets of technologies, with particular emphasis on multiple-use technologies for remote arms control compliance and verification monitoring as well as for intelligence detection and collection., INSS Occasional Paper 44. The original document contains color images.

The dual mission of the USAF Institute for National Security Studies is to promote national security research for the Department of Defense within the military academic community and to support the Air Force national security education program. INSS coordinates and focuses outside thinking in various disciplines and across services to develop new ideas for USAF and DOD policy making. Located within the staff of the Dean of the Faculty at the USAF Academy in Colorado Springs, INSS is an independent research center supported by various DOD organizations. In addition to the USAF Academy Dean, the primary INSS sponsor is the National Security Policy Division, Nuclear and Counterproliferation Directorate, Headquarters US Air Force (AF/XONP). The Institute helps to develop research topics, select researchers, administer sponsored research, and host conferences and workshops that facilitate the dissemination of information to a wide range of private and government organizations. Its research centers on arms control, proliferation, regional security, environmental security, information operations, Air Force policy, and space policy.

The authors examine the challenges of the 21st century international security environment to which future strategic leaders and policy practitioners will need to respond. More specifically, they offer the reader insights into security studies and leadership development at their respective levels (military undergraduate, civilian undergraduate, traditional and nontraditional graduate, and senior military officer) and institutions (including research centers and professional outreach programs). The goal is to inform a broader audience about what is currently being done in the way of educating strategic practitioners at these various institutions, and what might need to be done differently or better., ISBN 1-58487-056-7

This article briefly outlines the why, what, and how of preparing the Air Force officer corps for leadership roles within the emerging US national-security environment. It begins with the why, summarizing both the international and domestic political-military changes that are presenting a new and expanded set of complex challenges to our strategic leaders. It then addresses the what, the broad set of strategic competencies required for aerospace leadership within the changing environment. Finally, it suggests the outline of how, a holistic approach toward shaping strategic leaders across a career of service for ultimate participation in senior national-security roles., Published in Aerospace Power Journal, p30-44, Winter 2000.

The Air Force has a cohesion problem, and it is firmly rooted in the Air Force culture, subcultures, and organizational dynamics within the diverse, complex entity that is today's USAF. By the late 1980s, the Air Force essence was centered on technology, with splits between pilots and all others, among pilots based on the type of aircraft flown, and with space beginning to assert its claim on a piece of the core. This study surveyed USAF officers to find more detailed answers to questions about what the Air Force looks like today. Fractionalization was found, but for the most part the differences were not as striking as were areas of similarity. The USAF line officer corps appears to provide a basic infrastructure upon which cohesion can be built. The USAF strategy and structure must be realigned to achieve the critical operational tasks, roles, missions, and functions at the heart of the vision.

THE US AIR FORCE has a cohesion problem. Dr. Donald B. Rice, former secretary of the Air Force, complained that officers identified with their weapon systems, not with the Air Force or any concept of service mission or doctrine. Carl Builder agrees. To Builder, the Air Force has no strong, unifying mission or vision, so loyalty has devolved to functions, technologies, and occupations. Franklin Margiotta states that in his experience, he served in 30-40 different "air forces" that had in common only a single-colored uniform and a universal belief that each member and faction was serving the cause of national defense. He too sees technology as the organizational essence of the Air Force. Frank Wood observes that the emphasis of today's Air Force on high technology makes it most susceptible to specialization and occupational attachments, particularly when those Air Force specialties have civilian air and space equivalents. Indeed, our service has a cohesion problem, and it is firmly rooted in the culture, technical specialties, and organizational dynamics within the diverse, complex entity that is today's Air Force.

Recent regulatory trends and political decisions have resulted in devolution of environmental regulation responsibility from the federal government to the states. The resulting compliance situation for the military is one of multiple bureaucracies, layered regulations, duplicated reporting requirements, and conflicting mission priorities, all in a "business" in which there is an inherent potential for significant environmental damage. The military official charged with environmental compliance is responding to many masters and pressures. This paper suggests a compliance strategy and organization to respond to environmental devolution and federalism. The context of environmental regulation policy today is incremental (progressing with advances in science and politics through a series of increasingly broad regulatory requirements); fragmented (between pollution mediums-air, water, waste-and between executive agencies, legislative committees, courts, interest groups, and state agencies); and federal (with national, state, and local governments sharing responsibilities for environmental standards and enforcement). Empirical studies of state regulatory policy find that political factors, such as party control of the governorship and the legislature, bureaucratic capability, and recent changes in state population, best explain state actions. Economic factors (state wealth and competition with other states, the economic significance of the polluting industries) are also important influences. Overall, state environmental policy can be explained by the severity of the state's pollution problem, the wealth of the state's population, the partisanship of state politics, and the organizational capacity of the state government.

In March 2012, the Australian Defence Force released Pathway to Change: Evolving Defence Culture, a 5-year program designed to tackle the organization's cultural challenges. Pathway to Change claims that previous attempts to improve Defence culture did not achieve the necessary changes to end endemic unethical behavior, as predominantly bureaucratic reforms were identified and implemented that failed to address underlying cultural issues. Leading experts on cultural change attest that both the formal and informal elements of an organization's culture must be addressed to realize lasting change, and that a systems-based approach provides a proven means of achieving such change. This thesis investigates if Pathway to Change--the current cultural change program of the Australian Defence Force--effectively adopts such an approach. In doing so, it offers an appraisal of the likely effectiveness of the Pathway to Change program. It concludes by offering recommendations to improve the implementation of the Australian Defence Force's cultural change agenda.

This paper will describe two prototype ultrasonic inspection systems developed in-house at the Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center (AMMRC). Both systems incorporate computers for data acquisition and analysis purposes. The first inspection instrument uses a 64-element transducer array and is capable of inspecting artillery shell rotating bands for unbonds at high inspection rates (less than 10 seconds per shell). The second instrument is designed to measure the nonmetallic inclusion content in steel billets. Steel 'cleanliness' measurements are important when high quality steel is required for critical gears and bearings in aircraft engines. (Author)

This document is a state-of-the-art survey of advanced acoustic imaging techniques developed for nondestructive testing and medical applications. Several techniques are evaluated: simple mechanical scanning systems, array imaging, acoustic holography, synthetic aperture, Bragg imaging, and ray tracing. Examples of practical imaging systems that employ these techniques are described and compared, and in order to put these systems into proper chronological perspective, an appendix is included that briefly discusses older acoustic imaging techniques. (Author)

A prototype ultrasonic inspection system, using a sequentially fired transducer array, has been built that is much faster than conventional single-element transducer systems. This system was assembled with off-the-shelf components and would appear to be an attractive solution to nondestructive testing problems that require fast inspection rates and have resolution and sensitivity requirements that are consistent with the use of unfocused transducer elements. The fast inspection of a number of Army components, such as artillery projectile rotating bands and tank track pads, has been demonstrated with this system. (Author)

Builder: L. L. Ranck.

Builder: L. L. Ranck.

A document from an extensive collection spanning four generations of the Woodward family that operated merchant pig iron companies in West Virginia and Alabama. The collection begins with Stimpson Harvey Woodward (S. H. Woodward), a native of Massachusetts, who moved from Pittsburgh to Wheeling, West Virginia in 1852. He had interests in an iron company as early as 1852 in West Virginia and began Alabama operations in 1869. The family business continued in Alabama until the death of S. H. Woodward's great-grandson in 1965.

A document from an extensive collection spanning four generations of the Woodward family that operated merchant pig iron companies in West Virginia and Alabama. The collection begins with Stimpson Harvey Woodward (S. H. Woodward), a native of Massachusetts, who moved from Pittsburgh to Wheeling, West Virginia in 1852. He had interests in an iron company as early as 1852 in West Virginia and began Alabama operations in 1869. The family business continued in Alabama until the death of S. H. Woodward's great-grandson in 1965.

A document from an extensive collection spanning four generations of the Woodward family that operated merchant pig iron companies in West Virginia and Alabama. The collection begins with Stimpson Harvey Woodward (S. H. Woodward), a native of Massachusetts, who moved from Pittsburgh to Wheeling, West Virginia in 1852. He had interests in an iron company as early as 1852 in West Virginia and began Alabama operations in 1869. The family business continued in Alabama until the death of S. H. Woodward's great-grandson in 1965.

A document from an extensive collection spanning four generations of the Woodward family that operated merchant pig iron companies in West Virginia and Alabama. The collection begins with Stimpson Harvey Woodward (S. H. Woodward), a native of Massachusetts, who moved from Pittsburgh to Wheeling, West Virginia in 1852. He had interests in an iron company as early as 1852 in West Virginia and began Alabama operations in 1869. The family business continued in Alabama until the death of S. H. Woodward's great-grandson in 1965.

Inspection report of the American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy by the officer of the day, J. M. Smith, dated 6 September 1823.

Inspection report of the quarters of the American Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy by the officer of the day, J. M. Smith, on 18 April 1823.

The U.S. Army has experienced a disproportionate decline in Black recruitment. Blacks, who once represented 23 percent of annual recruits, now only represent less than 14 percent. What factors have caused the disproportionate decline in Black recruits? Does the decline in Black recruits impact U.S. Army diversity initiatives? The answers to these questions provide insights to measures the U.S Army must take to reverse this trend. This monograph explores the critical question: Has the Global War on Terrorism caused the disproportionate decline in Black recruits for the U.S. Army? It seeks to answer this critical question using the Political, Military, Economic, Social, Information, Infrastructure (PMESII) model as a framework. The Political, Economic and Social domains are deemed most important in the analysis of Black culture. The monograph analyzes these three domains to determine any factors or trends that have caused the decline on Black recruits. Also included is a detailed, historical analysis of the propensity for Blacks to serve in the U.S. Army since the Revolutionary War. The historical section presents a foundation of patriotism and willingness to serve despite racial prejudices. The political section suggests partisan politics play a role in the propensity of Blacks to serve in the U.S. Army. The section explores the original migration of Blacks to the Democratic Party, the impact of the 2000 elections, and the powerful influence of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) in the Black community. The monograph then explores the Economic domain. This section disproves the common misconception that a booming economy currently dissuades Blacks from joining the military. The section examined such economic factors as U.S. labor markets, median household incomes, and the perception amongst many Blacks that government funding for the GWOT directly impacts much needed funding in the urban community. The Social section examines the Black culture through such filters a