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239 results on '"Substation"'

1. Multivariate time series modelling of thermographic data for substation inspection

Author: Straker, Alastair, Podd, Frank, and Carrasco Gomez, Joaquin
Subjects: time series, substation, machine learning, condition monitoring, thermal imaging, lstm
Abstract: This thesis aims to investigate long-term condition monitoring of power substation assets with thermal imaging techniques. Due to limited inspections and measurement techniques which are very susceptible to noise from environmental factors and human error, the inspection process can fail to detect fault pre-cursors in equipment. This thesis aims to contribute to this problem by monitoring equipment continuously, which collecting data on the electrical load and weather conditions that influence the measurements, in order to characterise the thermal response of equipment using LSTM modelling techniques. Two scenarios are presented in the form of two experiments, comprising of electrically loaded overhead lines and cable terminations. These are energised for multiple day periods with realistic load patterns, with wind effects emulated by an industrial fan, while thermal images, electrical load and environmental conditions are collected. The data are used as input to linear regression and LSTM recurrent neural networks. The work contributes the use of multiple low-cost non-calibrated thermal imaging sensors for data collection, and the novel application of LSTM recurrent neural network modelling methods to produce accurate time-series models of the thermal output of points of interest on substation equipment in a laboratory environment. It also contributes a large-scale experimental rig facilitating the long-term monitoring of high voltage power equipment at high currents in laboratory environments, enabling multi-directional thermal imaging monitoring. Lastly it provides a case study into the thermal behaviour of 66 kV cable-sealing ends when energised long-term. Recommendations for further work are outlined, including extending data collection for longer periods, conducting long-term monitoring outdoors and utilising the generated models in implementing fault-detection methods.
Published: 2022

2. Time-Sensitive Networking in Digital Substations

Author: Johansson, Andreas, Wågbrant, Samuel, Johansson, Andreas, and Wågbrant, Samuel
Abstract: With the advancements in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), new networking requirements and demands are introduced to Substation Automation Systems (SAS) within electrical power grids. The possibility of merging Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) traffic on the same network to achieve higher productivity, however, presents new challenges in providing real-time guarantees to OT traffic. Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) can be a promising solution that allows IT and OT traffic to coexist seamlessly while still providing real-time guarantees for critical applications. Substations act as critical nodes within power grids, and their digitalisation is a crucial element in the energy transition. A digital substation handles International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850 protocol traffic such as Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE), Sampled Values (SV), and Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS), which all have strict timing requirements. The integration of TSN into these substations could improve the handling of this traffic and, consequently, the controllability of power grids. This thesis investigates the use of TSN in an IEC 61850 process bus, typically implemented in an SAS. A series of simulated test scenarios were developed to evaluate the impact of TSN compared to traditional networking methods. These included configurations using Ethernet, Ethernet with priority queuing, and TSN with Time-Aware Shaper (TAS) and Credit-Based Shaper (CBS). The results indicate that TSN can meet critical timing requirements, reduce jitter, and manage sporadic traffic effectively under high traffic loads. While the TAS scheduler may increase End-to-End delay for periodic traffic, CBS can reduce it for event-based traffic. Furthermore, robust timing guarantees are ensured for the TSN scenarios by providing a feasible schedule for Scheduled Traffic (ST) and a worst-case response time analysis for Audio-Video Bridging (AVB) traffic. Thi
Published: 2024

3. The Paradigm Shift for Substations Technology within Wind Power Applications from Onshore to Floating

Author: Talaat Hifzy, Ahmad and Talaat Hifzy, Ahmad
Abstract: Floating wind turbines are attracting more attention as more than three-quarters of the total offshore technical potential is located in deep water, leading to a growing trend in floating wind farm projects. Consequently, it becomes necessary to develop Floating Offshore Substation (FOSS) to step up voltage and efficiently transmit power to the shore with minimal losses. However, the harsh environment of the sea/ocean imposes significant challenges on the substation’s electrical equipment, which need to be addressed. This research aims to address the challenges with the primary electrical equipment and provide some recommendations and considerations within the framework of offshore wind. An in-depth literature study was conducted to describe the concepts of the floating application mechanically and electrically. The fatigue analysis theory was explained, and concrete examples were presented and evaluated. Moreover, a standard offshore substation design was presented with the primary high-voltage equipment, where the offshore considerations were highlighted based on the existing standards. Ultimately, a communication channel between the windfarm developer Vattenfall AB and the manufacturer Siemens Energy was established to enable cooperation between industries to discuss the topic, and obtain results from experts’ opinions and experiences. The literature study found that the semi-submersible platform structure performs better than other concepts in different water depths and environmental conditions. The electrical equipment onboard experiences similar equivalent damage regardless of the weight. Furthermore, some specific technical challenges and recommendations on the high-voltage equipment were identified through the mentioned cooperation. For instance, oil-immersed transformers and shunt reactors have better potential than dry-type or gas-insulated types, despite decaying the oil dielectric property due to the vibrations. High-voltage Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS, Flytande vindkraftverk lockar alltmer uppmärksamhet då över tre fjärdedelar av det totala tekniska potentialen för havsbaserad vindkraft finns i djupt vatten, vilket leder till en växande trend av projekt med flytande vindparker. Följaktligen blir det nödvändigt att utveckla FOSS för att höja spänningen och effektivt överföra energi till land med minimala förluster. Dock medför den hårda havsmiljön betydande utmaningar för den elektriska utrustningen på stationen, vilka behöver hanteras. Denna forskning syftar till att identifiera utmaningarna med den primära elektriska utrustningen och ge rekommendationer och överväganden inom ramen för havsbaserad vindkraft. En grundlig litteraturstudie genomfördes för att beskriva koncepten för flytande tillämpningar både mekaniskt och elektriskt. Utmattningsanalysteorin förklarades och konkreta exempel presenterades och utvärderades. Dessutom presenterades en standarddesign för havsbaserad station med den primära högspänningsutrustningen, där havsrelaterade överväganden betonades baserat på befintliga standarder. Slutligen etablerades en kommunikationskanal mellan utvecklaren Vattenfall AB och tillverkaren Siemens Energy för att möjliggöra samarbete mellan industrierna för att diskutera ämnet och få resultat från experternas åsikter och erfarenheter. Litteraturstudien visade att den halvsumpade designen presterar bättre än andra koncept i olika vattendjup och miljöförhållanden. Den elektriska utrustningen ombord upplever liknande ekvivalenta krafter oavsett vikten. Vidare identifierades vissa specifika tekniska utmaningar och rekommendationer för högspänningsutrustningen genom det nämnda samarbetet. Till exempel har oljeisolerade transformatorer och strömspolar bättre potential än torr- eller gasisolerade typer, trots att oljans dielektriska egenskaper försämras på grund av vibrationer. Högspännings-GIS är ett föredraget val jämfört med luftisolerade typer. Slutligen finns det brist på standarder för utrustningstestning för flyt
Published: 2023

4. Hours ahead automed long short-term memory (LSTM) electricity load forecasting at substation level: Newcastle substation

Author: Peujio Jiotsop Foze, Wellcome, Hernández del Valle, Adrián, Peujio Jiotsop Foze, Wellcome, and Hernández del Valle, Adrián
Abstract: Nowadays, electrical energy is of vital importance in our lives, every country needs this resource to develop its economy, factories, businesses, and homes are the basis of the economic structure of a country. In the city of Newcastle as in other cities are in constant development growing day by day in terms of industries, homes and businesses, these elements are the ones that consume all the electricity produced in Newcastle. Although Australia has strategically located substations that serve the function of supplying all existing loads with quality power, from time to time the load will exceed the capacity of these substations and will not be able to supply the loads that will arise in the future as the city grows. To find a solution to this problem, we use a deep learning model to improve accuracy. In this paper, a Long ShortTerm Memory recurrent neural network (LSTM) is tested on a publicly available 30-minute dataset containing measured real power data for individual zone substations in the Ausgrid supply area data. The performance of the model is comprehensively compared with 4 different configurations of the LSTM. The proposed LSTM approach with 2 hidden layers and 50 neurons outperforms the other configurations with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.0050 in the short-term load forecasting task for substations., Hoy en día la energía eléctrica es de vital importancia en nuestras vidas, todo país necesita de este recurso para desarrollar su economía, las fábricas, los negocios y los hogares son la base de la estructura económica de un país. En la ciudad de Newcastle al igual que en otras ciudades están en constante desarrollo creciendo día a día en cuanto a industrias, hogares y negocios, estos elementos son los que consumen toda la electricidad producida en Newcastle. A pesar de que Australia cuenta con subestaciones estratégicamente ubicadas que cumplen la función de abastecer todas las cargas existentes con energía de calidad, de vez en cuando la carga superará la capacidad de estas subestaciones y no podrá abastecer las cargas que surgirán en el futuro a medida que la ciudad crezca. Para encontrar una solución a este problema, utilizamos un modelo de aprendizaje profundo para mejorar la precisión. En este trabajo, se prueba una red neuronal recurrente de memoria a corto plazo (LSTM) en un conjunto de datos de 30 minutos disponible públicamente que contiene datos de potencia real medidos para subestaciones de zonas individuales, en los datos del área de suministro de Ausgrid. El rendimiento del modelo se compara exhaustivamente con 4 configuraciones diferentes del modelo LSTM. El enfoque LSTM propuesto con 2 capas ocultas y 50 neuronas supera a las otras configuraciones con un error medio absoluto (MAE) de 0,0050 en la tarea de previsión de carga a corto plazo para subestaciones
Published: 2023

5. Prediktivt underhåll av transformatorstationer genom automatisk analys av störningsdata i COMTRADE-filer

Author: Bidros, Simon, Gustav, Ström, Bidros, Simon, and Gustav, Ström
Abstract: Arbetet beskriver möjligheten att kunna utföra prediktivt underhåll med hjälp av information frånCOMTRADE störningsfiler. En mjukvarualgoritm som hämtar tidsförlopp för händelser som uppstårvid störningar och kan ge indikationer på ifall reläer eller strömbrytare faller utanför optimalaarbetsförhållanden har utvecklats. På detta sett kan underhållsarbete utföras vid behov vilket kanspara tid och pengar för att inte göras efter schemalagda tider.Tillsammans med uppdragsgivare från Megger och Ellevio utfördes arbetet med syfte att utvecklaen programvara som stöd för prediktivt underhåll. Programvaran kunde ta ut tidshändelser förregistrerade störningar och kunde hantera flertalet scenarion för vilka typer av information somfunnits tillgängligt ur filen. En användare har tillgång till en automatisk algoritm som gör analysav filen och ett manuellt verktyg där vidare analyser kan göras ifall utfallet från algoritmen inte ärgodtyckligt.Trender över tid är något som finns möjlighet att få ut ur algoritmen, men det kräver en större mängddataset än som varit tillgänglig under arbetet., The work describes the opportunities to perform preventive maintenance with the help of informationfrom COMTRADE disturbance files. A software algorithm was developed which collects disturbancedata and gives indications if equipment are not working within optimal conditions.Using thisinformation preventive maintenance can be performed based on need instead of scheduling to savetime and money.Together with supervisors from involved companies a software was developed to be used as a supportfor preventive maintenance. The software can extract disturbance times and handle multiple scenariosbased on information collected from disturbance files. A user has access to a algoritm that createsautomatical analysis of the COMTRADE file and a manual tool for extensive analysis when the algoritmdoes not give proper results.Trends over time can be analysed with the algortim, this do require a larger amount of data than whatwas available during the work.
Published: 2023

6. Role Based Access Control (RBAC) in the context of Smart Grids : Implementing and Evaluating a Role Based Access Control System for Configuration Loading in a Substation from a Desktop

Author: Ducornaud, Gatien and Ducornaud, Gatien
Abstract: Access control is a crucial aspect of cybersecurity, and Role Based Access Control (RBAC) is a typical framework for controlling the access to specific resources. However, in the context of Smart Grids, the usual authentication solution of using a trusted identity provider might not be possible to provide authentication of a user, as systems cannot rely on external services. This, in addition to devices in a substation being usually strictly controlled, means that having an RBAC limited to a desktop application can be necessary. Moreover, the cost of adding additional layers of security needs to be considered too, as the cost of adding specific features can vary significantly. This thesis thus looks into the existing solutions for desktop applications in substations, explains their viability and implements an RBAC system using Group Nesting in Windows user management, in the context of a configuration loading application on a main computer in a substation. It is then used to evaluate the cost of this new solution, in terms of maintainability, usability and flexibility, compared to the gained security. This is done by using static analysis of both codebases, and evaluation of usability and security. It shows that security can be added for a reasonable cost using Group Nesting in Smart Grids if the focus is to delegate some tasks to the directory, improving on the security of the application and the system as a whole., Åtkomstkontroll är en viktig aspekt av cybersäkerhet, och rollbaserad åtkomstkontroll (RBAC) är ett typiskt ramverk för att kontrollera åtkomsten till specifika resurser. I smarta nät kan det dock hända att den vanliga autentiseringslösningen med en betrodd identitetsleverantör inte är tillräcklig för att autentisera en användare, eftersom systemen inte kan förlita sig på externa tjänster. Detta, förutom att enheterna i en transformatorstation vanligtvis är strikt kontrollerade, innebär att det kan vara nödvändigt att ha en RBAC som är begränsad till en datorapplikation. Dessutom måste kostnaden för att lägga till ytterligare säkerhetslager också beaktas, eftersom kostnaden för att lägga till specifika funktioner kan variera avsevärt. Denna avhandling omfattar därför dels undersökning av de befintliga lösningarna för datorapplikation i transformatorstationer, dels redogörelse av genomförbarheten och dels implementeringen av ett RBAC-system. Implementationen använder funktionen Group Nesting i Windows-användarhantering och integrerades i en applikation för konfigurationsinläsning på en huvuddator i en transformatorstation. Därefter utvärderas kostnaden för denna nya lösning i fråga om underhållbarhet, användbarhet och flexibilitet i förhållande till den ökade säkerheten. Detta görs med hjälp av statisk analys av de båda mjukvarulösningarna och utvärdering av användbarhet och säkerhet. Det visar att säkerheten kan ökas till en rimlig kostnad med hjälp av Group Nesting i smarta nät, om fokus ligger på att delegera vissa uppgifter till en katalog, vilket förbättrar säkerheten i applikationen och systemet som helhet., Le contrôle ’daccès est un aspect essentiel de la cybersécurité, et utiliser des rôles pour implémenter cela est souvent le modèle recommandé. Pour autant, dans le contexte des réseaux électriques intelligents, il ’nest pas toujours possible de posséder un parti tiers fiable qui puisse faire autorité car il ne faut pas dépendre de systèmes extérieurs. ’Cest particulièrement vrai dans une sous-station où les ordinateurs connectés ont un rôle strictement défini. Ainsi il peut être nécessaire ’davoir un système de contrôle ’daccès basé sur les rôles (RBAC, Role-Based Access Control) uniquement contenu sur un ordinateur. Il faut de plus pouvoir estimer le coût de cette sécurité supplémentaire. Ce rapport évalue les solutions existantes dans cette situation et leur viabilité, et implémente un RBAC grâce à ’limbrication de groupe ’dutilisateur Windows, pour une application desktop pour le chargement de configuration pour l´ordinateur central ’dune sous-station. Cette implémentation est ensuite utilisée pour estimer les coûts associés à ’lajout ’dun RBAC en termes de maintenabilité, ’dutilisabilité et de flexibilité par rapport aux gains de sécurité. Cela est fait à travers des outils ’danalyse statique sur le code avant et après implémentation et ’dautres techniques ’danalyse de la sécurité et de la maintenabilité. Cela permet de montrer que, avec ’limbrication de groupes, il est possible ’dobtenir un niveau de sécurité satisfaisant tout en limitant les coûts associés, grâce au fait de déléguer les fonctions de gestion ’dutilisateur à un système de directory (répertoire).
Published: 2023

7. Schwimmende Photovoltaikanlagen (Floating-PV) in Niederösterreich – netztechnische Potentialerhebung und Analyse

Author: Haidl, Markus Otto and Haidl, Markus Otto
Abstract: Photovoltaik-Anlagen auf stehenden Gewässern (Schwimmende PV-Anlagen) können möglicherweise einen Anteil am notwendigen Ausbau der Erneuerbaren Energien beitragen. Alleine Photovoltaik soll bis 2030 um 11 TWh österreichweit zugebaut werden. Das gesteckte Ziel wäre eine 100%ige nationale/bilanzielle Stromversorgung aus erneuerbaren Quellen bis zum Jahre 2030. In der folgenden Arbeit werden alle stehenden Gewässer in Niederösterreich auf ihre Eignung untersucht. Für die Berechnung und Abschichtungen wird das open-source Planungstool QGIS verwendet, welche die entsprechenden Daten als Shape-file verarbeiten kann. Die Daten stammen von Open Data Österreich, Netzbetreibern und Interessensgemeinschaften. Zur genaueren Betrachtung werden Natura-2000-Vogelschutzgebiete fürs Erste ausgeschlossen, da sich hier der Genehmigungsprozess extrem komplex darstellt. Diese Flächen könnten in einer späteren Betrachtung extra behandelt werden. Danach wird ein Abstand von 200 m als Puffer zu ausgewählten Widmungsarten (z.B. Siedlungsgebiete, Friedhöfe, Spielplätze, Parkanlagen) berücksichtigt und von den betroffen Flächen abgezogen und so die reduzierten Teilflächen weiter analysiert. Die verbleibenden Gewässerflächen werden nach Größen kategorisiert und eine maximale Entfernung je Fläche zum jeweiligen Einspeisepunkt (Umspannwerke, Windparks, Trafos, Batteriecontainer und Erneuerbare Energie-Gemeinschaften) berechnet. Die verfügbaren Flächen werden danach je Kategorie und Entfernung zuerst mit Umspannwerken in Bezug gebracht. Gewässer, welche sich innerhalb der definierten Abstände befinden oder diese berühren, werden ausgewählt. Diese selektierten Flächen werden noch nach bestimmten Ausschlusskriterien bewertet und bei Bedarf ausgeschieden diese stehen für spätere Bewertungen nicht mehr zur Verfügung. Dieser Prozess wird für alle weiteren Einspeisepunkte wiederholt. Tabellarische Aufstellungen je Gewässer und Einspeisepunkt dokumentieren die Berechnungen. Flächen, welche keine Anschlu
Published: 2022

8. Optimal collection grid and transmission line topology for the grid connection of an offshore multi-source park.

Author: Nerby, Alfred and Nerby, Alfred
Abstract: As spacial restrictions become more and more of an issue for renewable energy parks onshore, more developers are turning offshore to develop future production. The desire for a diversity of energy sources combined with a desire to utilize space efficiently has sparked an interest in renewable energy parks where more than one energy source occupy the space. This master thesis took up the task of modeling the grid connection of such an offshore multi-source park consisting of wind turbines and floating solar panels from a techno-economical perspective. The grid connection consists of everything from the wind turbine and solar output to the Point of Common Connection (PCC) onshore. The park consists of a 4x4 set of 15MW wind turbines accompanied by three large floating platforms of solar panels. Two different ways of creating the grid connection have been investigated, including many sub-cases. HVAC-transmission to shore has been compared with HVDC-transmission at different line voltages and transmission distances. The use of shunt reactors at the middle point of the transmission lines have been investigated to try extending the distance where HVAC was viable. A radial AC-collection grid has also been compared with a parallel DC-grid to see if DC-grids shows any promise. All of these different cases have been evaluated based on their total cost over a 25 year period. The result has shown that HVAC-transmission is desirable for shorter distances, but eventually reaches a break-even point where HVDC makes more sense economically. Adding a middle shunt was shown to be able to make HVAC competitive, if not desirable, compared to HVDC as the distance becomes long. Changes in the collection grid have significantly less of an impact on the cost of the entire system compared to the transmission. It was concluded that a multi- source park of wind and solar shows similar results compared to offshore parks consisting only of wind power and similar conclusions could be drawn. The, EU-SCORES
Published: 2022

9. Conducting Thermographic Inspections in Electrical Substations: A Survey

Author: Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad de Sevilla. TEP-196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica, Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España, Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial, Zarco Periñán, Pedro Javier, Zarco Soto, Francisco Javier, Zarco Soto, Irene M., Martínez Ramos, José Luis, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad de Sevilla. TEP-196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica, Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España, Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial, Zarco Periñán, Pedro Javier, Zarco Soto, Francisco Javier, Zarco Soto, Irene M., and Martínez Ramos, José Luis
Abstract: Liberalization of the electricity market has forced the use of economic and efficient maintenance techniques. Thus, it is necessary to extend the useful life of the facilities in a perfect state of service, and with quality supply for customers. Furthermore, thermography is a maintenance technique that can be implemented quickly, has low cost, and is very effective in terms of the results provided. For this reason, it is very widespread within the electricity sector. As substations are critical facilities within the electrical supply, thermographic inspections are carried out on them very frequently. However, to ensure that the results obtained are reliable, a series of requirements must be met. A compilation of the complete process of the performance of a correct thermography in substations is shown. The factors that affect performing a correct thermographic inspection are indicated. These can be procedural, technical, and environmental. In addition, conditions for conducting thermographic inspections and the action to performed on a hot spot are indicated. The hot spot is usually identified with a current and wind speed other than nominal; these two variables can mask the true severity of the hot spot. For this reason, the extrapolation of the detected temperature to the nominal current conditions and in the absence of wind is carried out using a proposed formula. Finally, two examples of application of the proposed formula and the recommended action on them are exposed.
Published: 2022

10. Vyhodnocení vlivu nabíjení elektromobilů na distribuční síť

Author: Sýkora, Petr, Randa, Jiří, Hošek, Jan, Sýkora, Petr, Randa, Jiří, and Hošek, Jan
Abstract: Tato diplomová práce se v první části zabývá energetickými požadavky elektromobilů při nabíjení a popisuje různé způsoby nabíjení z pohledu uživatele elektrického vozidla. Dále se věnuje jednotlivým druhům dobíjecích stanic a popisuje postupný vývoj elektromobility v ČR. Následující dvě části se věnují stanovením vhodných lokalit z hlediska možného nabíjení elektromobilů a energetickým požadavkům při stanovených počtech dobíjecích stanic. Poslední část se zabývá analýzou zatížení sítě ve stanovených lokalitách a návrhem změn, které zajistí správný chod distribuční sítě při nabíjení., The first part of this thesis is focused on energetic requirements of the electric vehicles recharging and describes various methods of recharging from the point of view of the electric vehicle user's. There are also described particular charging stations and the development of electromobility in the Czech Republic. Following two parts of the thesis are dealing with the choice of eligible locations in terms of energetic requirements with defined number of the charging stations. The last part is focused on the grid load analysis in the determined locations and the concept of modifications that will provide seamless operation of the distribution grid while charging., Dopravní fakulta Jana Pernera, Uchazeč prezentoval zkušební komisi výsledky a závěry své diplomové práce. Po prezentaci odpověděl na otázky jak vedoucího práce tak i oponenta. Dále odpověděl na dotazy členů komise., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou
Published: 2022

11. Diseño de una planta solar fotovoltaica de 12 MWp situada en Escalona (Toledo)

Author: Vargas Salgado, Carlos Afranio, Universitat Politècnica de València. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica - Departament d'Enginyeria Elèctrica, Universitat Politècnica de València. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales - Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyers Industrials, Ruiz López, Sergio, Vargas Salgado, Carlos Afranio, Universitat Politècnica de València. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica - Departament d'Enginyeria Elèctrica, Universitat Politècnica de València. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales - Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyers Industrials, and Ruiz López, Sergio
Abstract: [ES] El presente Trabajo Fin de Máster tiene como objetivo la proyección de una planta solar fotovoltaica con una potencia instalada de 12 MWp, para generación e inyección en la red eléctrica. Este Trabajo Fin de Máster reúne los documentos básicos (Memoria, Presupuesto y Planos) necesarios para la construcción de la planta fotovoltaica. La planta fotovoltaica se localiza en el municipio de Escalona, en la provincia de Toledo. La interconexión con la red se realiza mediante la subestación Escalona-Frascolinos localizada a aproximadamente 500 m de distancia, y propiedad de Unión Fenosa. La interconexión se realiza mediante una línea subterránea a la tensión de 20 kV. La planta fotovoltaica cuenta con 23.504 módulos fotovoltaicos de tecnología de silicio monocristalino con una potencia de 510 Wp. Los módulos se instalan sobre una estructura con seguidor solar de eje horizontal Norte-Sur. Se cuenta con un total de 452 estructuras seguidoras. Además, la planta fotovoltaica cuenta con dos estaciones centrales de media tensión, con una potencia de 5,5 MVA cada una, las cuales vienen prefabricadas. En su interior se encuentran dos inversores centrales de 2,75 MVA cada uno, un transformador y todo el conjunto de protecciones de baja y media tensión. En este Trabajo de Fin de Máster se justifica técnicamente la distribución en planta, los trabajos de obra civil necesarios, los equipos principales utilizados, el diseño eléctrico, y la producción estimada de la planta. Todo ello queda plasmado en el documento de Memoria y es apoyado gráficamente por los Planos del trabajo. Además, se establece un plan de operación y mantenimiento de la planta y un plan de desmantelamiento de las instalaciones. Por último, se realiza un presupuesto de construcción de la planta fotovoltaica y se analiza la rentabilidad de esta con un estudio económico., [EN] The objective of this Master's Thesis is the design of a solar photovoltaic plant with an installed capacity of 12 MWp, for generation and injection into the power grid. This Master's Thesis gathers the basic documents (Report, Budget and Drawings) necessary for the construction of the photovoltaic plant. The photovoltaic plant is placed in the village of Escalona, in the province of Toledo. The interconnection with the grid is made through the Escalona-Frascolinos substation, located approximately 500 m away, and owned by Unión Fenosa. The interconnection is made through a subway line at a voltage of 20 kV. The photovoltaic plant has 23,504 monocrystalline silicon technology photovoltaic modules with a power of 510 Wp. The modules are installed on a structure with a north-south horizontal axis solar tracker. There are a total amount of 452 tracker structures. In addition, the photovoltaic plant has two medium-voltage central stations, each with a power of 5.5 MVA, which are prefabricated. Inside of the central stations there are two central inverters of 2.75 MVA each, a transformer and the whole set of low and medium voltage protections. This Master's Thesis technically justifies the plant layout, the necessary civil works, the main equipment used, the electrical design, and the estimated production of the plant. All this is set out in the report document and is graphically supported by the project drawings. In addition, an operation and maintenance plan for the plant and a decommissioning plan for the facilities are established. Finally, a budget for the construction of the photovoltaic plant is drawn up and its profitability is analyzed with an economic study.
Published: 2021

12. Nueva subestación transformadora de 132/20 kV con una potencia nominal de 80 MVA. Estudio de protecciones eléctricas

Author: Pérez Ibañez, Jesús, Universitat Politècnica de València. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica - Departament d'Enginyeria Elèctrica, Universitat Politècnica de València. Escuela Politécnica Superior de Alcoy - Escola Politècnica Superior d'Alcoi, García Hernández, Gabriel Jesús, Pérez Ibañez, Jesús, Universitat Politècnica de València. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica - Departament d'Enginyeria Elèctrica, Universitat Politècnica de València. Escuela Politécnica Superior de Alcoy - Escola Politècnica Superior d'Alcoi, and García Hernández, Gabriel Jesús
Abstract: [ES] Este Trabajo de Fin de Grado desarrolla el proyecto técnico administrativo de una subestación transformadora tipo de 132/20 kV de 80 MVA de simple barra partida en ambos niveles de tensión. Estará compuesta en el nivel de 132 kV de 2 posiciones de línea, 2 posiciones de transformador, de 40 MVA cada una, y una posición de Acoplamiento de Barras. En el nivel de 20 kV estará formada por dos módulos de celdas. El proyecto está estructurado en varios documentos: I. Memoria, II. Pliego de condiciones técnicas, III. Presupuesto Anexo I. Cálculos eléctricos. Anexo II. Planos y esquemas. Incluye un estudio de las protecciones eléctricas necesarias para garantizar el correcto funcionamiento en explotación., [EN] This End Degree Work develops the Technical Administrative Project for a transformer substation type 132/20 kV with 80 MVA of nominal power and a simple split bar in each tension level. The substation will be composed in 132 kV by two lines, two transformers with 40 MVA each, and a link. In 20 kV, the substation will be composed of two cell modules. This Project has been structured in several documents: I. Memory, II. Specifications, III. Budget, Annexe I. Electrical calculations Annexe II. Plans and diagrams. Also, the work develops a study about electrical protections needs for the correct operation.
Published: 2021

13. Designing A Modern Substation To Minimise Cost And Time During Future Upgrades

Author: Pienaar, Sinclair, Boy. and Pienaar, Sinclair, Boy.
Abstract: The Northern Cape Operating Unit in South Africa is experiencing load growth, due to residential developments, high electrification growth, agriculture and mining. The rural areas were previously not given sufficient attention, a result of slow developmental growth. The current 66 kV network experiences low voltages, under n-1 contingencies. The existing 66 kV network has no spare capacity to supply new customers. For additional capacity, Eskom should upgrade its distribution network from 66 kV to 132 kV. Eskom further upgrades their substations, due to equipment reaching their functional lifespans. The cost to maintain equipment regularly is high. Old apparatus interrupts security and continuity of supply to customers regularly. The challenge with substation upgrades, on existing substations, is the cost involved to upgrade the 66 kV substations to 132 kV. Before substation, upgrades may take place. New and existing consumers who require additional capacity are not connected, due to capacity constraints in existing substations. Older protection schemes do not possess any data storage facilities, to be utilised during fault investigations. Phase one protection schemes solely retain the flag of the previous incident, which is not adequate when investigating faults for extended periods. During substation upgrades, continuity of supply to existing customers is necessary to improve customer satisfaction and network performance. Electricity is generated and distributed instantaneously, by electricity utilities. There is occasionally an enormous amount of wasted capacity in electricity utilities. Illegal connections contribute to overloads and trips, as the network is carrying more users than initially designed. It is particularly critical to assess the economic practicability of BESS for diverse applications. The costs of energy storage systems, depend on the type of technology, the planned operation, and the hours of storage required. This dissertation further proposed
Published: 2021

14. IMPLEMENTATION OF AUTOMATED PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS AT SUBSTATIONS

Author: Khakimov Zafar Tulyaganovich, Raxmatov Xudoyor Boboniyozovich, Olimbaev Otajon Azamat ugli, Khakimov Zafar Tulyaganovich, Raxmatov Xudoyor Boboniyozovich, and Olimbaev Otajon Azamat ugli
Abstract: The automated control system for technological processes is designed to optimize the tasks of dispatching, production-technical and organizational control of technological processes. APCS allows you to carry out production processes without human participation, but under his control.
Published: 2021

15. Generating Threat Models and Attack Graphs based on the IEC 61850 System Configuration description Language

Author: Rencelj Ling, Engla, Ekstedt, Mathias, Rencelj Ling, Engla, and Ekstedt, Mathias
Abstract: Due to our dependency on electricity, it is vital to keep our powersystems secure from cyber attacks. However, because power sys-tems are being digitalized and the infrastructure is growing increasingly complicated, it is difficult to gain an overview and secure the entire system. An overview of the potential security vulnerabilities can be achieved with threat modeling. The Meta AttackLanguage (MAL) is a formalism that enables the development ofthreat modeling languages that can be used to automatically generate attack graphs and conduct simulations over them. In this article we present the MAL-based language SCL-Lang which has been created based on the System description Configuration Language (SCL) as defined in the IEC 61850 standard. With SCL-Lang one can create threat models of substations based on their SCL files and automatically find information regarding potential cyber attack paths in the substation automation system configuration. This enables structured cyber security analysis for evaluating various design scenarios before implementation, Part of proceedings; ISBN 9781450383196, QC 20230117
Published: 2021
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16. Підвищення ефективності електропостачання шляхом модернізації розподільчих станцій та підстанцій

Author: Жилінський, Андрій Сергійович and Жилінський, Андрій Сергійович
Abstract: Дисертація присвячена питанню підвищення ефективності електропостачання шляхом модернізації розподільчих станцій та підстанцій. Розроблено проект модернізації підстанції 110/10/10 кВ. Виконано вибір електричних апаратів. Виконано аналіз технічного стану електричного обладнання оператора системи розподілу. Досліджено динаміку та структуру електро-споживання. Виконано аналіз технічного стану електричних мереж з визначенням їх відповідності вимогам надійності та якості електропостачання споживачів. Обрано релейний захист для встановлення на підстанції. Актуальність теми. Підвищення ефективності електропостачання є важ-ливим завданням перед енергопостачальними компаніями для досягнення кращих економічних показників. Метою магістерської дисертації є підвищення ефективності електропостачання шляхом модернізації станцій та підстанцій мережі 110 кВ. Об’єкт дослідження: електричні підстанції та станції. Предмет досліджень: ефективність електропостачання. Методи дослідження. Чисельні методи вирішення систем нелінійних рі-внянь, методи теоретичних основ електротехніки та електричних мереж для розрахунку, математичне моделювання для розрахунку режимів роботи мережі., The dissertation is devoted to the issue of increasing the efficiency of power supply by modernization of distribution stations and substations. A 110/10/10 kV substation modernization project has been developed. The choice of electrical devices is made. The analysis of the technical condition of the electrical equipment of the distribution system operator is performed. The dynamics and structure of power consumption are studied. An analysis of the technical condition of electrical networks with the determination of their compliance with the requirements of reliability and quality of electricity supply to consumers. Relay protection is selected for installation at the substation. Actuality of theme. Improving the efficiency of electricity supply is an important task for energy supply companies to achieve better economic performance. The purpose of the master's dissertation is to increase the efficiency of power supply by modernizing stations and substations of the 110 kV network.Object of research: 110 kV electrical network. Object of research: electrical substations and stations. Subject of research: efficiency of power supply. Research methods. Numerical methods for solving systems of nonlinear equations, methods of theoretical foundations of electrical engineering and electrical networks for calculation, mathematical modeling for calculation of network operation modes.
Published: 2020

17. Розвиток районної електричної мережі та визначення місць пошкодження ліній електропередачі

Author: Єрмоленко, Анатолій Леонідович and Єрмоленко, Анатолій Леонідович
Abstract: Дипломний проект складається із пояснювальної записки та графічної частини. Пояснювальну записку виконано на 112 сторінках формату А4, до неї входить 43 таблиці, 34 рисунки та 7 бібліографічних посилань на джерела інформації. Графічна частина містить креслення і складається із трьох аркушів формату А1. Метою виконання дипломного проекту є розвиток районної електричної мережі та визначення місць пошкодження ліній електропередачі. У першому розділі синтезовано п’ять варіантів конфігурації електричної мережі і внаслідок техніко-економічного порівняння варіантів визначено оптимальний. Вибрано трансформатори на підстанціях та перерізи дротів ліній електропередачі. Розраховано режим максимальних навантажень та післяаварійний режим електричної мережі. Вибрано регулювальні відгалуження РПН та ПБЗ силових трансформаторів. У другому розділі виконано аналіз особливостей застосування методів та засобів, що використовуються для визначення місць пошкодження ліній електропередачі., The diploma project consists of an explanatory note and a graphic part. The explanatory note is made on 112 A4 pages, it includes 43 tables, 34 figures and 7 bibliographic references to sources of information. The graphic part contains drawings and consists of three sheets of A1 format. The purpose of the diploma project is to develop the district power grid and determine the location of damage to power lines. The first section synthesizes five options for the configuration of the electrical network and determines the optimal one. Transformers at substations and wire cross sections of power lines are selected. The mode of maximum loads and the post-emergency mode of the electric network are calculated. The control branches of on-load tap-changers and PBZ of power transformers are selected. The second section analyzes the peculiarities of the application of methods and tools used to determine the location of damage to power lines.
Published: 2020

18. Diseño subestación transformadora 132/30 kv

Author: Eguia López, Pablo, Master de Ingeniería (Ind902), Ingeniariako Master (Ind902), Reche Urrutia, Jon Ander, Eguia López, Pablo, Master de Ingeniería (Ind902), Ingeniariako Master (Ind902), and Reche Urrutia, Jon Ander
Abstract: El presente proyecto consta del diseño de una subestación transformadora de 132/30 kV teniendo en cuenta principalmente las características eléctricas de la misma. Se trata de una subestación diseñada para aplicaciones de distribución que se desarrollará de acuerdo al reglamento estipulado para este tipo de instalaciones en España. La subestación cuenta con dos líneas de entrada de 132 kV y ocho líneas de salida de 30 kV, seleccionando para ello la configuración más apropiada para garantizar unas condiciones de seguridad y fiabilidad adecuadas. Además, se seleccionan los equipos principales que forman parte de ella, explicando su forma de funcionar y las características del modelo concreto. Eso sí, además de los equipos principales también se tienen en cuenta todos los equipos o sistemas necesarios para el correcto funcionamiento de la subestación. El tema de la seguridad no se descuida, realizando para asegurarla distintos cálculos sobre los que se fundamenta el diseño de la red de tierras y el dimensionamiento de los equipos. Además, se seleccionan las funciones de protección adecuadas para proteger tanto la subestación como las líneas de la red de distribución a las que se conecta la subestación. Finalmente, como todo proyecto, tiene consideraciones de planificación, económicas y legales que, aunque no muy a fondo, se abordaran., This project consists of the designof a 132/30 kV transformer substation, mainly considering its electrical characteristics. The substation is designed for distribution applications and will be developed in accordance with the regulations stipulated for this type of facility in Spain. Thesubstation has two input power lines of 132 kV and eight output power lines of 30 kV, and the type of configuration is selected to ensure conditions of adequate safety and reliability. In addition, the main necessary equipment is selected, and its way of working and the characteristics of the specific model are explained. Beyond the main equipment, all the other equipment or systems that are necessary to provide proper performance for the substation are taken into account.The issue of safety is not neglected, making different calculations to provide a suitable base for the design of the substation grounding and for the sizing of the equipment. Additionally, protection functions are selected in order to protect both the substation and the distribution network.Finally, like any project, it has planning, economical and legal considerations that, although not very deeply, will be studied., Proiektu hau 132/30 kV transformazio azpiestazio baten diseinuan datza, bere ezaugarri elektrikoak kontuan hartuta. Banaketa-aplikazioetarako diseinatutako azpiestazio bat da, Espainian mota horretako instalazioetarako ezarritako araudiaren arabera garatuko dena.Azpiestazioak 132 kV-ko bi sarrera-lerroak eta 30 kV-ko zortzi irteera-lerroak izan behar ditu, konfigurazio egokiena hautatuz segurtasun eta fidagarritasun baldintza egokiak bermatzeko. Gainera, parte hartzen duen ekipo nagusia hautatzen da, bere funtzionamendua eta eredu zehatzaren ezaugarriak azalduz. Jakina, ekipamendu nagusiaz gain, azpiestazioaren funtzionamendu egokia lortzeko beharrezkoak diren ekipo edo sistema guztiak ere kontuan hartzen dira.Segurtasuna kontuan hartu da, lurraren sarearen diseinua eta ekipoen dimentsionamendua oinarritzat hartzen diren kalkuluak egiteko. Gainera, babes-funtzio egokiak hautatzen dira, azpiestazioa eta honekin lotzen diren banaketa-sarearen lerroak babesteko.Azkenean, edozein proiektu bezala, plangintza, ekonomia eta legezko gogoetak ditu, oso sakonak ez diren arren.
Published: 2020

19. DISEÑO Y SIMULACIÓN DE UNA SUBESTACIÓN TRANSFORMADORA GIS ENTERRADA 200/20kV 50MVA

Author: Montalva Subirats, José Miguel, Universitat Politècnica de València. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica - Departament d'Enginyeria Elèctrica, Universitat Politècnica de València. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales - Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyers Industrials, Rodríguez García, Alejandro, Montalva Subirats, José Miguel, Universitat Politècnica de València. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica - Departament d'Enginyeria Elèctrica, Universitat Politècnica de València. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales - Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyers Industrials, and Rodríguez García, Alejandro
Abstract: [ES] Este proyecto fin de master tiene como objeto el diseño y simulación de una subestación de transformación eléctrica, situada en un entorno urbano. En la subestación se transforma el voltaje con el objeto de adecuarlo y distribuirlo por zona urbana. Tiene la singularidad de encontrarse soterrado, para ello se ha utilizado un diseño por unidades blindadas y aisladas con SF6, ya que las ventajas en cuanto a volumen y dinero son primordiales en este tipo de instalación, pero también teniendo en cuenta el bajo mantenimiento necesario y el mínimo impacto ambiental que este tipo de diseño permite. Para su diseño se incluyen los cálculos eléctricos necesarios, los cálculos de la red de tierras, las características técnicas del equipo escogido, los planos correspondientes, y la simulación de la instalación y contraste de los resultados., [EN] The aim of this project is to design and simulate an underground electrical substation, which will be located in an urban surround. At the substation the voltage will be transformed in order to adapt and distribute it for the urban area. It has the singularity of being underground, for this purpose it has been set an armored and isolated design using SF6. In this type of installation, the advantages in terms of volume and money are essential, but also it will be accounted the low required maintenance and the minimum environmental impact that this type of design permit. The design it will integrate the electrical calculations, the design of the earthing network, the technical characteristics of the equipment, the corresponding plans, the simulation of the installation, and the contrast of the results.
Published: 2020

20. Ombyggnation av en fördelningsstation : Övergripande konceptförslag för spänningsutförande 130-10 kV

Author: Wahlström, John and Wahlström, John
Abstract: Detta arbete har utförts hos Varberg Energi AB och syftat till att presentera olika koncept som alternativ till konventionella 130 kV luftisolerade fördelningsstationer. Arbetet är tänkt att kunna vara en del i en uppdragsbeskrivning för en kommande ombyggnation. De alternativ som står tillbuds bygger ofta på att någon eller flera komponenter innehåller svavelhexafluorid, SF6, vilken har en stor negativ påverkan på växthuseffekten om den släpps ut i atmosfären. De alternativ av komponenter, exempelvis brytare, som inte innehåller SF6 är få och väsentligt mycket dyrare. Dock är fortfarande konceptlösningar som använder sig av luft som isolationsmedium till komponenter som inte är brytare, frånskiljare eller dylikt de billigaste. Alternativen som framkommit i denna rapport och studerats närmare är ABB:s Urban-koncept, GIS med SF6 och Siemens Blue GIS med renad luft och vakuumbrytare. Fokus har varit lösningarnas beskaffenhet gällande säkerhet för tredje man, enkelhet i underhåll, klimatpåverkan och tillförlitlighet. Önskvärt är en helhetslösning där underhåll eller reparationer kan utföras i de olika facken i 130 kV-stationen utan att det påverkar driften och orsakar ett avbrott. Att finna en lösning som inte kräver SF6-gas i någon del av fördelningsstationen ger många lättnader i regelverk, mindre övervakning och kostnader förknippade med denna. En balansgång behöver göras mellan ekonomiska intressen, miljöpåverkan, inspektionsintervall, felavhjälpning och eventuella framtida miljökrav för högspänningsanläggningar. Det förstärkta sabotageskyddet som en byggnad ger har varit en klar fördel som lyfts fram hos de besökta anläggningarna. Vid val av konceptlösning kan storleken hos och kompetensen inom den egna organisationen vara en faktor att ta hänsyn till. Även utformning och val av lösning för tidigare och framtida stationer kan behöva tas hänsyn till.
Published: 2020

21. Dynamic inspection interval determination for efficient distribution grid asset-management

Author: Neugebauer, Thorben, Wolgast, Thomas, Nieße, Astrid, Neugebauer, Thorben, Wolgast, Thomas, and Nieße, Astrid
Abstract: Asset-management accounts for a significant share of grid operators’ influenceable costs, which are under high economic pressure due to deregulation. In asset-management, visual inspections are the main measure to determine asset conditions. In the context of digitalization, we propose a concept to acquire additional information about the condition of distribution substations and to derive flexible inspection intervals from this information, in contrast to fixed intervals that are common in scientific literature and practice. Thus, knowledge about the substations increases, inspection intervals can be expanded dynamically, and significant cost savings are possible, which we demonstrate by the example of a German distribution grid operator.
Published: 2020

22. Comparison Of Power Quality Monitor Data Transmission Between Modbus Tcp/Ip And Iec 60870-5-104

Abstract: With deployment of smart devices along the electrical grid key infrastructure points, communication process with regards to its volume and load on communication infrastructure needs to be described and evaluated. This article focuses on protocol Modbus TCP/IP and standard IEC 60870- 5-104 with regard to their communication structure and principles within substation connected to network by broadband over power lines modems (BPL). This paper also offers two communication scenarios over BPL network by using real substation power quality monitor. Furthermore, performance of each solution is being summed up in the discussion. Conclusion offers a convenient solution for utilization of key values transmission on limited communication channel.
Published: 2020

23. Comparison Of Power Quality Monitor Data Transmission Between Modbus Tcp/Ip And Iec 60870-5-104

Abstract: With deployment of smart devices along the electrical grid key infrastructure points, communication process with regards to its volume and load on communication infrastructure needs to be described and evaluated. This article focuses on protocol Modbus TCP/IP and standard IEC 60870- 5-104 with regard to their communication structure and principles within substation connected to network by broadband over power lines modems (BPL). This paper also offers two communication scenarios over BPL network by using real substation power quality monitor. Furthermore, performance of each solution is being summed up in the discussion. Conclusion offers a convenient solution for utilization of key values transmission on limited communication channel.
Published: 2020

24. Comparison Of Power Quality Monitor Data Transmission Between Modbus Tcp/Ip And Iec 60870-5-104

Abstract: With deployment of smart devices along the electrical grid key infrastructure points, communication process with regards to its volume and load on communication infrastructure needs to be described and evaluated. This article focuses on protocol Modbus TCP/IP and standard IEC 60870- 5-104 with regard to their communication structure and principles within substation connected to network by broadband over power lines modems (BPL). This paper also offers two communication scenarios over BPL network by using real substation power quality monitor. Furthermore, performance of each solution is being summed up in the discussion. Conclusion offers a convenient solution for utilization of key values transmission on limited communication channel.
Published: 2020

25. Comparison Of Power Quality Monitor Data Transmission Between Modbus Tcp/Ip And Iec 60870-5-104

Author: Musil, Petr and Musil, Petr
Abstract: With deployment of smart devices along the electrical grid key infrastructure points, communication process with regards to its volume and load on communication infrastructure needs to be described and evaluated. This article focuses on protocol Modbus TCP/IP and standard IEC 60870- 5-104 with regard to their communication structure and principles within substation connected to network by broadband over power lines modems (BPL). This paper also offers two communication scenarios over BPL network by using real substation power quality monitor. Furthermore, performance of each solution is being summed up in the discussion. Conclusion offers a convenient solution for utilization of key values transmission on limited communication channel.
Published: 2020

26. An analysis of the compliance aspects of NR 10: a case study in a substation of the Manaus Metropolitan Region - AM

Author: Antônio Brandão, Marco, Rocha Pinto, Fabiana, Barbosa de Alencar, David, Reis Nascimento, Manoel Henrique, Antônio Brandão, Marco, Rocha Pinto, Fabiana, Barbosa de Alencar, David, and Reis Nascimento, Manoel Henrique
Abstract: The Regulated Standard (NR-10) is a standard that establishes minimum requirements and conditions with the stated objective of guiding the adoption of preventive systems control measures. The objective of this study is to analyze the compliance of NR 10 in a substation, analyzing as inherent activities to the enterprise according to the standards of standardization. A research was conducted based on a descriptive and observational study, and was implemented through an on-site study based on data collection and information gathering in a substation located in the southern region of Manaus - AM. It is responsible for the distribution of energy throughout the south and center-south of the city, feeding about 450,000 people with the availability of 188,890 kW of power. It was concluded that it is essential that the electricity supply companies are fully in compliance with the requirements and surveillance standards in the country, given that the conservation of workers who deal with direct work in high and low pressure spaces be observed with a much more accurate strategic look.
Published: 2019

27. Вибір оптимальної мережі 10 кВ методом поконтурної оптимізації

Author: Прокопчук, Тетяна Анатоліївна and Прокопчук, Тетяна Анатоліївна
Abstract: Магістерська дисертація складається з пояснювальної записки та графічної частини. Пояснювальна записка виконана на 109 сторінках формату А4, яка включає в себе 54 таблиці, 18 рисунків та 14 джерел використаної літератури. Графічна частина містить 8 аркушів технічних креслень форматом А1. В даній магістерській дисертації виконано вибір оптимальної конфігурації та розрахунок режимів роботи районної електричної мережі 110 кВ, проектування електричної частини підстанції 110/35/10 кВ, вибір та розрахунок релейного захисту для трансформатора. Побудовано функції оптимальних витрат для лінії електропередавання. Актуальність теми: Розрахунок режимів роботи районної електричної мережі важливим фактором для забезпечення безперебійного живлення споживачів. Мета магістерської дисертації: є вибір оптимальної конфігурації електричної мережі та дослідження режимів роботи районної електричної мережі напругою 110 кВ. Об’єкт дослідження: районна електрична мережа напругою 110 кВ. Предмет дослідження: Зовнішня ізоляція повітряних ліній. Методи дослідження: Методи теоретичних основ електротехніки та електричних мереж для визначення параметрів їх елементів, чисельні методи рішення систем лінійних рівнянь., The master's dissertation consists of an explanatory note and a graphic part. The explanatory note is made on 109 pages of A4 format, which includes 54 tables, 18 figures and 14 sources of used literature. The graphic part contains 8 sheets of A1 technical drawings. In this master's dissertation the choice of optimal configuration and calculation of operating modes of the district electric network 110 kV, design of the electric part of the substation 110/35/10 kV, selection and calculation of relay protection for the transformer was made. The optimal cost functions for the transmission line are constructed. Actuality of the topic: Relevance of the topic: The calculation of the modes of operation of the district electrical network is an important factor for ensuring uninterrupted power supply of consumers. The purpose of the master's thesis: there is a choice of optimal configuration of the electric network and the study of modes of operation of the district electric network with voltage of 110 kV. Object of research: district electric network with voltage of 110 kV. Subject of research: operating modes of the electrical network. Methods of research: Methods of theoretical foundations of electrical engineering and electrical networks to determine the parameters of their elements, numerical methods for solving systems of linear equations.
Published: 2019

28. Оптимізація розвитку районної електричної мережі 110 кВ

Author: Савенко, Олександр Олегович and Савенко, Олександр Олегович
Abstract: Магістерська або дисертація або складається або з або пояснювальної або записки або та або графічної або частини. або Пояснювальна або записка або виконана або на або 166 або сторінках або формату або А4, або в або яку або входять 87 або таблиць або та або 45 або рисунків. або Графічна або частина або містить 8 або аркушів або технічних або креслень або формату або А1. В магістерській дисертації розглянута районна електрична мережа напругою 110 кВ. Спроектована електрична підстанція 110/35/10 кВ в пункті 4, розраховано струми короткого замикання та виконано вибір обладнання. Розглянуто вибір уставок диференційного захисту трансформатора потужністю 25000 кВА. З`ясовано положення з охорони праці та безпеки в надзвичайних ситуаціях під час експлуатації лінії електропередавання 110 кВ. Виконано економічне порівняння для трьох варіантів конфігурації електричної мережі., The master's dissertation consists of an explanatory note and a graphic part. The explanatory note is made on page 91 of A4 format, which includes 53 and 19 figures. The graphic part contains 8 sheets or technical drawings of A1 format. In master's dissertation the district electric network with a voltage of 110 kV is considered. Designed 110/35/10 kV electrical substation in point 4, short circuit currents were calculated and equipment selection was made. The choice of differential protection units of 25000 kVA transformer is considered. The provisions on safety and health in emergencies during the operation of the 110 kV transmission line have been clarified. An economic comparison has been made for the three electrical network configuration options.
Published: 2019

29. Режими роботи електричної мережі напругою 110 кВ та динамічна компенсація реактивної потужності

Author: Рябенко, Юрій Сергійович and Рябенко, Юрій Сергійович
Abstract: Магістерська дисертація складається з пояснювальної записки та графічної частини. Пояснювальна записка виконана на 162 сторінках формату А4, яка включає в себе 56 рисунків, 95 таблиць, 16 джерел використаної літератури. Графічна частина містить 8 аркушів технічних креслень форматом А1. В дисертації виконано проект районної електричної мережі напругою 110 кВ та розглянуто питання динамічної компенсації реактивної потужності., The master's thesis consists of an explanatory note and a graphic part. The explanatory note is made on 162 A4 pages, which includes 56 figures, 95 tables, 16 sources of literature used. The graphic part contains 8 sheets of technical drawings in A1 format. The thesis deals with the design of a 110 kV district electric grid and discusses the issue of dynamic reactive power compensation.
Published: 2019

30. Оптимальне введення потужності сонячної електростанції в енерговузол

Author: Осьмак, Марія Олексіївна and Осьмак, Марія Олексіївна
Abstract: Магістерська дисертація складається з пояснювальної записки та графічної частини. Пояснювальна записка виконана на 82 сторінках формату А4, графічна частина складається з 8 технічних креслень формату А1. В дисертації розглянуто питання проектування сонячної станції, її розміщення відносно положення сонця, вибір способу керування нею, а також схеми видачі потужності в мережу. Актуальність теми: Збільшення потужності, яку генерує сонячна станція шляхом оптимізації куту нахилу фотоелектричного модуля. Поліпшення якості електричної енергії на виході з інвертора шляхом вибору оптимальної конфігурації його підключення до мережі., The master's thesis consists of an explanatory note and a graphic part. Explanatory note is written on 82 A4 pages, the graphic part consists of 8 technical drawings of A1 format. The thesis deals with the design of the solar plant, its location relative position of the sun, the selection method of controlling it, and the scheme of issue of capacity in the network. Relevance of the topic: increasing the power generated by a solar station by optimizing the angle of inclination of the photovoltaic module. Improving the quality of electricity at the output of the inverter by selecting the optimal configuration for its connection to the grid.
Published: 2019

31. Розрахунок усталених режимів електричної мережі

Author: Блащук, Володимир Олександрович and Блащук, Володимир Олександрович
Abstract: Магістерська дисертація складається з пояснювальної записки та графічної частини. Пояснювальна записка виконана на 113 сторінках формату А4, яка включає в себе 37 рисунків, 59 таблиць, 10 джерел використаної літератури. Графічна частина містить 8 аркушів технічних креслень форматом А1. Дисертація присвячена питанню розрахунків усталених режимів роботи електричної мережі номінальною напругою 110 кВ. Виконано пошук оптимальної конфігурації електричної мережі. Знайдено значення рівнів напруги в незалежних вузлах мережі, потокорозподіл потужності по ділянкам районної мережі, втрати потужності в елементах мережі., Master’s thesis consists of an explanatory note and graphical part. The explanatory note is made up of 113 pages of A4 format; it includes 37 figures, 59 tables, 10 references. The graphical part contains 8 sheets of A1 format technical drawings. The dissertation is devoted to the question of calculations of the established modes of operation of the electrical network with a nominal voltage of 110 kV. Search for the optimal configuration of the electrical network. The values of the voltage levels in the independent nodes of the network, the flow distribution of power in the areas of the district network, the loss of power in the network elements were found.
Published: 2019

32. Мережа 110 кВ та аналіз приєднання електроустановок до системи передачі

Author: Буйновський, Владислав Віталійович and Буйновський, Владислав Віталійович
Abstract: Магістерська дисертація складається із пояснювальної записки та графічної частини. Пояснювальна записка виконана на 131 сторінках формату А4, яка включає в себе 30 рисунків, 55 таблиць, 11 джерел використаної літератури. Графічна частина складається із 7 аркушів технічних креслень формату А1. В дисертації розглянуто мережу 110 кВ та аналіз приєднання електроустановок до системи передачі. Виконано проект електричної частини підстанції. Обрано та розраховано релейний захист трансформатора. Розроблено стартап-проек спорудження розподільчої мережі 110 кВ для отримання доходів від електрозабезпечення споживачів. Обрано заходи та засоби для забезпечення безпечних умов праці при експлуатації мережі 110 кВ. Актуальність теми. Розрахунок режимів роботи електричної мережі має важливе значення для проектування розвитку електричних мереж. При постійному збільшенні електроустановок у споживачів важливим питанням є порядок підключення їх до систем передачі. Метою магістерської дисертації є проектування мережі 110 кВ та аналіз приєднання електроустановок до систем передачі. Об’єкт дослідження: електрична мережа 110 кВ. Предмет досліджень: приєднання електроустановок до систем передачі. Методи дослідження. Чисельні методи вирішення систем нелінійних рівнянь, методи теоретичних основ електротехніки та електричних мереж для розрахунку, математичне моделювання для розрахунку режимів роботи мережі. Публікації за тематикою досліджень: 1. Буйновський В.В., Дроздов Д.С., Мельник І.В. Половинчаті (Half-Cell) со-нячні модулі: вища ефективність та краща робота при затіненні // Міжнародний науково-технічний журнал молодих учених, аспірантів і студентів «Сучасні проблеми електроенерготехніки та автоматики». – 2019. 2. Буйновський В.В., Дроздов Д.С., Мельник І.В. Оптичні трансформатори струму // IV Міжнародна науково-практична конференція «DYNAMICS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD SCIENCE». – 2019., The master'sdissertationconsists of an explanatory note and a graphic part. The explanatory note is made on 131pages of A4 format, which includes 30 figures, 55 tables, 11 sources of used literature. The graphic part consists of 7 sheets of technical drawings of A1 format. The dissertation deals with the 110 kV network and the analysis of connection of electrical installations to the transmission system.The electric substation service project was completed.Transformer relay protection is selected and calculated.A startup project for the construction of a 110 kV distribution network was developed to generate income from electricity supply to consumers.Measures and means for ensuring safe working conditions during operation of the 110 kV network have been selected. Actuality of theme. The calculation of the modes of operation of the electrical network is important for the design of the development of electrical networks.With the constant increase of electrical installations in consumers, an important issue is the procedure for connecting them to transmission systems The purpose of the master's dissertation is to develop a 110 kV network and to analyse the connection of electrical installations to transmission systems. Object of research: electric network 110 kV. Subject of research: connection of electrical installations to transmission systems. Research methods. Numerical methods for solving systems of nonlinear equations, methods of theoretical foundations of electrical engineering and electrical networks for calculation, mathematical modeling for calculation of network operation modes. Publications on research topics: 1. Buinovskyi V.V., Drozdov D.S., Melnyk I.V. Half-Cell solar modules: higher efficiency and better shading performance // International scientific and technical journal of young scientists, postgraduate and students "Modern problems of electrical engineering and automatics". – 2019. 2. Buinovskyi V.V., Drozdov D.S., Melnyk I.V.Opticalcurrenttransform
Published: 2019

33. Вибір оптимальних конфігурацій та розрахунок усталених режимів енергосистем

Author: Качалова, Анна Олександрівна and Качалова, Анна Олександрівна
Abstract: Магістерська дисертація складається із пояснювальної записки та графічної частини. Пояснювальна записка виконана на 115 сторінках формату А4, яка включає в себе 26 рисунків, 62 таблиць, 13 джерел використаної літератури. Графічна части-на складається із 8 аркушів технічних креслень формату А1. В дисертації розглядається питання вибору оптимальної конфігурації електри-чної мережі та розрахунку усталених режимів. Виконано проект електричної части-ни підстанції та обрано електричні апарати. Розраховано та обрано уставки релей-ний захисту трансформатора. Розроблено стартап-проект розвитку електричної мережі для живлення нових вузлів навантаження. Виконано вибір заходів та засобів для забезпечення безпечних умов праці під час монтажу мережі 110 кВ. Сформовано функцію оптимальних витрат для лінії 110 кВ., The master's dissertation consists of an explanatory note and a graphic part. The explanatory note is made on 115 pages of A4 format, which includes 26 figures, 62 tables, 13 sources of used literature. The graphic part consists of 8 sheets of technical drawings of A1 format. The dissertation deals with the choice of the optimal configuration of the electrical network and the calculation of the steady state modes. The design of the electrical part of the substation was completed and the electrical apparatus was selected. The transformer protection relay protection settings have been calculated and selected. A startup project for the development of an electric network for the supply of new load nodes has been devel-oped. The choice of measures and means to ensure safe working conditions during the in-stallation of the 110 kV network has been made. The optimal cost function for the 110 kV line has been formed.
Published: 2019

34. Аналіз розвитку електричних мереж 110 кВ

Author: Самусь, Дмитро Володимирович and Самусь, Дмитро Володимирович
Abstract: Магістерська дисертація складається з пояснювальної записки та графічної частини. Пояснювальна записка виконана на 147 сторінках формату А4, графічна частина складається з 8 технічних креслень формату А1. В дисертації розглянуто розрахунок районної електричної мережі 110 кВ та побудовано функцію мінімальних витрат для лінії 110 кВ. Актуальність теми. В даний час спостерігається значне зростання споживання електроенергії як в промисловості, так і серед побутових споживачів, що потребує забезпечення надійного і економічного функціонування електроенергетичних систем в будь-яких режимах її роботи. Тому проектування електричних мереж та дослідження режимів їхньої роботи є актуальною темою. Мета магістерської дисертації полягає в проектуванні та дослідженні режимів роботи районної електричної мережі 110 кВ з використанням функції дисконтованих втрат електроенергії. Об’єктом дослідження є районна електрична мережа 110 кВ. Предмет дослідження: режими роботи районної електромережі 110 кВ. Методи дослідження - в магістерській дисертації використовувалися методи теоретичних основ електротехніки та електричних систем при розрахунках параметрів елементів електричних мереж та тривалих режимів їх роботи; числові методи розв'язку систем алгебраїчних рівнянь., The master's thesis consists of an explanatory note and a graphic part. Explanatory note is written on 141 A4 pages, the graphic part consists of 8 technical drawings of A1 format. In the dissertation the calculation of the 110 kV district power network is considered and the function of minimum costs for the 110 kV line is constructed. Actuality of theme. At the moment, there is a significant increase in electricity consumption both in industry and among domestic consumers, which requires reliable and economical operation of electricity systems in all modes of its operation. Therefore, designing electrical networks and exploring their operation modes of is an urgent topic. The purpose of the Master's Thesis is to design and study the operating modes of a 110 kV district power grid using the discounted power loss function. Object of study is the 110 kV district power grid. Subject of study: operating modes of the 110 kV district power grid. Research methods – The methods of theoretical foundations of electrical engineering and electrical systems were used in the master's dissertation when calculating the parameters of the elements of power networks and the continuous modes of their operation; numerical methods for solving systems of algebraic equations.
Published: 2019

35. Designing A Modern Substation To Minimise Cost And Time During Future Upgrades

Abstract: The Northern Cape Operating Unit in South Africa is experiencing load growth, due to residential developments, high electrification growth, agriculture and mining. The rural areas were previously not given sufficient attention, a result of slow developmental growth. The current 66 kV network experiences low voltages, under n-1 contingencies. The existing 66 kV network has no spare capacity to supply new customers. For additional capacity, Eskom should upgrade its distribution network from 66 kV to 132 kV. Eskom further upgrades their substations, due to equipment reaching their functional lifespans. The cost to maintain equipment regularly is high. Old apparatus interrupts security and continuity of supply to customers regularly. The challenge with substation upgrades, on existing substations, is the cost involved to upgrade the 66 kV substations to 132 kV. Before substation, upgrades may take place. New and existing consumers who require additional capacity are not connected, due to capacity constraints in existing substations. Older protection schemes do not possess any data storage facilities, to be utilised during fault investigations. Phase one protection schemes solely retain the flag of the previous incident, which is not adequate when investigating faults for extended periods. During substation upgrades, continuity of supply to existing customers is necessary to improve customer satisfaction and network performance. Electricity is generated and distributed instantaneously, by electricity utilities. There is occasionally an enormous amount of wasted capacity in electricity utilities. Illegal connections contribute to overloads and trips, as the network is carrying more users than initially designed. It is particularly critical to assess the economic practicability of BESS for diverse applications. The costs of energy storage systems, depend on the type of technology, the planned operation, and the hours of storage required. This dissertation further proposed
Published: 2019

36. Designing A Modern Substation To Minimise Cost And Time During Future Upgrades

Abstract: The Northern Cape Operating Unit in South Africa is experiencing load growth, due to residential developments, high electrification growth, agriculture and mining. The rural areas were previously not given sufficient attention, a result of slow developmental growth. The current 66 kV network experiences low voltages, under n-1 contingencies. The existing 66 kV network has no spare capacity to supply new customers. For additional capacity, Eskom should upgrade its distribution network from 66 kV to 132 kV. Eskom further upgrades their substations, due to equipment reaching their functional lifespans. The cost to maintain equipment regularly is high. Old apparatus interrupts security and continuity of supply to customers regularly. The challenge with substation upgrades, on existing substations, is the cost involved to upgrade the 66 kV substations to 132 kV. Before substation, upgrades may take place. New and existing consumers who require additional capacity are not connected, due to capacity constraints in existing substations. Older protection schemes do not possess any data storage facilities, to be utilised during fault investigations. Phase one protection schemes solely retain the flag of the previous incident, which is not adequate when investigating faults for extended periods. During substation upgrades, continuity of supply to existing customers is necessary to improve customer satisfaction and network performance. Electricity is generated and distributed instantaneously, by electricity utilities. There is occasionally an enormous amount of wasted capacity in electricity utilities. Illegal connections contribute to overloads and trips, as the network is carrying more users than initially designed. It is particularly critical to assess the economic practicability of BESS for diverse applications. The costs of energy storage systems, depend on the type of technology, the planned operation, and the hours of storage required. This dissertation further proposed
Published: 2019

37. Influencial factors in thermographic analysis in substations

Author: Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica, Zarco Periñán, Pedro Javier, Martínez Ramos, José Luis, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica, Zarco Periñán, Pedro Javier, and Martínez Ramos, José Luis
Abstract: Thermography is one of the best predictive maintenance tools available due to its low cost, fast implementation and effectiveness of the results obtained. The detected hot spots enable serious incidents to be prevented, both in the facilities and equipment where they have been located. In accordance with the criticality of such points, the repair is carried out with greater or lesser urgency. However, for detection to remain reliable, the facility must meet a set of requirements that are normally assumed, otherwise hot spots cannot be detected correctly and will subsequently cause unwanted defects. This paper analyses three aspects that influence the reliability of the results obtained: the minimum percentage of load that a circuit must contain in order to be able to locate all the hot spots therein; the minimum waiting time from when an item of equipment or facility is energized until a thermographic inspection can be carried out with a complete guarantee of hot spot detection; and the influence on the generation of hot spots exerted by the tightening torque realized in the assembly process.
Published: 2018

38. Анализ потребления электроэнергии в межрегиональной распределительной сетевой компании Северного Кавказа

Author: Plieva, M. T., Kabisov, A. A., Gudiev, T. Т., Плиева, М. Т., Кабисов, А. А., Гудиев, Т. Т., Plieva, M. T., Kabisov, A. A., Gudiev, T. Т., Плиева, М. Т., Кабисов, А. А., and Гудиев, Т. Т.
Abstract: The paper deals with the analysis of the consumption of energy resources in the energy system. The structure of consumption of types of fuel and energy resources and the diagram of fluctuations of the total annual costs of their consumption are given., В работе рассматриваются вопросы анализа потребления энергетических ресурсов в энергосистеме. Приведена структура потребления видов топливно-энергетических ресурсов и диаграмма колебаний суммарных годовых затрат на их потребление.
Published: 2018

39. Районна електрична мережа 110 кВ та експлуатація ліній електропередач

Author: Безруков, Єгор Олександрович and Безруков, Єгор Олександрович
Abstract: Магістерська дисертація складається з пояснювальної записки та графічної частини. Пояснювальна записка виконана на 220 сторінках формату А4, графічна частина складається з 8 технічних креслень формату А1. В дисертації розглянуто розрахунок районної електричної мережі 110 кВ та експлуатація ліній електропередач. Актуальність теми. Внаслідок неправильної експлуатації лінії електропередавання можуть виникнути порушення в її роботи та підвищується ризик аварійних ситуацій. Мета магістерської дисертації – проектування та дослідження режимів роботи районної мережі та аналіз методів засобів експлуатації ліній електропередавання Об’єкт дослідження – районна електрична мережа 110 кВ. Предмет дослідження – методи та засоби експлуатації ліній електропередавання. Методи дослідження – в магістерській дисертації використовувалися методи теоретичних основ електротехніки та електричних систем при розрахунках параметрів елементів електричних мереж та режимів їх функціонування, а також числові методи розв’язку систем алгебраїчних рівнянь. Наукова новизна результатів – встановлено переваги та недоліки різних методів та засобів експлуатації ліній електропередавання. Розроблено рекомендації по вибору методів та засобів експлуатації ліній електропередавання., The master's dissertation consists of an explanatory note and a graphic part. The explanatory note is made on 220 pages of A4 format, the graphic part consists of 8 technical drawings of A1 format. The dissertation considers the calculation of the district electric network 110 kV and operation of power lines. Actuality of theme. Due to improper operation of the transmission line, there may be a violation in its operation and an increased risk of accidents. The purpose of the master's thesis - designing and researching the modes of operation of the regional network and analysis of methods of operation of transmission lines The object of the research is the district electricity network of 110 kV. Subject of research - methods and means of operation of power transmission lines. Methods of research - in the master's dissertation methods of theoretical foundations of electrical engineering and electrical systems at calculations of parameters of elements of electric networks and their modes of functioning, as well as numerical methods of solution of systems of algebraic equations were used. Scientific novelty of the results - the advantages and disadvantages of different methods and means of operation of transmission lines are established. Recommendations on the choice of methods and means of exploitation of transmission lines are developed.
Published: 2018

40. Режими роботи районної мережі напругою 110 кВ та керовані електричні системи

Author: Бутович, Віталій Олексійович and Бутович, Віталій Олексійович
Abstract: Магістерська дисертація складається з пояснювальної записки та графічної частини. Обсяг пояснювальної записки – 146 сторінок машинописного тексту. Пояснювальна записка містить 30 рисунків, 59 таблиць, 19 джерел використаної літератури. Графічна частина містить 8 аркушів технічних креслень форматом А1. В даній магістерській дисертації виконано проектування районної електричної мережі 110 кВ, проектування електричної частини підстанції 110/35/10 кВ, вибір та розрахунок релейного захисту для трансформатора, а також розглянуто типи керованих ліній електропередавання. Проведено порівняння керованих ліній електропередавання з традиційними., The master's dissertation consists of an explanatory note and a graphic part. Volume of the explanatory note - 146 pages of typewritten text. The explanatory note contains 30 figures, 59 tables, 19 sources of used literature. The graphic part contains 8 sheets of A1 technical drawings. In this master's dissertation, the design of the 110 kV district network, the design of the electrical part of the 110/35/10 kV substation, the selection and calculation of the relay protection for the transformer, and also the types of controlled transmission lines are considered. A comparison of controlled transmission lines with traditional ones has been performed.
Published: 2018

41. Районна мережа напругою 110 кВ та методи визначення технологічних втрат електричної енергії

Author: Свірена, Діана Вячеславівна and Свірена, Діана Вячеславівна
Abstract: Магістерська дисертація складається з пояснювальної записки та графічного матеріалу. Пояснювальна записка містить у своєму складі 150 сторінок машинописного тексту формату А4, 65 рисунків та 57 таблиць, 15 джерел використаної літератури. Графічна частина складається з 8 аркушів технічних креслень у форматі А1. В дисертації розглянуто розрахунок районної електричної мережі 110 кВ та проаналізовано методи розрахунку втрат електроенергії., The master's dissertation consists of an explanatory note and a graphic part. The explanatory note contains 150 pages of typewritten A4 text, 65 figures and 57 tables, 15 sources of used literature. Graphic part consists of 8 sheets of technical drawings in the format A1. The dissertation considers the calculation of the district electric network 110 kV and analyzed the methods of calculation of electricity losses.
Published: 2018

42. Banaketa-azpiestazio baten babes-sistemaren diseinua

Author: Etxegarai Madina, Agurtzane, Eguia López, Pablo, E.T.S. INGENIERIA -BILBAO, BILBOKO INGENIARITZA G.E.T., Grado en Ingeniería en Tecnología Industrial, Industria Teknologiaren Ingeniaritzako Gradua, Aranaga Decori, Pierre Ander, Etxegarai Madina, Agurtzane, Eguia López, Pablo, E.T.S. INGENIERIA -BILBAO, BILBOKO INGENIARITZA G.E.T., Grado en Ingeniería en Tecnología Industrial, Industria Teknologiaren Ingeniaritzako Gradua, and Aranaga Decori, Pierre Ander
Abstract: IEC61850 gaur egun dauden azpiestazioetako komunikazio-estandar ugariak bateratzeko beharrak sortutako estandar berritzailea da. Hain zuzen, lan honek estandar berri horretan oinarritzen den banaketa-azpiestazio baten automatizazio-sistemaren diseinua egitea du helburu nagusia, babes-sistema ardatz duela. Horretarako, hasiera batean azpiestazioen funtsezko teoria aztertuko da, ondoren azpiestazioen automatizazio-sistemetan sakontzeko; batez ere IEC61850 estandarrean, eta zehazki estandar horrek definitzen duen GOOSE seinaleetan. Horren ostean, automatizatutako babes-sistemaren diseinua egiteko eman diren pausuak eta honen deskribapena azalduko da. Amaitzeko, azpiestazioko irteerako lineako eta transformadoreko erreleen arteko GOOSE seinale bat programatuko da, akats baten aurrean erreleen hautakortasuna ahalik eta era azkarrenean bermatzeko. Programazio hau Bilboko Ingeniaritza Eskolako Ingeniaritza Elektrikoko Saileko laborategian frogatu da, lineako eta transformadoreko errele bana Ethernet sare batean konektatuz, eta korronte-simulagailu batez erreleetan gaintentsioak simulatuz. Era honetan, lineako erreleak korrontea moztu behar duenean transformadoreko erreleari GOOSE mezu bat bidaliko dio, azken hau blokeatuz eta era honetan barra osoa energiarik gabe uztea ekidinez, sistemaren hautakortasuna bermatuz., La norma IEC61850 es un nuevo estándar de comunicación en subestaciones creado por la necesidad de unificar los múltiples estándares usados hoy en día. Precisamente, este trabajo tiene como objetivo principal el diseño de un sistema de automatización de una subestación de distribución basado en este nuevo estándar y centrado en el sistema de protección. Se comenzará estudiando la teoría fundamental de las subestaciones, para a continuación profundizar en los sistemas de automatización de subestación; especialmente en la norma IEC61850 y concretamente en las señales GOOSE que define este estándar. Posteriormente, se detallarán los pasos dados para el diseño del sistema automatizado de protección, así como la descripción del mismo. Finalmente, se programará una señal GOOSE entre los relés de línea de salida y los de transformador con el objetivo de garantizar la selectividad lo más rápidamente posible. Esta programación se ha probado en el laboratorio del Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica de la Escuela de Ingeniería de Bilbao, conectando un relé de línea y otro de transformador a una red Ethernet, y simulando sobreintensidades con un simulador de corriente. De esta forma, cuando el relé de línea proceda a cortar la corriente, enviará una señal GOOSE al relé de transformador, bloqueándolo y así evitando cortar la corriente a toda la barra, garantizando la selectividad del sistema., IEC61850 is a new substation communications standard created from the need of unifying the several standards existing today. Indeed, the primary goal of this project is to design the automation system of a distribution substation, focused in the protection system. To do so, the fundamental theory of substations will be studied, to then delve into substation automation systems; especially into the IEC61850 standard and, in particular, into GOOSE messages, which are defined by this standard. Afterwards, the steps for the design of the protection system will be explained, as well as the protection system itself. Finally, the programming of a GOOSE signal between the outgoing feeder relays and the transformer relays will be described, in order to ensure the selectivity of the system in the case a fault appears. This programming has been tested in the laboratory of the Electrical Engineering Department of the Engineering School of Bilbao. More specifically, this test consists in connecting an outgoing feeder relay and a transformer relay via an Ethernet network and simulating overcurrents in the relays using a current simulator. In this way, the outgoing feeder relay will send a GOOSE signal when an overcurrent is detected, blocking the transformer relay and preventing cutting the current to the whole bus, ensuring the selectivity of the system.
Published: 2018

43. Optimering av selektivplaner och dessbetydelse för samhället

Author: Gannholm, Fredrik and Gannholm, Fredrik
Abstract: Vid ombyggnationer och utbyggnationer av elnät förändras dess karakteristik.Detta leder till att skyddsfunktioner kan behöva justeras för att passa elnätets nyakarakteristik. Justeringar kan medföra att selektiviteten mellan skydden försvinner.Selektivitet innebär att endast skyddet närmast felet bryter strömmen, så atten så liten del som möjligt av elnätet blir strömlöst. För att säkerställa att selektivitetråder mellan skydden utformas selektivplaner där selektiviteten visuellt kananalyseras och vid behov utförs justering av skydden. Rotebro mottagningsstation iSollentuna ägs och drivs av Sollentuna Energi & Miljö (SEOM). Stationen står införombyggnationer och selektivplanerna behöver därför ses över.Då problemställningen är att selektiviteten mellan skydden behöver kontrollerasblir målsättningen att skapa en selektivplan för Rotebro mottagningsstation. Dennabaseras på mottagningsstationens skyddsinställningar och det anslutna elnätetskarakteristik. Arbetet resulterade i att en modell av Rotebro mottagningsstationskapades i programmet PSS Sincal. Från denna genererades selektivplaner somvisar att små justeringar av skydden kan göras. Det utfördes även en generell analyssom visar att selektivplaner har stor betydelse för samhället., In case of build out and rebuilding electricity grids, the electrical characteristicschange. This means that protection features may need to be adjusted to suit theelectrical grids’ new characteristics. Adjustments may lead to loss of selectivity betweenprotective relays. Selectivity means that only the protection device closest tothe fault break the current, so only the smallest possible part of the electrical gridgets disconnected. To assure selectivity, selective tripping schedule is created andprotective relays are adjusted if needed. Rotebro substation in Sollentuna is ownedand operated by Sollentuna Energi & Miljö (SEOM). The substation is facing rebuildingand its selective tripping schedule needs to be reviewed.Since the problem is that selectivity between the protective relays needs to bechecked the goal is to create a selective tripping schedule for Rotebro substation.This is based on the substation protective settings and the connected electricalgrids characteristics. The thesis resulted in a model of Rotebro substation createdin the computer program PSS Sincal. From this a selective tripping schedule weregenerated that shows that small adjustments of the protective relays can be made.A general analysis was also conducted which shows that a selective tripping scheduleis of great importance to the society.
Published: 2018

44. Statistical Modelling of Individual Substations in a District Heating System

Author: Ingvarsson, Simon and Ingvarsson, Simon
Abstract: In the rise of digitalization, new possibilities are being discovered for district heating in areas like demand side management and fault detection. For these purposes it is necessary to have reliable models describing the substations. In this thesis, the aim is to develop a group of mathematical models to describe measured quantities and their progress through time, for a well performing substation. For the models to be relevant in applications, they must apply also to other substations. The study explores the possibilities to use the models for fault detection and to track slow drifts in the substations' performance. The method is chosen based on earlier studies on heat load modelling on the system level and all combinations of the endogenous variables heat power and delta-T, and the exogenous variables outdoor and supply temperature are tested. The results show that the best suited model is a SARIMAX (0,1,1)x(0,1,1)_24, for any combination of variables. As heat load patterns of individual substations are random in nature it is impossible to create a model with high detail, but it fits the measurements reasonably well. The model for delta-T is applicable also to other substations than the the reference unit, but the heat power model does not perform as well. A sudden fault simulated on one of the substations could be detected as a deviation from the delta-T model and a slow change in the performance of another substation can be detected by re-estimating the model parameters over time. The results are discussed and some ideas for improvement are suggested., Den snabba utvecklingen av nya digitala verktyg leder till nya möjligheter för fjärrvärmebranschen inom områden som laststyrning och feldetektering. För dessa ändamål behövs tillförlitliga modeller som beskriver centralerna. Syftet med denna studie är att utveckla en grupp matematiska modeller som beskriver uppmätta värden och deras utveckling över tid, för en väl fungerande fjärrvärmecentral. För att modellerna ska vara relevanta för tillämpningar måste de fungera på ett flertal fjärrvärmecentraler. Studien undersöker möjligheterna att använda modellerna för feldetektering och att spåra långsamma förändringar i centralernas prestanda. Metoden väljs baserat på tidigare studier av värmelastmodellering på systemnivå och alla kombinationer av de endogena variablerna värmeeffekt och delta-T, och exogena variablerna utomhus- och tillflödestemperatur testas. Resultaten visar att den bäst lämpade modellen är en SARIMAX (0,1,1)x(0,1,1)_24, för samtliga kombinationer av variabler. Eftersom värmelastens i enskilda centraler till hög grad är slumpmässia är det omöjligt att skapa en modell med hög detaljnivå, men modellen överensstämmer trots detta väl med den uppmätta datan. Modellen för delta-T fungerar även för andra byggnader än referensenheten, men värmeeffektmodellen fungerar inte lika bra. Ett plötsligt fel som simulerats på en av centralerna kan detekteras som en avvikelse från delta-T-modellen och en långsam förändring av prestanda hos en annan central kan detekteras genom att skatta om modellparametrarna över tid. Resultaten diskuteras och några förslag till förbättringar föreslås.
Published: 2018

45. Evaluation of conservation voltage reduction - a comparison based method

Author: Foskolos, Georgios, Lennerhag, Oscar, Ackeby, Susanne, Foskolos, Georgios, Lennerhag, Oscar, and Ackeby, Susanne
Abstract: Conservation voltage reduction (CVR) is based onthe premise that conserving energy by reducing voltage levels of the electrical system will lead to reduced electrical energy consumption. In this work a comparison-based method has been applied for assessing CVR effects in a distribution grid. The reference voltage on the secondary side of the primary substation was manually altered according to a predefined schedule during 6 months, that is, perform CVR on a substation and apply “normal” voltage to the same substation with a 2-week interval between the changes. Measurements (1 second RMS-values for voltages, active powers and reactive powers) and analysis were made at the 11 kV side of a 130/11 kV transformer of a primary substation, on outgoing feeders and at the 400 V side of 11/0.4 kV distribution transformers downstream of the primary substation as well as on downstream single rural and industrial customers. Active power at different reference voltage levels versus 24 hours divided into 10 minute intervals for reoccurring days of the week were plotted and analysed. This work confirms the difficulties in obtaining predictable loads over time and to accurately analyse the load composition on all grid levels. Each are needed in order to quantify the effects of CVR and by extension optimising the grid operations without violating the power quality.
Published: 2018
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46. Feasibility analysis of bluetooth 5 for real-time data transmission in high-voltage AC and DC substations

Author: Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Elèctrica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. MCIA - Motion Control and Industrial Applications Research Group, Kadechkar, Akash, Moreno Eguilaz, Juan Manuel, Riba Ruiz, Jordi-Roger, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Elèctrica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. MCIA - Motion Control and Industrial Applications Research Group, Kadechkar, Akash, Moreno Eguilaz, Juan Manuel, and Riba Ruiz, Jordi-Roger
Abstract: In the past, there have been some practical experiments to study the effect of radio interference and high impulse noise affecting some selected wireless communications protocols in substation environments. However, in the technical literature there are no practical studies to analyze the effect of such interferences in Bluetooth low energy (BLE) or Bluetooth 5 wireless communications. Hence, a suitable Bluetooth 5 system-on-chip module has been proposed for implementation in electrical substations. Correspondingly, a Raspberry Pi 3 (Central) was chosen to act as a gateway. The wireless connectivity between these two elements was tested under very intense corona conditions, which were generated by means of a controlled needle-to-plate corona air gap. The corona discharges were conducted by using high-voltage AC, positive DC and negative DC generators. Different experiments were conducted by changing the distance between wireless device and the corona region. Experimental results presented in this work shows the high immunity level of Bluetooth 5 in front of corona discharges, thus ensuring a suitable behavior of this wireless system in substations., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)
Published: 2018

47. Three-dimensional finite-element analysis of the short-time and peak withstand current tests in substation connectors

Author: Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Elèctrica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. MCIA - Motion Control and Industrial Applications Research Group, Capelli, Francesca, Riba Ruiz, Jordi-Roger, Pérez, Joan, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Elèctrica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. MCIA - Motion Control and Industrial Applications Research Group, Capelli, Francesca, Riba Ruiz, Jordi-Roger, and Pérez, Joan
Abstract: Power devices intended for high-voltage systems must be tested according to international standards, which includes the short-time withstand current test and peak withstand current test. However, these tests require very special facilities which consume huge amounts of electrical power. Therefore, mathematical tools to simulate such tests are highly appealing since they allow reproducing the electromagnetic and thermal behavior of the test object in a fast and economical manner. In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element method (3D-FEM) approach to simulate the transient thermal behavior of substation connectors is presented and validated against experimental data. To this end, a multiphysics 3D-FEM method is proposed, which considers both the connector and the reference power conductors. The transient and steady-state temperature profiles of both the conductors and connector provided by the 3D-FEM method prove its suitability and accuracy as compared to experimental data provided by short-circuit tests conducted in two high-current laboratories. The proposed simulation tool, which was proven to be accurate and realistic, may be particularly useful during the design and optimization phases of substation connectors since it allows anticipating the results of mandatory laboratory tests., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)
Published: 2016

48. Automation of subsea connections for clusters of wave energy converters

Author: Remouit, Flore, Lopes, Miguel, Pires, Pedro, Sebastiao, Luis, Rahm, Magnus, Remouit, Flore, Lopes, Miguel, Pires, Pedro, Sebastiao, Luis, and Rahm, Magnus
Abstract: To make wave power a viable energy source, large clusters of wave energy converters should be deployed. For most of the farms the output power of the WECs should be aggregated in a marine substation and then transmitted to the grid. The need for cost effective underwater cable connection operations is one of the main issues in offshore operations. Underwater connections can be conducted with wet- or dry-mateable connectors, performed by divers or ROVs. Although there are existing solutions used by the oil and gas industry that could be employed, the capital expenditure needed is not compatible with the offshore renewable energy industry. The objective of this research is to decrease costs and minimize working hazards associated with sub-sea work when performing these underwater electrical connections. This article presents a solution using small ROV’s instead of divers to execute the task. The main idea is to perform the connection underwater, but using dry-mateable connectors. A solution to make this possible is to install air pockets at the substation enclosing the connectors. These boxes are meant to be filled with air and hence create a dry environment in which to perform the connections. This is achieved with help of two tools. First a docking system allows the operator to fix the ROV at the substation before doing the connection. Then a gripper tool added to the ROV grasps the cable and connects it to the substation in the air pocket. The procedure and design of this low-cost solution are described, and the different prototypes that have been tested for offshore operation are also shown., Lysekil project
Published: 2015

49. Conceptual study of a solar-assisted low-temperature district heating substation

Author: Castro Flores, José Fiacro, Chiu, NingWei Justin, Lacarrière, Bruno, Le Corre, Olivier, Martin, Viktoria, Castro Flores, José Fiacro, Chiu, NingWei Justin, Lacarrière, Bruno, Le Corre, Olivier, and Martin, Viktoria
Abstract: At present, the viability of Low-Temperature District Heating (LTDH) systems has already been tested and demonstrated. Even so, for LTDH to be successfully implemented, further ideas are needed in order to improve the flexibility and effectiveness. In this study, we analyze the performance of a local LTDH network for a multi-dwelling low-energy building supplied by both a roof-mounted solar collector and the conventional DH network via a LTDH substation. The DH network serves as a short-term storage buffer, so no heat storages are required. The collector’s size is chosen based on the available roof area, independently from the building’s loads, and three possible connection configurations were simulated. A mix of both the existing DH forward and return flows are used as thermal energy sources. The results show that more than 15% of the summer heat demand in the LTDH network can be covered by the roof-mounted solar collector. With a feed-in contract, heat costs savings range 3-6% annually according to the Swedish system. System integration in LTDH from the design phase has the potential to enhance the recovery of solar thermal energy, increase its conversion efficiency, and in general, to improve the utilization of low-grade thermal energy sources., QC 20160510
Published: 2015

50. Energetic and exergetic analysis of a low- Temperature based district heating substation for low energy buildings

Author: Castro Flores, José Fiacro, Chiu, Justin Ningwei, Le Corre, O., Lacarrière, B., Martin, Viktoria, Castro Flores, José Fiacro, Chiu, Justin Ningwei, Le Corre, O., Lacarrière, B., and Martin, Viktoria
Abstract: District Heating (DH) technology contributes to the low GHG emissions energy system, facilitates a renewable energy usage, and increases the overall system efficiency, while providing the necessary heating services to the built environment. However, the existing DH technology may not be technically and economically effective to service buildings with low-energy demands. Here, low- Temperature based district heating (LTDH) provides a better match between supply and demand in terms of energy quality. This paper deals with the energy and exergy analyses of a LTDH substation supplying a secondary LTDH network as a subnet of the existing DH system. The substation is supplied with a mix of supply and return flows from the main DH network. An energy and exergy analysis was employed based on modelling and simulation to compare the performance of two proposed substation configurations to that of a conventional DH substation operating at low- Temperature. The study was performed for a year round outdoor temperatures scenario under steady-state conditions. The exergy destruction at the system components was identified and compared. The results of this analysis show that by using the low- Temperature flow from the DH return pipe, the final exergy efficiency of the overall system is increased. On the other hand, assuming an adiabatic system the energy performance stays the same. As compared with the conventional DH network, the integration of the proposed LTDH substation reduced the share of energy demand covered by the main DH supply by 20-25% and improved the overall exergy efficiency from 79% to 85-87% depending on the substation configuration. Based on the results, the solution presented is seen as an effective approach to reduce the system's losses, and to increase the quality match between the low-energy heating demands and the supply., QC 20170807
Published: 2015

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