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Describes the first year of an ongoing professional-development project that engaged 37 middle school teachers in roles that promoted them as active learners and decision makers. (ASK)

Presents a mathematical puzzle that asks about "missing" area and leads to an exploration of the Fibonacci sequence as well as genuine inquiry in plane geometry connected to algebra. Discusses the inquiry, the concepts, the solution, and an extension that deepens all students' understanding of the connections between algebra and geometry. (Author/ASK)

Energy-dense food alters dopaminergic (DA) transmission in the mesocorticolimbic (MCL) system and can promote reward dysfunctions, compulsive feeding, and weight gain. Yet the mechanisms by which nutrients influence the MCL circuitry remain elusive. Here, we show that nutritional triglycerides (TGs), a conserved post-prandial metabolic signature among mammals, can be metabolized within the MCL system and modulate DA-associated behaviors by gating the activity of dopamine receptor subtype 2 (DRD2)-expressing neurons through a mechanism that involves the action of the lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Further, we show that in humans, post-prandial TG excursions modulate brain responses to food cues in individuals carrying a genetic risk for reduced DRD2 signaling. Collectively, these findings unveil a novel mechanism by which dietary TGs directly alter signaling in the reward circuit to regulate behavior, thereby providing a new mechanistic basis by which energy-rich diets may lead to (mal)adaptations in DA signaling that underlie reward deficit and compulsive behavior.

Social workers in the UK are now expected to use strengths-based approaches to ensure older people’s complex and changing needs are met through person-centred assessment leading to care planning, and support for carers, which harnesses wider personal networks and community resources. These, together with an efficacious use of formal services, are provided in a climate which promotes early detection, prevention and education interventions. The G8, a special interest group of social work academics formed in 2010, engages in a range of activities to develop professional practice in work with older people. This chapter explores promising advances in the conceptualisation of and approaches to strengths-based practice in social work with older people alongside relevant policy directives and research. An anti-oppressive analysis of the UK health and social care landscape draws attention to systemic inequalities that also require consideration to uphold human rights and to work flexibly with individuals and organisations

This study examined the long-term effects of prematurity and perinatal adversity on individual differences in stress-related reactivity and regulation of the HPA axis. A prospective sample of 155 infants born preterm and healthy (n = 20), medical illness (n = 48), neurological illness (n = 26), and small for gestational age (n = 24) and full-term (n = 37) were recruited between 1985 and 1989. At age 23 years, multiple saliva samples were collected before and after participation in the Trier Social Stress Test and later assayed for cortisol. Results reveal that at age 23 years, infants born premature with neurological complications showed higher cortisol reactivity to social evaluative threat compared to either their full-term, small for gestation age, medically ill, or healthy preterm peers. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for contemporary theories that propose effects of early adversity on biological sensitivities and susceptibilities, which translate experience into developmental outcomes related to poor health and risk for disease.

This study examined the long-term effects of prematurity and perinatal adversity on individual differences in stress-related reactivity and regulation of the HPA axis. A prospective sample of 155 infants born preterm and healthy (n = 20), medical illness (n = 48), neurological illness (n = 26), and small for gestational age (n = 24) and full-term (n = 37) were recruited between 1985 and 1989. At age 23 years, multiple saliva samples were collected before and after participation in the Trier Social Stress Test and later assayed for cortisol. Results reveal that at age 23 years, infants born premature with neurological complications showed higher cortisol reactivity to social evaluative threat compared to either their full-term, small for gestation age, medically ill, or healthy preterm peers. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for contemporary theories that propose effects of early adversity on biological sensitivities and susceptibilities, which translate experience into developmental outcomes related to poor health and risk for disease.

This study examined the effects of prematurity, cumulative medical risk, and proximal and distal social forces on individual differences in the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in young adulthood. A prospective sample of 149 infants born healthy preterm (PT; n = 22), sick PT ( n = 93, medical illness, neurological illness, small for gestational age), and full term ( n = 34) was recruited from a Level III neonatal intensive care unit in southern New England between 1985 and 1989 and followed to age 23 years. Cumulative medical risk was indexed across seven assessment waves (spanning 17 years) using medical and neurological health status at birth, toddlerhood (ages 18 and 30 months), childhood (ages 4 and 8 years), and adolescence (ages 12 and 17 years). Distal risk included socioeconomic status (SES) at birth. Proximal social factors were indexed from assessments of the home environment and measures of child vulnerability and maternal self-esteem, involvement, and control style from birth, 4 years, 8 years, and 12 years. At age 23 years, five saliva samples were collected upon awakening, 45 min after waking, 4 hr after waking, 8 hr after waking, and bedtime (later assayed for cortisol). Results reveal effects of cumulative medical risk on the diurnal pattern of HPA axis activity, with moderating effects of SES and proximal social factors. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for contemporary theories related to developmental sensitivity and susceptibility to context and the developmental origins of health and disease theory.

This study examined the effects of prematurity, cumulative medical risk, and proximal and distal social forces on individual differences in the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in young adulthood. A prospective sample of 149 infants born healthy preterm (PT; n = 22), sick PT ( n = 93, medical illness, neurological illness, small for gestational age), and full term ( n = 34) was recruited from a Level III neonatal intensive care unit in southern New England between 1985 and 1989 and followed to age 23 years. Cumulative medical risk was indexed across seven assessment waves (spanning 17 years) using medical and neurological health status at birth, toddlerhood (ages 18 and 30 months), childhood (ages 4 and 8 years), and adolescence (ages 12 and 17 years). Distal risk included socioeconomic status (SES) at birth. Proximal social factors were indexed from assessments of the home environment and measures of child vulnerability and maternal self-esteem, involvement, and control style from birth, 4 years, 8 years, and 12 years. At age 23 years, five saliva samples were collected upon awakening, 45 min after waking, 4 hr after waking, 8 hr after waking, and bedtime (later assayed for cortisol). Results reveal effects of cumulative medical risk on the diurnal pattern of HPA axis activity, with moderating effects of SES and proximal social factors. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for contemporary theories related to developmental sensitivity and susceptibility to context and the developmental origins of health and disease theory.

ObjectiveIn postmenopausal black women in the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial, estrogen alone reduced breast cancers but its comprehensive influence on health outcomes in black women is unknown. Therefore, we examined this issue in the Women's Health Initiative overall and by African ancestry.MethodsA total of 1,616 black women with prior hysterectomy, including 1,061 with percent African ancestry determination, at 40 US centers were randomly assigned to conjugated equine estrogen (0.625 mg/d) or placebo for 7.2 years' (median) intervention with 13 years' cumulative follow-up. Coronary heart disease (CHD) and breast cancer were primary efficacy and safety outcomes, respectively. A global index also included stroke, colorectal cancer, hip fracture, pulmonary embolism, and death.ResultsBlack women in the estrogen-alone group compared with black women in the placebo group had fewer breast cancers (17 vs 40, hazard ratio [HR] 0.47, 95% CI 0.26-0.82). In women with more than 80% African ancestry, breast cancer HR was lower (0.32, 95% CI 0.12-0.86, trend P = 0.04 for ancestry effect). Most other outcomes including CHD, stroke, hip fracture, and the global index were null with estrogen use in black women; a global index effect was more favorable in younger black women (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.43-0.98).ConclusionsIn black postmenopausal women with prior hysterectomy, estrogen alone significantly reduced breast cancer incidence with no adverse influence on CHD, venous thromboembolism, or all-cause mortality. Favorable estrogen-alone global index effects in younger black women warrant further study.

Smart devices have become common place in many homes, and these devices can be utilized to provide support for people with mental or physical deficits. Voice-controlled assistants are a class of smart device that collect a large amount of data in the home. In this work we present Echo SCraper and ClAssifier of Persons (ESCAPE), an open source software for the extraction of Amazon Echo interaction data, and speaker recognition on that data. We show that ESCAPE is able to extract data from a voice-controlled assistant and classify with accuracy who is talking, based on a small number of labeled audio data. Using ESCAPE to extract interactions recorded over 3 months in the first author's home yields a rich dataset of transcribed audio recordings. Our results demonstrate that using this software the Amazon Echo can be used to study participants in a naturalistic setting with minimal intrusion. We also discuss the potential for usage of voice-controlled devices together with ESCAPE to understand how diseases affect individuals, and how these data can be used to monitor disease processes in general., Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, currently in submission

BackgroundMutations in microtubule-regulating genes are associated with disorders of neuronal migration and microcephaly. Regulation of centriole length has been shown to underlie the pathogenesis of certain ciliopathy phenotypes. Using a next-generation sequencing approach, we identified mutations in a novel centriolar disease gene in a kindred with an embryonic lethal ciliopathy phenotype and in a patient with primary microcephaly.Methods and resultsWhole exome sequencing data from a non-consanguineous Caucasian kindred exhibiting mid-gestation lethality and ciliopathic malformations revealed two novel non-synonymous variants in CENPF, a microtubule-regulating gene. All four affected fetuses showed segregation for two mutated alleles [IVS5-2A>C, predicted to abolish the consensus splice-acceptor site from exon 6; c.1744G>T, p.E582X]. In a second unrelated patient exhibiting microcephaly, we identified two CENPF mutations [c.1744G>T, p.E582X; c.8692 C>T, p.R2898X] by whole exome sequencing. We found that CENP-F colocalised with Ninein at the subdistal appendages of the mother centriole in mouse inner medullary collecting duct cells. Intraflagellar transport protein-88 (IFT-88) colocalised with CENP-F along the ciliary axonemes of renal epithelial cells in age-matched control human fetuses but did not in truncated cilia of mutant CENPF kidneys. Pairwise co-immunoprecipitation assays of mitotic and serum-starved HEKT293 cells confirmed that IFT88 precipitates with endogenous CENP-F.ConclusionsOur data identify CENPF as a new centriolar disease gene implicated in severe human ciliopathy and microcephaly related phenotypes. CENP-F has a novel putative function in ciliogenesis and cortical neurogenesis.

In the setting of Meaningful Use laws and professional society guidelines, hospitals are rapidly implementing electronic glycemic management order sets. There are a number of best practices established in the literature for glycemic management protocols and programs. We believe that this is the first published account of the detailed steps to be taken to design, implement, and optimize glycemic management protocols in a commercial computerized provider order entry (CPOE) system. Prior to CPOE implementation, our hospital already had a mature glycemic management program. To transition to CPOE, we underwent the following 4 steps: (1) preparation and requirements gathering, (2) design and build, (3) implementation and dissemination, and (4) optimization. These steps required more than 2 years of coordinated work between physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and programmers. With the move to CPOE, our complex glycemic management order sets were successfully implemented without any significant interruptions in care. With feedback from users, we have continued to refine the order sets, and this remains an ongoing process. Successful implementation of glycemic management protocols in CPOE is dependent on broad stakeholder input and buy-in. When using a commercial CPOE system, there may be limitations of the system, necessitating workarounds. There should be an upfront plan to apply resources for continuous process improvement and optimization after implementation.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1983., MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH, Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-140)., This thesis is an exploration into a remnant of a past landscape. This landscape is located on a four acre farm in Woburn, Massachusetts. The study begins with a look at the history of the land, followed by the documentation and analysis of the existing land form and building· structures, leading to the development of a vocabulary for occupation. The development of the vocabulary from the documentation evolved through diagrammatical optional studies which were further investigated through the building of a sketch model. Throughout the study an effort was made to develop a strong continuity between past and present and to strengthen the bond between the community and the built landscape. To simplify the analysis of the site a key was devised to divide the site into six regions. These regions include the Main House- Cambridge Road area, the North Hill Edge, the Southeast Corner, the Openfield, the North Wall, and the East Rock Ledge. Through necessity, this is mainly a visual documentation of the exploration. Written text, diagrams and photographs are interwoven to present a clear understanding of the process., by Mary E. McKenna-Sullivan., M.Arch.

The New England cottontail (Sylvilagus transitionalis), New England’s endemic cottontail, has been experiencing dramatic population declines and is estimated to exist in only 14% of its historical range. The New England cottontail is currently a candidate for endangered species listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. New England cottontails may be distinguished accurately from eastern cottontails (S. floridanus) with the use of non-invasive genetic techniques (e.g., fecal sample collection) that allow sampling of large geographical areas with minimal cost. A restriction enzyme technique has been published based on NlaIII (New England Biolabs Inc, Massachusetts) cut sites within the control region of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA); this technique assumes that variation among and between species does not interrupt cut patterns and relies on qualitative identification (visual interpretation of gel bands) with no positive control that true mtDNA has been amplified. Phylogenetic analyses of the New England cottontails, eastern cottontails and snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) in northeastern states may indicate the reason for New England cottontail decline. Because eastern cottontails were stocked from several locations they may have increased genetic variability, especially when compared to New England cottontails, which could be an indication of hybrid vigor. Furthermore, phylogeographic patterns may help infer introduction and spread patterns of eastern cottontails. I sequenced 1,773 fecal and tissue samples from CT, MA, NH, NY, and RI. I identified 12 New England cottontail, 101 eastern cottontail, and eight snowshoe hare haplotypes. Eastern cottontails exhibited a larger number of haplotypes compared to New England cottontails; however, there was no geographic pattern to haplotype occurrences. I analyzed all haplotypes using the restriction enzyme technique to test digestion site reliability and found 19 instances of conflicting cut sites between haploty

Not Available., Sister Mary Corona Sullivan, Master of Arts, Masters, Department Not Listed, Not Listed, Cunningham Memorial library, Terre Haute, Indiana State University., Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages: contains 89p. : ill. Includes appendix and bibliography., isua-thesis-1936-sullivan.pdf

The purpose of this study was to determine the reading achievement effects of a school- year-long program of sustained silent reading in a middle school. Students' scores on the Stanford Achievement Test, Ninth Edition across three years (2006, 2007, and 2008) were analyzed to test eleven null hypotheses. A 3 x 3 repeated measures factorial ANOVA showed significant post treatment differences in gains for Total Reading and Reading Comprehension at each of the three grade levels (sixth, seventh, and eighth grades) and for Reading Vocabulary for seventh grade. Pretreatment gains were greater for Reading Vocabulary in sixth and eighth grades. A 3 x 3 x 2 repeated measures mixed factorial ANOVA showed that no significant differences existed between the gains of higher (at or above the 60th percentile) and lower (at or below the 40th percentile) performing students following the treatment. Through interviews, teachers reported the presence of up to eight traits of successful sustained silent reading programs. Results of a univariate ANOVA indicated that student achievement was higher in classrooms characterized by six or more of the traits.

Rooted in Biblical principles, this discussion of eight values associated with ethical leadership will provide educators and administrators with “food for thought” as they adopt their own personal code of ethics or guiding principles on which to base their leadership style.

pp. 97-102

This study examined the self-regulatory writing behaviors of high achieving and low achieving preservice writers. The study will address the following: (a) the nature of the self-regulatory writing strategies employed by high achieving and low achieving preservice writers and (b) the similarities and differences in self-regulatory writing strategies used by these two groups. Furthermore, the understanding of writing as a problem-solving activity will be discussed. The study was conducted at a liberal arts college. Participants were students enrolled in the teacher education program who had taken the Liberal Arts and Sciences Exam at least once during the 2004-2005 academic year. Students were categorized high achieving and low achieving writers based upon their scaled score for the written constructed response of this exam. Anyone who received above 220 was classified as a high achieving writer while those who received below a 220 were identified as low achieving writers. A random sampling of each group was conducted to identify 5 participants in each group. Think-aloud protocols were used to record the composing processes of these writers as they completed a practice written task. Additionally, each participant was asked to respond to a post think-aloud question. The findings demonstrate that the high achieving preservice writers used the self-regulatory categories of planning, monitoring, and evaluating more frequently than the low achieving preservice writers. Additionally, the high achieving writers used a wider variety of self-regulatory strategies than the low achieving writers. Statistical significance was found for the categories of monitoring and evaluating. It can be concluded that high achieving preservice writers and low achieving preservice writers differed in the declarative, procedural, and conditional knowledge of the composing process. These differences influenced how participants used the self-regulatory strategies during the completion of the writ

Elements of mother-child reciprocity, labeled interaction characteristics, have been shown to be critical components in optimal child development. Maternal Control Style is a specific interaction style defined as the mother's tendency toward being controlling or supportive of her child's autonomy. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate maternal control style with mothers whose children were born at medical risk. Specifically, the study examined the relationship between a mother's maternal control style and selected maternal and child characteristics. Role interactionist theory within the symbolic interaction perspective was the theoretical framework for the study. Maternal control style was assessed in a sample of 110 mothers and their 4-year old children who participated in two laboratory assessments and a home visit. The mothers were healthy, aged 21-42, with all levels of SES represented. The children were stratified by their perinatal medical risk status as: Full Term, Healthy Preterm, Sick Preterm, Central Nervous System (CNS) Preterm, and Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Preterm. Observation of the two laboratory assessments in two contexts, free play and problem-solving, were videotaped for later coding. Maternal control style was coded using items from the Parent/Caregiver Involvement Scale (PCIS) and the Problem Solving Scale. Maternal characteristics were measured by a demographic questionnaire, and the HOME Inventory. Child characteristics were measured by the EAS Temperament Survey and perinatal risk status. The ABC attachment classification at 15 months was also examined as a precursor to maternal control style in a subsample of 63 children. Support was found for the hypotheses relating to maternal control style in a problem solving context. A more autonomy-supportive maternal control style was associated with higher maternal education, higher SES, and a home environment that was warm, accepting, and had positive role modeling. A combinatio

"Published in conjunction with the exhibition Revivals and revitalization: American pastels in the Metropolitan Museum of Art held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, from October 17, 1989 through January 14, 1990"--T.p. verso, Bibliography: p. 233-238, Includes index, Exhibition title: Revivals and revitalizations, American pastels in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

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Collection: FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection, Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 1979., Summary: The effects of retinal and objective orientation on recognition of novel stimuli were examined in a two-phase experiment. In Phase 1 novel stimuli were presented to tilted subjects placed in either an intentional learning condition (they were instructed to remember the stimuli) or an incidental learning condition (they received no instruction regarding memory). In Phase 2 the same stimuli were randomly mixed with distractor stimuli in a recognition test. Stimuli were presented to upright subjects in either their objectively upright orientation (the same orientation relative to gravity as in Phase 1) or their retinally upright orientation (the same orientation relative to subjects' tilted retinas as in Phase 1). The instructions produced no effect on recognition. Evidence that both retinal and objective orientation influenced recognition was obtained in both conditions. Alternative interpretations hypothesized that: (1) dual memory representations of Phase 1 stimuli, referenced to both retinal and objective upright, were formed and (2) a single memory representation of Phase 1 stimuli, referenced to an axis intermediate to retinal and objective upright, was formed., Charles E. Schmidt College of Science

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By assuming a hypothetical nuclear attack on various targets in the United States, including two in the vicinity of San Francisco, elements of civil defense operations requiring transattack and postattack fire information are identified. Through the assessment of probable types of fire operations within the framework of the assumed attack, the types and volume of fire information at the local level are summarized. It is concluded that less information, of a more general nature, is needed at the State, Regional, and Federal levels.

Methods for evaluating the significance of fallout ingress into shelters through broken windows are examined. A limited small-scale experimental simulation was performed to test the sensitivity of ingress-loading ratios to such variables as number of windows, window area, wind speed, and wind direction. In addition, a geometric method for estimating fallout ingress is described. The significance of fallout ingress in terms of increasing exposure of shelter occupants to ionizing radiation is assessed, both on a local and on a national scale. (Author)

One of the laboratory tools that is particularly well suited for studying ion-molecule reactions is the drift tube. Woo and Whealton have recently published a versatile analytical transport model for two converting charged species in a drift tube. Unfortunately, the original publication contained several errors, and in addition, the mathematical expressions contained in the solution of their model are quite complicated, with the result that a direct approach to the programming of their solution is unnecessarily difficult. The report gathers in one location the corrected model, the information necessary for its use, our mathematical modifications for computational simplification, and the solution of their model recast in terms of the mathematical modifications. (Author)

Vol. 13, No. 7 ; Teaneck edition ; Weekly publication

Today, nursing has placed a great deal of emphasis on the care of the whole patient, physical, emotional, and spiritual. Although the student nurse possesses sufficient theoretical knowledge about the spiritual care of the patient, she does not have sufficient clinical experience to adequately meet his religious needs. Often the nurse find it embarrassing and awkward to talk to the patient about his spiritual welfare. Sister Mary Berenice Beck states: It is true that the priest is the official dispenser of the chief benefits of the Church and the Catholic physician carries a greater responsibility than the nurse for certain aspects of the spiritual welfare of the patient, but it is equally true that the nurse is often in a more strategic position than either the priest or the physician to help the patient, either by preparing the way for the priest, or, in his absence for whatever reason, by sharing with the patient out of her own abudance. In the early part of the century, the spiritual care of the sick was believed to be the duty of the sisters and the priests, but today the number of priests and sisters is decreasing. Now we find that the religious welfare of the sick is the concern of all who care for the patient; now we are beginning to realize the importance of the lay apostlate, and especially the lay apostlate nurse. A greater degree of spiritual care can and should be given by the lay nurse because she is the one who spends a considerable amount of time with the patient.

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Dark grayish-olive fine vertical rib cloth; oval paper onlay with photograph of woman in fur coat, cloth stamped with background of dog sled team and snowy mountains in black and white, black and white lettering; spine stamped in black with vignette of mountain peaks, white lettering. H: 19.2 cm.; W: 13.2 cm.; D: 3.1 cm.

Vol. 13, No. 6; Teaneck edition; Weekly publication

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Vol. 13, No. 7; Teaneck edition; Weekly publication

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Vol. 13, No. 19; Teaneck edition; Weekly publication. Pages are torn, damaged.

Vol. 12, No. 5; Teaneck edition; Weekly publication

The idea of active ageing retains a broad appeal and has a global reach, particularly through the influence of the World Health Organisation (WHO). However, in practice it has been the subject of criticism. In this article, it is argued that the incorporation of active ageing into the policy agendas of the welfare systems for older people should be understood by reference to the perceived effects of demographic trends on demand for services. In the context of the British welfare system, the active ageing agenda has become inextricably linked with the broader policy agenda to reduce older people's call on public resources in order to manage the increasing proportions of older people in the British population. The implications of these developments for social work are significant.

Over the last twenty years, successive welfare policies have undermined gerontological social work as a specialist area of social work practice. The UK's ageing population offers an opportunity for gerontological social work to rebuild itself. Increasing numbers of older people with long-term conditions, significant growth in the population of family carers and enhanced community-based living for people with long-term needs combine to reposition social work as—potentially—playing a crucial role in the achievement of key policy goals. The particular skill and knowledge set of social workers uniquely equips them to manage the intersection of issues that currently challenge health and welfare services: complex needs, risk, transitions, end of life, carer stress and frailty. That older service users value the approach, input and expertise of social workers and that social workers have greater capacity to deliver sustainable support are also relevant. For gerontological social work to have a future, not only is it required to reclaim its specialist role, but it must re-establish its commitment to social justice, invest in building an evidence base of effectiveness and embed ageing-related teaching in the social work curriculum.

Starting in December 2009, small companies classified as non-accelerated filers must obtain an internal control audit to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This study estimates the cost of the internal control audit for new accelerated filers in 2006 and 2007 and assesses whether the new internal control auditing standard, Auditing Standard No. 5, has reduced Section 404-related audit costs. The study finds that the median cost of the internal control audit as a percentage of total audit fees is 42% for new accelerated filers in 2006 and 37% in 2007. This suggests that Section 404-related audit costs have fallen modestly since Auditing Standard No. 5 was adopted, although the change is not statistically significant. The 2007 results provide a reasonable estimate of what non-accelerated filers will have to pay when they comply in 2009.

Starting in December 2009, small companies classified as non-accelerated filers must obtain an internal control audit to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This study estimates the cost of the internal control audit for new accelerated filers in 2006 and 2007 and assesses whether the new internal control auditing standard, Auditing Standard No. 5, has reduced Section 404-related audit costs. The study finds that the median cost of the internal control audit as a percentage of total audit fees is 42% for new accelerated filers in 2006 and 37% in 2007. This suggests that Section 404-related audit costs have fallen modestly since Auditing Standard No. 5 was adopted, although the change is not statistically significant. The 2007 results provide a reasonable estimate of what non-accelerated filers will have to pay when they comply in 2009.

Mary Ann Sullivan graduated from Columbus College of Art & Design, majoring in illustration. She worked as a commercial artist for several years, illustrating a book based on Native American verse during this time. Her work is found in the 18th, 19th, 22nd & 27th Annuals of the Society of Illustrators. She was among one hundred artists chosen nationwide to exhibit in a show sponsored by American Artist magazine, and has won other regional awards. She has exhibited in local galleries and shows for the last twenty-six years, and also in Taos, New Mexico galleries. In the past, her work involved a personal lexicon of imagery associated with the southwestern United States. Her time in New Mexico inspired series of paintings and collages. Native American art, with its use of pattern and stylization, provided a foundation and referent for these works. More recently, she has explored facets of portraiture, especially as they relate to literature: the study of the author expressed through his or her visage imprinted by personal experience, and expressing universal response. Several of these works were featured in a specially curated show presented by the Ohio Art League. Her recent endeavors include assemblages of found objects and traditional media, painting with neo-primitive imagery, and painting employing forms derived from nature and found scenery. These works range from assembled shrines to a series of abstracted arboreal forms. She has also recently returned to pen and ink work, while maintaining a keen interest in incorporating the written word into illustrative and painted works. Examples of these have been included in several exhibits.

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