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We present a time-lapse 4-D high-resolution synchrotron imaging study of the morphological evolution of methane gas bubbles and hydrate film growth on these bubbles. Methane gas and partially water-saturated sand were used to form hydrate with a maximum hydrate saturation of 60%. We investigated the transient evolution of gas bubble size distribution during hydrate formation and observed three distinct stages: a) nucleation and hydrate film formation, b) rapid bubble break-up, c) gas bubble coalescence and hydrate framework formation. Our results show that the average gas bubble size distribution decreases from 34.17 µm (during hydrate nucleation) to 8.87 µm (during secondary bubble formation). The small-size methane bubble population (mean diameter below 10 µm) initially increases at the expense of the larger methane bubble population (mean diameter above 50 µm) due to breakage of the larger bubbles and coalescence of the smaller bubbles. We quantified that the average hydrate film thickness increases from 3.51 to 14.7 µm by tracking the evolution of a particular gas bubble. This thickness increase agrees with an analytical model with an average deviation error of 3.3%. This study provides insights into gas bubble distribution and hydrate film growth during hydrate formation, both of which impact the geophysical and mechanical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments.

This research purposely is to deeply figure out and understand about the estimation of contract in accordance with the civil code and the essence of the contract estimation for the concerned parties. A judicial-normative approach is applied here and the data source used in this research is simply in the form of secondary data comprising primary, secondary, and tertiary materials. Subsequently, those legal materials are analyzed using a descriptive-qualitative method. The result of the research shows that the interpretation of the contract is still needed by considering that indistinctness in the formula of contract content is often found. The interpretation of the contract is done to match the intentions of all concerned parties. To this point, there will be no any differences in fulfilling the pretasi in accordance with what has been regulated in the contract formula. In this case, both concerned parties must find the essence of a new agreement by interpreting the contract fairly. However, such interpretation is not simple as each of parties commonly has a high subjectivity that is by interpreting the contract by considering their own interest and benefit. On the other hand, the interest of other parties sometimes is not accommodated well.