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The article is focused on analyzing the specificity of lexical and grammatical means expressing the optativity semantics in Tatar and English. Examining the matter in question based on pieces of literature explained by a widespread use of optative verbs in fiction as those which are targeted at the sphere exclusively inherent to a person’s inner world. The final stage of the study addresses the social and pragmatic substantiation of linguistic peculiarities of the verb vocabulary expressing optative mood in differently structured languages – Tatar and English. Topicality of the study is reasoned by the fact that the verb optative mood category in modern world linguistics is not a subject of a special study at present. The insufficient coverage of the optativity linguistic category primarily initiates a considerable interest in its contrast-comparative study, which is to enable determining the boundaries of grammatical forms and lexical units expressing semantics of wish and identifying their semantic features. Complexity of the study is caused by the point the article addresses an unmediated translation of belles-lettres from English into Tatar being differently structured and genetically unrelated languages, which testified to the study topicality as well., O artigo tem como objetivo analisar a especificidade dos meios lexicais e gramaticais que expressam a semântica da optatividade em tártaro e inglês. O exame do assunto em questão com base em trechos literaturários é explicado por um uso difundido de verbos optativos na ficção, uma vez que são direcionados à esfera exclusivamente inerente ao mundo interior de uma pessoa. A fase final do estudo aborda a concretização social e pragmática das peculiaridades linguísticas do vocabulário verbal que expressa o modo optativo em línguas de estrutura diferentes – o tártaro e o inglês. A atualidade do estudo é fundamentada pelo fato de que a categoria do modo optativo verbal na linguística do mundo moderno não é tema de um estudo especial no momento. A cobertura insuficiente da categoria linguística de optatividade inicia principalmente no interesse considerável em seu estudo comparativo de contraste, que é permitir determinar os limites de formas gramaticais e unidades lexicais que expressam a semântica de desejo e identificando suas características semânticas. A complexidade do estudo é causada pelo ponto em que o artigo trata de uma tradução não mediada de belles-lettres do inglês para o tártaro sendo línguas de estrutura diferente e geneticamente não relacionadas, o que também atesta a atualidade do estudo., El artículo se centra en analizar la especificidad de los medios léxicos y gramaticales que expresan la semántica de optatividad en tártaro e inglés. Examinar el tema en cuestión a partir de piezas de literatura se explica por un uso generalizado de verbos optativos en la ficción, ya que están dirigidos a la esfera exclusivamente inherente al mundo interior de una persona. La etapa final del estudio aborda la sustanciación social y pragmática de las peculiaridades lingüísticas del vocabulario verbal que expresa el modo optativo en idiomas estructurados de manera diferente: tártaro e inglés. La actualidad del estudio se basa en el hecho de que la categoría de modo optativo del verbo en la lingüística mundial moderna no es objeto de un estudio especial en la actualidad. La cobertura insuficiente de la categoría lingüística de la optatividad inicia principalmente un interés considerable en su estudio comparativo de contraste, que es permitir determinar los límites de las formas gramaticales y las unidades léxicas que expresan la semántica del deseo e identificar sus características semánticas. La complejidad del estudio se debe al hecho de que el artículo aborda una traducción no mediada de belles-lettres del inglés al tártaro que tiene una estructura diferente y lenguajes genéticamente no relacionados, lo que también atestigua la actualidad del estudio.

The article is focused on analyzing the specificity of lexical and grammatical means expressing the optativity semantics in Tatar and English. Examining the matter in question based on pieces of literature explained by a widespread use of optative verbs in fiction as those which are targeted at the sphere exclusively inherent to a person’s inner world. The final stage of the study addresses the social and pragmatic substantiation of linguistic peculiarities of the verb vocabulary expressing optative mood in differently structured languages – Tatar and English. Topicality of the study is reasoned by the fact that the verb optative mood category in modern world linguistics is not a subject of a special study at present. The insufficient coverage of the optativity linguistic category primarily initiates a considerable interest in its contrast-comparative study, which is to enable determining the boundaries of grammatical forms and lexical units expressing semantics of wish and identifying their semantic features. Complexity of the study is caused by the point the article addresses an unmediated translation of belles-lettres from English into Tatar being differently structured and genetically unrelated languages, which testified to the study topicality as well., O artigo tem como objetivo analisar a especificidade dos meios lexicais e gramaticais que expressam a semântica da optatividade em tártaro e inglês. O exame do assunto em questão com base em trechos literaturários é explicado por um uso difundido de verbos optativos na ficção, uma vez que são direcionados à esfera exclusivamente inerente ao mundo interior de uma pessoa. A fase final do estudo aborda a concretização social e pragmática das peculiaridades linguísticas do vocabulário verbal que expressa o modo optativo em línguas de estrutura diferentes – o tártaro e o inglês. A atualidade do estudo é fundamentada pelo fato de que a categoria do modo optativo verbal na linguística do mundo moderno não é tema de um estudo especial no momento. A cobertura insuficiente da categoria linguística de optatividade inicia principalmente no interesse considerável em seu estudo comparativo de contraste, que é permitir determinar os limites de formas gramaticais e unidades lexicais que expressam a semântica de desejo e identificando suas características semânticas. A complexidade do estudo é causada pelo ponto em que o artigo trata de uma tradução não mediada de belles-lettres do inglês para o tártaro sendo línguas de estrutura diferente e geneticamente não relacionadas, o que também atesta a atualidade do estudo., El artículo se centra en analizar la especificidad de los medios léxicos y gramaticales que expresan la semántica de optatividad en tártaro e inglés. Examinar el tema en cuestión a partir de piezas de literatura se explica por un uso generalizado de verbos optativos en la ficción, ya que están dirigidos a la esfera exclusivamente inherente al mundo interior de una persona. La etapa final del estudio aborda la sustanciación social y pragmática de las peculiaridades lingüísticas del vocabulario verbal que expresa el modo optativo en idiomas estructurados de manera diferente: tártaro e inglés. La actualidad del estudio se basa en el hecho de que la categoría de modo optativo del verbo en la lingüística mundial moderna no es objeto de un estudio especial en la actualidad. La cobertura insuficiente de la categoría lingüística de la optatividad inicia principalmente un interés considerable en su estudio comparativo de contraste, que es permitir determinar los límites de las formas gramaticales y las unidades léxicas que expresan la semántica del deseo e identificar sus características semánticas. La complejidad del estudio se debe al hecho de que el artículo aborda una traducción no mediada de belles-lettres del inglés al tártaro que tiene una estructura diferente y lenguajes genéticamente no relacionados, lo que también atestigua la actualidad del estudio.

В статье представлены некоторые факты об обрядово-игровых традициях основных этнических групп, проживающих на территории Чувашской Республики, – чувашей, русских, татар, мордвы. Цель исследования – выявление фактов бытования обрядов в их театральном аспекте, где участник обряда или игры перевоплощается при помощи переодевания, ряжения, маски; выявление фактов взаимовлияния культур вышеуказанных этносов. Методы исследования – интервью и наблюдение с видео- и аудиозаписями ответов информаторов. Основные выводы, сделанные по результатам проведенного исследования: в настоящее время зафиксированы случаи возрождения традиций святочного ряжения в сельской местности Чувашии; традиции ряженья мало изменились со времен второй половины XIX века. Изменения в основном затронули типажи – появились новые персонажи, особенно во второй половине XX века; содержание национальных традиций в полной мере отражает мировоззрение, менталитет и систему ценностей народа., The article presents facts about ceremonial-game traditions of main ethnic groups living in Chuvash Republic, such as Chuvash, Russian, Tatar, and Mordovian. The purpose of the research was the survey of ceremonies, customs and celebrations which are kept in the present time in Chuvashia. The research was focused solely on theatrical aspect of rites or ceremonies where a person uses dressing up, masks, makeup, and acts for Mummers' plays. Furthermore, the research aimed to identify the mutual cultural influence of the above mentioned ethnic groups on each other. The field study was conducted using the methods of interviewing, observation with video and audio recording. The data were gathered from all of Chuvash Republic districts. In conclusion, it was established that mummering traditions are being revived in some rural areas of Chuvashia; traditions of mummering have not been changed since the second half of the XIX century, but people created new characters, especially in the second half of the XX century; the content of ceremonial-game traditions is fully demonstrates the worldview, mentality and value system of the main ethnic groups presented in Chuvashia.

The aim of the article is to explore the process of the documentary film production's formation and to determine the main directions of its development in one of the national republics of the USSR, namely the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, since the pre-Soviet period of cinema. The problem-chronological approach is the leading one in this research. In result, by the end of the 1980s, the sharply worsening situation in the country in all spheres of life affected public institutions. In conclusion, a distinctive feature of this work is an integrated approach to the study of the TASSR cinematography history.

The article is devoted to the analysis of some phraseological units with the evaluative component of a person (by the material of the Tatar language) via the method of statistical data analysis, the method of seminal analysis, the method of full component analysis, the method of etymological analysis. As a result of the semantic analysis of the studied units, the description of a person consists of a set of positive, negative and neutral features. In conclusion, the phraseological composition of a language is a national phenomenon and its source is the speech of a native speaker

This article discusses the roles of predicative and onomatopoeic words as a component of the concretizing relationship in the Tatar literary language via descriptive-analytical research method. As a result, in syntactic terms, both onomatopoeic words and predicative words can be attributed to notional parts of speech, as they form word combinations. In conclusion, the semantic relationship between dependent and dominant components, their means of communication, require careful analysis both in functional and semantic aspects. The concretizing relation plays an important role in formation of speech

The article is devoted to the definition of the essence of Tatarchildren's literature via comparative qualitative research methods. As aresult, the study of materials relating to the formation of children'sliterature, made it possible to get an idea of its essential manifestations,its originality, its significance in the general literary process. Inconclusion, the aspects selected on the basis of systematization ofstudies of children's literature allow us to formulate the definition ofchildren's literature as a special subsystem of literature that focuses ondialogue with consciousness of children and reproduces the subcultureof child in codes characteristic.

The authors prove their thinking as the most important issue for any nation in their writing. Scholars have not reached any agreement on the nature of matter, nature, and personality. It deals with these issues. Every person in a community has a part of a place in the community (a class, a church community, an ethnicity, a state, etc.). That comes from a friend or foe that shows an ancient dichotomy. In a national entity, there is always a prevailing stable thing We call it mentality. A popular individuality cannot be qualified by sole property but by social trait, why. And today, in the visage of a date of the procedure of globalization integration, it is significant to citation this reality.

Terminology is one of the most important problems of modern linguistics. The study of terminological systems of typologically different languages is of great scientific interest. The article deals with the productive methods of word formation in English, Russian and Tatar chemical and biological terminology on the example of suffixation, compounding, conversion and abbreviation. The purpose of the present study is to identify the features of these methods in the chemical and biological term systems of genetically unrelated and typologically diverse languages. The general models of word formation typical for the languages studied in this article are considered and presented.

The authors prove their thinking as the most important issue for any nation in their writing. Scholars have not reached any agreement on the nature of matter, nature, and personality. It deals with these issues. Every person in a community has a part of a place in the community (a class, a church community, an ethnicity, a state, etc.). That comes from a friend or foe that shows an ancient dichotomy. In a national entity, there is always a prevailing stable thing We call it mentality. A popular individuality cannot be qualified by sole property but by social trait, why. And today, in the visage of a date of the procedure of globalization integration, it is significant to citation this reality.

Terminology is one of the most important problems of modern linguistics. The study of terminological systems of typologically different languages is of great scientific interest. The article deals with the productive methods of word formation in English, Russian and Tatar chemical and biological terminology on the example of suffixation, compounding, conversion and abbreviation. The purpose of the present study is to identify the features of these methods in the chemical and biological term systems of genetically unrelated and typologically diverse languages. The general models of word formation typical for the languages studied in this article are considered and presented.

The article is devoted to the definition of the essence of Tatar children's literature via comparative qualitative research methods. As a result, the study of materials relating to the formation of children's literature, made it possible to get an idea of its essential manifestations, its originality, its significance in the general literary process. In conclusion, the aspects selected on the basis of systematization of studies of children's literature allow us to formulate the definition of children's literature as a special subsystem of literature that focuses on dialogue with consciousness of children and reproduces the subculture of child in codes characteristic., El artículo está dedicado a la definición de la esencia de la literatura infantil tártaro a través de métodos de investigación cualitativa comparativa. Como resultado, el estudio de materiales relacionados con la formación de la literatura infantil permitió conocer sus manifestaciones esenciales, su originalidad y su importancia en el proceso literario general. En conclusión, los aspectos seleccionados sobre la base de la sistematización de los estudios de la literatura infantil nos permiten formular la definición de la literatura infantil como un subsistema especial de literatura que se centra en el diálogo con la conciencia de los niños y reproduce la subcultura del niño en códigos característicos.

The article is devoted to the definition of the essence of Tatar children's literature via comparative qualitative research methods. As a result, the study of materials relating to the formation of children's literature, made it possible to get an idea of its essential manifestations, its originality, its significance in the general literary process. In conclusion, the aspects selected on the basis of systematization of studies of children's literature allow us to formulate the definition of children's literature as a special subsystem of literature that focuses on dialogue with consciousness of children and reproduces the subculture of child in codes characteristic., El artículo está dedicado a la definición de la esencia de la literatura infantil tártaro a través de métodos de investigación cualitativa comparativa. Como resultado, el estudio de materiales relacionados con la formación de la literatura infantil permitió conocer sus manifestaciones esenciales, su originalidad y su importancia en el proceso literario general. En conclusión, los aspectos seleccionados sobre la base de la sistematización de los estudios de la literatura infantil nos permiten formular la definición de la literatura infantil como un subsistema especial de literatura que se centra en el diálogo con la conciencia de los niños y reproduce la subcultura del niño en códigos característicos.

A number of unrelated languages have portmanteau morphemes with both temporal and evidential meanings (e.g. Cherokee (Pulte 1985), Kalaallisut (Fortescue 2003), Tariana (Aikhenvald 2004), and Turkish (Slobin and Aksu 1982), among many others). These temporal and evidential meanings are strikingly consistent, cross-linguistically. Evidentiality frequently co-occurs as part of other grammatical categories (Aikhenvald 2018, 2004); however, most theories of evidentiality do not discuss its connection with other kinds of meaning. In this dissertation, I provide a formal account of the connection between temporal and evidential meanings through a case study of a set of portmanteau tense/aspect and evidential (TAE) morphemes in Tatar (Turkic). Part 1 of the dissertation provides in-depth description of the evidential and temporal interpretation of the Tatar TAE morphemes. This Tatar data was collected through original fieldwork on the language. Part 2 analyzes the Tatar TAE morphemes as having underlyingly temporal semantics. I propose that the Tatar TAE morphemes assert temporal meaning, and pragmatically implicate evidential meaning. I accomplish this by positing a tripartite event ontology (following Moens and Steedman 1988) in which events are preceded by contingently related pre-states and are followed by contingently related event post-states. I propose that the evidential meanings of the Tatar TAE morphemes arise as a "byproduct" of their ability to view events from within the runtimes of their pre- and post-states. I show that the evidential readings associatedwith the Tatar TAE morphemes are cancellable in some discourse contexts, and completely absent in others. This suggests that a pragmatic mechanism is needed to account for their use. This dissertation joins and formalizes intuitions about event pre- and post-states, causality, and evidentiality that have been previously described in both the temporal and evidential literatures (e.g. Comrie 1976, Nikolaeva 199

The present study was conducted to consider educational views of Nietzsche and Late Ayatollah Murteza Mutahhari. The significance of conducting this study is that proper education is a prerequisite for human accomplishment and if man is educated under the best schools, he will become angelic and sometimes go beyond angels. Otherwise, he will stop at lower levels of growth, or go back and descend to animals and even lower than that. Thus, proper individual and social growth and growth of human talents depends on proper education and more importantly, proper education not only results in correcting an individual but also changes the society. This study was conducted via library method by studying relevant books, articles, and theories on the one hand and analyzing, rejecting and proving some views and theories using logical proofs on the other hand, and it has been attempted in this regard to determine path of study by suggesting related questions and hypotheses. Nietzsche is a philosopher with particular interest in various philosophical and educational subjects. His most important educational goal is realizing a human beyond current one, and to achieve to this, he has strongly lent support to some characteristics such as willpower, individualism, infidelity, godlessness, freedom, moderation, culture, etc. and on the other hand, has dismissed some human characteristics, most importantly, spirituals, nature, and intellect. The opposing point to this thought is view of distinguished Iranian thinker, Late Ayatollah Mutahhari, in whose view human educational school must be established based on Holy Koran and Islamic resources in which growth and development of all human aspects have been considered. Martyr Mutahhari had a special emphasis on spiritual, natural, religious, physical, mental and even non-sensual needs of humans. After considering and comparing educational views of Nietzsche and Martyr Mutahhari, we conclude that if man is brought up based on Nietzsche's edu

The aim of this study was to present a model of the relationship between coaches' misconduct and the progressive motivation of elite female athletes. The method of the study was a factor analysis and in terms of implementation, it was a field study. The population of the study consisted of all elite female athletes composed of two team-based and two individual sports including cycling and rowing who were invited to the national team camp in 2016. The total sample size of 190 athletes were selected. Data was collected using questionnaires including Bloorizadeh”™s examination of the experience of misconduct (2013), Lange and Frisch's progressive motivation (2006). Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to predict the change and method of factor analysis, and T-test was used to examine the fitness of model and determining the effect was done by statistical softwares such as SPSS, Excel and SMART-PLS. The results of the study indicated that there were multiple relationships between the components of misconduct and the progressive motivation of elite female athletes. The components of misconduct explained the progressive motivation. Goodness of fit indices (NFI, SRMR), with their interpretation, showed that the model did not have a fairly suitable fitness and the indices should be interpreted with caution in SMART-PLS.

The present study was conducted to consider educational views of Nietzsche and Late Ayatollah Murteza Mutahhari. The significance of conducting this study is that proper education is a prerequisite for human accomplishment and if man is educated under the best schools, he will become angelic and sometimes go beyond angels. Otherwise, he will stop at lower levels of growth, or go back and descend to animals and even lower than that. Thus, proper individual and social growth and growth of human talents depends on proper education and more importantly, proper education not only results in correcting an individual but also changes the society. This study was conducted via library method by studying relevant books, articles, and theories on the one hand and analyzing, rejecting and proving some views and theories using logical proofs on the other hand, and it has been attempted in this regard to determine path of study by suggesting related questions and hypotheses. Nietzsche is a philosopher with particular interest in various philosophical and educational subjects. His most important educational goal is realizing a human beyond current one, and to achieve to this, he has strongly lent support to some characteristics such as willpower, individualism, infidelity, godlessness, freedom, moderation, culture, etc. and on the other hand, has dismissed some human characteristics, most importantly, spirituals, nature, and intellect. The opposing point to this thought is view of distinguished Iranian thinker, Late Ayatollah Mutahhari, in whose view human educational school must be established based on Holy Koran and Islamic resources in which growth and development of all human aspects have been considered. Martyr Mutahhari had a special emphasis on spiritual, natural, religious, physical, mental and even non-sensual needs of humans. After considering and comparing educational views of Nietzsche and Martyr Mutahhari, we conclude that if man is brought up based on Nietzsche's edu

El Museo Ruso: Filial Virtual se desarrolla como un producto interregional e internacional en aras de dar a conocer las mayores colecciones de arte ruso, su historia de creación, vida contemporánea, así­ como de convertirlas en públicas y accesibles para el disfrute de todas las comunidades. Las posibilidades que ofrecen las nuevas tecnologí­as permiten llevar a cabo este proyecto cultural, basado en los ví­nculos institucionales de diversas procedencias. Resulta trascendental a su vez, el apoyo de los directivos, de la Embajada Rusa en Cuba y de todos los participantes del proyecto para hacerlo viable. No obstante, la disposición de los recursos humanos implicados en este proceso contribuye notablemente a su sostenibilidad, debido a que reunir esfuerzos y el trabajo en equipo es un aspecto de suma importancia en este tipo de proyectos socio-culturales, así­ como la correcta y continua planificación, organización, ejecución y evaluación del mismo.

The aim of this study was to present a model of the relationship between coaches' misconduct and the progressive motivation of elite female athletes. The method of the study was a factor analysis and in terms of implementation, it was a field study. The population of the study consisted of all elite female athletes composed of two team-based and two individual sports including cycling and rowing who were invited to the national team camp in 2016. The total sample size of 190 athletes were selected. Data was collected using questionnaires including Bloorizadeh”™s examination of the experience of misconduct (2013), Lange and Frisch's progressive motivation (2006). Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to predict the change and method of factor analysis, and T-test was used to examine the fitness of model and determining the effect was done by statistical softwares such as SPSS, Excel and SMART-PLS. The results of the study indicated that there were multiple relationships between the components of misconduct and the progressive motivation of elite female athletes. The components of misconduct explained the progressive motivation. Goodness of fit indices (NFI, SRMR), with their interpretation, showed that the model did not have a fairly suitable fitness and the indices should be interpreted with caution in SMART-PLS.

The present study was conducted to consider educational views of Nietzsche and Late Ayatollah Murteza Mutahhari. The significance of conducting this study is that proper education is a prerequisite for human accomplishment and if man is educated under the best schools, he will become angelic and sometimes go beyond angels. Otherwise, he will stop at lower levels of growth, or go back and descend to animals and even lower than that. Thus, proper individual and social growth and growth of human talents depends on proper education and more importantly, proper education not only results in correcting an individual but also changes the society. This study was conducted via library method by studying relevant books, articles, and theories on the one hand and analyzing, rejecting and proving some views and theories using logical proofs on the other hand, and it has been attempted in this regard to determine path of study by suggesting related questions and hypotheses. Nietzsche is a philosopher with particular interest in various philosophical and educational subjects. His most important educational goal is realizing a human beyond current one, and to achieve to this, he has strongly lent support to some characteristics such as willpower, individualism, infidelity, godlessness, freedom, moderation, culture, etc. and on the other hand, has dismissed some human characteristics, most importantly, spirituals, nature, and intellect. The opposing point to this thought is view of distinguished Iranian thinker, Late Ayatollah Mutahhari, in whose view human educational school must be established based on Holy Koran and Islamic resources in which growth and development of all human aspects have been considered. Martyr Mutahhari had a special emphasis on spiritual, natural, religious, physical, mental and even non-sensual needs of humans. After considering and comparing educational views of Nietzsche and Martyr Mutahhari, we conclude that if man is brought up based on Nietzsche's edu

The aim of this study was to present a model of the relationship between coaches' misconduct and the progressive motivation of elite female athletes. The method of the study was a factor analysis and in terms of implementation, it was a field study. The population of the study consisted of all elite female athletes composed of two team-based and two individual sports including cycling and rowing who were invited to the national team camp in 2016. The total sample size of 190 athletes were selected. Data was collected using questionnaires including Bloorizadeh”™s examination of the experience of misconduct (2013), Lange and Frisch's progressive motivation (2006). Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to predict the change and method of factor analysis, and T-test was used to examine the fitness of model and determining the effect was done by statistical softwares such as SPSS, Excel and SMART-PLS. The results of the study indicated that there were multiple relationships between the components of misconduct and the progressive motivation of elite female athletes. The components of misconduct explained the progressive motivation. Goodness of fit indices (NFI, SRMR), with their interpretation, showed that the model did not have a fairly suitable fitness and the indices should be interpreted with caution in SMART-PLS.

The aim of this study was to present a model of the relationship between coaches' misconduct and the progressive motivation of elite female athletes. The method of the study was a factor analysis and in terms of implementation, it was a field study. The population of the study consisted of all elite female athletes composed of two team-based and two individual sports including cycling and rowing who were invited to the national team camp in 2016. The total sample size of 190 athletes were selected. Data was collected using questionnaires including Bloorizadeh”™s examination of the experience of misconduct (2013), Lange and Frisch's progressive motivation (2006). Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to predict the change and method of factor analysis, and T-test was used to examine the fitness of model and determining the effect was done by statistical softwares such as SPSS, Excel and SMART-PLS. The results of the study indicated that there were multiple relationships between the components of misconduct and the progressive motivation of elite female athletes. The components of misconduct explained the progressive motivation. Goodness of fit indices (NFI, SRMR), with their interpretation, showed that the model did not have a fairly suitable fitness and the indices should be interpreted with caution in SMART-PLS.

The present study was conducted to consider educational views of Nietzsche and Late Ayatollah Murteza Mutahhari. The significance of conducting this study is that proper education is a prerequisite for human accomplishment and if man is educated under the best schools, he will become angelic and sometimes go beyond angels. Otherwise, he will stop at lower levels of growth, or go back and descend to animals and even lower than that. Thus, proper individual and social growth and growth of human talents depends on proper education and more importantly, proper education not only results in correcting an individual but also changes the society. This study was conducted via library method by studying relevant books, articles, and theories on the one hand and analyzing, rejecting and proving some views and theories using logical proofs on the other hand, and it has been attempted in this regard to determine path of study by suggesting related questions and hypotheses. Nietzsche is a philosopher with particular interest in various philosophical and educational subjects. His most important educational goal is realizing a human beyond current one, and to achieve to this, he has strongly lent support to some characteristics such as willpower, individualism, infidelity, godlessness, freedom, moderation, culture, etc. and on the other hand, has dismissed some human characteristics, most importantly, spirituals, nature, and intellect. The opposing point to this thought is view of distinguished Iranian thinker, Late Ayatollah Mutahhari, in whose view human educational school must be established based on Holy Koran and Islamic resources in which growth and development of all human aspects have been considered. Martyr Mutahhari had a special emphasis on spiritual, natural, religious, physical, mental and even non-sensual needs of humans. After considering and comparing educational views of Nietzsche and Martyr Mutahhari, we conclude that if man is brought up based on Nietzsche's edu

El Museo Ruso: Filial Virtual se desarrolla como un producto interregional e internacional en aras de dar a conocer las mayores colecciones de arte ruso, su historia de creación, vida contemporánea, así­ como de convertirlas en públicas y accesibles para el disfrute de todas las comunidades. Las posibilidades que ofrecen las nuevas tecnologí­as permiten llevar a cabo este proyecto cultural, basado en los ví­nculos institucionales de diversas procedencias. Resulta trascendental a su vez, el apoyo de los directivos, de la Embajada Rusa en Cuba y de todos los participantes del proyecto para hacerlo viable. No obstante, la disposición de los recursos humanos implicados en este proceso contribuye notablemente a su sostenibilidad, debido a que reunir esfuerzos y el trabajo en equipo es un aspecto de suma importancia en este tipo de proyectos socio-culturales, así­ como la correcta y continua planificación, organización, ejecución y evaluación del mismo.

The article gives a parametric analysis of linguistic reference books, which provides information about what data are contained and how they are presented in bilingual and monolingual dictionaries of the Russian-Tatar of the second half and beginning of the 20th and the 21st centuries via the linguistic description, comparative and contrastive methods. For the character of representation, a parameter can be principal and not main. By the representation character, a parameter may be principal and non-principal. The parametric analysis is reflected in a summary table, where lines show parameters and columns abbreviated titles of dictionaries, El artículo ofrece un análisis paramétrico de libros de referencia lingüísticos, que proporciona información sobre qué datos están contenidos y cómo se presentan en diccionarios bilingües y monolingües del ruso-tártaro de la segunda mitad y principios del siglo XX y XXI a través de la lingüística. descripción, métodos comparativos y contrastivos. Para el carácter de representación, un parámetro puede ser principal y no principal. Por el carácter de representación, un parámetro puede ser principal y no principal. El análisis paramétrico se refleja en una tabla resumen, donde las líneas muestran parámetros y columnas titles títulos abreviados de diccionarios

A number of unrelated languages have portmanteau morphemes with both temporal and evidential meanings (e.g. Cherokee (Pulte 1985), Kalaallisut (Fortescue 2003), Tariana (Aikhenvald 2004), and Turkish (Slobin and Aksu 1982), among many others). These temporal and evidential meanings are strikingly consistent, cross-linguistically. Evidentiality frequently co-occurs as part of other grammatical categories (Aikhenvald 2018, 2004); however, most theories of evidentiality do not discuss its connection with other kinds of meaning. In this dissertation, I provide a formal account of the connection between temporal and evidential meanings through a case study of a set of portmanteau tense/aspect and evidential (TAE) morphemes in Tatar (Turkic). Part 1 of the dissertation provides in-depth description of the evidential and temporal interpretation of the Tatar TAE morphemes. This Tatar data was collected through original fieldwork on the language. Part 2 analyzes the Tatar TAE morphemes as having underlyingly temporal semantics. I propose that the Tatar TAE morphemes assert temporal meaning, and pragmatically implicate evidential meaning. I accomplish this by positing a tripartite event ontology (following Moens and Steedman 1988) in which events are preceded by contingently related pre-states and are followed by contingently related event post-states. I propose that the evidential meanings of the Tatar TAE morphemes arise as a "byproduct" of their ability to view events from within the runtimes of their pre- and post-states. I show that the evidential readings associatedwith the Tatar TAE morphemes are cancellable in some discourse contexts, and completely absent in others. This suggests that a pragmatic mechanism is needed to account for their use. This dissertation joins and formalizes intuitions about event pre- and post-states, causality, and evidentiality that have been previously described in both the temporal and evidential literatures (e.g. Comrie 1976, Nikolaeva 199

The article gives a parametric analysis of linguistic reference books, which provides information about what data are contained and how they are presented in bilingual and monolingual dictionaries of the Russian-Tatar of the second half and beginning of the 20th and the 21st centuries via the linguistic description, comparative and contrastive methods. For the character of representation, a parameter can be principal and not main. By the representation character, a parameter may be principal and non-principal. The parametric analysis is reflected in a summary table, where lines show parameters and columns abbreviated titles of dictionaries, El artículo ofrece un análisis paramétrico de libros de referencia lingüísticos, que proporciona información sobre qué datos están contenidos y cómo se presentan en diccionarios bilingües y monolingües del ruso-tártaro de la segunda mitad y principios del siglo XX y XXI a través de la lingüística. descripción, métodos comparativos y contrastivos. Para el carácter de representación, un parámetro puede ser principal y no principal. Por el carácter de representación, un parámetro puede ser principal y no principal. El análisis paramétrico se refleja en una tabla resumen, donde las líneas muestran parámetros y columnas titles títulos abreviados de diccionarios

The aim of this study was to present a model of the relationship between coaches' misconduct and the progressive motivation of elite female athletes. The method of the study was a factor analysis and in terms of implementation, it was a field study. The population of the study consisted of all elite female athletes composed of two team-based and two individual sports including cycling and rowing who were invited to the national team camp in 2016. The total sample size of 190 athletes were selected. Data was collected using questionnaires including Bloorizadeh”™s examination of the experience of misconduct (2013), Lange and Frisch's progressive motivation (2006). Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to predict the change and method of factor analysis, and T-test was used to examine the fitness of model and determining the effect was done by statistical softwares such as SPSS, Excel and SMART-PLS. The results of the study indicated that there were multiple relationships between the components of misconduct and the progressive motivation of elite female athletes. The components of misconduct explained the progressive motivation. Goodness of fit indices (NFI, SRMR), with their interpretation, showed that the model did not have a fairly suitable fitness and the indices should be interpreted with caution in SMART-PLS.

The present study was conducted to consider educational views of Nietzsche and Late Ayatollah Murteza Mutahhari. The significance of conducting this study is that proper education is a prerequisite for human accomplishment and if man is educated under the best schools, he will become angelic and sometimes go beyond angels. Otherwise, he will stop at lower levels of growth, or go back and descend to animals and even lower than that. Thus, proper individual and social growth and growth of human talents depends on proper education and more importantly, proper education not only results in correcting an individual but also changes the society. This study was conducted via library method by studying relevant books, articles, and theories on the one hand and analyzing, rejecting and proving some views and theories using logical proofs on the other hand, and it has been attempted in this regard to determine path of study by suggesting related questions and hypotheses. Nietzsche is a philosopher with particular interest in various philosophical and educational subjects. His most important educational goal is realizing a human beyond current one, and to achieve to this, he has strongly lent support to some characteristics such as willpower, individualism, infidelity, godlessness, freedom, moderation, culture, etc. and on the other hand, has dismissed some human characteristics, most importantly, spirituals, nature, and intellect. The opposing point to this thought is view of distinguished Iranian thinker, Late Ayatollah Mutahhari, in whose view human educational school must be established based on Holy Koran and Islamic resources in which growth and development of all human aspects have been considered. Martyr Mutahhari had a special emphasis on spiritual, natural, religious, physical, mental and even non-sensual needs of humans. After considering and comparing educational views of Nietzsche and Martyr Mutahhari, we conclude that if man is brought up based on Nietzsche's edu

The aim of this study was to present a model of the relationship between coaches' misconduct and the progressive motivation of elite female athletes. The method of the study was a factor analysis and in terms of implementation, it was a field study. The population of the study consisted of all elite female athletes composed of two team-based and two individual sports including cycling and rowing who were invited to the national team camp in 2016. The total sample size of 190 athletes were selected. Data was collected using questionnaires including Bloorizadeh”™s examination of the experience of misconduct (2013), Lange and Frisch's progressive motivation (2006). Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to predict the change and method of factor analysis, and T-test was used to examine the fitness of model and determining the effect was done by statistical softwares such as SPSS, Excel and SMART-PLS. The results of the study indicated that there were multiple relationships between the components of misconduct and the progressive motivation of elite female athletes. The components of misconduct explained the progressive motivation. Goodness of fit indices (NFI, SRMR), with their interpretation, showed that the model did not have a fairly suitable fitness and the indices should be interpreted with caution in SMART-PLS.

The present study was conducted to consider educational views of Nietzsche and Late Ayatollah Murteza Mutahhari. The significance of conducting this study is that proper education is a prerequisite for human accomplishment and if man is educated under the best schools, he will become angelic and sometimes go beyond angels. Otherwise, he will stop at lower levels of growth, or go back and descend to animals and even lower than that. Thus, proper individual and social growth and growth of human talents depends on proper education and more importantly, proper education not only results in correcting an individual but also changes the society. This study was conducted via library method by studying relevant books, articles, and theories on the one hand and analyzing, rejecting and proving some views and theories using logical proofs on the other hand, and it has been attempted in this regard to determine path of study by suggesting related questions and hypotheses. Nietzsche is a philosopher with particular interest in various philosophical and educational subjects. His most important educational goal is realizing a human beyond current one, and to achieve to this, he has strongly lent support to some characteristics such as willpower, individualism, infidelity, godlessness, freedom, moderation, culture, etc. and on the other hand, has dismissed some human characteristics, most importantly, spirituals, nature, and intellect. The opposing point to this thought is view of distinguished Iranian thinker, Late Ayatollah Mutahhari, in whose view human educational school must be established based on Holy Koran and Islamic resources in which growth and development of all human aspects have been considered. Martyr Mutahhari had a special emphasis on spiritual, natural, religious, physical, mental and even non-sensual needs of humans. After considering and comparing educational views of Nietzsche and Martyr Mutahhari, we conclude that if man is brought up based on Nietzsche's edu

El Museo Ruso: Filial Virtual se desarrolla como un producto interregional e internacional en aras de dar a conocer las mayores colecciones de arte ruso, su historia de creación, vida contemporánea, así­ como de convertirlas en públicas y accesibles para el disfrute de todas las comunidades. Las posibilidades que ofrecen las nuevas tecnologí­as permiten llevar a cabo este proyecto cultural, basado en los ví­nculos institucionales de diversas procedencias. Resulta trascendental a su vez, el apoyo de los directivos, de la Embajada Rusa en Cuba y de todos los participantes del proyecto para hacerlo viable. No obstante, la disposición de los recursos humanos implicados en este proceso contribuye notablemente a su sostenibilidad, debido a que reunir esfuerzos y el trabajo en equipo es un aspecto de suma importancia en este tipo de proyectos socio-culturales, así­ como la correcta y continua planificación, organización, ejecución y evaluación del mismo.

The present study was conducted to consider educational views of Nietzsche and Late Ayatollah Murteza Mutahhari. The significance of conducting this study is that proper education is a prerequisite for human accomplishment and if man is educated under the best schools, he will become angelic and sometimes go beyond angels. Otherwise, he will stop at lower levels of growth, or go back and descend to animals and even lower than that. Thus, proper individual and social growth and growth of human talents depends on proper education and more importantly, proper education not only results in correcting an individual but also changes the society. This study was conducted via library method by studying relevant books, articles, and theories on the one hand and analyzing, rejecting and proving some views and theories using logical proofs on the other hand, and it has been attempted in this regard to determine path of study by suggesting related questions and hypotheses. Nietzsche is a philosopher with particular interest in various philosophical and educational subjects. His most important educational goal is realizing a human beyond current one, and to achieve to this, he has strongly lent support to some characteristics such as willpower, individualism, infidelity, godlessness, freedom, moderation, culture, etc. and on the other hand, has dismissed some human characteristics, most importantly, spirituals, nature, and intellect. The opposing point to this thought is view of distinguished Iranian thinker, Late Ayatollah Mutahhari, in whose view human educational school must be established based on Holy Koran and Islamic resources in which growth and development of all human aspects have been considered. Martyr Mutahhari had a special emphasis on spiritual, natural, religious, physical, mental and even non-sensual needs of humans. After considering and comparing educational views of Nietzsche and Martyr Mutahhari, we conclude that if man is brought up based on Nietzsche's edu

The aim of this study was to present a model of the relationship between coaches' misconduct and the progressive motivation of elite female athletes. The method of the study was a factor analysis and in terms of implementation, it was a field study. The population of the study consisted of all elite female athletes composed of two team-based and two individual sports including cycling and rowing who were invited to the national team camp in 2016. The total sample size of 190 athletes were selected. Data was collected using questionnaires including Bloorizadeh”™s examination of the experience of misconduct (2013), Lange and Frisch's progressive motivation (2006). Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to predict the change and method of factor analysis, and T-test was used to examine the fitness of model and determining the effect was done by statistical softwares such as SPSS, Excel and SMART-PLS. The results of the study indicated that there were multiple relationships between the components of misconduct and the progressive motivation of elite female athletes. The components of misconduct explained the progressive motivation. Goodness of fit indices (NFI, SRMR), with their interpretation, showed that the model did not have a fairly suitable fitness and the indices should be interpreted with caution in SMART-PLS.

El Museo Ruso: Filial Virtual se desarrolla como un producto interregional e internacional en aras de dar a conocer las mayores colecciones de arte ruso, su historia de creación, vida contemporánea, así­ como de convertirlas en públicas y accesibles para el disfrute de todas las comunidades. Las posibilidades que ofrecen las nuevas tecnologí­as permiten llevar a cabo este proyecto cultural, basado en los ví­nculos institucionales de diversas procedencias. Resulta trascendental a su vez, el apoyo de los directivos, de la Embajada Rusa en Cuba y de todos los participantes del proyecto para hacerlo viable. No obstante, la disposición de los recursos humanos implicados en este proceso contribuye notablemente a su sostenibilidad, debido a que reunir esfuerzos y el trabajo en equipo es un aspecto de suma importancia en este tipo de proyectos socio-culturales, así­ como la correcta y continua planificación, organización, ejecución y evaluación del mismo.

The aim of this study was to present a model of the relationship between coaches' misconduct and the progressive motivation of elite female athletes. The method of the study was a factor analysis and in terms of implementation, it was a field study. The population of the study consisted of all elite female athletes composed of two team-based and two individual sports including cycling and rowing who were invited to the national team camp in 2016. The total sample size of 190 athletes were selected. Data was collected using questionnaires including Bloorizadeh”™s examination of the experience of misconduct (2013), Lange and Frisch's progressive motivation (2006). Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to predict the change and method of factor analysis, and T-test was used to examine the fitness of model and determining the effect was done by statistical softwares such as SPSS, Excel and SMART-PLS. The results of the study indicated that there were multiple relationships between the components of misconduct and the progressive motivation of elite female athletes. The components of misconduct explained the progressive motivation. Goodness of fit indices (NFI, SRMR), with their interpretation, showed that the model did not have a fairly suitable fitness and the indices should be interpreted with caution in SMART-PLS.

The present study was conducted to consider educational views of Nietzsche and Late Ayatollah Murteza Mutahhari. The significance of conducting this study is that proper education is a prerequisite for human accomplishment and if man is educated under the best schools, he will become angelic and sometimes go beyond angels. Otherwise, he will stop at lower levels of growth, or go back and descend to animals and even lower than that. Thus, proper individual and social growth and growth of human talents depends on proper education and more importantly, proper education not only results in correcting an individual but also changes the society. This study was conducted via library method by studying relevant books, articles, and theories on the one hand and analyzing, rejecting and proving some views and theories using logical proofs on the other hand, and it has been attempted in this regard to determine path of study by suggesting related questions and hypotheses. Nietzsche is a philosopher with particular interest in various philosophical and educational subjects. His most important educational goal is realizing a human beyond current one, and to achieve to this, he has strongly lent support to some characteristics such as willpower, individualism, infidelity, godlessness, freedom, moderation, culture, etc. and on the other hand, has dismissed some human characteristics, most importantly, spirituals, nature, and intellect. The opposing point to this thought is view of distinguished Iranian thinker, Late Ayatollah Mutahhari, in whose view human educational school must be established based on Holy Koran and Islamic resources in which growth and development of all human aspects have been considered. Martyr Mutahhari had a special emphasis on spiritual, natural, religious, physical, mental and even non-sensual needs of humans. After considering and comparing educational views of Nietzsche and Martyr Mutahhari, we conclude that if man is brought up based on Nietzsche's edu

The article gives a parametric analysis of linguistic reference books, which provides information about what data are contained and how they are presented in bilingual and monolingual dictionaries of the Russian-Tatar of the second half and beginning of the 20th and the 21st centuries via the linguistic description, comparative and contrastive methods. For the character of representation, a parameter can be principal and not main. By the representation character, a parameter may be principal and non-principal. The parametric analysis is reflected in a summary table, where lines show parameters and columns abbreviated titles of dictionaries, El artículo ofrece un análisis paramétrico de libros de referencia lingüísticos, que proporciona información sobre qué datos están contenidos y cómo se presentan en diccionarios bilingües y monolingües del ruso-tártaro de la segunda mitad y principios del siglo XX y XXI a través de la lingüística. descripción, métodos comparativos y contrastivos. Para el carácter de representación, un parámetro puede ser principal y no principal. Por el carácter de representación, un parámetro puede ser principal y no principal. El análisis paramétrico se refleja en una tabla resumen, donde las líneas muestran parámetros y columnas titles títulos abreviados de diccionarios

Studien undersöker berättelser om djur i de isländska tåtarna. Materialet består av samtliga fyrtionio tåtar i islänningasagorna vilka har undersökts genom en narrativ analys. Syftet är dels att ta fasta på djurens roller och funktioner i berättelserna, och dels att jämföra dessa över tid för att upptäcka eventuella förändringar vad beträffar djurens deltagande. Slutligen kopplas resultatet i den mån det är möjligt till diskussionen om bokprosa- och friprosateorin.Resultatet visar att djur förekommer i sammanhang av transportering, fejd, gåvor, måltider, offer, i namn, indirekt för att driva handlingen framåt och i samband med fara för människors liv. Djuren kan delta aktivt eller passivt, direkt eller indirekt, i berättelserna. De kan exempelvis fungera som föremål vid en fejd eller som gåva att skänka för att knyta vänskapsband. Tåtarna utspelar sig från slutet av 800-talet fram till mitten av 1100-talet och kan delas in i fyra perioder. När sagasamhället ändrar karaktär från hedniskt till kristet, formas djurens deltagande efter den förändringen.Det finns i berättelserna om djur inslag av sådant som pekar på en efterhandskonstruktion vilket stärker uppfattningen om att tåtarna kan ses som litterära produkter av medeltida författarskap. Emellertid finns det textpassager som sticker ut från det mönstret och öppnar upp för eventuella spår av muntlig tradering. Nyckelord: Djur, tåtar, islänningasagorna, bokprosa- och friprosateorin.

Tatarstan is a multinational republic in the Russian Federation with complex linguistic and ethnic relations, being at the same time strategically and economically important for the state. Despite the complexity and the threat of potential conflict in the social and political reality in Tatarstan, the region shows an ability to manage ethnic diversities effectively. Tatarstan maintains a balance of interests of different ethnic groups and uses its multinational character as a positive resource, unlike other multiethnic regions of Russia, where recently there have been conflicts between various ethnic groups. This article is devoted to the analysis of language policy in Tatarstan and adaptation strategies for multiethnic population of the state. The ethnic composition of the population of the region determines its complex linguistic situation and makes language policy difficult to implement. One of the most urgent problems of language policy in Tatarstan is the need to consider the interests of languages of different ethnic communities. Each languagehas its own problem areas and needs various support measures. The linguistic situation in Tatarstan is determined primarily by the position of the Tatar and Russian languages as spoken by the most numerous ethnic groups. The article discusses the ways of the common use of Tatar and Russian in various spheres of public life in the region.

Studien undersöker berättelser om djur i de isländska tåtarna. Materialet består av samtliga fyrtionio tåtar i islänningasagorna vilka har undersökts genom en narrativ analys. Syftet är dels att ta fasta på djurens roller och funktioner i berättelserna, och dels att jämföra dessa över tid för att upptäcka eventuella förändringar vad beträffar djurens deltagande. Slutligen kopplas resultatet i den mån det är möjligt till diskussionen om bokprosa- och friprosateorin.Resultatet visar att djur förekommer i sammanhang av transportering, fejd, gåvor, måltider, offer, i namn, indirekt för att driva handlingen framåt och i samband med fara för människors liv. Djuren kan delta aktivt eller passivt, direkt eller indirekt, i berättelserna. De kan exempelvis fungera som föremål vid en fejd eller som gåva att skänka för att knyta vänskapsband. Tåtarna utspelar sig från slutet av 800-talet fram till mitten av 1100-talet och kan delas in i fyra perioder. När sagasamhället ändrar karaktär från hedniskt till kristet, formas djurens deltagande efter den förändringen.Det finns i berättelserna om djur inslag av sådant som pekar på en efterhandskonstruktion vilket stärker uppfattningen om att tåtarna kan ses som litterära produkter av medeltida författarskap. Emellertid finns det textpassager som sticker ut från det mönstret och öppnar upp för eventuella spår av muntlig tradering. Nyckelord: Djur, tåtar, islänningasagorna, bokprosa- och friprosateorin.

Tatarstan is a multinational republic in the Russian Federation with complex linguistic and ethnic relations, being at the same time strategically and economically important for the state. Despite the complexity and the threat of potential conflict in the social and political reality in Tatarstan, the region shows an ability to manage ethnic diversities effectively. Tatarstan maintains a balance of interests of different ethnic groups and uses its multinational character as a positive resource, unlike other multiethnic regions of Russia, where recently there have been conflicts between various ethnic groups. This article is devoted to the analysis of language policy in Tatarstan and adaptation strategies for multiethnic population of the state. The ethnic composition of the population of the region determines its complex linguistic situation and makes language policy difficult to implement. One of the most urgent problems of language policy in Tatarstan is the need to consider the interests of languages of different ethnic communities. Each languagehas its own problem areas and needs various support measures. The linguistic situation in Tatarstan is determined primarily by the position of the Tatar and Russian languages as spoken by the most numerous ethnic groups. The article discusses the ways of the common use of Tatar and Russian in various spheres of public life in the region.

Dissertation written in Swedish The Finno-Ugric Language Mari is considered to be among the most turkicized of the Finno-Ugric languages. The impact of the two Turkic languages Tatar and Chuvash on Mari is considerable and concerns every part of the Mari language system: lexicon, phonology, morphology and syntax. The factors underlying this impact are both social and structural. Among the social factors are the cultural, political and numerical dominance relations between the Mari and the Turkic peoples that have led to complex language-contact situations. Especially important has been the emergence of considerable groups of bilinguals among the Mari and areas in which both Mari and Turkic languages are spoken. Among the structural factors of importance is the typological relatedness of Mari and the Turkic languages, which has further increased the Turkic impact on Mari. In this thesis, some aspects of this complex language-contact situation are investigated. Social and structural factors underlying the Turkic influence on Mari are of importance for understanding the outcome of the Tatar and Chuvash impact on Mari. The Turkic elements in Mari are analyzed as code-copies, elements of another linguistic code copied into Mari. Since copies can establish themselves as parts of the language they are copied into, the thesis furthermore aims to show the extent to which the copies of Tatar and Chuvash models in Mari can be analyzed as habitualized or conventionalized.

Проанализированы пословицы и поговорки о кошках, в том числе их вариации, реализующие корпус современного английского и татарского языков. Целью статьи является изучение пословиц с компонентом-зоонимом "кошка/кот" с точки зрения их количественного использования. Предполагается, что изучаемые пословицы являются нефиксированными, особенно с точки зрения вариативности и синтаксической структуры, Proverbs and sayings about cats, including their variations, are analyzed implementing the corpora of the contemporary English and Tatar languages. The aim of the paper is to examine the given proverbs in terms of their quantitative usage. It is supposed that the studied proverbs are variable, especially in terms of formal variation and syntactic flexibility

Данная статья посвящена важной на сегодняшний день проблеме обучения языку в условиях современного билингвизма (полилингвизма). Работа вписывается в ряд исследований, которые рассматривают проблемы методики преподавания при проявлении устной и письменной интерференции двух и более языков обучающихся. В процессе анализа фактического материала авторы статьи применяют прежде всего метод сопоставительного анализа. Экспериментальная часть работы представляет собой анализ разных видов грамматических ошибок и недочетов, которые допускают как в устной, так и в письменной речи обучающиеся (учащиеся школ РТ, студенты КФУ). Собранный фактический материал, снабженный методическими рекомендациями, может быть полезен в первую очередь преподавателям, работающим в условиях билингвизма. В работе особое внимание обращено на наличие в речи обучающихся грамматических ошибок, связанных с несовпадением грамматических систем языков, отсутствием грамматических категорий и разрядов и проч.

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need of computer program development which allow totransliterate texts from Cyrillic graphics during the operation in non-Russian systems. During transliteration atext written with the use of a particular alphabet, is presented by the alphabet of another system. The correspondence of only two alphabet letters is usually taken into account. However, during the transliteration of living languages they try to take into account the sound aspect in order not to detach a word from its live sounding form. Thus, they transliterate not an alphabet, but the graphics adopted in this language system. Modern Tatar language has Cyrillic graphics. In this regard, the article shows the process of software development, which allows you to convert a text written in Tatar language using Cyrillic symbols into the Latin symbols. The principle of conversion is proposed, based on etymology. Original Tatar words are proposed to convert according to phonetic pr