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The aim. to study the therapeutic influence of new pessaries Melanizol based on metronidazole and tea tree oil on the background of model of “chemical” vaginitis in female rats. Materials and methods. The therapeutic effect of pessaries Melanizol was studied in female rats on the model of "chemical" vaginitis with using argentum nitrate, which provokes vaginitis not burdened by infection. Against the background of vaginitis, the general condition of animals, the dynamics of body weight, the morphological composition of peripheral blood and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), pH, biochemical parameters (total protein, ALT and glucose), temperature in the vagina of rats, macroscopically assessed changes in the vaginal mucosa (VM) were studied. Results and discussion. Against the background of pathology in the animals, a shift in the studied indicators was observed. Pessaries Melanizol at the dose of 21 mg/kg make a therapeutic effect on the model of experimental "chemical" vaginitis, caused by argentum nitrate, as indicated by the restoration of the VM state, reduced the number of leukocytes, restored the percentage composition of the leukocyte formula, reduced the amount of total protein and the cytolytic enzyme ALT in blood serum and vaginal contents, which indicates the anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effect of the studied agent. The recovery of vaginal temperature, pH and the amount of glucose in the vaginal contents was also observed, which indicates the normalization of homeostasis in the vagina of experimental animals. According to these effects, the studied pessaries Melanizol were superior to the reference drug "Gravagin" at the dose of 30 mg/kg and were not inferior to the reference drug Hippophaes oleum pessaries (HOP) at the dose of 17.64 mg/kg. Conclusions. The therapeutic effect of new pessaries Melanizol based on metronidazole and tea tree oil on the model of "chemical" vaginitis in female rats has been proven. The investigated pessaries Mela

The Myrtaceae is a very large and diverse family containing a number of economically and ecologically valuable species. In Australia, the family contains approximately 1700 species from 70 genera and is structurally and floristically dominant in many diverse ecosystems. In addition to threats from habitat fragmentation and increasing rates of natural disasters, infection by myrtle rust caused by Austropuccinia psidii is of significant concern to Australian Myrtaceae species. Repeated infections of new growth have caused host death and suppressed host populations by preventing seed set. Although most Myrtaceae species demonstrate orthodox seed storage behavior, exceptional species such as those with desiccation sensitive seed or from myrtle rust-suppressed populations require alternate conservation strategies such as those offered by cryobiotechnology. Targeting seven key Australian genera, we reviewed the available literature for examples of cryobiotechnology utilized for conservation of Myrtaceae. While there were only limited examples of successful cryopreservation for a few genera in this family, successful cryopreservation of both shoot tips and embryonic axes suggest that cryobiotechnology provides a viable alternative for the conservation of exceptional species and a potential safe storage method for the many Myrtaceae species under threat from A. psidii.

A survey of in vitro and in vivo sensitivity of Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum to several commercial fungicides and biofungicides was undertaken. In in vitro assays, the tested isolate of V. dahliae proved to be very sensitive to difenoconazole (EC50 = 0.02 mg/l). However, under greenhouse conditions, the highest efficacy in V. dahliae control on inoculated pepper plants was recorded for a product based on thiophanate-methyl (83.10% compared to control). Among the tested fungicides, the lowest efficacy was recorded for a product based on azoxystrobin (23.10 %) with no significant difference compared to control (p gt 0.05). In in vitro assays, the tested F. oxysporum isolate was the most sensitive to prochloraz (EC50 = 0.07 mg/l) and the least sensitive to fluopyram (EC50 = 1075.01 mg/l). In in vivo assay, the highest efficacy was achieved by products based on captan (95.60%), and the lowest by a product based on thiophanate-methyl (54.40%). Antagonistic activity of the bacterium B. subtilis under laboratory conditions was not satisfying. Also, the antifungal activity and spectrum of a tested product based on tee tree oil was not efficient in suppressing pepper wilting caused by V. dahliae and F. oxysporum., U radu je ispitivana in vitro i in vivo osetljivost izolata Verticillium dahliae i Fusarium oxysporum na nekoliko komercijalnih fungicida i biofungicida. U in vitro testovima izolat V. dahliae je ispoljio visoku osetljivost na difenokonazol (EC50 = 0,02 mg/l). Međutim, u uslovima staklenika, najveća efikasnost na inokulisanim biljkama paprike utvrđena je kod preparata na bazi tiofanat-metila (83,10%). Među testiranim fungicidima, najniža efikasnost koja se nije statistički značajno razlikovala u poređenju sa inokulisanom i netretiranom kontrolom (p gt 0,05), utvrđena je u tretmanu azoksistrobinom (23,10%). Prohloraz je bio najtoksičniji fungicid u laboratorijskim uslovima ispitivanja za izolat vrste F. oxysporum, sa vrednošću EC50 = 0,07 mg/l. U in vivo ispitivanjima najveća efikasnost utvrđena je kod preparata na bazi kaptana (95,60%), a najmanja u tretmanu tiofanat-metilom (54,40%). Antagonistička aktivnost biološkog preparata na bazi bakterije Bacillus subtilis u laboratorijskim uslovima nije bila zadovoljavajuća. Takođe je utvrđeno da biopreparat na bazi ulja čajnog drveta nije bio efikasan u suzbijanju uvenuća paprike čiji su prouzrokovači vrste V. dahliae i F. oxysporum.

The aim. To study the therapeutic effect of new vaginal suppositories "Melanizol" based on metronidazole and tea tree oil on a model of "mechanical" vaginitis in female rats.Methods. The therapeutic effect of suppositories of "Melanizol" has been studied in female rats on the model of "mechanical" vaginitis, which is a secondary insemination of vaginal. On the background of vaginitis the general condition of the animals, the dynamics of body weight, the morphological composition of peripheral blood, the rate of erythrocyte sedimentation, changes in pH and temperature in the vagina were examined, and macroscopic evaluation of vaginal mucosa was evaluated.Results. The results of studies show that, on the background of pathology, there were shifts that were manifested by a clear swelling of the tissues around the vagina, a decrease in body weight, a shift in the pH to the alkaline side, an increase in the temperature in the vagina, leukocytosis, a shift of the leukocyte formula toward an increase in the number of neutrophils, increasing the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In the vaginal mucosa were observed lesions, manifested by edema, hyperemia, and numerous hemorrhages. Under conditions of treatment with suppositories "Melanizol" a reliable restoration of the pH and decrease in the temperature of the vagina of animals, a decrease in the rate of sedimentation of erythrocytes, the total number of leukocytes and the restoration of the level of neutrophils to indicators of the group of intact animals were observed. Macroscopic studies of the vaginal mucosa showed a therapeutic effect of vaginal suppositories "Melanizol", it was manifested by a significant reduction in the area of the affected area of the vagina and its manifestations. The effectiveness of the suppositories of "Melanizol" significantly surpassed the comparison drug of "Gravagin" and were practically of the same efficiency as the reference drug "Hippophaes oleum suppositories".Conclusions. The therapeutic

Introduction: Tea tree oil is an essential oil recognized for its antimicrobial properties.Objective: To evaluate the composition, features, and antimicrobial effect at 2% v/v, and its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes).Materials and methods: Three different batches of tea tree oil were evaluated. We characterized its chemotype by gas chromatography and its 2% v/v antimicrobial activity against C. acnes by agar diffusion assay (guide M11-A8 CLSI).Results: The three batches of oil had the chemotypes required by the ISO 4730 standard, which indicates that it is a high-quality product. Additionally, they had 30% to 40% of terpinen-4-ol, a compound that favors its antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity against C. acnes for all batches had a concentration-dependent effect with microbial growth inhibitory activity in all assays at 2% v/v. The MIC obtained against C. acnes for all batches was 0.25% v/v. The antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil against this microorganism has been previously reported with a MIC between 0.05% and 1.25% v/v, a range that covers the one obtained in this study.Conclusion: These results show the high quality of the oil and its capacity as an antibacterial agent against C. acnes. New studies should be conducted to confirm its activity and that of its components in isolates of the microorganism from patients with acne vulgaris., Introducción. El aceite del árbol de té es un aceite esencial reconocido por sus propiedades antimicrobianas.Objetivos. Evaluar la composición, características y efecto antimicrobiano del aceite al 2 % del árbol de té y su concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) contra Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes).Materiales y métodos. Se evaluó el quimiotipo en tres lotes diferentes de este aceite mediante cromatografía de gases, así como su actividad antimicrobiana en concentración al 2 % v/v y la CIM contra C. acnes mediante ensayo de difusión en agar (guía M11-A8 CLSI).Resultados. Los lotes evaluados presentaron los quimiotipos ajustados a la norma ISO 4730, lo que indicó la alta calidad del producto. Los lotes contenían de 30 a 40 % de terpinen-4-ol, compuesto que favorece la actividad antimicrobiana, la cual presentó en todos los lotes un efecto dependiente de la concentración contra C. acnes, con una inhibición del crecimiento microbiano en concentración al 2 % v/v en todas las pruebas. La concentración inhibitoria mínima fue de 0,25 % v/v. La actividad antimicrobiana del aceite del árbol de té contra este microorganismo ya ha sido reportada con una concentración inhibitoria mínima entre 0,05 y 1,25 % v/v, rango que cobija la obtenida en este estudio.Conclusiones. Los resultados evidenciaron la gran calidad de este producto y su capacidad como agente antibacteriano contra C. acnes. Se deben hacer estudios con otros aislamientos del microorganismo provenientes de pacientes con acné vulgar para confirmar su actividad general y la de cada uno de sus componentes.

Background: Scabies, an infectious disease caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mites, is still one of the most common skin diseases found in developing countries, including Indonesia. The 5% permethrin cream for scabies treatment has been investigated as having 2–3 time to cure scabies. Tea Tree Oil (TTO) is one of the agents that has been proven to have acaricidal potential as an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antipruritic agent. It has minimal side effects in topical use. Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of 5% TTO cream and 10% TTO cream in scabies treatment of pediatric patients. Methods: This was an experimental, analytical study with controlled clinical trial methods, and a double-blind, parallel design comparing 5% TTO cream (treatment 1), 10% TTO cream (treatment 2), with 5% permethrin cream (control) to children with scabies. Result: The 5% TTO cream gave a cure rate of 61.5% and was significantly different from the 5% permethrin cream groups with a p-value = 0.044 in the first week of the study. The 5% permethrin cream gave a cure rate of 15.4%, and the cure rate of 10% TTO cream was 53.8% in the first week of the study. Conclusion: There was a significant difference between the 5% TTO cream and 5% permethrin cream in the first week of the study. The highest and fastest cure rates were found in the 5% TTO cream treatment group.

Background: Oral candidiasis is the most common clinical manifestation in a person infected with HIV which has been linked with the severity of the disease. Candida albicans responsible for most oral candidiasis. The increased resistance to the available antifungal drugs can reduce the efficacy of therapy. Therefore, it will be crucial to discover novel antifungal agents. One of them is tea tree oil (TTO) or Melaleuca alternifolia which has a potent antifungal effect to inhibit the growth of Candida sp. Purpose: To evaluate the antifungal susceptibility of TTO 5% compared with nystatin against Candida sp. taken from HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: The study assessed the antifungal effect of TTO 5% and nystatin against 33 isolates of Candida sp. that was isolated from the oral cavity of 30 HIV/AIDS patients in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Teaching Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia. Antifungal susceptibility was evaluated by the disc diffusion method. The diameter of the inhibition zone was determined as the result of this study. Result: The most strains found in this study was Candida albicans (84.8%). The mean inhibition zone of nystatin against all strains was 23.24 mm whether it was 17.55 mm for TTO 5%. The inhibition zone of both TTO 5% and nystatin in Candida non-albicans were tended to be higher than in Candida albicans. It revealed that the inhibition zone of TTO 5% significantly lower than nystatin (P = 0.00; P < 0.05).Conclusion: Therefore, the antifungal susceptibility of nystatin was significantly higher than TTO 5% against Candida albicans and non-albicans.

spitivana je efikasnost formulisanog preparata na bazi ulja čajnog drveta (TTO) i standardnog baktericida na bazi bakra u kombinacijama sa acibenzolar-S-metilom (ASM) u suzbijanju prouzrokovača bakteriozne pegavosti paprike i bakteriozne pegavosti paradajza u zaštićenom prostoru. U zaštiti paprike, tretmani na bazi kombinacije bakar hidroksid+ASM u obe količine primene kao i kombinacija TTO+ASM pri višoj količini primene, pokazali su najbolju efikasnost (83,5%, 83,7 % i 86,9%). Sličnu efikasnost pokazao je bakar hidroksid primenjen samostalno (82,2%). S druge strane, efikasnost preparata na bazi ulja čajnog drveta samostalno, bila je značajno niža u obe količine primene (63,8% i 71,5%). Isti tretmani (bakar hidroksid+ASM u obe količine primene kao i kombinacija TTO+ASM pri višoj količini primene) bili su najefikasniji i u suzbijanju prouzrokovača bakteriozne pegavosti paradajza (87%, 82,3% i 81,6%). Efikasnost tretmana standardnim baktericidom, bakar hidroksidom, primenjenim samostalno bila je statistički značajno niža nego u kombinaciji sa ASM (79,1%). Slično prethodnom eksperimentu, preparat na bazi ulja čajnog drveta, samostalno primenjen, ispoljio je nižu, ali zadovoljavajuću efikasnost u obe količine primene (66,1% i 68,9%). Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da kombinacija bioaktivnog jedinjenja - ASM, bilo sa standardnim baktericidom - bakar hidroksidom ili preparatom na bazi ulja čajnog drveta, značajno poboljšava njihovu efikasnost u suzbijanju prouzrokovača bakteriozne pegavosti paprike i paradajza, što ukazuje na to da su kombinovanje bioracionalnih jedinjenja kao što su etarska ulja i bioaktivni produkti sa standardnim bakarnim jedinjenjima i uključivanje u programe integralne zaštite od ključne važnosti u suzbijanju prourokovača bakterioza paprike i paradajza., The efficacy of a formulated product of tea tree oil (TTO) and a standard copper based bactericide in combinations with acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) for control of bacterial spot of pepper and bacterial speck of tomato was evaluated under controlled conditions. Treatments with copper hydroxide+ASM at both application rates and TTO+ASM showed the best efficacy in control of bacterial spot disease in pepper plants (with respective efficacy values 83.5%, 83.7 % and 86.9%). Similar efficacy was achieved by treatment with copper hydroxide alone (82.2%). On the other hand, the efficacy of TTO, applied alone, was significantly lower at both rates (63.8% and 71.5%) in bacterial spot control in pepper. The same treatments (copper hydroxide +ASM at both application rates and TTO+ASM) were most efficient in suppressing the causal agent of bacterial speck disease in tomato (87%, 82.3% and 81.6%). The efficacy of treatment with the standard bactericide copper hydroxide, applied alone, was significantly lower compared to its combination with ASM (79.1%). Similarly to the bacterial spot experiment, TTO treatments alone showed lower, although satisfactory efficacy at both application rates (66.1% and 68.9%). The results of this study showed that combination of the bioactive compound - ASM with either the standard copper hydroxide bactericide or TTO significantly improved their efficacy in both bacterial spot and speck disease control, and thus implied that combining different biorational compounds, such as essential oils and bioactive products, with standard copper treatments and their inclusion into integrated management programs are of essential importance for the control of bacterial diseases of pepper and tomato.

Topicality. The homeostasis of micro- and macroelements is closely related to the physiological processes occurring in the body. Ions Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Cl- predominate in the composition of the vaginal fluid of women, their content normally regulates transudation of substances through the mucous membrane of the vagina and plays an important role in the processes of supporting the vagina local immunity. Changing the concentration of chemical elements canindicate infectious-inflammatory diseases, dysbiosis of female genital organs.Aim. To study the balance of micro- and macro elements against the background of experimental vaginitis in ratsweighed down with Escherichia coli and during treatment with the new vaginal suppositories “Melanizol”.Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the model of the vaginitis weighed down with Escherichiacoli in female rats. The efficiency of the treatment was determined by changing the levels of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Fe2+ in vaginal fluid and in serum.Results and discussion. As a result of the experiment, it was mentioned that in the composition of blood chemicalelements and vaginal content against the background of vaginitis there were various trends in their changes. Significant changes in electrolytes level were not observed in blood, in contrast to the vaginal fluid. It was established that “Melaninol” vaginal suppositories significantly increased the content of Ca2+ and Fe2+, reduced the concentration of K+ and Na+ in comparison with the animals of the control group and exceeded the efficiency of the reference drug Gravagin.Conclusions. The obtained data allow us to recommend the vaginal suppositories “Melanizol” for studying as a meansof nonspecific vaginitis treatment weighed down with Escherichia coli., Актуальность. Гомеостаз микро- и макроэлементов тесно связан с физиологическими процессами, которые протекают в организме. В составе влагалищной жидкости женщин преобладают ионы Na+, K+, Са2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Cl-, их содержание в норме регулирует транссудацию веществ через слизистую оболочку влагалища и играет важную роль в процессах поддержки местного иммунитета во влагалище. Изменение концентрации химических элементов может свидетельствовать об инфекционно-воспалительных заболеваниях, дисбиозах женских половых органов.Цель работы. Изучить баланс микро- и макроэлементов на фоне экспериментального вагинита у крыс, отягощенного Escherichia coli, и во время лечения новыми вагинальными суппозиториями «Меланизол».Материалы и методы. Исследование проведено на модели вагинита, отягощенного Escherichia coli, на крысах-самках. Эффективность лечения устанавливали по изменению уровня Na+, K+, Са2+, Fe2+ во влагалищной жидкости и в сыворотке крови.Результаты и их обсуждение. В результате эксперимента отмечено, что в составе химических элементов крови и влагалищного содержимого на фоне вагинита наблюдались различные тенденции к их изменениям. В крови не отмечено существенных изменений уровня электролитов в отличие от влагалищной среды. Установлено, что вагинальные суппозитории «Меланизол» достоверно увеличивали содержание Са2+ и Fe2+, восстанавливали концентрацию К+ и Na+ по сравнению с животными группы контрольной патологии и превышали по эффективности референс-препарат «Гравагин».Выводы. Полученные данные позволяют рекомендовать вагинальные суппозитории «Меланизол» для изучения в качестве средств лечения неспецифических вагинитов, отягощенных Escherichia coli., Актуальність. Гомеостаз мікро- та макроелементів тісно пов’язаний з фізіологічними процесами, які перебігають в організмі. У складі піхвової рідини жінок переважають іони Na+, К+, Са2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Cl-, їхній вміст у нормі регулює транссудацію речовин через слизову оболонку піхви і відіграє важливу роль у процесах підтримки місцевого імунітету у піхві. Зміна концентрації хімічних елементів може свідчити про інфекційно-запальні захворювання, дисбіози жіночих статевих органів.Мета роботи. Вивчити баланс мікро- та макроелементів на тлі експериментального вагініту у щурів, обтяженого Escherichia coli, і під час лікування новими вагінальними супозиторіями «Меланізол».Матеріали та методи. Дослідження проведене на моделі вагініту, обтяженого Escherichia coli, на щурах-самицях. Ефективність лікування встановлювали за зміною рівня Na+, К+, Са2+, Fe2+ у піхвовій рідині і у сироватці крові.Результати та їх обговорення. В результаті експерименту відзначено, що у складі хімічних елементів крові і вагінального вмісту на тлі вагініту спостерігалися різні тенденції до їхньої зміни. У крові не відзначено суттєвих змін рівня електролітів на відміну від піхвового середовища. Встановлено, що вагінальні супозиторії «Меланізол» достовірно збільшували вміст Са2+ і Fe2+, відновлювали концентрацію К+ і Na+ у порівнянні з тваринами групи контрольної патології та перевищували за ефективністю референс-препарат «Гравагін».Висновки. Отримані дані дозволяють рекомендувати вагінальні супозиторії «Меланізол» для вивчення в якості засобів лікування неспецифічних вагінітів, обтяжених Escherichia coli.

lepharitis is a common chronic eye condition that causes eyelid inflammation, leading to inflamed, irritated, sticky and itchy eyelids and flaking of the skin. For its treatment, patients often need indefinite use of an eyelid cleaning solution which usually cost more than 20 USD per 80 ml bottle and lasts, on average, one month. For those patients unable to afford the treatment, physicians recommend the use of a do it yourself (DIY) solution. However, the efficacy of DIY eyelid solutions might fluctuate according to the type of blepharitis present in the patient and inadequate pH stabilization of the solution might promote additional itchiness, irritation, and dryness of the skin and eyes. Thus, we propose an optimized DIY solution prototype for symptom management in patients with chronic blepharitis. The formulation contains a significant ratio of tea tree oil and resulted in suitable pH and foam expansion values. The low cost and ease of preparation of the designed formulation make it an affordable, effective alternative in the treatment of chronic blepharitis., La blefaritis crónica es una condición ocular que causa inflamación en los párpados, dando como resultado párpados irritados, pegadizos y descamación de la piel. Pacientes con esta condición necesitan usualmente de la aplicación de una solución de limpieza de párpados que cuesta en promedio 20 USD por cada 80 ml de solución y tiene un rendimiento de un mes. Para aquellos pacientes incapaces de costear el tratamiento, los médicos recomiendan el uso de soluciones hazlo tú mismo (DIY en inglés). Sin embargo, la eficacia de estas en el tratamiento de la condición puede fluctuar de acuerdo con el tipo de blefaritis presente. Adicionalmente, una inadecuada estabilización del pH de la solución puede promover una mayor irritación, resequedad y picazón en la piel y en los ojos. Por lo tanto, en este trabajo proponemos un prototipo experimental de solución DIY para el manejo sintomático de pacientes con blefaritis crónica. La formulación contiene una proporción significativa de aceite de árbol de té y posee un pH adecuado y alta producción de espuma para su correcta aplicación en la piel. El bajo costo y facilidad de preparación hacen de ella una alternativa efectiva y asequible en el tratamiento de la blefaritis crónica.

The potential use of waste stream essential oils were evaluated as fuel supplements for diesel vehicle/machinery used by producers of these oils. Orange, eucalyptus and tea tree oils were selected; which are native to and/or extensively cultivated throughout Australia. These essential oils are mainly used in the medical and natural therapy sector as well as fragrance and flavouring industry. The high quality of the final product leads to a significant very low value waste stream. Engine performance and emissions evaluation showed that essential oils are comparable to diesel fuel. Their use will help to reduce diesel dependency and fuel costs.

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 712949 (TECNIOspring PLUS) and from the Agency for Business Competitiveness of the Government of Catalonia, Postprint (published version)

Tea tree oil, originating from Australia, is nowadays used worldwide as all-round home remedy. It is applied diluted or undiluted for the treatment of skin and nail infections, against lice, scabies, athlete's foot, and ringworms. Furthermore it is used topically as a local antiseptic for cuts and abrasions, for burns and insect bites. Tea tree oil is considered safe when put on the skin, but it may cause also skin irritation and swelling. In rare cases skin dryness, itching, stinging, burning, and redness have been observed. Skin irritation is mainly associated with the organic compounds, but may also be caused by allergenic metals, such as nickel, cobalt or chromium. Thus, the presented study focuses on the determination of selected skin-irritating metals in tea tree oil samples available on the European market.

In the topical treatment of inflammatory skin diseases promising are herbal medicinal products. A new combined drug in a form of cream for treatment of skin inflammatory and germ diseases, tentatively named “Dermalipoin”, which consists of: α-lipoic acid, urea, olive oil, tea tree oil, PEG-400 was studied in model turpentine dermatitis in rats. The efficiency of the cream “Dermalipoin” was estimated after the general amount of leucocytes, peripheral blood leukocyte composition, thickness of skin folds and skin. Based on the study, it was shown that the cream “Dermalipoin” has a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect and is more active drug compared to the ointment “Fladeks”., Для местного лечения воспалительных заболеваний кожи перспективными являются лекарственные средства растительного происхождения. Новый комбинированный препарат в форме крема для лечения воспалительных и микробных заболеваний кожи условно назван «Дермалипоин» и в его состав входят: α-липоевая кислота, мочевина, оливковое масло, масло чайного дерева. ПЕГ-400 изучали на модели скипидарного дерматита у крыс. Эффективность крема оценивали по общему количеству лейкоцитов, лейкоцитарному составу периферической крови, толщине кожной складки и по состоянию кожи. На основании наших исследований было показано, что крем «Дермалипоин» обладает выраженным противовоспалительным эффектом и является более активным препаратом по сравнению с мазью «Фладекс»., У зовнішньому лікуванні запальних захворювань шкіри перспективними є лікарські засоби рослинного походження. Новий комбінований препарат у формі крему для лікування запальних і мікробних захворювань шкіри умовно названий «Дермаліпоін», до складу якого увійшли: α-ліпоєва кислота, сечовина, олівкова олія, олія чайного дерева, ПЕГ-400 вивчали на моделі скипидарного дерматиту у щурів. Ефективність крему «Дермаліпоін» оцінювали за загальною кількістю лейкоцитів, лейкоцитарним складом переферичної крові, товщиною шкірної складки та станом шкіри. На основі проведенного дослідження було показано, що крем «Дермаліпоін» чинить виражений протізапальний ефект і є більш активним препаратом порівняно з маззю «Фладекс».

The article considers the pathomorphological studies of the effect of vaginal suppositories "Melanizol" on the irritative vaginitis caused by a mixture of turpentine and dimethylsulfoxide in rats. Vaginal suppositories "Melanizol" showed a therapeutic effect on the vaginitis, which manifested by preventive the occurrence of necrotic-inflammatory lesions, and promoted the healing of defects in mucosal and submucosal layer of the vaginal wall. Low positive therapeutic effect of suppositories "Gravagin" on the state of the vaginal wall of female rats on the model of experimental vaginitis has been proven. Sufficiently large foci of destruction of the vaginal wall, foci of inflammation, edema of collagen fibers of rats vaginal wall of this group was present. Vaginal suppositories "Melanizol" are perspective for using as a drug for the treatment of nonspecific vaginitis with destructive reaction and inflammation., В статье представлены патоморфологические исследования влияния вагинальных суппозиториев «Меланизол» на ход ирритативного вагинита, вызванного смесью живичного скипидара и диметилсульфоксида у крыс. Вагинальные суппозитории «Меланизол» на фоне вагинита проявили лечебный эффект, который проявился в предотвращении возникновения некротически-воспалительного повреждения и способствовании заживлению дефектов слизистой оболочки и подслизистого слоя стенки влагалища. На модели экспериментального вагинита было доказано, что суппозитории «Гравагин» уступали по выразительности положительного влияния на состояние влагалищной стенки крыс-самок, что проявлялось в наличии достаточно крупных очагов деструкции влагалищной стенки, очагов воспаления, отека коллагеновых волокон. Вагинальные суппозитории «Меланизол» являются перспективными для применения их в качестве препарата для лечения неспецифических вагинитов, сопровождающихся деструктивно-воспалительными реакциями., У статті представлені патоморфологічні дослідження впливу вагінальних супозиторіїв «Меланізол» на перебіг іритативного вагініту, викликаного сумішшю живичного скипидару і диметилсульфоксиду у щурів. Вагінальні супозиторії «Меланізол» на тлі вагініту виявили лікувальний ефект, який проявився у запобіганні виникненню некротично-запального пошкодження та сприянні загоєнню дефектів слизової оболонки та підслизового прошарку стінки піхви. На моделі експериментального вагініту було доведено, що супозиторії «Гравагін» поступалися за виразністю позитивного впливу на стан піхвової стінки щурів-самиць, що проявлялося у наявності достатньо великих осередків деструкцій піхвової стінки, вогнищ запалення, набряку колагенових волокон. Вагінальні супозиторії «Меланізол» є перспективними для застосування їх в якості препарату для лікування неспецифічних вагінітів, що супроводжуються деструктивно-запальними реакціями.

В статті розглянуто вплив супозиторіїв вагінальних «Меланізол» на основі метронідазолу та олії чайного дерева на музейні та клінічні штами мікроорганізмів, які можуть бути потенційними збудниками вагінальних інфекцій. Встановлено антимікробну активність супозиторіїв вагінальних «Меланізол» по відношенню до наступних штамів мікроорганізмів Staphylococcus aureus, Basillus subtilis, Klebsiеlla та Escherichia coli, а також встановлено їх протигрибкову дію проти Candida aibicans., The article considers the influence of vaginal suppositories "Melanizol" based on metronidazole, and tea tree oil on the museum and clinical strains of microorganisms, that may be potential agents of vaginal infections. Established antimicrobial activity of vaginal suppositories "Melanizol" against the following strains of micro-organisms Staphylococcus aureus, Basillus subtilis, Klebsiella, and Escherichia coli, and also found their antifungal activity against Candida aibicans., В статье рассмотрено влияние суппозиториев вагинальных «Меланизол» на основе метронидазола и масла чайного дерева на музейные и клинические штаммы микроорганизмов, которые могут быть потенциальными возбудителями вагинальных инфекций. Установлено антимикробную активность суппозиториев вагинальных «Меланизол» по отношению к следующим штаммам микроорганизмов Staphylococcus aureus, Basillus subtilis, Klebsiеlla и Escherichia coli, а также установлено их противогрибковое действие против Candida aibicans.

In the cosmetic field, the technology at the nanometric scale is attractive for designing novel and functional products. In the case of lipid nanoparticles, the ability of these carriers for increasing the stability of active molecules and modifying their release has been demonstrated. As a contribution in the research of innovative alternatives for preparing these particles, this work proposes the use of the propolis waxes as starting material. In this way, lipid nanoparticles containing tea tree oil were prepared having particle sizes close to 200 nm with polydispersity indexes less than 0.1. The zeta potential values near to zero suggest the stabilization of the lipid nanoparticles via steric mechanisms. The incorporation of the active into the nanoparticle structure is confirmed by DSC. As a whole, the results are appealing in order to give added value to beehive product, recognized in Latin America for its biological properties. Furthermore, these results offer a new alternative of lipid material which is interesting for developing pioneering cosmetic products containing active molecules., En el ámbito cosmético, la tecnología a escala nanométrica resulta atractiva para el diseño de productos novedosos y funcionales. Así, para el caso de las nanopartículas lipídicas, se ha demostrado su capacidad para incrementar la estabilidad de moléculas activas y modificar su liberación. Como un aporte en la búsqueda de alternativas innovadoras para la preparación de este tipo de transportadores (carriers), el presente trabajo propone el aprovechamiento de las ceras provenientes de propóleos para la preparación de partículas lipídicas conteniendo extracto del árbol de té. Las partículas obtenidas presentan tamaños cercanos a 200 nm con polidispersidades inferioresa 0,1. Los valores de potencial zeta cercanos a cero sugieren un mecanismo de estabilización del sistema particulado vía efecto estérico. De otro lado, la incorporación del activo dentro de la estructura de las partículas es confirmada por DSC. En conjunto, los resultados evidencian la posibilidad de generar valor agregado a un producto de la colmena reconocido y valorado por sus propiedades biológicas. Además, ofrecen un material de partida que constituye una alternativa interesante para el desarrollo de productos cosméticos novedosos en los que podrían incorporarse moléculas activas.

In this study a series of melamine-formaldehyde (MF) microcapsules containing Melaleuca alternifolia oil as natural biocide with different polymer to oil ratio was prepared by the in situ polymerization (O/W) method. The characterization of the microcapsules properties was undertaken by different experimental techniques in order to establish a correlation between the polymer to oil ratio and the oil encapsulation efficiency and properties for further applications. The average size distribution was determined by Laser Diffraction Scattering (DLS) and the chemical structure by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The morphology was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Finally, the thermal stability of microcapsules and the permeability of the shell to the diffusion of the core material were analyzed by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The obtained results showed that the resin:oil ratio was critical in the microcapsule formation and properties. For lower values than the critical one there was no microcapsule formation. For values over the critical resin:oil ratio value microcapsules were formed with spherical morphologies of varying wall thickness and oil encapsulation.

Full Text, Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School of Medical Science, Griffith Health, Natural products historically represent a source of clinically approved drugs that have contributed significantly to anticancer drug development. In particular, essential oils represent a group of advantageous anticancer candidates as not only can they be produced in large quantities in a cost-effect manner but they also exhibit minimal toxicity. Melaleuca alternifolia Concentrate (MAC) is an extract prepared from the native Australian plant M. alternifolia (also a common source of Tea Tree Oil). Melaleuca oils are commonly used products, primarily utilised and investigated for their antimicrobial activity. However, over the last 2 decades, a continued stream of evidence has been produced pertaining to the anticancer potential of Melaleuca oil and its constituents. Previous studies reported Melaleuca oils to exhibit anticancer activity in vitro against a range of cancer cell lines, including melanoma, liver, leukaemia, lung, breast, and prostate cancer. However, much still remains to be discovered and elucidated about the Melaleuca oils, TTO and MAC. This thesis investigated the hypothesis that MAC represented an effective anticancer agent with immunomodulatory activity.

Natural products historically represent a source of clinically approved drugs that have contributed significantly to anticancer drug development. In particular, essential oils represent a group of advantageous anticancer candidates as not only can they be produced in large quantities in a cost-effect manner but they also exhibit minimal toxicity. Melaleuca alternifolia Concentrate (MAC) is an extract prepared from the native Australian plant M. alternifolia (also a common source of Tea Tree Oil). Melaleuca oils are commonly used products, primarily utilised and investigated for their antimicrobial activity. However, over the last 2 decades, a continued stream of evidence has been produced pertaining to the anticancer potential of Melaleuca oil and its constituents. Previous studies reported Melaleuca oils to exhibit anticancer activity in vitro against a range of cancer cell lines, including melanoma, liver, leukaemia, lung, breast, and prostate cancer. However, much still remains to be discovered and elucidated about the Melaleuca oils, TTO and MAC. This thesis investigated the hypothesis that MAC represented an effective anticancer agent with immunomodulatory activity., Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School of Medical Science, Griffith Health, Full Text

Twenty Cladobotryum dendroides isolates from Serbian Agaricus bisporus farms collected during 2003-2007, and the F56 strain of A. bisporus were tested in vitro for sensitivity to tea tree oil (Timorex 66 EC), a biofungicide, in comparison with prochloraz-manganese (Octave WP). The efficacies of tea tree oil and prochloraz-manganese were evaluated in a mushroom growing room, after application at standard product application rates and a combination of the two at respective proportion of 20:80%. Tea tree oil was considerably less toxic than prochloraz-manganese in vitro to C. dendroides isolates (ED(50) 112.9-335.8 mg l(-1)) and A. bisporus F56 strain (98.0 mg l(-1)), although neither fungicide was lethal to the pathogen. The biological efficiency of tea tree oil was higher than in treatments with the reference formulation of prochloraz-manganese. In our in vivo trials, no negative interference of the biofungicide with A. bisporus physiology was observed. Tea tree oil applied at the standard product application rate caused a significant reduction in cobweb disease levels in the A. bisporus growing room. Timorex 66 EC should be tested further in combination with other biofungicides to investigate the effectiveness of various mixtures for A. bisporus disease control. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The present research is focused on the qualitative elucidation of the chemical profile of fresh tea tree essential oil and an oxidized, aged (circa 1984) counterpart by using the most powerful analytical tool available today for volatile analysis, namely comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) in combination with a mass spectrometer (MS). The rapid-scanning quadrupole (q) MS system employed generated a sufficient number of spectra/s (20/s) for the reliable identification of the high-speed GCxGC peaks. The total ion current GCxGC-qMS chromatogram of the fresh product was characterized by the presence of approximately 130 unknowns. Among these, 61 peaks were assigned with spectral similarities > or = 90%, while 28 components presented MS library matches in the 80-89% range. With regards to the oxidized essential oil, about 180 volatiles were visible on the 2D plane with 63 of these characterized by library "hits" > or = 90% and 45 presenting similarities within the 80-89% range. The use of the enhanced-resolution 3D methodology enabled the full separation of the samples analyzed and, hence, a clear distinction between the essential oils.

Current trends indicate that American consumers are increasingly selecting products that they believe to be environmentally friendly or "natural." In the kitchen, this trend has been expressed through greater desire for using alternative or "green" sanitizers instead of bleach or other common chemical sanitizers. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of one suggested alternative, tea tree oil, as a food contact surface sanitizer. Three foodborne bacterial pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes N3-031 serotype 1/2a, Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain E009, and Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028) were applied separately onto three different food contact surfaces (high density polyethylene, glass, and Formica® laminate). Tea tree oil (TTO), borax, and vinegar (5% acetic acid) were applied individually as well as in combination for a total of seven treatment solutions. In addition, household bleach (6.15% sodium hypochlorite), sterile reverse osmosis (RO) water, and no applied treatment were used as controls. Treatments were tested using an adaptation of the Environmental Protection Agency DIS/TSS-10 test method, whereby each contaminated surface was treated with 100 µl of test solution and held for 1 min followed by submersion in neutralizing buffer and microbiological plating. Samples (0.1 ml) were plated onto TSA and incubated at 35°C for 48 h prior to colony counting. Bleach reduced microbial populations significantly with greater than 5-log reduction reported for all surfaces (Formica® laminate, glass, and HDPE), against E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, and S. Typhimurium. TTO produced reductions between four and five logs for E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, and S. Typhimurium and was not statistically different from the vinegar treatment (P>0.05). All combination recipes, including the borax treatment, failed to produce reductions in microbial populations at levels considered to be appropriate for food contact surface sanitizers. Surface type did

[Truncated abstract] Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an important opportunistic pathogen, is resistant to a wide array of functionally and structurally diverse antimicrobial agents including antibiotics, disinfectants and biocides. P. aeruginosa is more resistant than other Gram negative bacteria to tea tree oil (TTO), the essential oil steam distilled from the leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia and comprised of over 100 terpene hydrocarbon components and their oxygenated derivatives. TTO is an established topical antimicrobial agent, with antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties. Intrinsic antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in P. aeruginosa include the low permeability of the outer membrane and expression of multi-drug efflux pumps. A series of multi-drug efflux mutants from the resistance-nodulation-cell division family was obtained and their susceptibility to TTO and several components examined. This demonstrated that TTO and the components terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-cineole and α-terpineol were substrates of MexAB-OprM, using both pump deletion mutants and the pump inhibitor Phe-arg β-naphthylamide dihydrochloride. In complementation studies, the addition of mexAB-oprM to deletion mutants restored susceptibility to these agents to that of the wild-type, confirming the role of MexAB-OprM in tolerance to TTO and these three components. ... An increase in susceptibility to ticarcillin and Timentin occurred in PAO1 following serial subculture in terpinen-4-ol. Susceptibility to ticarcillin has been associated with expression of the MexCD-OprJ system in P. aeruginosa. A library of transposon mutants was created to find additional mechanisms by which P. aeruginosa could tolerate TTO. The library yielded a total of 20 mutants that were more susceptible than parental strains to TTO and/or terpinen-4-ol. The insertion site of the transposon was identified in 14 mutants and, in four mutants, this was a gene related to flagellar biosynthesis. Flagella deficient mutants have previ, Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Australia, 2009