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Game theoretic analysis of deterrence has been criticized for not capturing how actors realistically behave. It is alleged that prospect theoretical re-modeling provides a better foundation for a deterrence theory. The article analyzes how the strategies change when a prospect theoretical function is applied to a central deterrence game. While the probability distributions changes, it cannot alter the general dynamics. When considered together with previous research, it shows that prospect theory neither can or should replace standard assumptions when constructing a deterrence theory. However, viewed as a compliment, prospect theory expands the modeling possibilities and opens up for important new aspects.

The aim is to contribute to scientific research development in the field of feedback. More specifically, the purpose is to illustrate how researchers, even though they are devoted to the constructivist model, still use expressions with their roots in the transfer model, and to demonstrate researchers' use of value statements in favor of the constructivist model thus distancing themselves from the transfer model. The examples are taken from research articles on feedback mainly focusing on higher education. The empirical material is analysed using concept analysis. The result is discussed in relation to theories of metaphors and folk-theories as well as to a more general trend in favor of formative assessment.

Deterrence is the backbone of military strategy. Dissuading an opponent from taking a specific action by threat of violence is the definition of deterrence. From the outset of the Cold War there has been a strong link between the study of deterrence and game theoretic analysis. There are compelling epistemic reasons for studying deterrence as a game. By doing so, the strategic interaction between actors is placed at the centre of the analysis, mapping the possible outcomes and revealing the strategies available to the actors. Discussions about various models’ appropriateness and model comparison therefore play a central role in deterrence research; from underlying assumptions and deterrence representation to theory and evidence. This dissertation treats aspects of all of these topics. Article I, “Prospects of Deterrence – Deterrence Theory – Representation and Evidence”, analyses the relationship between model and theory and what happens to a deterrence theory when the rationality assumption is switched to a prospect theoretical utility function. Article II, “A Misfit Model – Bounded Rationality and Deterrence Representation”, defends and remodels Schelling’s idea of irrational threats for effective deterrence. Article III, “Comparable Deterrence – Target, Criteria and Purpose”, treats the issue of how one can compare game theoretic models with one another and proposes a meta-model for how this can be done. Article IV, “Deterring the Dauntless – Appraising the Effects of Naval Deterrence against the Somali Piracy”, estimates whether and to what extent Somali piracy was deterred by the naval intervention.

Deterrence is the backbone of military strategy. Dissuading an opponent from taking a specific action by threat of violence is the definition of deterrence. From the outset of the Cold War there has been a strong link between the study of deterrence and game theoretic analysis. There are compelling epistemic reasons for studying deterrence as a game. By doing so, the strategic interaction between actors is placed at the centre of the analysis, mapping the possible outcomes and revealing the strategies available to the actors. Discussions about various models’ appropriateness and model comparison therefore play a central role in deterrence research; from underlying assumptions and deterrence representation to theory and evidence. This dissertation treats aspects of all of these topics. Article I, “Prospects of Deterrence – Deterrence Theory – Representation and Evidence”, analyses the relationship between model and theory and what happens to a deterrence theory when the rationality assumption is switched to a prospect theoretical utility function. Article II, “A Misfit Model – Bounded Rationality and Deterrence Representation”, defends and remodels Schelling’s idea of irrational threats for effective deterrence. Article III, “Comparable Deterrence – Target, Criteria and Purpose”, treats the issue of how one can compare game theoretic models with one another and proposes a meta-model for how this can be done. Article IV, “Deterring the Dauntless – Appraising the Effects of Naval Deterrence against the Somali Piracy”, estimates whether and to what extent Somali piracy was deterred by the naval intervention., Avskräckning är ryggraden i militär strategi. Att avhålla en motståndare från engiven handling med hot om våld är definitionen av avskräckning. Redan frånkalla krigets början har det funnits en stark forskningstradition av att studeraavskräckning med hjälp av spelteori. Det finns också goda epistemiska skäl föratt studera avskräckning som spel. Genom att placera det strategiska samspelet icentrum av analysen, möjliga utfall åskådliggörs och spelarnas möjliga strategierblir synbara. Vetenskapliga diskussioner om olika vetenskapliga modellers lämplighetoch modelljämförelse spelar därför en viktig roll i forsningomavskräckning:från underliggande antaganden och representation av avskräckning till teori ochevidens. Artikel I analyserar mellan modell och teori samt vad som händer närrationalitetsantagandet byts ut mot ett prospektteoretiskt antagande. ArtikelII försvarar och ommodellerar Schellings idé om irrationella hot för effektiv avskräckning.Artikel III avhandlar hur olika avskräckningsmodeller kan jämförasmed varandra och föreslår en metamodell. Artikel IV skattar om och i vilkenutsträckning de somaliska piraterna blev avskräckta av de marina operationerna.137, QC220422, Försvarshögskolan, Krigsvetenskap

Deterrence is the backbone of military strategy. Dissuading an opponent from taking a specific action by threat of violence is the definition of deterrence. From the outset of the Cold War there has been a strong link between the study of deterrence and game theoretic analysis. There are compelling epistemic reasons for studying deterrence as a game. By doing so, the strategic interaction between actors is placed at the centre of the analysis, mapping the possible outcomes and revealing the strategies available to the actors. Discussions about various models’ appropriateness and model comparison therefore play a central role in deterrence research; from underlying assumptions and deterrence representation to theory and evidence. This dissertation treats aspects of all of these topics. Article I, “Prospects of Deterrence – Deterrence Theory – Representation and Evidence”, analyses the relationship between model and theory and what happens to a deterrence theory when the rationality assumption is switched to a prospect theoretical utility function. Article II, “A Misfit Model – Bounded Rationality and Deterrence Representation”, defends and remodels Schelling’s idea of irrational threats for effective deterrence. Article III, “Comparable Deterrence – Target, Criteria and Purpose”, treats the issue of how one can compare game theoretic models with one another and proposes a meta-model for how this can be done. Article IV, “Deterring the Dauntless – Appraising the Effects of Naval Deterrence against the Somali Piracy”, estimates whether and to what extent Somali piracy was deterred by the naval intervention.

Deterrence is the backbone of military strategy. Dissuading an opponent from taking a specific action by threat of violence is the definition of deterrence. From the outset of the Cold War there has been a strong link between the study of deterrence and game theoretic analysis. There are compelling epistemic reasons for studying deterrence as a game. By doing so, the strategic interaction between actors is placed at the centre of the analysis, mapping the possible outcomes and revealing the strategies available to the actors. Discussions about various models’ appropriateness and model comparison therefore play a central role in deterrence research; from underlying assumptions and deterrence representation to theory and evidence. This dissertation treats aspects of all of these topics. Article I, “Prospects of Deterrence – Deterrence Theory – Representation and Evidence”, analyses the relationship between model and theory and what happens to a deterrence theory when the rationality assumption is switched to a prospect theoretical utility function. Article II, “A Misfit Model – Bounded Rationality and Deterrence Representation”, defends and remodels Schelling’s idea of irrational threats for effective deterrence. Article III, “Comparable Deterrence – Target, Criteria and Purpose”, treats the issue of how one can compare game theoretic models with one another and proposes a meta-model for how this can be done. Article IV, “Deterring the Dauntless – Appraising the Effects of Naval Deterrence against the Somali Piracy”, estimates whether and to what extent Somali piracy was deterred by the naval intervention., Avskräckning är ryggraden i militär strategi. Att avhålla en motståndare från engiven handling med hot om våld är definitionen av avskräckning. Redan frånkalla krigets början har det funnits en stark forskningstradition av att studeraavskräckning med hjälp av spelteori. Det finns också goda epistemiska skäl föratt studera avskräckning som spel. Genom att placera det strategiska samspelet icentrum av analysen, möjliga utfall åskådliggörs och spelarnas möjliga strategierblir synbara. Vetenskapliga diskussioner om olika vetenskapliga modellers lämplighetoch modelljämförelse spelar därför en viktig roll i forsningomavskräckning:från underliggande antaganden och representation av avskräckning till teori ochevidens. Artikel I analyserar mellan modell och teori samt vad som händer närrationalitetsantagandet byts ut mot ett prospektteoretiskt antagande. ArtikelII försvarar och ommodellerar Schellings idé om irrationella hot för effektiv avskräckning.Artikel III avhandlar hur olika avskräckningsmodeller kan jämförasmed varandra och föreslår en metamodell. Artikel IV skattar om och i vilkenutsträckning de somaliska piraterna blev avskräckta av de marina operationerna.137, QC220422, Försvarshögskolan, Krigsvetenskap

Deterrence is the backbone of military strategy. Dissuading an opponent from taking a specific action by threat of violence is the definition of deterrence. From the outset of the Cold War there has been a strong link between the study of deterrence and game theoretic analysis. There are compelling epistemic reasons for studying deterrence as a game. By doing so, the strategic interaction between actors is placed at the centre of the analysis, mapping the possible outcomes and revealing the strategies available to the actors. Discussions about various models’ appropriateness and model comparison therefore play a central role in deterrence research; from underlying assumptions and deterrence representation to theory and evidence. This dissertation treats aspects of all of these topics. Article I, “Prospects of Deterrence – Deterrence Theory – Representation and Evidence”, analyses the relationship between model and theory and what happens to a deterrence theory when the rationality assumption is switched to a prospect theoretical utility function. Article II, “A Misfit Model – Bounded Rationality and Deterrence Representation”, defends and remodels Schelling’s idea of irrational threats for effective deterrence. Article III, “Comparable Deterrence – Target, Criteria and Purpose”, treats the issue of how one can compare game theoretic models with one another and proposes a meta-model for how this can be done. Article IV, “Deterring the Dauntless – Appraising the Effects of Naval Deterrence against the Somali Piracy”, estimates whether and to what extent Somali piracy was deterred by the naval intervention.

Deterrence is the backbone of military strategy. Dissuading an opponent from taking a specific action by threat of violence is the definition of deterrence. From the outset of the Cold War there has been a strong link between the study of deterrence and game theoretic analysis. There are compelling epistemic reasons for studying deterrence as a game. By doing so, the strategic interaction between actors is placed at the centre of the analysis, mapping the possible outcomes and revealing the strategies available to the actors. Discussions about various models’ appropriateness and model comparison therefore play a central role in deterrence research; from underlying assumptions and deterrence representation to theory and evidence. This dissertation treats aspects of all of these topics. Article I, “Prospects of Deterrence – Deterrence Theory – Representation and Evidence”, analyses the relationship between model and theory and what happens to a deterrence theory when the rationality assumption is switched to a prospect theoretical utility function. Article II, “A Misfit Model – Bounded Rationality and Deterrence Representation”, defends and remodels Schelling’s idea of irrational threats for effective deterrence. Article III, “Comparable Deterrence – Target, Criteria and Purpose”, treats the issue of how one can compare game theoretic models with one another and proposes a meta-model for how this can be done. Article IV, “Deterring the Dauntless – Appraising the Effects of Naval Deterrence against the Somali Piracy”, estimates whether and to what extent Somali piracy was deterred by the naval intervention.

Deterrence is the backbone of military strategy. Dissuading an opponent from taking a specific action by threat of violence is the definition of deterrence. From the outset of the Cold War there has been a strong link between the study of deterrence and game theoretic analysis. There are compelling epistemic reasons for studying deterrence as a game. By doing so, the strategic interaction between actors is placed at the centre of the analysis, mapping the possible outcomes and revealing the strategies available to the actors. Discussions about various models’ appropriateness and model comparison therefore play a central role in deterrence research; from underlying assumptions and deterrence representation to theory and evidence. This dissertation treats aspects of all of these topics. Article I, “Prospects of Deterrence – Deterrence Theory – Representation and Evidence”, analyses the relationship between model and theory and what happens to a deterrence theory when the rationality assumption is switched to a prospect theoretical utility function. Article II, “A Misfit Model – Bounded Rationality and Deterrence Representation”, defends and remodels Schelling’s idea of irrational threats for effective deterrence. Article III, “Comparable Deterrence – Target, Criteria and Purpose”, treats the issue of how one can compare game theoretic models with one another and proposes a meta-model for how this can be done. Article IV, “Deterring the Dauntless – Appraising the Effects of Naval Deterrence against the Somali Piracy”, estimates whether and to what extent Somali piracy was deterred by the naval intervention.

This paper addresses a problem that, although deeply studied, is far from being clarified; the advances that science has achieved are evident and thanks to the technology have had a development that just a few years ago was unthinkable, all these thanks to the work of scientists who have done rigorous research work in the various branches of knowledge. However, some questions appear persistently: is there a protocol or standard followed by men and women of science in the construction of scientific knowledge? Does the scientific method exist? Is the study of a scientific method relevant in science classrooms? Do all sciences, natural and human, have the same method? The aim is not to settle the question definitively but to contribute to the discussion by offering historical and epistemological elements that can enrich the readers' position. In many schools, the existence of such a protocol is taken for granted, and it is included as an integral element of the curricular contents but is this relevant, does such a protocol exist, or is it taught as a utopia of science? We hope, in the following pages, to offer elements that will revitalize the discussion on this topic., El presente artículo aborda un problema que, aunque profundamente estudiado, está lejos de ser clarificado; son evidentes los avances que la ciencia ha alcanzado y gracias a ellos la tecnología ha tenido un desarrollo que hace apenas unos años eran impensables, todo esto gracias a la labor de científicos y científicas que han realizado un riguroso trabajo de investigación en las diversas ramas del saber; no obstante algunos interrogantes aparecen de manera persistente: ¿existe un protocolo o estándar seguido por los hombres y mujeres de ciencia en la construcción del conocimiento científico?, ¿existe el método científico?, ¿es pertinente el estudio de un método científico en las aulas de ciencias?, ¿todas las ciencias, naturales y humanas, tienen el mismo método?. No se trata de zanjar definitivamente la cuestión sino de aportar a la discusión ofreciendo elementos históricos y epistemológicos que pueden enriquecer la toma de posición de los lectores. En muchos centros de estudio se da por sentada la existencia de tal protocolo y se incluye como elemento integrante de los contenidos curriculares, pero, ¿esto es pertinente?, ¿existe tal protocolo o se enseña como una utopía de la ciencia? Esperamos, en las siguientes páginas, ofrecer elementos que revitalicen la discusión en torno a este tópico.

Deterrence is the backbone of military strategy. Dissuading an opponent from taking a specific action by threat of violence is the definition of deterrence. From the outset of the Cold War there has been a strong link between the study of deterrence and game theoretic analysis. There are compelling epistemic reasons for studying deterrence as a game. By doing so, the strategic interaction between actors is placed at the centre of the analysis, mapping the possible outcomes and revealing the strategies available to the actors. Discussions about various models’ appropriateness and model comparison therefore play a central role in deterrence research; from underlying assumptions and deterrence representation to theory and evidence. This dissertation treats aspects of all of these topics. Article I, “Prospects of Deterrence – Deterrence Theory – Representation and Evidence”, analyses the relationship between model and theory and what happens to a deterrence theory when the rationality assumption is switched to a prospect theoretical utility function. Article II, “A Misfit Model – Bounded Rationality and Deterrence Representation”, defends and remodels Schelling’s idea of irrational threats for effective deterrence. Article III, “Comparable Deterrence – Target, Criteria and Purpose”, treats the issue of how one can compare game theoretic models with one another and proposes a meta-model for how this can be done. Article IV, “Deterring the Dauntless – Appraising the Effects of Naval Deterrence against the Somali Piracy”, estimates whether and to what extent Somali piracy was deterred by the naval intervention.

Deterrence is the backbone of military strategy. Dissuading an opponent from taking a specific action by threat of violence is the definition of deterrence. From the outset of the Cold War there has been a strong link between the study of deterrence and game theoretic analysis. There are compelling epistemic reasons for studying deterrence as a game. By doing so, the strategic interaction between actors is placed at the centre of the analysis, mapping the possible outcomes and revealing the strategies available to the actors. Discussions about various models’ appropriateness and model comparison therefore play a central role in deterrence research; from underlying assumptions and deterrence representation to theory and evidence. This dissertation treats aspects of all of these topics. Article I, “Prospects of Deterrence – Deterrence Theory – Representation and Evidence”, analyses the relationship between model and theory and what happens to a deterrence theory when the rationality assumption is switched to a prospect theoretical utility function. Article II, “A Misfit Model – Bounded Rationality and Deterrence Representation”, defends and remodels Schelling’s idea of irrational threats for effective deterrence. Article III, “Comparable Deterrence – Target, Criteria and Purpose”, treats the issue of how one can compare game theoretic models with one another and proposes a meta-model for how this can be done. Article IV, “Deterring the Dauntless – Appraising the Effects of Naval Deterrence against the Somali Piracy”, estimates whether and to what extent Somali piracy was deterred by the naval intervention.

Deterrence is the backbone of military strategy. Dissuading an opponent from taking a specific action by threat of violence is the definition of deterrence. From the outset of the Cold War there has been a strong link between the study of deterrence and game theoretic analysis. There are compelling epistemic reasons for studying deterrence as a game. By doing so, the strategic interaction between actors is placed at the centre of the analysis, mapping the possible outcomes and revealing the strategies available to the actors. Discussions about various models’ appropriateness and model comparison therefore play a central role in deterrence research; from underlying assumptions and deterrence representation to theory and evidence. This dissertation treats aspects of all of these topics. Article I, “Prospects of Deterrence – Deterrence Theory – Representation and Evidence”, analyses the relationship between model and theory and what happens to a deterrence theory when the rationality assumption is switched to a prospect theoretical utility function. Article II, “A Misfit Model – Bounded Rationality and Deterrence Representation”, defends and remodels Schelling’s idea of irrational threats for effective deterrence. Article III, “Comparable Deterrence – Target, Criteria and Purpose”, treats the issue of how one can compare game theoretic models with one another and proposes a meta-model for how this can be done. Article IV, “Deterring the Dauntless – Appraising the Effects of Naval Deterrence against the Somali Piracy”, estimates whether and to what extent Somali piracy was deterred by the naval intervention.

Deterrence is the backbone of military strategy. Dissuading an opponent from taking a specific action by threat of violence is the definition of deterrence. From the outset of the Cold War there has been a strong link between the study of deterrence and game theoretic analysis. There are compelling epistemic reasons for studying deterrence as a game. By doing so, the strategic interaction between actors is placed at the centre of the analysis, mapping the possible outcomes and revealing the strategies available to the actors. Discussions about various models’ appropriateness and model comparison therefore play a central role in deterrence research; from underlying assumptions and deterrence representation to theory and evidence. This dissertation treats aspects of all of these topics. Article I, “Prospects of Deterrence – Deterrence Theory – Representation and Evidence”, analyses the relationship between model and theory and what happens to a deterrence theory when the rationality assumption is switched to a prospect theoretical utility function. Article II, “A Misfit Model – Bounded Rationality and Deterrence Representation”, defends and remodels Schelling’s idea of irrational threats for effective deterrence. Article III, “Comparable Deterrence – Target, Criteria and Purpose”, treats the issue of how one can compare game theoretic models with one another and proposes a meta-model for how this can be done. Article IV, “Deterring the Dauntless – Appraising the Effects of Naval Deterrence against the Somali Piracy”, estimates whether and to what extent Somali piracy was deterred by the naval intervention., Avskräckning är ryggraden i militär strategi. Att avhålla en motståndare från engiven handling med hot om våld är definitionen av avskräckning. Redan frånkalla krigets början har det funnits en stark forskningstradition av att studeraavskräckning med hjälp av spelteori. Det finns också goda epistemiska skäl föratt studera avskräckning som spel. Genom att placera det strategiska samspelet icentrum av analysen, möjliga utfall åskådliggörs och spelarnas möjliga strategierblir synbara. Vetenskapliga diskussioner om olika vetenskapliga modellers lämplighetoch modelljämförelse spelar därför en viktig roll i forsningomavskräckning:från underliggande antaganden och representation av avskräckning till teori ochevidens. Artikel I analyserar mellan modell och teori samt vad som händer närrationalitetsantagandet byts ut mot ett prospektteoretiskt antagande. ArtikelII försvarar och ommodellerar Schellings idé om irrationella hot för effektiv avskräckning.Artikel III avhandlar hur olika avskräckningsmodeller kan jämförasmed varandra och föreslår en metamodell. Artikel IV skattar om och i vilkenutsträckning de somaliska piraterna blev avskräckta av de marina operationerna.137, QC220422, Försvarshögskolan, Krigsvetenskap

Deterrence is the backbone of military strategy. Dissuading an opponent from taking a specific action by threat of violence is the definition of deterrence. From the outset of the Cold War there has been a strong link between the study of deterrence and game theoretic analysis. There are compelling epistemic reasons for studying deterrence as a game. By doing so, the strategic interaction between actors is placed at the centre of the analysis, mapping the possible outcomes and revealing the strategies available to the actors. Discussions about various models’ appropriateness and model comparison therefore play a central role in deterrence research; from underlying assumptions and deterrence representation to theory and evidence. This dissertation treats aspects of all of these topics. Article I, “Prospects of Deterrence – Deterrence Theory – Representation and Evidence”, analyses the relationship between model and theory and what happens to a deterrence theory when the rationality assumption is switched to a prospect theoretical utility function. Article II, “A Misfit Model – Bounded Rationality and Deterrence Representation”, defends and remodels Schelling’s idea of irrational threats for effective deterrence. Article III, “Comparable Deterrence – Target, Criteria and Purpose”, treats the issue of how one can compare game theoretic models with one another and proposes a meta-model for how this can be done. Article IV, “Deterring the Dauntless – Appraising the Effects of Naval Deterrence against the Somali Piracy”, estimates whether and to what extent Somali piracy was deterred by the naval intervention., Avskräckning är ryggraden i militär strategi. Att avhålla en motståndare från engiven handling med hot om våld är definitionen av avskräckning. Redan frånkalla krigets början har det funnits en stark forskningstradition av att studeraavskräckning med hjälp av spelteori. Det finns också goda epistemiska skäl föratt studera avskräckning som spel. Genom att placera det strategiska samspelet icentrum av analysen, möjliga utfall åskådliggörs och spelarnas möjliga strategierblir synbara. Vetenskapliga diskussioner om olika vetenskapliga modellers lämplighetoch modelljämförelse spelar därför en viktig roll i forsningomavskräckning:från underliggande antaganden och representation av avskräckning till teori ochevidens. Artikel I analyserar mellan modell och teori samt vad som händer närrationalitetsantagandet byts ut mot ett prospektteoretiskt antagande. ArtikelII försvarar och ommodellerar Schellings idé om irrationella hot för effektiv avskräckning.Artikel III avhandlar hur olika avskräckningsmodeller kan jämförasmed varandra och föreslår en metamodell. Artikel IV skattar om och i vilkenutsträckning de somaliska piraterna blev avskräckta av de marina operationerna.137, QC220422, Försvarshögskolan, Krigsvetenskap

Deterrence is the backbone of military strategy. Dissuading an opponent from taking a specific action by threat of violence is the definition of deterrence. From the outset of the Cold War there has been a strong link between the study of deterrence and game theoretic analysis. There are compelling epistemic reasons for studying deterrence as a game. By doing so, the strategic interaction between actors is placed at the centre of the analysis, mapping the possible outcomes and revealing the strategies available to the actors. Discussions about various models’ appropriateness and model comparison therefore play a central role in deterrence research; from underlying assumptions and deterrence representation to theory and evidence. This dissertation treats aspects of all of these topics. Article I, “Prospects of Deterrence – Deterrence Theory – Representation and Evidence”, analyses the relationship between model and theory and what happens to a deterrence theory when the rationality assumption is switched to a prospect theoretical utility function. Article II, “A Misfit Model – Bounded Rationality and Deterrence Representation”, defends and remodels Schelling’s idea of irrational threats for effective deterrence. Article III, “Comparable Deterrence – Target, Criteria and Purpose”, treats the issue of how one can compare game theoretic models with one another and proposes a meta-model for how this can be done. Article IV, “Deterring the Dauntless – Appraising the Effects of Naval Deterrence against the Somali Piracy”, estimates whether and to what extent Somali piracy was deterred by the naval intervention., Avskräckning är ryggraden i militär strategi. Att avhålla en motståndare från engiven handling med hot om våld är definitionen av avskräckning. Redan frånkalla krigets början har det funnits en stark forskningstradition av att studeraavskräckning med hjälp av spelteori. Det finns också goda epistemiska skäl föratt studera avskräckning som spel. Genom att placera det strategiska samspelet icentrum av analysen, möjliga utfall åskådliggörs och spelarnas möjliga strategierblir synbara. Vetenskapliga diskussioner om olika vetenskapliga modellers lämplighetoch modelljämförelse spelar därför en viktig roll i forsningomavskräckning:från underliggande antaganden och representation av avskräckning till teori ochevidens. Artikel I analyserar mellan modell och teori samt vad som händer närrationalitetsantagandet byts ut mot ett prospektteoretiskt antagande. ArtikelII försvarar och ommodellerar Schellings idé om irrationella hot för effektiv avskräckning.Artikel III avhandlar hur olika avskräckningsmodeller kan jämförasmed varandra och föreslår en metamodell. Artikel IV skattar om och i vilkenutsträckning de somaliska piraterna blev avskräckta av de marina operationerna.137, QC220422, Försvarshögskolan, Krigsvetenskap

Game theoretic analysis of deterrence have been criticized for not capturing how actors realistically behave. It is alleged that prospect theoretical re-modelling provides a better foundation for a deterrence theory. The article analyzes how the strategies change when a prospect theoretical function is applied to a central deterrence game. While the probability distributions changes it cannot alter the general dynamics. When considered together with previous research it shows that prospect theory neither can or should replace standard assumptions when constructing a deterrence theory. However, viewed as a compliment prospect theory expands the modelling and opens up for important new aspects., QC 20211213

QC 20211213

This article compares and contrasts Dorion Cairn’s treatment of the relationship between phenomenology and psychology with Embree’s handling of that same topic. Embree, who to a great degree aligns with Schutz, and Cairns converge on the treatment of behaviorism. However, fundamental differences appear in their contrasting approaches to psychology, with Cairns seeking to uphold the distinctiveness of philosophy/phenomenology over against psychology and Embree/Schutz inclining toward a more collaborative engagement with psychology. Their differences reflect their preference for transcendental philosophy or phenomenological psychology, both of which possible preferences were clearly recognized by Edmund Husserl in his “Nachwort zu meinen Ideen”. These preferences in turn have to do with the ultimate philosophical purposes each author is pursuing., Este artículo compara y contrasta el tratamiento de Dorion Cairn de la relación entre fenomenología y psicología con el manejo por parte de Embree del mismo tema. Embree —que en gran medida se alinea con Schutz— y Cairns convergen en el tratamiento del conductismo. Sin embargo, las diferencias fundamentales aparecen en sus enfoques que contrastan con la psicología, con Cairns tratando de mantener el carácter distintivo de la filosofía / fenomenología frente a la psicología y con Embree/Schutz inclinándose hacia un compromiso más colaborativo con la psicología. Sus diferencias reflejan sus preferencias por la filosofía trascendental o por la psicología fenomenológica —ambas preferencias posibles fueron claramente reconocidas por Edmund Husserl en su "Nachwort zu meinen Ideen". Estas preferencias a su vez tienen que ver con los propósitos filosóficos finales que persigue cada autor.

This article compares and contrasts Dorion Cairn’s treatment of the relationship between phenomenology and psychology with Embree’s handling of that same topic. Embree, who to a great degree aligns with Schutz, and Cairns converge on the treatment of behaviorism. However, fundamental differences appear in their contrasting approaches to psychology, with Cairns seeking to uphold the distinctiveness of philosophy/phenomenology over against psychology and Embree/Schutz inclining toward a more collaborative engagement with psychology. Their differences reflect their preference for transcendental philosophy or phenomenological psychology, both of which possible preferences were clearly recognized by Edmund Husserl in his “Nachwort zu meinen Ideen”. These preferences in turn have to do with the ultimate philosophical purposes each author is pursuing., Este artículo compara y contrasta el tratamiento de Dorion Cairn de la relación entre fenomenología y psicología con el manejo por parte de Embree del mismo tema. Embree —que en gran medida se alinea con Schutz— y Cairns convergen en el tratamiento del conductismo. Sin embargo, las diferencias fundamentales aparecen en sus enfoques que contrastan con la psicología, con Cairns tratando de mantener el carácter distintivo de la filosofía / fenomenología frente a la psicología y con Embree/Schutz inclinándose hacia un compromiso más colaborativo con la psicología. Sus diferencias reflejan sus preferencias por la filosofía trascendental o por la psicología fenomenológica —ambas preferencias posibles fueron claramente reconocidas por Edmund Husserl en su "Nachwort zu meinen Ideen". Estas preferencias a su vez tienen que ver con los propósitos filosóficos finales que persigue cada autor.

The last decade has seen several advances in the study of deterrence. These advances have sparked some strong disagreements regarding interpretation of the models and what their contributions signify. This paper appraises the discussions from a model theoretic perspective. It is argued that when comparing rivalling models three aspects; (i) target, (ii) criteria and (iii) type of purpose should be taken into account in order to make a proper appraisal. Informed by these aspects it is evident that the three deterrence models analysed address different aspects, in different ways and to different ends. From this perspective, the so-called Perfect Deterrence model must be recognised as a clear advancement in the research field. Model comparison will always be context relative and a plurality of models should be viewed favourably., QC 20171128

Detta är en lärobok i vetenskapsfilosofi.QC 20180326

Ever since the introduction of Open Innovation as a concept over 13 years ago, it has been debated heavily. Most of the debate has been on the openness itself, such as Open Innovation versus Open Source. Other have discussed it as an old phenomena and that it is not new or changed enough to be able to call it a new paradigm, the aim in this paper is to lift the discussion to a more theoretical area. This literature review shows the different definitions used and is analyzed in how they all relate to the development of the field of Open Innovation, with the help of texts from Kuhn and Wittgenstein, amongst other philosophers. The results show that it is important to have a definition that can evolve by being challenged instead of being destroyed by competing definitions. It is also suggested to let the definition build upon the criteria that has been used and can be measured in empirical data. As an example a sliding scale is used instead of the common binary definitions

Es gehört zu den Aufgaben wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen, sich durch eine Bestimmung ihres Gegenstandes und diesem angemessene Methoden selbst zu disziplinieren und so zu konstituieren. Die Frage, ob eine Konstituierung der Disziplin "Medienpädagogik" durch Prinzipien, Performanzen, Perturbationen oder nur als Parodie möglich ist, stand im Mittelpunkt der Herbsttagung 2017 der DGfE­ und OEFEB­ Sektionen Medienpädagogik, welche am 29.9. und 30.9.2017 in Wien stattfand. Das Editorial stellt die Beiträge zur hiermit vorliegenden Tagungsausgabe der Zeitschrift für Medienpädagogik vor. (DIPF/Orig.), It is one of the challenges for scientific disciplines to constitute themself by defining their subject and appropriate methods. If "media education" as a discipline can be defined by principles, performances, pertubations or only by parodies has been discussed during the autumn meeting of the sections formedia education of the DGfE and the ÖFEB. The meeting took place at the 29.9. and 30.9.2017 in Vienna. In this editorial, the contribution for the special edition of the journal for media education are introduced. (DIPF/Orig.)

Ever since the introduction of Open Innovation as a concept over 13 years ago, it has been debated heavily. Most of the debate has been on the openness itself, such as Open Innovation versus Open Source. Other have discussed it as an old phenomena and that it is not new or changed enough to be able to call it a new paradigm, the aim in this paper is to lift the discussion to a more theoretical area. This literature review shows the different definitions used and is analyzed in how they all relate to the development of the field of Open Innovation, with the help of texts from Kuhn and Wittgenstein, amongst other philosophers. The results show that it is important to have a definition that can evolve by being challenged instead of being destroyed by competing definitions. It is also suggested to let the definition build upon the criteria that has been used and can be measured in empirical data. As an example a sliding scale is used instead of the common binary definitions

The last decade has seen several advances in the study of deterrence. These advances have sparked some strong disagreements regarding interpretation of the models and what their contributions signify. This paper appraises the discussions from a model theoretic perspective. It is argued that when comparing rivalling models three aspects; (i) target, (ii) criteria and (iii) type of purpose should be taken into account in order to make a proper appraisal. Informed by these aspects it is evident that the three deterrence models analysed address different aspects, in different ways and to different ends. From this perspective, the so-called Perfect Deterrence model must be recognised as a clear advancement in the research field. Model comparison will always be context relative and a plurality of models should be viewed favourably.

The theoretical movement known under the heading of posthumanism has entered the academic field. Posthumanisms most prominent feature is to retrieve the concept of matter into the analytical framework. Matter is understood to be under-theorized within the social sciences as a result of the permeative focus upon language and discourse. A prevailing understanding of posthumanism that has been used within educational science and philosophy thus consists of moving the searchlight from language/discourse onto matter. Notably, these scholars are turning to the philosopher Karen Barad in order to spell out their posthumanistic implications. The aim of the thesis is to give an account of the philosophy of Karen Barad in contrast to other prevailing renderings of her. The analysis is carried out using a contrastive methodological approach. In this study I demonstrate how my reading of Barad differs from the scholarly readings that I choose to engage with. The results show that with an alternative conceptual understanding of Barad’s posthumanistic theory the analysis is being steered towards the entanglement of matter and discourse rather than towards the materialistic components of a posed problem. In addition, the results also show how a focus on the ontological underpinnings of Barad’s theoretical framework can give crucial contributions when it comes to understanding the generative conditions of science and knowledge-making.

The theoretical movement known under the heading of posthumanism has entered the academic field. Posthumanisms most prominent feature is to retrieve the concept of matter into the analytical framework. Matter is understood to be under-theorized within the social sciences as a result of the permeative focus upon language and discourse. A prevailing understanding of posthumanism that has been used within educational science and philosophy thus consists of moving the searchlight from language/discourse onto matter. Notably, these scholars are turning to the philosopher Karen Barad in order to spell out their posthumanistic implications. The aim of the thesis is to give an account of the philosophy of Karen Barad in contrast to other prevailing renderings of her. The analysis is carried out using a contrastive methodological approach. In this study I demonstrate how my reading of Barad differs from the scholarly readings that I choose to engage with. The results show that with an alternative conceptual understanding of Barad’s posthumanistic theory the analysis is being steered towards the entanglement of matter and discourse rather than towards the materialistic components of a posed problem. In addition, the results also show how a focus on the ontological underpinnings of Barad’s theoretical framework can give crucial contributions when it comes to understanding the generative conditions of science and knowledge-making.

Diplomová práce se bude zabývat Kuhnovou koncepcí paradigmatu ve Struktuře vědeckých revolucí. Student bude vycházet jak z původního textu z roku 1962, tak z dodatku z roku 1969, v němž Kuhn reagoval na kritiku své původní koncepce. Obsah diplomové práce bude rozložen do dvou částí. V první části se student prostřednictvím primární a sekundární literatury zaměří na rozbor a zhodnocení vybraných strukturních momentů Kuhnova pojetí paradigmatu (pojem, význam, paradigmatický vývoj vědy, vztah k anomáliím, holismus). Na základě provedených analýz se student ve druhé části diplomové práce zaměří za pomoci stěžejní literatury na kritiku Kuhnova pojetí paradigmatu., This thesis will examine Kuhn's conception of paradigm from "Structure of Scientific Revolutions". Student will work with both sources: the original text from 1962 and also the addition from 1969, in which Kuhn responded to criticism of his original concept. The content of the thesis will be divided on two parts. In the first part through primary and secondary literature student will focus on the analysis and evaluation of selected structural moments of Kuhn's paradigm concept (notion, meaning, paradigmatic development of science, the relationship to anomalies, holism). In the second part, based on the executed analysis, student will work with the executed analysis and with help of the key literature he will focus on criticism of Kuhn's concept of paradigm., Katedra filosofie, Lukáš Loprais seznámil komisi s obsahem své práce a zodpověděl otázky z posudků.

The paper is called My dependence on the present, and in it I reflect on how I have changed track a number of times during my research career. I came late to research, having just turned forty when I began my postgraduate studies, and this meant I did not feel bound to prove my loyalty to any particular school of thought-an independent researcher, no less! However, I had not been at Umea University long before the radical student milieu and lively research on women's issues had me in their grip and made me into a social historian and feminist. The turn came in the 1990s, when I worked on a project on Swedish schools with Ulla Johansson from the Department of Education. With this change came Pierre Bourdieu's cultural analyses, Yvonne Hirdman's gender theory, and Joan Scott's theories of language into veiw, all of which prodded me towards a greater interest in culture, power, and the body. Embarking on a project on the emotions and universal suffrage in which discourses were to be the focus, I found myself strangely drawn back to social history, armed with a fresh interest in social practices and the significance of experience for the people of the past. And now I am writing about women worldwide as part of an instructional-media project., Titel på engelska:My dependence on the present

Publikácia je príspevkom k systematizácii činností, spojených s interpretáciou výsledkov výskumov a vedeckým vysvetľovaním (explanation) a porozumením (understanding, comprehension) v spoločenských vedách. Zmieňuje sa o zložitosti otázok pravdy, ktorá je okrem iného aj predmetom teórie vedy. Pozornosť venuje aj otázkam sporov o mieste, aké má hodnotenie vo výskume. Upozorňuje na zložitú problematiku vedeckého zákona, dotýka sa vzťahov medzi naším konaním a jeho dôvodmi, zdôrazňuje rozdiel medzi poznaním a vedením, zaoberá sa podmienkami dobrej argumentácie. Rieši aj nemožnosť oddelenia interpretácie od exploračnej analýzy, ako aj „sociologický obrat“ vo filozofii vedy. Uvádza niekoľko druhov výkladov (vysvetlení), vrátane hypotetického, genetického a teleologického. Prichádza k nevyhnutnosti spolupráce nielen viacerých vedných odborov, ale i spájania vysvetlenia, porozumenia a interpretácie, ktoré podmieňujú nový prístup k rozvoju vedy a vedeckého výskumu. V závere publikácia upozorňuje na tzv. implicitné vedenie (implicit knowledge), ktoré nemožno explicitne formulovať a niekedy ani vysvetliť, čo autori v publikácii považujú za súčasť čerpania sily vedy na nové objavy z vedomia obmedzenosti vlastných spôsobov videnia skutočnosti. Prekonať zaostávanie sociálnych vied možno iba odkrývaním nových potrieb spoločnosti a reakciou na ne, ako aj reakciou na krízu kapitalizmu. To je však možné iba prostredníctvom integrácie v súčasnosti rozdrobeného sociálneho poznania. Práve v tom má zohrať interpretácia rozhodujúci prínos., This contribution tries to systematize the activities connected with the interpretation of the empiric research results and scientific explanation, as well as the comprehension in Social studies. It emphasizes the complexity of the scientific law, speaks about the relation between our action and its reason, stresses the difference between knowledge and comprehension and it mentions the conditions for good argumentation and impossibility to separate the interpretation from explorative analysis. Moreover, it takes notices of “the sociological reversal“ in the philosophy of science. Bayesian´s probability and the questions of induction considers to be the topics directly related to interpretation. It presents several kinds of interpretation including hypothetical, genetic and teleological one. Comes to the necessity of cooperation not only multiple disciplines but also linking explanations, understandings and interpretations that make the new approach to the development of science and scientific research. In its conclusion, the author emphasizes the fact that so-called “ implicit (tacit) knowledge“ can neither be explicitly formulated and in some cases nor even explained, what he thinks is a way that forces science to new discoveries, as it is aware of its limits in perceiving reality. To overcome lagging social sciences is possible only by punishing the new company's needs and responding to them, including responding to the crisis of capitalism. This is possible only through the integration of currently fragmented social cognition. It must play in the interpretation of the crucial contribution.

Publikácia je príspevkom k systematizácii činností, spojených s interpretáciou výsledkov výskumov a vedeckým vysvetľovaním (explanation) a porozumením (understanding, comprehension) v spoločenských vedách. Zmieňuje sa o zložitosti otázok pravdy, ktorá je okrem iného aj predmetom teórie vedy. Pozornosť venuje aj otázkam sporov o mieste, aké má hodnotenie vo výskume. Upozorňuje na zložitú problematiku vedeckého zákona, dotýka sa vzťahov medzi naším konaním a jeho dôvodmi, zdôrazňuje rozdiel medzi poznaním a vedením, zaoberá sa podmienkami dobrej argumentácie. Rieši aj nemožnosť oddelenia interpretácie od exploračnej analýzy, ako aj „sociologický obrat“ vo filozofii vedy. Uvádza niekoľko druhov výkladov (vysvetlení), vrátane hypotetického, genetického a teleologického. Prichádza k nevyhnutnosti spolupráce nielen viacerých vedných odborov, ale i spájania vysvetlenia, porozumenia a interpretácie, ktoré podmieňujú nový prístup k rozvoju vedy a vedeckého výskumu. V závere publikácia upozorňuje na tzv. implicitné vedenie (implicit knowledge), ktoré nemožno explicitne formulovať a niekedy ani vysvetliť, čo autori v publikácii považujú za súčasť čerpania sily vedy na nové objavy z vedomia obmedzenosti vlastných spôsobov videnia skutočnosti. Prekonať zaostávanie sociálnych vied možno iba odkrývaním nových potrieb spoločnosti a reakciou na ne, ako aj reakciou na krízu kapitalizmu. To je však možné iba prostredníctvom integrácie v súčasnosti rozdrobeného sociálneho poznania. Práve v tom má zohrať interpretácia rozhodujúci prínos., This contribution tries to systematize the activities connected with the interpretation of the empiric research results and scientific explanation, as well as the comprehension in Social studies. It emphasizes the complexity of the scientific law, speaks about the relation between our action and its reason, stresses the difference between knowledge and comprehension and it mentions the conditions for good argumentation and impossibility to separate the interpretation from explorative analysis. Moreover, it takes notices of “the sociological reversal“ in the philosophy of science. Bayesian´s probability and the questions of induction considers to be the topics directly related to interpretation. It presents several kinds of interpretation including hypothetical, genetic and teleological one. Comes to the necessity of cooperation not only multiple disciplines but also linking explanations, understandings and interpretations that make the new approach to the development of science and scientific research. In its conclusion, the author emphasizes the fact that so-called “ implicit (tacit) knowledge“ can neither be explicitly formulated and in some cases nor even explained, what he thinks is a way that forces science to new discoveries, as it is aware of its limits in perceiving reality. To overcome lagging social sciences is possible only by punishing the new company's needs and responding to them, including responding to the crisis of capitalism. This is possible only through the integration of currently fragmented social cognition. It must play in the interpretation of the crucial contribution.

Sustainable development is a contested concept in that it is interpreted differently by different actors. A distinction has been made between "weak" and "strong" sustainability. Some have referred to three aspects or "pillars" of sustainable development; economic, social and environmental. Others have advocated a further broadening of the kinds of dimensions to be considered. The present author has argued that a distinction between monetary and nonmonetary aspects of development is crucial and also that an actor´s relation to ongoing development and the present political-economic system can be catgorized in terms of "business-as-usual" (BAU) interpretation and attitude, "social and ecological modernization" or as demanding "radical change" in our present political-economic system. Mainstream neoclassical economics in its textbook form will be scrutinized with respect to its scientific and ideological features. this will be related to what appears to be needed to meet the challenge of sustainable development. An economics that is more open and compatible with democracy is indicated. Influential actors in business, government and civil society have their specific - or less precise - ideas of economics for management and governance. Such mental maps of influential and other actors are closely related to mainstream neoclassical economic theory. This assertion has of course to be made credible or proven by special studies. Here, I will scrutinize a consensus report prepared for the Rio+20 Conference (United Nations Secretary General, 2012) with respect to the ideas of economics to which it refers. My conclusion is that the report's authors do not know of or consider any alternative to the neoclassical perspective. Pluralism with respect to paradigms in economics is then recommended as an initial first step towards sustainable development., Economics for sustainable development

Man kann die allgemeinen Probleme, denen Weber sich in seinen kulturwissenschaftlichen Studien gewidmet hat, in zwei Hauptprobleme zusammenfassen: das erste liegt im Verhältnis zwischen kulturwissenschaftlichen Allgemeinbegriffen einerseits sowie empirischer Realität d. h. je individuellen historischen Ereignissen und sozialen Handlungen andererseits; das zweite bezieht sich auf die Trennlinie zwischen Werturteilen und wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnis beziehungsweise auf die Unterscheidung zwischen dem „Seinsollenden“ und dem „Seienden“. Zur Lösung der ersten Problematik schlägt Weber seinen Ansatz des „idealtypischen Vorgehens“ vor, zur Lösung der zweiten sein Konzept der „Werturteilsfreiheit“ oder „wertfrei“ der Kulturwissenschaften. Wir haben uns in unserer Arbeit vorrangig auf die erste Problematik konzentriert, ohne jedoch deren Zusammenhang mit der zweiten außer Acht zu lassen. Hier kommt die Frage: Inwieweit ist Webers „idealtypische Begriffsbildung“ tauglich als eine rationale Rekonstruktion der empirischen Realität? Im Sinne Weber ist der „Idealtypus“ wohl die einzige Möglichkeit, kulturwissenschaftlich zu forschen. Somit entsteht zwangsläufig das Problem, dass das kulturwissenschaftliche Erkenntnisobjekt nur auf eine idealtypische Weise zugänglich ist. So gesehen wäre es unmöglich, die Kulturwissenschaften als Wirklichkeitswissenschaften zu bezeichnen. Daher sollte man auch weiterhin über alternative kulturwissenschaftliche Erklärungsmodelle nachdenken. Zu denken wäre hier etwa an Hempels DN-Erklärung, Drays rationale Erklärung, von Wrights praktischen Syllogismus, Schwemmers rational- rekonstruktive Erklärung sowie verschiedene Modelle weiterer moderner Autoren, die einen wichtigen Anteil an der Diskussion der Frage nach einer gangbaren kulturwissenschaftlichen Methode für die Erklärung von Handlungen hatten. Die Frage selbst wird unseres Erachtens jedoch auch der künftigen Kulturwissenschaft erhalten bleiben und sich mit der Entwicklung der Kulturwissenscha, The general problems Weber addresses in his cultural studies can be summarised as two main problems. The first one is located in the relationship between cultural general terms on the one hand as well as empirical reality, i. e. based on historical events and social action on the other hand; the second one refers to the parting line between value judgements and scientific knowledge which is to say to the differentiation between “what should be” and “what is”. Weber proposes his approach of the “ideal-typical action” in order to solve the first problem; to solve the second problem he proposes his concept of “freedom from value judgements” or “value-free” cultural studies. In our work we are primarily focusing on the first problem without losing sight of its relationship with the second problem. So here comes the question: to what degree is Weber’s “ideal-typical concept formation” suitable as a rational reconstruction of empirical reality? In Weber’s sense, the “ideal type” is arguably the only possibility of conducting research in a cultural-scientific context. In this way the problem inevitably arises that the scientific object of cultural studies can only be accessed through an ideal-typical approach. If we looked at it that way, it would be impossible to consider cultural studies as real life science. For this reason we should continue thinking about alternative explanatory models concerning cultural studies. Perhaps here Hempel’s D-N explanation comes to mind, Dray’s rational explanation, von Wright’s practical syllogisms, Schwemmer’s rational-reconstructive explanation as well as different models of other authors who played an important role in the discussion of the question of a practicable method in cultural studies concerning the explanation of action. As far as we are concerned the question itself will continue to be explored in future cultural studies and with the further development of cultural studies continue developing itself.

Traditionally, research and advisory service had focused on increasing crop yield and improving the efficiency of the production systems for bringing down he price of food. However, the environmental and ecological costs are not taken into account which has a significant bearing of the long term sustainability of the agricultural practice. The emergy analysis is an accounting tool which takes into account both the environment and the economic costs of the production system, based on principles of thermodynamics. Here the objective of the study is the evaluation of a novel organically based, food and energy production (CFE) system to assess the resource use efficiency compared to conventional intensive winter wheat production system in Demark by using Emergy analysis (Odum and Odum, 2000). The emergy analysis was carried out by taking into account the inflow and the outflows of emergy within the boundaries of the production systems and calculating the emergy indices. The results reveal that the innovative agroecosystems, exemplified by CFE, are less resources demanding and amenable to local environments and helps conserve the ecosystem services in terms of sustainable supply of soil nutrients, moisture and biomass production. The study proposes a need for balance of intensive agriculture to produce enough food and CFE-like systems to maintain the ecosystem services required for the continued provision of food, fodder and energy needs of the growing world population.

Traditionally, research and advisory service had focused on increasing crop yield and improving the efficiency of the production systems for bringing down he price of food. However, the environmental and ecological costs are not taken into account which has a significant bearing of the long term sustainability of the agricultural practice. The emergy analysis is an accounting tool which takes into account both the environment and the economic costs of the production system, based on principles of thermodynamics. Here the objective of the study is the evaluation of a novel organically based, food and energy production (CFE) system to assess the resource use efficiency compared to conventional intensive winter wheat production system in Demark by using Emergy analysis (Odum and Odum, 2000). The emergy analysis was carried out by taking into account the inflow and the outflows of emergy within the boundaries of the production systems and calculating the emergy indices. The results reveal that the innovative agroecosystems, exemplified by CFE, are less resources demanding and amenable to local environments and helps conserve the ecosystem services in terms of sustainable supply of soil nutrients, moisture and biomass production. The study proposes a need for balance of intensive agriculture to produce enough food and CFE-like systems to maintain the ecosystem services required for the continued provision of food, fodder and energy needs of the growing world population.

Sustainability economics as a concept is interpreted differently in different publications. Some authors look for a modification of mainstream neoclassical economics while the present author regards sustainability economics as part of a different and separate economics paradigm., Understanding sustainability economics

Traditionally, research and advisory service had focused on increasing crop yield and improving the efficiency of the production systems for bringing down he price of food. However, the environmental and ecological costs are not taken into account which has a significant bearing of the long term sustainability of the agricultural practice. The emergy analysis is an accounting tool which takes into account both the environment and the economic costs of the production system, based on principles of thermodynamics. Here the objective of the study is the evaluation of a novel organically based, food and energy production (CFE) system to assess the resource use efficiency compared to conventional intensive winter wheat production system in Demark by using Emergy analysis (Odum and Odum, 2000). The emergy analysis was carried out by taking into account the inflow and the outflows of emergy within the boundaries of the production systems and calculating the emergy indices. The results reveal that the innovative agroecosystems, exemplified by CFE, are less resources demanding and amenable to local environments and helps conserve the ecosystem services in terms of sustainable supply of soil nutrients, moisture and biomass production. The study proposes a need for balance of intensive agriculture to produce enough food and CFE-like systems to maintain the ecosystem services required for the continued provision of food, fodder and energy needs of the growing world population.

Traditionally, research and advisory service had focused on increasing crop yield and improving the efficiency of the production systems for bringing down he price of food. However, the environmental and ecological costs are not taken into account which has a significant bearing of the long term sustainability of the agricultural practice. The emergy analysis is an accounting tool which takes into account both the environment and the economic costs of the production system, based on principles of thermodynamics. Here the objective of the study is the evaluation of a novel organically based, food and energy production (CFE) system to assess the resource use efficiency compared to conventional intensive winter wheat production system in Demark by using Emergy analysis (Odum and Odum, 2000). The emergy analysis was carried out by taking into account the inflow and the outflows of emergy within the boundaries of the production systems and calculating the emergy indices. The results reveal that the innovative agroecosystems, exemplified by CFE, are less resources demanding and amenable to local environments and helps conserve the ecosystem services in terms of sustainable supply of soil nutrients, moisture and biomass production. The study proposes a need for balance of intensive agriculture to produce enough food and CFE-like systems to maintain the ecosystem services required for the continued provision of food, fodder and energy needs of the growing world population.

Traditionally, research and advisory service had focused on increasing crop yield and improving the efficiency of the production systems for bringing down he price of food. However, the environmental and ecological costs are not taken into account which has a significant bearing of the long term sustainability of the agricultural practice. The emergy analysis is an accounting tool which takes into account both the environment and the economic costs of the production system, based on principles of thermodynamics. Here the objective of the study is the evaluation of a novel organically based, food and energy production (CFE) system to assess the resource use efficiency compared to conventional intensive winter wheat production system in Demark by using Emergy analysis (Odum and Odum, 2000). The emergy analysis was carried out by taking into account the inflow and the outflows of emergy within the boundaries of the production systems and calculating the emergy indices. The results reveal that the innovative agroecosystems, exemplified by CFE, are less resources demanding and amenable to local environments and helps conserve the ecosystem services in terms of sustainable supply of soil nutrients, moisture and biomass production. The study proposes a need for balance of intensive agriculture to produce enough food and CFE-like systems to maintain the ecosystem services required for the continued provision of food, fodder and energy needs of the growing world population.

The primary objective of this thesis is to study the role of surveys as power factor with a particular focus on studies of Internet users. The conditions and practices of the private research field are related to the academic discourse on the essence of science as well as to media's role in society. The methodological basis of the quantitative studies and their practices are examined in relation to a range of competing theories on the nature of science and its role in society. Earlier contributions to the criticism of quantitative surveys are also discussed. The methodological problems are further highlighted by concrete examples based on own analyses of various data collections. One empirical part of the thesis consists of analyses of survey studies as reported in the press coverage of the Internet in 1997, 1999 and 2000. The goal of the analyses is to show that surveys are an important mechanism for creating truth effects. The methodological tools are part of the struggle for mastery of the discourse –thereby confirming or changing existing power relations – in part through the dissemination of selected results in the media. Through a perusal of the newspaper articles with regard to the context in which the keywords "Internet" and "survey" appear and what the specific actor says, to whom, with which intention, an overall discourse appears, which reveals that the leading commercial actors endeavour to promote the development of the Internet in accordance with their aspirations. The published results are also related to other, more complex analyses of data collections from the same period. In another empirical part of the thesis findings from some fifty interviews with various experts are presented. The aim is to evaluate the methodological sources of error associated with sampling, the carrying out of studies, the analysis of results and other factors that have to do with the value of the surveys as basic facts, as well as the survey buyers’ awareness of the nature

The primary objective of this thesis is to study the role of surveys as power factor with a particular focus on studies of Internet users. The conditions and practices of the private research field are related to the academic discourse on the essence of science as well as to media's role in society. The methodological basis of the quantitative studies and their practices are examined in relation to a range of competing theories on the nature of science and its role in society. Earlier contributions to the criticism of quantitative surveys are also discussed. The methodological problems are further highlighted by concrete examples based on own analyses of various data collections. One empirical part of the thesis consists of analyses of survey studies as reported in the press coverage of the Internet in 1997, 1999 and 2000. The goal of the analyses is to show that surveys are an important mechanism for creating truth effects. The methodological tools are part of the struggle for mastery of the discourse –thereby confirming or changing existing power relations – in part through the dissemination of selected results in the media. Through a perusal of the newspaper articles with regard to the context in which the keywords "Internet" and "survey" appear and what the specific actor says, to whom, with which intention, an overall discourse appears, which reveals that the leading commercial actors endeavour to promote the development of the Internet in accordance with their aspirations. The published results are also related to other, more complex analyses of data collections from the same period. In another empirical part of the thesis findings from some fifty interviews with various experts are presented. The aim is to evaluate the methodological sources of error associated with sampling, the carrying out of studies, the analysis of results and other factors that have to do with the value of the surveys as basic facts, as well as the survey buyers’ awareness of the nature

The primary objective of this thesis is to study the role of surveys as power factor with a particular focus on studies of Internet users. The conditions and practices of the private research field are related to the academic discourse on the essence of science as well as to media's role in society. The methodological basis of the quantitative studies and their practices are examined in relation to a range of competing theories on the nature of science and its role in society. Earlier contributions to the criticism of quantitative surveys are also discussed. The methodological problems are further highlighted by concrete examples based on own analyses of various data collections. One empirical part of the thesis consists of analyses of survey studies as reported in the press coverage of the Internet in 1997, 1999 and 2000. The goal of the analyses is to show that surveys are an important mechanism for creating truth effects. The methodological tools are part of the struggle for mastery of the discourse –thereby confirming or changing existing power relations – in part through the dissemination of selected results in the media. Through a perusal of the newspaper articles with regard to the context in which the keywords "Internet" and "survey" appear and what the specific actor says, to whom, with which intention, an overall discourse appears, which reveals that the leading commercial actors endeavour to promote the development of the Internet in accordance with their aspirations. The published results are also related to other, more complex analyses of data collections from the same period. In another empirical part of the thesis findings from some fifty interviews with various experts are presented. The aim is to evaluate the methodological sources of error associated with sampling, the carrying out of studies, the analysis of results and other factors that have to do with the value of the surveys as basic facts, as well as the survey buyers’ awareness of the nature

The primary objective of this thesis is to study the role of surveys as power factor with a particular focus on studies of Internet users. The conditions and practices of the private research field are related to the academic discourse on the essence of science as well as to media's role in society. The methodological basis of the quantitative studies and their practices are examined in relation to a range of competing theories on the nature of science and its role in society. Earlier contributions to the criticism of quantitative surveys are also discussed. The methodological problems are further highlighted by concrete examples based on own analyses of various data collections. One empirical part of the thesis consists of analyses of survey studies as reported in the press coverage of the Internet in 1997, 1999 and 2000. The goal of the analyses is to show that surveys are an important mechanism for creating truth effects. The methodological tools are part of the struggle for mastery of the discourse –thereby confirming or changing existing power relations – in part through the dissemination of selected results in the media. Through a perusal of the newspaper articles with regard to the context in which the keywords "Internet" and "survey" appear and what the specific actor says, to whom, with which intention, an overall discourse appears, which reveals that the leading commercial actors endeavour to promote the development of the Internet in accordance with their aspirations. The published results are also related to other, more complex analyses of data collections from the same period. In another empirical part of the thesis findings from some fifty interviews with various experts are presented. The aim is to evaluate the methodological sources of error associated with sampling, the carrying out of studies, the analysis of results and other factors that have to do with the value of the surveys as basic facts, as well as the survey buyers’ awareness of the nature

Sustainable development is interpreted differently by different actors. Each interpretation is at the same time scientific and ideological. A specific paradigm such as mainstream neoclassical economics is science but at the same time ideology. Neoclassical economics is not compatible with a radical interpretation of sustainable development. Water management cannot be reduced to a technical matter. The way different actors refer to theories of science, paradigms in eonomics and ideological orientations have also to be investigated. Politics enters into economics and options with respect to ideological orientation have to be discussed., understanding sustainability economics