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Transition metal complexes containing the qtpy ligand (2':4,4'':4',4'''-quaterpyridyl) are known to be DNA intercalators or minor groove binders. In this study, new tricationic iridium(III) complexes of qtpy are reported. Both [Ir(bpy) 2(qtpy)] 3+1 and [Ir(phen) 2(qtpy)] 3+2 display good water solubility as chloride salts. The complexes possess high-energy excited states, which are quenched in the presence of duplex DNA and even by the mononucleotides guanosine monophosphate and adenosine monophosphate. Further studies reveal that although the complexes bind to quadruplex DNA, they display a preference for duplex structures, which are bound with an order of magnitude higher affinities than their isostructural dicationic Ru II-analogues. Detailed molecular dynamics simulations confirm that the complexes are groove binders through the insertion of, predominantly, the qtpy ligand into the minor groove. Photoirradiation of 1 in the presence of plasmid DNA confirms that this class of complexes can function as synthetic photonucleases by cleaving DNA.

Monocular depth estimation (MDE) has attracted intense study due to its low cost and critical functions for robotic tasks such as localization, mapping and obstacle detection. Supervised approaches have led to great success with the advance of deep learning, but they rely on large quantities of ground-truth depth annotations that are expensive to acquire. Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) transfers knowledge from labeled source data to unlabeled target data, so as to relax the constraint of supervised learning. However, existing UDA approaches may not completely align the domain gap across different datasets because of the domain shift problem. We believe better domain alignment can be achieved via well-designed feature decomposition. In this paper, we propose a novel UDA method for MDE, referred to as Learning Feature Decomposition for Adaptation (LFDA), which learns to decompose the feature space into content and style components. LFDA only attempts to align the content component since it has a smaller domain gap. Meanwhile, it excludes the style component which is specific to the source domain from training the primary task. Furthermore, LFDA uses separate feature distribution estimations to further bridge the domain gap. Extensive experiments on three domain adaptative MDE scenarios show that the proposed method achieves superior accuracy and lower computational cost compared to the state-of-the-art approaches., Comment: Accepted at IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) 2022

How can we best prepare students for careers in our competitive environment? This paper examines how group work or cooperative learning is beneficial in the learning process. It examines certain areas of learning that lend themselves to cooperative learning. Cooperative learning leads to benefits and potential problems in working with groups. We examine ways to prepare successful groups for a project. The paper suggests ways to monitor group work in the classroom. Finally, it reports on a group work study taking place over many semesters in an introductory accounting class. Results include a very successful semester. While subsequent semesters provided good results, results were mixed. What can we do to enhance our students’ success in group work projects? The research points to several problem areas that can be addressed. What factors can we consider to improve our results? The research points to ways to prepare students for group work. This paper adds to the research by exploring ways to make group work more successful.

The goal of helping students to become ethical citizens is a concern of college educators. There have been a number of factors, which seem to contribute to this goal. Religious inclination is one factor that researchers have considered. We would expect religious people to be highly ethical. However, research suggests that is not the case. In fact, some research suggests that religion can inhibit moral growth. In most cases, religiosity negatively affected moral development. &nbsp

We derive an amplitude equation that captures the effect of small but arbitrary topography on small-amplitude surface gravity waves. The robustness of this reduced model is demonstrated by numerical simulations that compare it with the fully nonlinear water wave equations. The amplitude equation is seen to accurately capture intricate and complex wave dynamics, compared with the fully nonlinear equations, while being much faster than the latter. Consequently, the model offers great potential for various surface wave-topography interaction investigations, especially when a large number of simulations are needed to obtain wave statistics, a process that is much slower if attempted using the full set of equations., National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Award AGS-1624203)

In this report, we briefly examine the current status of the study of the chiral magnetic effect including theory and experimental progress. We recommend future strategies for resolving uncertainties in interpretation including recommendations for theoretical work, recommendations for measurements based on data collected in the past five years, and recommendations for beam use in the coming years of RHIC. We have specifically investigated the case for colliding nuclear isobars (nuclei with the same mass but different charge) and find the case compelling. We recommend that a program of nuclear isobar collisions to isolate the chiral magnetic effect from background sources be placed as a high priority item in the strategy for completing the RHIC mission., Comment: 28 pages, 7 figures; Task Force Report on Chiral Magnetic Effect; v2: references added, minor corrections

This paper examines the relationship of social support and related concepts, student development, and ethical development. Ethical development has typically been examined in terms of the influence of institution type, size, college major, religious orientation, experiential learning, demographics, and life experiences. Research has produced inconsistent results based on these factors. This paper examines the role of support in promoting student development and subsequently promoting student ethical judgment as a path for a distinct student population. Social support is examined along with social capital, mattering, and marginality. Ethical development is examined through Checkering’s identity development theory. The paper highlights one path to increasing student ethical development, by using support to promote student development.

The interaction with duplex DNA of a small library of structurally related complexes that all contain a d6-metal ion coordinated to either the 2,2′:4,4′′:4′,4′′′-quaterpyridyl ligand or its methylated derivative are reported. This library is made up of a mixture of newly synthesised and previously reported systems. Despite their structural similarities the complexes display an almost 20-fold variation in binding affinities. Although effects due to the overall charge of the complexes are apparent, the differences in binding characteristics are deeper than this; indeed, in a number of cases, changes in overall charge have little effect on binding affinity. Intriguingly, despite interacting with DNA through unfused ring systems, although two of the complexes studied are groove binders, the majority are non-classical intercalators. A rationale for these effects has been obtained through a combination of experimental and computational studies.

The optical response, binding parameters, and duplex DNA binding mode of water-soluble kinetically inert tetranuclear metallomacrocycles can all be controlled by judicious selection of ancillary ligands.

Metal-ion-directed self-assembly has been used to construct kinetically inert, water-soluble heterometallic Ru2Re2 hosts that are potential sensors for bioanions. A previously reported metallomacrocycle and a new derivative synthesised by this approach are found to be general sensors for bioanions in water, showing an “off–on” luminescent change that is selective for nucleotides over uncharged nucleobases. Through a change in the ancillary ligands coordinated to the ruthenium centres of the host, an “off–on” sensor has been produced. Whilst this host only shows a modest enhancement in binding affinities for nucleotides relative to the other two host systems, its sensing response is much more specific. Although a distinctive “off–on” luminescence response is observed for the addition of adenosine triphosphosphate (ATP), related structures such as adenine and guanosine triphosphate (GTP) do not induce any emission change in the host. Detailed and demanding DFT studies on the ATP- and GTP-bound host–guest complexes reveal subtle differences in their geometries that modulate the stacking interactions between the nucleotide guests and the ancillary ligands of the host. It is suggested that this change in stacking geometries affects solvent accessibility to the binding pocket of the host and thus leads to observed difference in the host luminescence response to the guests.

The overall goal is to identify and understand the physical processes that shape and change coastal environments. Emphasis is on the application of remotely sensed infrared signals that can be compared with in situ observations and assimilated within predictive models. In tidal flat environments, major goals are detection of: geotechnical properties (e.g., sediment strength), morphologic features (e.g., channels), and hydrodynamics events (e.g., plumes). The primary objective of these joint efforts is to develop thermal methods for improved monitoring and prediction of tidal flat environments. Specific objectives are to: 1) Test and apply the Lovell [1985] hypothesis for the porosity of sediment as a function of thermal conductivity, 2) Refine methods to estimate inter-tidal bathymetry using sequential waterline detection, 3) Quantify the importance of channel networks and associated flows. The technical approach is to conduct field experiments using simultaneous remote and in situ observations of thermal signals in tidal flat environments. Infrared images collected from airborne and fixed platforms are being used to study surface temperatures, which are then related to an array of interior (sediment and water) temperature measurements. The experiments are designed to study geotechnical, hydrodynamic, and morphologic aspects of tidal flats. Using a combination of remote infrared imagery and in situ temperature measurements, we have quantified the flow in a tidal channel at low tide and confirmed the source as pore water from mud flats (as opposed to surface water drainage). In addition to a strong correlation of temperatures between the channel outflow and the sub-surface mud, a hydrodynamic analysis shows the low-tide outflow to be distinct from the ebb drainage, consistent with baseflow observed in groundwater studies. This flow is also consistent with the classic Manning equation for open channel flow., This effort is a contribution to the Tidal Flats Dynamics Departmental Research Initiative of the Office of Naval Research.

The reaction of 2,2':4,4'':4',4'''-quaterpyridyl (qtpy), with d(6) ruthenium(II) (Ru(II) ), and rhenium(I) (Re(I) ) metal centers has been investigated. The pendant pyridyl groups on the products have also been methylated to produce a second series of complexes containing coordinated Meqtpy(2+). The absorption spectra of the complexes are dominated by intraligand and charge-transfer bands. The ruthenium(II) complexes display broad unstructured luminescence consistent with emission from a Ru(d)→diimine(π*) manifold in acetonitrile solutions. In aqueous solutions, their emissions are weaker and the lifetimes are shorter. This effect is particularly acute for complexes incorporating coordinated dipyridylpyrazine, dppz, ligands. Although the emission of the ruthenium(II) complexes containing Meqtpy(2+) is generally shorter than their qtpy analogs, it is notable that solvent-dependent effects are much less intense. The rhenium(I) complexes also display broad unstructured luminescence but, compared with the ruthenium(II) systems, they have a relatively short lifetime in acetonitrile. Electrochemical studies reveal that all of the Ru(II) complexes display chemically reversible metal-based oxidations. Re(I) complexes only display irreversible metal-based oxidations. In most cases, the reduction processes were not fully chemically reversible. The electrochemical and optical studies reveal that the nature of the lowest excited state of these complexes--particularly, the systems incorporating dppz--is highly dependent on the nature of the coordinated ligands. Calculations indicate that, although the excited state of most of the complexes is centered on the qtpy or Meqtpy(2+) ligands, the excited state of the complexes containing dppz ligands is switched away from the dppz by qtpy methylation. A crystallographic study on one of the dicationic ruthenium(II) structures reveals that it forms an inclusion complex with benzene.

Adaptive optics wavefront sensing imposes stringent requirements on detectors due to the simultaneous need for extremely low read noise and high frame rates. Curvature wavefront sensing measurements are based on the normalized intensity of the signal in a given subaperture and Avalanche Photo Diodes (APDs) have traditionally been used as detectors in curvature systems such as the Canada France Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) Adaptive Optics (AO) Bonnette, called PUEO after the endemic Hawaiian owl. Passively quenched APDs are robust but have low QE (approximately 40%), while actively quenched APDs can have much higher QE, but have been known to fail. Furthermore, curvature systems with large numbers of subapertures are now in operation and the cost of individual APDs may become prohibitive for such systems. Thus a CCD-based alternative appears very attractive, and development of a specific chip was initiated at ESO ten years ago. In this paper, we report on the performance of the FlyEyes camera, a project which was conceived to compare the performance of the backside-illuminated custom-designed CCD detector with an array of APDs, used in an operational and well-characterized curvature wavefront AO system. The on-sky performance is demonstrated to be unaffected on bright guide stars (i.e. negligible latency) and although the faint end suffers from the 2.5 e- read noise, the performance can be regained by lowering the frame rate on the wavefront sensor. In this paper, we report on results that show that the CCD can be used to replace an array of expensive APDs. This would enable to cost-effectively upgrade PUEO to a higher order system, as has been proposed at various occasions., The original document contains color images.

This paper contends that the US military today faces an emerging major operational problem, particularly in the Western Pacific, as the fielding of robust anti-access/ area-denial (A2/AD) systems and operational approaches over time will make the current "American way of war" increasingly risky and, in some cases and contexts, prohibitively costly. Today the Air Force and the Navy each have their own largely independent plans and doctrine designed to preserve a stable military balance and, failing that, prevail in potential conflicts involving China that could arise in the Western Pacific. It will be argued here that confronting this problem successfully will require integrating many of the Air Force and Navy operations central to operating successfully in an A2/AD environment. The paper will offer some thoughts on key elements comprising an AirSea Battle concept, and conclude with some reflections on what it might take to implement it.

Interactive Visualization has been used to study scientific phenomena, analyze data, visualize information, and to explore large amounts of multi-variate data. It enables the human mind to gain novel insights by empowering the human visual system, encompassing the brain and the eyes, to discover properties that were previously unknown. While it is believed that the process of creating interactive visualizations is reasonably well understood, the process of stimulating and enabling human reasoning with the aid of interactive visualization tools is still a highly unexplored field. We hypothesize that visualizations make an impact if they successfully influence a thought process or a decision. Interacting with visualizations is part of this process. We present exemplary cases where visualization was successful in enabling human reasoning, and instances where the interaction with data helped in understanding the data and making a better informed decision. We suggest metrics that help in understanding the evolution of a decision making process. Such a metric would measure the efficiency of the reasoning process, rather than the performance of the visualization system or the user. We claim that the methodology of interactive visualization, which has been studied to a great extent, is now sufficiently mature, and we would like to provide some guidance regarding the evaluation of knowledge gain through visually enabled reasoning. It is our ambition to encourage the reader to take on the next step and move from information visualization to visually enabled reasoning.

Interactive Visualization has been used to study scientific phenomena, analyze data, visualize information, and to explore large amounts of multi-variate data. It enables the human mind to gain novel insights by empowering the human visual system, encompassing the brain and the eyes, to discover properties that were previously unknown. While it is believed that the process of creating interactive visualizations is reasonably well understood, the process of stimulating and enabling human reasoning with the aid of interactive visualization tools is still a highly unexplored field. We hypothesize that visualizations make an impact if they successfully influence a thought process or a decision. Interacting with visualizations is part of this process. We present exemplary cases where visualization was successful in enabling human reasoning, and instances where the interaction with data helped in understanding the data and making a better informed decision. We suggest metrics that help in understanding the evolution of a decision making process. Such a metric would measure the efficiency of the reasoning process, rather than the performance of the visualization system or the user. We claim that the methodology of interactive visualization, which has been studied to a great extent, is now sufficiently mature, and we would like to provide some guidance regarding the evaluation of knowledge gain through visually enabled reasoning. It is our ambition to encourage the reader to take on the next step and move from information visualization to visually enabled reasoning.

Software safety is becoming increasingly important in the development of DoD advanced weapon systems. To make software safer, hazard conditions must be avoided along with the errors that accompany them. The first step in identifying errors is classifying error data. The area of software error classification is not as advanced as other software development areas. The technical literature lacks examples of comprehensive taxonomies that can be applied to various computer software domains and applications. The predominant approach is to organize errors into categories particular to the program currently in work. The typical error scheme is made of narrow categories that are not interrelated. Errors have been classified by symptom, by cause, by life cycle phase, by severity, and by software control. The focus of this research was to determine the best way to classify errors in order to aid system safety in software development. The research identified common areas used in industry that aid in error classification. A telephone survey of experts in safety and software was used to obtain input on the most effective classification schemes. The research also proposed a taxonomy that will be ideal for DOD software development. Since software is becoming a larger part of advanced weapon systems, development of error-free and safe software to operate and support these weapon systems is increasingly important

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