Search

How can we assess the ergonomic comfort of a sizeable spatial configuration such as the indoor space of a complex building or an urban landscape when we design, plan, and manage the space? Is there a fundamental difference between indoor [architectural] spatial configurations and outdoor [urban] spatial configurations with respect to ergonomics? Can we have a unified approach to the computational study of spatial ergonomics? This paper addresses these fundamental questions while providing a brief taxonomic review of the scholarly literature on these matters from a mathematical point of view, including a brief introduction to the modelling-based approaches to the computational ways of studying the fundamental effects of spatial configuration on human behaviours. Furthermore, the paper proposes a computational approach for ergonomic assessment of spatial configurations that explicitly allows for combined accessibility and visibility analyses in the built environment. The gist of this approach is the conceptualisation of spatial configurations as rasterised (voxelated) 2D manifold walkable terrains whose voxels have 3D vistas, unifying the simulations and analyses of accessibility and visibility. The paper elaborates on how such a representation of space can provide for conducting various sorts of computational queries, analyses, and simulation experiments for research in spatial ergonomics. The paper concludes with a mapping of the computational modelling approaches pertinent to the study and assessment of spatial ergonomics; and marks avenues of future research on various categories of exploratory, generative, and associative models for ex-ante and ex-post assessment of ergonomic matters at spatial scales., Heritage & Architecture

The paper focuses on the border towns of the Republic of North Macedonia (RNM), geographically located in the eastern and western part of the country, highlighting the specificities of their morphology in the context of their recent development and/or decline. The selected examples belong to two different planning regions of the RNM: the East region – Delchevo, and the Southwest region - Struga. Providing an overview of the identified directions and patterns of their urban expansion, it will be possible to determine the morphological features which have both affected and reflected their general urban transformations. Currently, the condition of the border towns from the East region indicates the increasing marginalisation and, consequently - decline, while those from the Southwest region register progress and growth on the socio-economic and spatial level. Due to these drastic differences, the paper will provide a comparative analysis of their urban form, simultaneously targeting both the micro and the macro level. Considering the latest studies on urban morphology and its relationship with overall urban development, the paper will also address the identified problems and trends, proposing the planning recommendations for the future transformations and their sustainability in the long run.

In its jubilee year of 215 years, the University of Belgrade and the Faculty of Architecture as its constituent member had an opportunity to host the 30th International Seminar on Urban Form Conference (ISUF2023). This year’s conference titled Praxis of Urban Morphology presented a great opportunity to discuss the process by which this discipline is enacted, embodied, and realized. The ISUF 2023 organization committee’s endeavor was to build on the previous experience and ideas, and to direct activities toward systematization and synthesis at an international level, aiming to embody these ideas into operational knowledge. The conference was developed in a manner to provide a framework for reflecting on ISUF community intellectual knowledge coming both from the practical and scientific arenas. The very conference included total of 227 presentations with 580 authors (220 present on site), with representation of participants from 43 countries. The conference was developed in 4 tracks: A. Good in Planning, Landscapes and Townscapes, B. Culture Space, Common Space and Personalities, C. History of Ideas and Challenges and D. Programming and Rethinking Concepts. Conference proceedings were developed in two parts.

Urban morphological approaches to open space are often overlooked in interdisciplinary studies, particularly due to the complexity of spaces left-over or spontaneously generated. This paper focuses on these under-represented spaces, integrating the pedestrian perspective into the analysis. Belgrade, Serbia, serves as a case study, revealing remnants of open public spaces within the post-socialist context, shaped by historical urban planning principles and recent socio-economic shifts. In this paper, all of these spaces are considered as liminal spaces from a pedestrian perspective, accommodating individual and collective users with various cultural meanings. The aim is to create a potential classification of pedestrian liminal spaces in post-socialist Belgrade. The study employs a theoretical and observational approach, combining quantitative assessments of urban morphological indicators with qualitative analyses using the urban structural unit (USU) approach. By observing the use of space and detecting social dynamics, the study proposes three types of liminal spaces from both morphological and cultural aspects. In comparative analysis between these spaces, morphology and organization imply a possible measure of spatial quality. This work can contribute to a new way of reading and analysing contemporary open public spaces and help in their transformation, especially in a post-socialist context.

Located 30 km inland from Lebanon’s coast, The Beqaa Valley (or Beqaa Plains) is considered the agricultural backbone of the country. The Beqaa’s built geographies were shaped by the political and economic hierarchies established by the Roman and Ottoman Empires and revised by the French Mandate. Local and regional economic hardships in the last six decades have led the Beqaa to cycle through periods of decline and recovery, with quick introductions of infrastructural technologies, spurts of loosely regulated building development, and hasty innovations in industrial activity. In this vein, ‘reflexive realism’ concepts of risk regime, logic of production, topographical fragmentation, and internal connectivity, are useful to examine how towns and cities in the Beqaa developed, deteriorated, and adjusted. However, spatial evidence that would inform such inquiries in Rayak, Beqaa, is far from similar to evidence observed in Beirut. Urban morphology research techniques combined with the concept of vernacular architecture can help decode the layers and uses of the built environment. This article introduces a mapping workflow that typologizes built fabrics using five morphological criteria (streets, density, open space, architectural character, and land use) to construct a spatial narrative that can begin characterizing the nature of the Beqaa’s cities and towns.

Winds in the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) over distinctive urban morphology are investigated by building -resolved large-eddy simulation (LES). The exponential law is applied to urban canopy layers (UCLs) unprece-dentedly to parameterize vertical profiles of mean-wind-speed u\z and examine the influence of morphological factors. The skewness of streamwise velocity Su is peaked at the zero-plane displacement d (drag center) where flows decelerate mostly. The dynamics and intermittency in roughness sublayers (RSLs) are further contrasted. It helps determine the critical strength of the organized structures (ejection, Q2 and sweep Q4) in their contri-butions to the average momentum transport (i.e., 3 to 5). Two key factors of the local-scale dynamics are revealed -building heterogeneity and upstream giant wakes that could amplify turbulence ki-netic energy (TKE) and energetic intermittent Q4 by different mechanisms. The former is conductive for large -eddy generation that promotes vertical fluctuating velocity w{''

V rámci programu „Obnova slezských center“ INTERREG V-A již od roku 2014 probíhá spolupráce municipalit se školami architektury z Polska a České republiky. Nová etapa je založena na pevném metodologickém základu, jež je výsledkem vycházející z autorovy souběžného působení v pozici hlavního architekta města Opavy od prosince 2016 a doktorského studia na ústavu urbanismu Fakulty architektury ČVUT v Praze od roku 2018. Skrytou ambicí spolupráce, nahlíženo autorem, je aplikace mapování kulturní identity historických měst prostředky urbánní morfologie do procesů iniciace a regulace jejich obnovy. Výzkumnou příležitostí a zároveň zaměřením autorovy disertační práce je podrobné mapování historických měst s obdobnou genezí a významem s referenčními městy, která byla analyzována metodikou mapování atributů jejich komplexní identity (Jehlík et al., 2020). Památkový status dvou skupin porovnávaných měst konvenuje s proměnou jejich městské tkáně v období druhé světové války. Rozdíly v parametrech jednotlivých metodikou nastavených atributů jsou předmětem analýz a následných interpretací. Komparace vybraných měst na historickém území Slezska, na území dvou států, Opava, Krnov, Bruntál, Racibórz, Český Těšín / Czieszyn, je uchopena především zmíněnou metodikou. Tato města měla ukončenou jádrovou strukturu ve 14. až 15. století prolínáním vlivů panovnických rodů, českých Přemyslovců a polských Piastovců. Na komparaci skupiny měst navazuje případová studie Opavy, pro kterou je metodika prohloubena v časových vrstvách a v detailu posuzovaných morfologických atributů transkripcí historiografických textů, archeologických průzkumů do GIS., Within the framework of the INTERREG V-A programme "Renovation of Silesian Centres", municipalities have been cooperating with schools of architecture from Poland and the Czech Republic since 2014. The new stage is based on a solid methodological foundation, which is the result of the author's simultaneous work as the chief architect of the city of Opava since December 2016 and his doctoral studies at the Institute of Urbanism at the Faculty of Architecture of the Czech Technical University in Prague since 2018. The hidden ambition of the cooperation is to apply the mapping of the cultural identity of historic cities by means of urban morphology to the processes of initiating and regulating their renewal. The research opportunity is the detailed mapping of historic cities with similar genesis and significance with reference cities, which have been analyzed by the methodology of mapping attributes of their complex identity (Jehlík et al., 2020). The heritage status of the two groups of comparison cities is conventional with the transformation of their urban fabric during the Second World War. These towns had their core structure completed in the 14th to 15th centuries by the intermingling of the influences of the ruling families, the Czech Premyslids and the Polish Piast dynasty. The comparison of the group of cities is followed by a case study of Opava, for which the methodology is deepened in the temporal layers and in the detail of the morphological attributes considered by transcribing historiographical texts, archaeological surveys into GIS.

En el siglo XVI, el conjunto histórico de Osuna adquiere sus rasgos esenciales. Nos proponemos dibujar el plano de la ciudad del XVI, insertándolo en un proceso de crecimiento y transformación en el tiempo, describiendo las relaciones que se establecen, tanto internas como con los elementos del emplazamiento. Se aborda para ello el estudio de la forma urbana y de las fuentes documentales y arqueológicas. El hacerlo de forma conjunta, con el dibujo del plano como método, permitirá no solo reunir de forma ordenada y sintética el conocimiento existente, sino realizar nuevas aportaciones., In the 16th century, the historical urban ensemble of Osuna acquires its essential features. We propose to draw the plan of the 16th century city, inserting it into a process of growth and transformation over time, describing the relationships that are established, both internally and with the elements of the site. For this, the study of the urban form and the documentary and archaeological sources is addressed. Doing it jointly, with the drawing of the plan as a method, will allow not only to gather existing knowledge in an orderly and synthetic way, but also to make new contributions.

V rámci programu „Obnova slezských center“ INTERREG V-A již od roku 2014 probíhá spolupráce municipalit se školami architektury z Polska a České republiky. Nová etapa je založena na pevném metodologickém základu, jež je výsledkem vycházející z autorovy souběžného působení v pozici hlavního architekta města Opavy od prosince 2016 a doktorského studia na ústavu urbanismu Fakulty architektury ČVUT v Praze od roku 2018. Skrytou ambicí spolupráce, nahlíženo autorem, je aplikace mapování kulturní identity historických měst prostředky urbánní morfologie do procesů iniciace a regulace jejich obnovy. Výzkumnou příležitostí a zároveň zaměřením autorovy disertační práce je podrobné mapování historických měst s obdobnou genezí a významem s referenčními městy, která byla analyzována metodikou mapování atributů jejich komplexní identity (Jehlík et al., 2020). Památkový status dvou skupin porovnávaných měst konvenuje s proměnou jejich městské tkáně v období druhé světové války. Rozdíly v parametrech jednotlivých metodikou nastavených atributů jsou předmětem analýz a následných interpretací. Komparace vybraných měst na historickém území Slezska, na území dvou států, Opava, Krnov, Bruntál, Racibórz, Český Těšín / Czieszyn, je uchopena především zmíněnou metodikou. Tato města měla ukončenou jádrovou strukturu ve 14. až 15. století prolínáním vlivů panovnických rodů, českých Přemyslovců a polských Piastovců. Na komparaci skupiny měst navazuje případová studie Opavy, pro kterou je metodika prohloubena v časových vrstvách a v detailu posuzovaných morfologických atributů transkripcí historiografických textů, archeologických průzkumů do GIS., Within the framework of the INTERREG V-A programme "Renovation of Silesian Centres", municipalities have been cooperating with schools of architecture from Poland and the Czech Republic since 2014. The new stage is based on a solid methodological foundation, which is the result of the author's simultaneous work as the chief architect of the city of Opava since December 2016 and his doctoral studies at the Institute of Urbanism at the Faculty of Architecture of the Czech Technical University in Prague since 2018. The hidden ambition of the cooperation is to apply the mapping of the cultural identity of historic cities by means of urban morphology to the processes of initiating and regulating their renewal. The research opportunity is the detailed mapping of historic cities with similar genesis and significance with reference cities, which have been analyzed by the methodology of mapping attributes of their complex identity (Jehlík et al., 2020). The heritage status of the two groups of comparison cities is conventional with the transformation of their urban fabric during the Second World War. These towns had their core structure completed in the 14th to 15th centuries by the intermingling of the influences of the ruling families, the Czech Premyslids and the Polish Piast dynasty. The comparison of the group of cities is followed by a case study of Opava, for which the methodology is deepened in the temporal layers and in the detail of the morphological attributes considered by transcribing historiographical texts, archaeological surveys into GIS.

Spacematrix explores the potential of urban density as a tool for urban planning and design.This revised and extended edition of Meta Berghauser Pont and Per Haupt’s 2010 volume includes an extensive analysis of the relations between density, urban form and performance – a prerequisite for understanding and successfully predicting the effects of specific designs and planning proposals. The density database that is an integral part of the book has been expanded and now includes 142 examples from five capitals in Europe as well as examples from Asia.Berghauser Pont and Haupt demystify the use of concepts such as ‘urbanity’, ‘compact city’ and ‘park city’ by challenging the reliability of such concepts and critically examining the possibility of redefining them through quantification using multiple density measures.Spacematrix is of interest to professionals working in the field of urbanism, such as architects, urban planners and designers, as well as developers, economists, engineers and policymakers. It also offers researchers a method to quantitatively describe urban form and connect this to a wide range of performances.

Spacematrix explores the potential of urban density as a tool for urban planning and design. This revised and extended edition of Meta Berghauser Pont and Per Haupt’s 2010 volume includes an extensive analysis of the relations between density, urban form and performance – a prerequisite for understanding and successfully predicting the effects of specific designs and planning proposals. The density database that is an integral part of the book has been expanded and now includes 142 examples from five capitals in Europe as well as examples from Asia. Berghauser Pont and Haupt demystify the use of concepts such as ‘urbanity’, ‘compact city’ and ‘park city’ by challenging the reliability of such concepts and critically examining the possibility of redefining them through quantification using multiple density measures. Spacematrix is of interest to professionals working in the field of urbanism, such as architects, urban planners and designers, as well as developers, economists, engineers and policymakers. It also offers researchers a method to quantitatively describe urban form and connect this to a wide range of performances., OLD Urban Compositions

Do urban-morphological parameters trickle down to impact the diversity and granularity of a district’s housing stock? Do urban-morphological parameters impact housing rental values? These are the main questions underpinning this mixed-method study of four districts across Madrid and Barcelona—two districts developed in a bottom-up manner and exhibiting high morphological heterogeneity, and two developed in a top-down manner and exhibiting high morphological homogeneity. The large-scale statistical analyses conducted via the course of this research delves into the cross-district variations and commonalities of residential values, dwelling unit sizes, plot sizes, block sizes, and street widths. Three findings of import are uncovered—(1) possessing an intricate urban-morphological (or housing stock) granularity does not come hand-in-hand with having high urban morphological (or housing stock) diversity; (2) despite not possessing a higher diversity of urban morphological elements, the bottom-up districts still behaved as slightly-divergent and more-affordable real estate bubbles when compared to the top-down neighborhoods; and (3) across all the districts examined, smaller-scale plots consistently supported more than their expected share of smaller-scale dwelling units.

The year 2023 is very significant for the University of Belgrade. This year, the University is celebrating the 215th year of its long tradition, while at the same time the Faculty of Architecture, as one of its members, has the honor of hosting the 30th International Seminar on Urban Form conference (ISUF 2023). When the SAJ journal was first established in 2009, one of the initial papers focused on urban morphology (Morphology and Typology as a Unique Discourse of Research), highlighting important figures and morphological schools. Presently, I am fortunate enough to be editor in chief for two issues in which these very scholars have contributed by providing their insights on regional perspectives. Over the past fifteen years of Journal publishing, the Faculty of Architecture has diligently upheld the tradition of publishing valuable research in the field of architecture and urbanism. This longstanding practice has served as a platform for scholars and practitioners to share their insights and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in this field. However, the year of these three jubilees is a good place to reconsider and critically examine advancements and perspectives on urban morphology...

A city is an organism made of social, economic, cultural, and environmental fabrics, the interactions of which determine the form and functioning of city life. Different disciplines are then involved in analyzing the complex processes of the 21st-century city. The aim of this study was to explore the use of an analytical method that can act as a catalyst for the main players involved in the environmental urban morphology (EUM). This multidisciplinary methodology focuses on the study of public space in dense urban fabrics as a key context for understanding a city. Operationally, the work shows the potential of integrating morphological analysis, pedestrian flow analysis, and environmental analysis and applying them in dense and compact urban fabrics. The first of these analyses methods was carried out using urban survey tools and the geographic information system (GIS) in order to detect the physical forms of the city and develop a number of morphological maps. The second, using the global positioning system (GPS) and on-site detectors, maps pedestrian movement within public spaces. The latter mainly focuses on the microclimatic analysis of public spaces and outdoor comfort, carried out using environmental software such as ENVI-met (4.4 version). The ultimate goal of this study was to achieve the definition of a dynamic, multidisciplinary, and multilayer methodology for the analysis of dense urban fabrics which we believe could be very useful for addressing the regenerative processes of the contemporary city., Environmental Technology and Design

Vineyard (Turkish: bağ) culture is a common urban phenomenon in Çukurova region communities, which have strong ties with the land, due to the favorable climate and soil conditions. Adana's historic city center and some of the vineyard settlements to the north of this area lost their rural settlement characteristic and started to be built up as a result of Hermann Jansen's planning studies that started in the 1930s, and the city continued its development as planned towards the vineyard settlements (Turkish: bağlar) to the north. Although Gazipaşa, Ziyapaşa, and Namık Kemal Neighborhoods, which were examined within the scope of the study, were planned as a result of these planning studies, they were not built according to the plan. Thus, the implemented part of the Jansen Plan was defined by the railway line located to the south of these three neighborhoods. As a result, these three neighborhoods turned into an area where vineyards began on the periphery of the planned built-up areas and became known as Bağlarbaşı (starts of vineyard area). The aim of the study is to make a morphological analysis of the transformation of the three neighborhoods formed in the area where the vineyards, which previously had a rural settlement texture, disappeared as a result of the urbanization pressure that started in the 1950s, starting from 1950 to the present day, and to examine the process dynamics and to determine the general characteristics of the vineyard culture and houses in the study area. In the study area, morphological analyses were carried out by comparing aerial photographs from 1950, 1954, 1961, current maps from 1985 and 2019, zoning plans dated 1940, 1969 and current data. In addition, the transformation was documented with photographs from various archives and oral history research was utilized. Two vineyard houses in the area were surveyed to determine their spatial characteristics. The data obtained through the studies coincide with Marcel Poëte's assertion that "t

Today's cities are dynamic nodes where copious urban flows intersect. These flows have distinguished characteristics: the flow of money, the flow of vehicles, the flow of people who migrate, and the flow of information. The flows' amalgamation, intersection, and conflict form contemporary urban configuration and space. Many methods, such as historico-geographical, process typological, and space syntax in urban morphology studies, aspire to analyze, discuss, and design these flows. These, which have been practiced in English, Italian and French schools in Europe since the 1960s, have allowed the development of different research methodologies in the search for urban form. The article examines the postmodernist urban topo-morphological approaches, which developed in parallel with the French typo-morphological method influenced by the Italian school and the urban space perception studies of Gordon Cullen and Kevin Lynch through the Oblique Function Theory. In order to go beyond the Cartesian urban plan analysis of typo-morphological methodologies, topo-morphological approaches reexamine flows with paradigms of urban topological surface, fluid and dynamic morphologies, and architecture-landscape-infrastructure integrity. The Oblique Function Theory was theorized by architect Claude Parent and philosopher and urban theorist Paul Virilio in 1963 under the Architecture Principe group as an example of these approaches. Parent and Virilio use and utilize inclined surfaces, rejecting archetypal spatial components such as columns, walls, and roofs. The duo with inclined surfaces extrapolates the concepts of habitable circulation, mediated structure, fluid, and dynamic form in their projects with a topological perspective. Through urban sections rather than urban plans, form a topological and oblique urban order dominated and ushered by flows. The paper discusses Parent's oblique projects: Les Inclisites in 1968; Les Ponts Urbains in 1971; and Incision Urbaine in the 2000s, obt

The module, a system’s unit of dimension, is a concept that is still useful in analysing and planning cities. The Heat Island Effect is the occasion for inquiring about how to develop methodologies for reading and understanding urban systems by following reproducible and univocal principles. Starting from environmental temperature data, often representative of portions of squared urban grids, some spatial analytical methodologies are proposed and applied to two European cities: Genoa and Munich. Using the Local Climate Zones, a first map is defined at the urban level using a squared module. Subsequent maps question the infrastructural and morphological systems using graphs and tessellations. The urban planner that operates on complex systems can place these tools beside their analyses, verifying and examining urban environments.   Article info Received: 08/09/2023; Revised: 16/10/2023; Accepted: 21/10/2023, Il modulo, unità dimensionale di un sistema, è uno strumento ancora oggi utile per interrogare e pianificare le città. Il fenomeno dell’isola di calore è l’occasione di interrogarsi su come si possano costruire metodologie di lettura e analisi dei sistemi urbani che seguano principi ripetibili e univoci. Partendo dai dati ambientali di temperatura, spesso rappresentativi di porzioni di griglia quadrata delle città, vengono proposte alcune metodologie di analisi spaziale applicate su due città europee: Genova e Monaco. Attraverso le Local Climate Zones viene effettuata una prima mappa a scala urbana con un modulo quadrato. Le mappe successive interrogano il sistema infrastrutturale e morfologico in termini di grafo e tassellazione. Il pianificatore che lavora sui sistemi complessi può adattare questi strumenti alle proprie analisi, verificando e interrogando gli ambienti urbani.   Info sull'articolo Ricevuto: 08/09/2023; Revisionato: 16/10/2023; Accettato: 21/10/2023

The cultural and aesthetical connection of coastal communities with the environment results in typical landscapes that have been despised by the cultural globalized scenario. This indicates the importance of the protection of local groups’ identity. A study was applied to a fishing village in Pelotas, RS, aiming to comprehend the cultural and aesthetical features of the local landscape and to discuss strategies for integrating cultural biases to Planning and Urban Design practice. In this way, two theoretical and methodological approaches were applied: subjective analysis (ethnographical and narrative ones) and objective (visual, typological and chromatic ones). The results pointed out the main cultural and aesthetical attributes of the landscape and allowed a broad discussion on Planning and Urban Design strategies as well as a good adequacy to the local specificities., Resumen: La conexión cultural y estética de las comunidades costeras con el medio ambiente da como resultado paisajes típicos que han sido desacreditados por el contexto cultural globalizado, destacando la importancia de la salvaguarda de la identidad de los grupos locales. Se aplicó un estudio a un pueblo de pescadores ubicado en Pelotas, sur de Brasil, con el objetivo de comprender las características culturales y estéticas del paisaje local y discutir estrategias para integrar la dimensión cultural en la práctica de planificación y diseño urbano. Para ello, se utilizaron dos enfoques teóricos y metodológicos: análisis subjetivos (etnográficos y narrativos) y objetivos (visuales, tipológicos y cromáticos). Los resultados señalaron los principales atributos culturales y estéticos del paisaje y permitieron un buen alcance en la discusión de las estrategias de planificación y diseño urbano, así como una adecuación de estos a las especificidades del lugar.

In its jubilee year of 215 years, the University of Belgrade and the Faculty of Architecture as its constituent member had an opportunity to host the 30th International Seminar on Urban Form Conference (ISUF2023). This year’s conference titled Praxis of Urban Morphology presented a great opportunity to discuss the process by which this discipline is enacted, embodied, and realized. The ISUF 2023 organization committee’s endeavor was to build on the previous experience and ideas, and to direct activities toward systematization and synthesis at an international level, aiming to embody these ideas into operational knowledge. The conference was developed in a manner to provide a framework for reflecting on ISUF community intellectual knowledge coming both from the practical and scientific arenas. The very conference included total of 227 presentations with 580 authors (220 present on site), with representation of participants from 43 countries. The conference was developed in 4 tracks: A. Good in Planning, Landscapes and Townscapes, B. Culture Space, Common Space and Personalities, C. History of Ideas and Challenges and D. Programming and Rethinking Concepts. Conference proceedings were developed in two parts.

Even though the Serbian Network of Urban Morphology (SNUM) is one of the youngest networks within the International Seminar on Urban Form (ISUF), it is believed that each of the networks is grounded and developed on the knowledge coming from the synthesis of science, practice, and education. This research aims to trace the origins of urban morphology in the context of Serbia by assessing the academic engagement of key scholars over time. The research builds on previous findings concerning the origins and genesis of teaching urban morphology in Serbia and a review of academic and practical thoughts and actions in Belgrade. Using data collection, content analysis of annual Faculty books and programs, retrospective faculty books, internal documents, accreditation documents, lecture notes, books, and editions in the subject field and by diagramming and visualization, research tends to establish a broad and detailed framework for creating timelines and identifying clusters. Periodization identifies four different periods that are metaphorically named according to plant growth - formation of Fertile ground, Suitable climate, Sprouts, and Shoots while the clustering enables the detection of the continuity of urban morphology in three scientific fields in the faculty – architecture, urbanism, and history. The metaphor with plant growth is significant for underlining that the roots of any field of study are of immense importance, both for understanding its origin, starting ground, and intellectual heritage, and for its proper growth.

Building height is a crucial variable in the study of urban environments, regional climates, and human-environment interactions. However, high-resolution data on building height, especially at the national scale, are limited. Fortunately, high spatial-temporal resolution earth observations, harnessed using a cloud-based platform, offer an opportunity to fill this gap. We describe an approach to estimate 2020 building height for China at 10 m spatial resolution based on all-weather earth observations (radar, optical, and night light images) using the Random Forest (RF) model. Results show that our building height simulation has a strong correlation with real observations at the national scale (RMSE of 6.1 m, MAE = 5.2 m, R = 0.77). The Combinational Shadow Index (CSI) is the most important contributor (15.1%) to building height simulation. Analysis of the distribution of building morphology reveals significant differences in building volume and average building height at the city scale across China. Macau has the tallest buildings (22.3 m) among Chinese cities, while Shanghai has the largest building volume (298.4 108 m3). The strong correlation between modelled building volume and socio-economic parameters indicates the potential application of building height products. The building height map developed in this study with a resolution of 10 m is open access, provides insights into the 3D morphological characteristics of cities and serves as an important contribution to future urban studies in China.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el desarrollo y crecimiento de la ciudad de Palma de Mallorca, a través de una serie de documentos gráficos encajados a la misma escala para comprender dicha evolución, desde los orígenes de roma hasta la actualidad, analizando a su vez sus límites con el mar, sujeto indispensable al tratarse de una isla, a su vez que estudiando la relación de este mismo con la ciudad, en los continuos cambios históricos y necesidades cambiantes de la sociedad. La primera parte de la investigación consiste en la profundización teórica sobre las relaciones entre puerto y ciudad y sus límites a diferentes escalas, a nivel internacional, nacional y local, para posteriormente analizar la evolución comentada, comprendiendo el origen y progresión de la ciudad. La segunda parte consta de una serie de planos gráficos que explican y analizan la evolución urbana de la ciudad de Palma y su puerto a lo largo de la historia, analizando sus planes urbanísticos y su trato con el límite del mar, comprendiendo el porqué, el cómo y el cuándo de dicho crecimiento urbanístico. La ciudad, que parte de un recinto primitivo que va creciendo de manera orgánica, mediante diversos núcleos poblacionales que van apareciendo a lo largo de los principales caminos. Más tarde lo hace en torno a las antiguas fincas agrícolas y ganaderas de su alrededor, que irán desarrollándose y creciendo en asentamientos urbanos hasta unirse con la ciudad histórica de Palma. Los torrentes y los caminos, así como la orografía y la costa, serán los límites que determinarán la forma geográfica y geométrica de los asentamientos urbanos del Término Municipal de Palma. El estudio, en esta primera parte, ha sido realizado mediante el análisis de la principal documentación histórica, cartográfica y fotográfica que existe, mediante la interpretación de documentos de arquitectos, cartógrafos, historiadores, geógrafos y urbanistas importantes, citados en el trabajo en cada caso correspondiente. Llegan, The aim of this work is to analyse the development and growth of the city of Palma de Mallorca, through a series of graphic documents on the same scale to understand this evolution, from the origins of Rome to the present day, analysing in turn its limits with the sea, an indispensable subject as it is an island, as well as studying its relationship with the city, in the continuous historical changes and changing needs of society. The first part of the research consists of an in-depth theoretical study of the relations between port and city and their limits at different scales, on an international, national and local level, in order to subsequently analyse the aforementioned evolution, understanding the origin and progression of the city. The second part consists of a series of graphic plans that explain and analyse the urban evolution of the city of Palma and its port throughout history, analysing its urban plans and its treatment of the sea boundary, understanding the why, how and when of this urban growth. The city, which starts from a primitive enclosure that grows organically, through various population centres that appear along the main roads. Later on, it grew around the old agricultural and livestock estates around it, which developed and grew into urban settlements until they merged with the historic city of Palma. The torrents and roads, as well as the orography and the coast, will be the limits that will determine the geographical and geometric shape of the urban settlements in the municipal district of Palma. The study, in this first part, has been carried out by analysing the main historical, cartographic and photographic documentation that exists, through the interpretation of documents by architects, cartographers, historians, geographers and important town planners, cited in the work in each corresponding case. Getting to know in depth the how and why of the growth of this city, my birthplace.

Adequate land use planning is one of the problems facing the future cities. Although this situation affects any population settlement, it should be highlighted the trend recorded in large cities, because they have become the main demographic attraction pole over the last decades. For quantifying and determining the evolution of different urban models developed in the Mediterranean coast of southeastern Spain, the study has developed a series of territorial indicators based on cadastral cartography. In addition, these have been related to certain socioeconomic variables with the intention of establishing the corresponding predictive models able to explain the urban patterns followed. As a result, it has been shown that construction booms, tourist immigration, land uses and municipal surface have been the most influential agents on the current urban dispersion ratios., Resumen: La adecuada ordenación territorial es uno de los problemas a los que se enfrentan las ciudades del futuro. Aunque esta situación afecta a cualquier asentamiento poblacional, debe prestarse especial atención a las dinámicas registradas en las grandes urbes pues, durante las últimas décadas, se han convertido en los principales polos de atracción demográfica. Con la intención de cuantificar y catalogar la evolución de los distintos modelos urbanísticos presentes en el litoral mediterráneo del sureste español, el estudio ha desarrollado una serie de indicadores territoriales en base a la cartografía catastral. Además, los mismos han sido relacionados con determinadas variables socioeconómi cas con la intención de establecer los correspondientes modelos predictivos capaces de explicar la dinámica seguida. Como resultado, se ha comprobado como los booms constructivos, la inmigración turística, la catalogación del suelo y la superficie municipal han sido los agentes más influyentes sobre las actuales ratios de dispersión urbanística.

Urban Design, History, Form & Aesthetics

This thesis examines the impact of colonialism on the urban development of Kuching, a city in Sarawak, Malaysia. Many port cities in the greater Southeast Asia region were born from their strategic location along the trade route between India and China, which attracted Western powers to establish control over these coastal entrepots and their natural resources. As a result, the ruling class imported foreign cultures and urban planning templates from their home country to facilitate their governance over the colonies, traced from the urban morphology of present-day city centres. Compared to other colonial cities in Peninsular Malaysia, Kuching gained little attention from scholars and historians due to its less significant location on the periphery of the British Crown Colonies. Analysis of archival maps and first-account sources revealed the growth of Kuching from a riverine settlement to a vibrant port city under the governance of the Brooke administration, founded by Sir James Brooke and succeeded by his bloodline. Since the White Rajahs enjoyed more autonomy from the British regime during their rule, they adopted a hybrid approach to urban planning by incorporating local settlement patterns within the city’s expansion. The result is a collage of formal and informal forms in Kuching’s urban fabric, reflecting the vernacular qualities of its multicultural population. Beyond direct influences on urban morphology, there are remnants of colonial themes within the economy, social structures, and future planning strategies of post-independence Kuching. The heavy focus on commercial activities around the Sarawak River port during the early 20th century resulted in underdeveloped secondary industries and an influx in rural-to-urban migration, with lasting impacts still visible today. Moreover, colonial social engineering - most apparent in land tenure legislation, created biased perceptions of political space and racially segregated enclaves. Anthony D. King (1977, AR2A011, Architectural History Thesis, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences

This paper is a comparative analysis on major airport-related plannings and developments in Europe. Since the advancement of aviation technology in the 20th century, airports have become indispensable infrastructures and emerging urban city nodes. This thesis aims to look into how airport developments affect the transformations of their host cities and neighbouring infrastructures. Aeiral images reflect that various airports relate with their host cities through different urban patterns and networks. To understand the reason behind such disparity, six case studies will be conducted and compared: Paris Orly Airport, Copenhagen Airport, Amsterdam Schiphol Airport, London Heathrow Airport, Frankfurt Airport and Stockholm Arlanda Airport. These airports are categorised into three types, namely urban, urban periphery and remote. Firstly, historical studies of each case are done individually. Maps of each case are drawn to discover their developments throughout the century. These airport-related developments and their driving forces are compared among airports of the same category as well as different categories. Acknowledging the unique context of each city and airport, the driving forces and stakeholders behind the morphology of urban, urban periphery and remote airports are revealed towards the end of this paper. The findings conclude some decisive factors for the airport-related development and shed light on the debate of whether the type of airports is the quintessential factor or not., AR2A011, Architectural History Thesis, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences

In the 16th century, the historical urban ensemble of Osuna acquires its essential features. We propose to draw the plan of the 16th century city, inserting it into a process of growth and transformation over time, describing the relationships that are established, both internally and with the elements of the site. For this, the study of the urban form and the documentary and archaeological sources is addressed. Doing it jointly, with the drawing of the plan as a method, will allow not only to gather existing knowledge in an orderly and synthetic way, but also to make new contributions., En el siglo XVI, el conjunto histórico de Osuna adquiere sus rasgos esenciales. Nos proponemos dibujar el plano de la ciudad del XVI, insertándolo en un proceso de crecimiento y transformación en el tiempo, describiendo las relaciones que se establecen, tanto internas como con los elementos del emplazamiento. Se aborda para ello el estudio de la forma urbana y de las fuentes documentales y arqueológicas. El hacerlo de forma conjunta, con el dibujo del plano como método, permitirá no solo reunir de forma ordenada y sintética el conocimiento existente, sino realizar nuevas aportaciones.

The common thread to urban movements happening worldwide in recent years is the fact that urban public space is used as a significant setting by city dwellers for expressing their “objections”. What has been experienced throughout urban movements when public spaces have been occupied enables us to grasp the meaning of occupied spaces in the city thus allowing us to get to know societies and cities. Therefore, this research has investigated the impact of urban public space on the consciousness, interaction and gathering of city dwellers as well as urban movements. Within the scope of the research, eight “rebel cities” have been analyzed, and have interviews with participants of urban movements from these cities. These are Tunis, Cairo, Barcelona, London, New York, Dublin, Paris, and Hamburg, respectively. The places where urban movements were visible in urban space and their surroundings have been analyzed using the Space Syntax method, and the gathering/unification/integration potential of public space has been spatially investigated by determining the characteristics of urban patterns. Accordingly, the city affects the formation of urban movements with its spatial pattern. In the case of Merida city, which constitutes the control sample and which was not affected by the urban movements that spread to the whole world, this finding is also supported. With the results obtained in the research, the significance of public space, as an essential element contributing to the formation of urban movements, has been proven. This study further reveals the possibility of urban spaces allowing social encounters and its importance in terms of democracy.

There are certain spatial configurations in cities that generate areas with reduced ventilation where, consequently, air pollution can reach hazardous levels. Although urban forms have already been flagged as a factor affecting air pollution, its role in the accumulation of volatile organic compounds has not been extensively evaluated with field measurements. In order to investigate the effect of urban morphology on air pollution levels, we measured the concentration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in 44 different city sites, using Radiello® diffusive passive samplers during a 1-week campaign. This work presents a method that maps a city in zones with different levels of atmospheric dispersion by analyzing the proportions of BTEX in the ambient air. The method applied to a coastal city (characterized by uniform wind patterns) revealed the existence of two clearly differentiated zones. In one of them, the mean benzene concentration was 3.26 times higher than in the other. However, the mean concentrations of the rest of BTEX were barely the same in both areas. These findings suggest that slow degradation pollutants (i.e., benzene) accumulate in poor ventilated areas, whereas faster degradation pollutants do not show accumulation. The conclusions of this study can be particularly useful in designing personal exposure assessments, optimizing the urban morphology, and improving the location of air quality monitoring stations

The paper’s subject examines the role of open spaces in restructuring the Cerak Vinogradi housing estate, planned and built in Belgrade in period 1977-1985. The paper provides a historical comparative analysis with an overview of spatial processes on the one hand and social processes on the other hand by identifying the role of open spaces in the structure of the Cerak Vinogradi housing estate from construction to the present day. Spatial processes are shown through mapping the urbomorphological processes of open space transformations, while social processes include a review of the regulatory framework - laws, regulations, and plans, that led to visible changes in space. The work aims to establish the stages of morphogenesis in which there was a paradigm shift in the management and use of open spaces of the housing estate.

The year 2023 is very significant for the University of Belgrade. This year, the University is celebrating the 215th year of its long tradition, while at the same time the Faculty of Architecture, as one of its members, has the honor of hosting the 30th International Seminar on Urban Form conference (ISUF 2023). When the SAJ journal was first established in 2009, one of the initial papers focused on urban morphology (Morphology and Typology as a Unique Discourse of Research), highlighting important figures and morphological schools. Presently, I am fortunate enough to be editor in chief for two issues in which these very scholars have contributed by providing their insights on regional perspectives. Over the past fifteen years of Journal publishing, the Faculty of Architecture has diligently upheld the tradition of publishing valuable research in the field of architecture and urbanism. This longstanding practice has served as a platform for scholars and practitioners to share their insights and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in this field. However, the year of these three jubilees is a good place to reconsider and critically examine advancements and perspectives on urban morphology...

For the last decades, interest in urban morphology studies has increased in Türkiye. Urban morphology has become a widespread study field within the quantitative and qualitative track of urbanism to investigate further the character of Turkish cities and their urban fabric. Aiming to make urban morphology an independent and interdisciplinary research field, the Turkish Network of Urban Morphology (TNUM) was founded in 2014 as a remarkable development. The main objective of TNUM is to create a common platform for urban morphology studies and to develop national/ international collaborations. For this purpose, TNUM held several academic events to increase the impact of the discipline of urban morphology. In this context, TNUM organised three national urban morphology symposiums; Mersin (2015), Istanbul (2018), and Ankara (2021), and the next event will be held in Konya in May 2023. Within this perspective, the primary intention of this research is to analyse the urban morphology studies in Türkiye contextually through the specified themes of the past three symposiums. It also aims to present the activities of TNUM for the last decade to propound the current morphology discussions in Türkiye. Eventually, the research will provide a comprehensive evaluation of the morphology studies by discussing possible further directions., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Design Conceptualization and Communication

[EN] If the incorporation of the gender perspective in the urban fabric requires a clear prior position in favor of the equality of women and men, it also requires instruments or tools that allow it to be effectively incorporated into practice. Urban morphology studies offer a holistic view that tries to encompass the phenomenon of living together, in all its scales and in all its complexity, as well as the tool of the morphological map that tries to offer an ordered way of working, in the search for what makes urban fabrics vital, diverse and close. In this context, the Guide for the incorporation of the gender perspective prepared by Generalitat Valenciana, also tries to provide tools that help to become aware of how complex projecting a space or place is, so that in the future it to be vital, diverse and, therefore, safe. Both strategies could be linked so that the relationship between the parts and the whole can be seen from a gender perspective, what could facilitate the task of both those who plan and those who supervise., [ES] Si la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en el tejido urbano requiere una clara posición previa a favor de la igualdad de mujeres y hombres, también requiere instrumentos o herramientas que permitan incorporarla efectivamente en la práctica. Los estudios de morfología urbana ofrecen una mirada holística que trata de abarcar el fenómeno de habitar juntos, en todas sus escalas y en toda su complejidad, así como la herramienta del mapa morfológico que trata de ofrecer una manera de trabajar ordenada, en la búsqueda de aquello que hace que los tejidos urbanos sean vitales, diversos y próximos. En este contexto, la Guía para la incorporación de la perspectiva de género elaborada desde la Generalitat Valenciana, también trata de aportar herramientas que ayuden a tomar conciencia de lo complejo que resulta proyectar un espacio o lugar para que en el futuro sea vital, diverso y, por tanto, seguro. Ambas estrategias podrían vincularse de manera que se pueda ver la relación entre las partes y el todo desde la perspectiva de género, lo cual podría facilitar la tarea tanto de quienes redactan como de quienes supervisan.

The impact of urban morphological changes on heritage structures and their surroundings is investigated in this thesis. To accomplish so, the thesis focuses on and investigates the case of Shree Jagannatha Temple in Puri, which was built in the 12th century. The temple serves as the spiritual heart of Hinduism, one of the world’s oldest religions. As one of the country’s ‘Char Dhams (four prominent Hindu temple locations),’ it is crucial to the city’s economy. The inflow of pilgrims to the temple on significant occasions like the Ratha Yatra (Chariot Journey) surpassed the support system’s basic capacities. Grand Road (main road) for key religious rites degraded over time as a result of commercialization of the surrounding area, leading to illegal settlements as well. The urbanization of the area surrounding the temple has also adulterated the temple’s pinnacle’s visibility. The government of Odisha has presented a plan by Puri Konark Development Authority to transform the city of Puri into a world heritage city by 2031 in order to protect the temple and its significance. The thesis examines three architectural dimensions – setting, scale, and space – to better comprehend the factors that influenced the government’s decision. The research is limited to the urban changes in the 19th century, 20th century, and latest developments because considerable urban growth occurred in the last few decades. Site visits, photographic documentation, and comparative analysis were all part of the research for developing Serial Vision using the method of Gordon Cullen. Furthermore, Kulke and Hunter W. Stirling’s publications, as well as news articles, were useful resources for understanding history and stakeholder perspectives. Finally, the thesis explores the government’s document plans and how they may aid in the restoration of the temple’s monumentality., AR2A011, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences

Air pollution and heat stress are major concerns associated with the liveability, resilience and sustainability of cities. They directly affect health and comfort and are associated with augmented morbidity and mortality and an increase in the energy demand for building ventilation, air cleaning and cooling. Nevertheless, the detrimental effects of poor air quality may partly be mitigated by increased urban ventilation. This strategy is closely related to the level of urbanization and the urban morphology. Therefore, detailed investigations on the impact of different morphologies on urban ventilation are of paramount importance. Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations have been widely used during the last decades to investigate the effects of the urban morphology on the urban ventilation. However, most of these studies focused on idealized building arrangements, while detailed investigations about the role of real urban morphologies are scarce. This study investigates the ventilation in a compact area in the city of Rome, Italy. 3D steady-state Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulations are performed to analyze the impact of Morphological Parameters (MP) on the urban ventilation. The results show a considerable worsening of urban ventilation with increasing building density with a reduction in the mean wind velocity up to 62% experienced at the pedestrian level (zp). Correlations between five MPs, e.g., plan area density, area-weighted mean building height, volume density, façade area density, and non-dimensional mean velocity at pedestrian level and at 10 m height are evaluated, and simple models are obtained using linear regression analysis. Among the selected MPs, the building façade area density shows a remarkable correlation with the non-dimensional mean velocity at zp (R2 = 0.82). Such correlations can be valuable tools for practitioners and urban designers, particularly during the first stage of planning, for highlighting

The Magon Quarter in Carthage (Tunisia), is an exceptional group of Punic houses located next to the seawall. It is one of the most relevant archaeological complex of the central-western Mediterranean of the 5th century BC. However, 30 years after its final publication, the economic, social and political implications derived from its construction have not yet been discussed. Nor have the historical syntheses on Punic Carthage given it due attention. The aim of this article is to explore some of the historical implications that, from a local Carthaginian perspective, can be deduced from this major urban planning project., El Barrio de Magón en Cartago (Túnez) está formado por un excepcional grupo de viviendas de época púnica ubicadas junto a la muralla marítima de la ciudad. Sus características, enmarcadas en una cronología que se remonta hasta el siglo V a.C., convierten a este conjunto arqueológico es uno de los más relevantes del Mediterráneo centro-occidental de su época. Sin embargo, las importantes implicaciones económicas, sociales y políticas que se derivan de su construcción aún no han sido discutidas, 30 años después de su publicación final. Las síntesis históricas sobre Cartago que han aparecido desde entonces tampoco le han prestado la debida atención. El objetivo de este artículo es explorar algunas de las conclusiones históricas que desde la perspectiva cartaginesa local se pueden deducir de este gran proyecto urbanístico.

Urban morphology investigates settlement and urban forms. These do not change overnight, but in a process that follows certain principles. There is hardly anything more complex and contradictory than a city. Precisely because of this complexity, there is little agreement on definitions and procedural methods. This applies in particular to urban planning, which is not only concerned with analysis, but also with the design and transformation of cities. A variety of different urban morphological approaches exist today. Authors from various areas of research and practice investigate the relevance of the morphological perspective in the field of contemporary urban landscapes. They link historical roots and current approaches and explain the relationship between analysis and design.

The concept of Nested Networks is proposed to address the interplay between different levels of scale in the analysis of urban form. Focusing on processes of tissue formation, the internal configurations of buildings or building compounds are considered as local, spatial networks nested within a global host network of urban space. Two case studies within the historical core of Zurich investigate how such configurations of local, spatial networks have been affected by shifts in centrality within the superordinate host network, and how the reshuffling of local configurations has in turn allowed adaptations of the superordinate network. The proposed approach draws on a combination of Process typology and Space Syntax. In view of the results, the potential of a more thorough cross-fertilization of these two strands of urban morphology is discussed.

Cities are in a continuous process with the change and re-adaptation of different parts. Cities are deliberately planned under different socio-economic, natural, religious, and political conditions in different historical periods. While cities are growing, new urban projects are planned that will affect urban morphology. Thus, the research problem is that new urban design projects require planning and integrated policy in interaction with the city. One of the aspects of ensuring this is examining the city from the historical point of view and comprehending urban morphology analysis. Within this framework, the Galata Region is chosen as the study area. The main reason for choosing the study area is; that it is thought the planning of the Galataport Project, the characteristics of the district and its impact should be questioned. Therefore, the study aims to first determine the change and development of the Galata Region over time with the Conzenian approach. In this section, historical maps of the area will be examined through the spatial development of the city, and the determination of the areas affected by the planning decisions will be revealed. Morphological region analysis will be done to identify the focus area boundary. Secondly, the aim is to reveal the impact of the Galataport Project on the region and on the use of the coastline by space syntax method. In this part, the effect of the Galataport Project will be explained comparatively by axiality, convexity, integration and intelligibility, and synergy concept through the 1980 and 2020 maps. As a result, it is seen that the study area has its spatial characteristics, cultural values, and historical process. In the general analysis of the area, it is seen that the old city center is seen as a high potential area for transformation due to its central location. The old city center plays a central role in the marketing of the city because of its economic potential. New design projects are done in the study area

The Steenweg, an east-west axis crossing through Brussels Metropolitan Centre, has been earmarked to play a key role in the implementation of the city’s future mobility vision. Moreover, recent research [De Visscher et al., 2020] suggests that this axis presents high stakes in terms of social inclusion for Brussels. In anticipation of future refurbishments, this presentation delves deeper into this latter proposition, opening lines of thought regarding the potential for “inclusion in urbanity” along the Steenweg. Working from Remy’s suggestion for communication in distance [Remy, 2020 [1990]] and using a socio-spatial approach, the article focuses on morphologies that participate in enabling an inclusive access to the social and spatial fabric of urbanity to diverse groups. To do so, the results of an exploratory research within one type of morphology found along the Steenweg – commercial galleries - are presented. The presentation then suggests possibilities for thinking further about morphologies that enable communication in distance along the axis by mapping out all publicly accessible spaces beyond the usual limits of the Steenweg’s open air public spaces.

Increasing population causes Energy consumption and environmental pollution. It is essential to consider renewable forms of energy, especially solar power, to reduce energy consumption. This requires attention to energy issues in the early stages of urban design and practical and creative solutions for more efficient use of this type of energy. This study aims at calculating the annual solar radiation at a city scale through a novel process and methodology. In this regard, artificial intelligence algorithms and satellite data can help maximize the amount of sunlight in neighborhoods and urban blocks in neighborhood units during the development process. In the simulation process, location, and optimization of the urban form, it is necessary to consider the limitations and resources for field study and simulation of urban blocks. Therefore, in this study, Farhangian neighborhood in phase 1 of Kermanshah, Iran, which has a good level of structural diversity and lends itself to field studies, was selected and studied at neighborhood and urban block scales. The case study indicates the significant role of calculating and optimizing the patterns of urban blocks to achieve maximum solar energy. Estimates at different levels show that urban block variables effectively access solar radiation energy and, given various scales of development - from macro-scale spatial planning to micro-scale local design - can improve energy intake by 3 to 5 percent. Accordingly, the results show that to accelerate the calculation of energy at the planning scale, the use of 2.5D locating model and 3D optimization contribute to achieving the maximum or minimum solar radiation, respectively. On the other hand, this method can be used to organize calculations and planning for maximum absorption of solar radiation at different stages of development.

The dual structure identified in many Latin American cities is characterized by the dichotomy between the formal city and the informal settlement. It is conditioned by the mode of spatial occupation that can vary between the articulation of urban pieces in a planned territory, or the juxtaposition of spontaneous units, which generates a morphological antagonism between these two sectors. In the case of Quito, the analysis of these processes has been carried out so far mainly from a socio-spatial perspective, based on the segregation that manifests itself according to the informal condition of certain peripheral settlements. In this context, it is necessary to delve into the morphological dimension of the new urban landscapes, through a comparative study focused on the city as an integral unit, whose borders between the formal city and the emerging informal city have been transformed. From a morphological and urban perspective, the article focuses on the exploration and categorization of the relationship and contrasts between these two canonical forms of urban development, whose inverse processes and combined strategies from two opposing sectors have given rise to fragments of a ‘mixed’ city. In addition to exploring urban processes and their morphological characteristics, the text tries to analyze the role of planning in the origin and evolution of these fragments within the urban system., La estructura dual identificada en muchas ciudades latinoamericanas se caracteriza por la dicotomía entre la ciudad formal y el asentamiento informal. Está condicionada por el modo de ocupación espacial que puede variar entre la articulación de piezas urbanas en un territorio planificado, o la yuxtaposición de unidades de carácter espontáneo, lo cual genera un antagonismo morfológico entre estos dos sectores. En el caso de Quito, el análisis de esos procesos se ha realizado hasta el momento principalmente desde una perspectiva socioespacial, basada en la segregación que se manifiesta de acuerdo con la condición informal de ciertos asentamientos periféricos. En este contexto, resulta necesario profundizar en la dimensión morfológica de los nuevos paisajes urbanos, mediante un estudio comparado focalizado en la ciudad como una unidad integral, cuyas fronteras entre la ciudad formal y la emergente ciudad informal se han transformado. Desde una perspectiva morfológica y urbanística, el artículo se concentra en la exploración y categorización de la relación y contrastes entre estos dos tipos de crecimiento, cuyos procesos inversos y estrategias combinadas provenientes de dos sectores contrapuestos, han dado origen a fragmentos de ciudad ‘mixta’. Además de explorar los procesos urbanos y sus características morfológicas, el texto intenta analizar el papel del planeamiento en el origen y evolución de estos fragmentos dentro del sistema urbano.

The Pascuales and Norte Zones represent the most recent advance of Guayaquil’s urban footprint on the northern border of the homonymous canton. There coexist various residential forms that are making the city, at their own pace and with their own logics. This article aims to present a comparative analysis of residential fabrics based on the qualification of their morphology and the use of indicators related to compactness and functionality, one of the basic objectives of sustainable urbanism. The residential tissues were initially classified by their origin, type of promotion and permeability. The analysis, through a homogeneous comparison system and the use of quantitative parameters associated with compactness and functionality, makes it possible to visualize the neighborhood-scale behavior of this Ecuadorian city and establish a methodological scheme that can be integrated into diagnoses for planning purposes. The results point to important shortcomings in these fundamental contexts of local life, regardless of their origins and the actors involved in their production: deficit of public spaces, inadequate densities and insufficient mix of uses and urban functions., Las Zonas Pascuales y Norte representan el avance más reciente de la huella urbana de Guayaquil en la frontera norte del cantón homónimo. Allí conviven diversas formas residenciales que van haciendo ciudad, a su propio ritmo y con sus propias lógicas. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar un análisis comparativo de tejidos residenciales a partir de la cualificación de su morfología y el uso de indicadores relacionados con la compacidad y la funcionalidad, uno de los objetivos básicos del urbanismo sostenible. Los tejidos residenciales fueron clasificados inicialmente por su origen, tipo de promoción y permeabilidad. El análisis, a través de un sistema de comparación homogéneo y utilización de parámetros cuantitativos asociados a la compacidad y la funcionalidad, permite visualizar el comportamiento, a escala barrial, de esta urbe ecuatoriana y establecer un esquema metodológico susceptible de integrarse a los diagnósticos con fines de planificación. Los resultados apuntan a importantes carencias en estos contextos fundamentales de la vida local, indiferentemente de sus orígenes y de los actores vinculados en su producción: déficit de espacios públicos, densidades inadecuadas y mezcla de usos y funciones urbanas, derivada principalmente de la improvisación.

Urbanization processes are manifested by the change in the physical morphology of cities. Gaining knowledge about cities through their morphology is naturally linked to the capability of remote sensing (RS) that can monitor city forms with a synoptic view. Yet, our knowledge of the urban form does not linearly increase with the increase of image data. Thus, the role, challenges and potentials of RS in deriving knowledge about urban morphology are worth investigating. We argue that ongoing efforts of mapping urban elements in RS are only marginally contributing to the understanding of cities in terms of urban morphology. We further reason that magnifying the role of RS depends on a suggested workflow involving steps that are external to RS, mainly including characterizing urban morphology through meaningful measurements of mapped elements, and interpreting the measured physical forms as proxies of the socioeconomic status. To exemplify the major steps, we focus on urban poverty (deprivation), and examine its manifestation through the morphology of buildings. Our findings show that challenges appear as soon as the collection of building information from RS images starts. This is mainly caused by inconsistent, incomplete and inaccurate GIS based representation of buildings on images, as well as low quality predictions, hidden from accuracy metrics. Although the potential of deriving meaningful urban morphological patterns from building maps for explaining socioeconomic patterns still holds, several uncertainties remain unsolved, such as the way urban processes are manifested morphologically and how the morphology is captured with the influence of building map quality. Our main conclusion is that as RS imagebased morphological information propagates and fluctuates along the process of knowledge derivation, causing difficulties in quantifying the exact amount of urban knowledge derived. Nonetheless, useful knowledge could already be obtained even with suboptimal data sou, QC 20230228

This paper analyses the distribution of social infrastructure (accessibility to services and job opportunities) in a perspective of spatial lifestyle stratification in the Stockholm region. The study is based on a questionnaire completed by 1160 respondents, capturing individual data on attitudes, lifestyles and demography, and urban morphological qualities developed from high resolution register data. The spatial social stratification is based on a spatial cluster analysis on six lifestyles: highly success-oriented; success-oriented with high work ethics; conscious young and elder; people with weak motivations; designers; and middle-class bourgeois. They are spatially distributed in eight overlapping spatial clusters, namely: highly success-oriented and socially mixed central inner city; designers' inner suburbia; socially mixed inner suburbia; middle-class bourgeois suburbia; highly success-oriented suburbia; conscious young-elder suburbia; socially mixed exurbia; and socially mixed rurality. It turns out that people characterized by weak motivation lifestyle (low income, low education level, not success oriented, etc.) are the most negatively affected lifestyle cluster concerning accessibility to jobs and service. A total of 45% of the 'weak motivation lifestyle' respondents reside in 'socially mixed exurbia' and 'socially mixed rurality'. They experience less than 20% of social infrastructure compared to, in this respect, the most privileged spatial lifestyle cluster, the 'highly success-oriented and socially mixed central inner city' cluster. Still, surprisingly, this 'weak motivation' lifestyle is also concentrated in the 'socially mixed inner suburbia' cluster. One reason for this dual spatial concentration might be the Swedish rental policy, linked to residential use-values and a queuing system, instead of exchange values. This policy allows for a complex spatial social stratification influenced by a range of factors (lifestyle and attitudes among others), a, QC 20230124