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Contains fulltext : 305306.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

5-methoxy tryptophan (5-MTP) is an anti-fibrotic metabolite made by fibroblasts and epithelial cells, present in a micromolar concentrations in human blood, and is associated with the progression of fibrotic kidney disease, but the mechanism is unclear. Here, we show by microscopy and functional assays that 5-MTP influences mitochondria in human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages. As a result, the mitochondrial membranes are more rigid, more branched, and are protected against oxidation. The macrophages also change their metabolism by reducing mitochondrial import of acyl-carnitines, intermediates of fatty acid metabolism, driving glucose import. Moreover, 5-MTP increases the endocytosis of collagen by macrophages, and experiments with inhibition of glucose uptake showed that this is a direct result of their altered metabolism. However, 5-MTP does not affect the macrophages following pathogenic stimulation, due to 5-MTP degradation by induced expression of indole-amine oxygenase-1 (IDO-1). Thus, 5-MTP is a fibrosis-protective metabolite that, in absence of pathogenic stimulation, promotes collagen uptake by anti-inflammatory macrophages by altering the physicochemical properties of their mitochondrial membranes.

This report documents the results of a research effort conducted to identify problem areas encountered during instrument approaches and landings in an F-16A through adverse meteorological conditions. Phase I consisted of identification and simulation of visual conditions likely to produce the conflict/misorientation experienced under 'real-world' conditions; and development of performance measurement standards for F-16A instrument landing system (ILS) training. During Phase II, an experiment was conducted using the F- 16A flight simulator at the Aircrew Training Research Division of the Armstrong Laboratory (AL/HRA) to evaluate F-16A pilot performance with five different ILS instrument configurations: (1) Head-up display (HUD) with flight director, (2) HUD without flight director, (3) Panel instruments only, (4) Panel Instruments and head-down flight director, (5) HUD with flight director, head-down flight director, and panel instruments. Normal aircraft configuration Includes an ILS HUD display with flight director and cockpit panel instruments with raw ILS information. The head-down display, not found on the F-16A aircraft, was developed solely for the research. The display consisted of a head-down flight director that displayed computed steering commands from the HUD on the radar electro-optical display (REO). Twenty F-16A pilots with diverse levels of experience participated in this effort. Each pilot received 5 min of free flight and three practice approaches under benign visual flight rules (VFR) weather conditions. The pilot then flew 15 approaches (three under each condition, counterbalanced) under more difficult visual weather conditions which included scattered clouds, 1 1/2 mile-visibility, a 6,000-ft ceilling, and a 15-knot crosswind.

View looking southeast from the intersection of 5th Street and 13th Avenue S., showing the Fargo water treatment plant. A two, two story brick buildings with tile hip roof. Smokestack visible behind building. Building on the left under construction with scaffolding visilble. Some snow visible in the foreground., Gelatin silver prints; Photographic postcards, 9 x 14 cm., "Taken by Harry Warner Meter reader" - handwritten on back of postcard., Title supplied by staff.