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In the United States, the Therapeutic Community (TC) treatment model for substance use disorder recovery relies heavily upon the assumption that peers serve as mentors, affirming behavior consistent with the norms of the treatment model and correcting behavior contrary to those norms. Despite being foundational to the TC model, little work has been done to clearly conceptualize and operationalize this hierarchy. In this manuscript, we fill that gap in the literature, presenting a novel conceptualization of hierarchy within the TC context, complete with a complementary measurement drawing from the field of social network analysis. With this new framework for understanding and studying hierarchy within TCs, we can ask and rigorously answer a new set of questions previously unexamined.

California has a longstanding issue with the Talent Agency Act, which states that only a licensed agent may seek out, or procure, employment for an artist. The TAA has caused major headaches for Hollywood's personal managers, who find their contracts with artists voided for engaging in even minor acts of procurement. Many commentators initially believed that Marathon Entertainment Inc. v. Blasi solved the dilemma. However, it turns out that the Labor Commissioner, who has exclusive jurisdiction to hear claims arising under the TAA, continues to void contracts between California's personal managers and their clients at an alarming rate. Personal managers disapprove of the Labor Commissioner's failure to employ the doctrine of severability, as advised by the Blasi court, to these contracts. In response, the personal managers recently filed a challenge to the constitutionality of the TAA. The United States District Court for the Central District of California, however, dismissed the claim and upheld the constitutionality of the controversial Act. Because this debate spans over one hundred years, and the constitutional challenge was unsuccessful, the authors of this comment advocate a two-fold approach to correcting the dilemma: (1) place the burden of production in Labor Commissioner hearings on the artist to prove that the entire manager contract should be voided, and (2) assess statutory civil penalties to those personal managers who willfully violate the TAA by procuring employment. The authors of this Comment argue that the California legislature should consider applying this approach because it is not only easily adaptable, but also in line with the true purpose of the TAA.

California has a longstanding issue with the Talent Agency Act, which states that only a licensed agent may seek out, or procure, employment for an artist. The TAA has caused major headaches for Hollywood's personal managers, who find their contracts with artists voided for engaging in even minor acts of procurement. Many commentators initially believed that Marathon Entertainment Inc. v. Blasi solved the dilemma. However, it turns out that the Labor Commissioner, who has exclusive jurisdiction to hear claims arising under the TAA, continues to void contracts between California's personal managers and their clients at an alarming rate. Personal managers disapprove of the Labor Commissioner's failure to employ the doctrine of severability, as advised by the Blasi court, to these contracts. In response, the personal managers recently filed a challenge to the constitutionality of the TAA. The United States District Court for the Central District of California, however, dismissed the claim and upheld the constitutionality of the controversial Act. Because this debate spans over one hundred years, and the constitutional challenge was unsuccessful, the authors of this comment advocate a two-fold approach to correcting the dilemma: (1) place the burden of production in Labor Commissioner hearings on the artist to prove that the entire manager contract should be voided, and (2) assess statutory civil penalties to those personal managers who willfully violate the TAA by procuring employment. The authors of this Comment argue that the California legislature should consider applying this approach because it is not only easily adaptable, but also in line with the true purpose of the TAA.

California has a longstanding issue with the Talent Agency Act, which states that only a licensed agent may seek out, or procure, employment for an artist. The TAA has caused major headaches for Hollywood's personal managers, who find their contracts with artists voided for engaging in even minor acts of procurement. Many commentators initially believed that Marathon Entertainment Inc. v. Blasi solved the dilemma. However, it turns out that the Labor Commissioner, who has exclusive jurisdiction to hear claims arising under the TAA, continues to void contracts between California's personal managers and their clients at an alarming rate. Personal managers disapprove of the Labor Commissioner's failure to employ the doctrine of severability, as advised by the Blasi court, to these contracts. In response, the personal managers recently filed a challenge to the constitutionality of the TAA. The United States District Court for the Central District of California, however, dismissed the claim and upheld the constitutionality of the controversial Act. Because this debate spans over one hundred years, and the constitutional challenge was unsuccessful, the authors of this comment advocate a two-fold approach to correcting the dilemma: (1) place the burden of production in Labor Commissioner hearings on the artist to prove that the entire manager contract should be voided, and (2) assess statutory civil penalties to those personal managers who willfully violate the TAA by procuring employment. The authors of this Comment argue that the California legislature should consider applying this approach because it is not only easily adaptable, but also in line with the true purpose of the TAA.

The basic parameters influencing the design of liquid oxygen containers are considered and their design interrelation evaluated. Factors considered include materials, configuration, insulation, support members, instrumentation, valves, piping, weight, evaporation loss, and accessory items such as vacuum pumps and transfer hoses. Means for evaluating and optimizing the combination of the various factors are presented together with experimental work conducted in areas where information was lacking. Description of the design and construction of a liquid oxygen container together with the thermal test results on the container is included. (Author), Previously announced 20 Mar 62 as PB-181 108 $3.50.