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As the first kind of forward error correction (FEC) codes that achieve channel capacity, polar codes have attracted much research interest recently. They have been selected as one of the coding schemes for the 5G wireless communication networks and are competitive candidates for future communication standards due to the excellent error-correction performance. The traditional polar codes discovered by Arikan are decoded by successive-cancellation (SC) decoding, which provides a sub-optimal decoding performance for short polar codes adopted in 5G communication, and their code lengths are restricted to an integer power of 2. Various research work has been done to solve these issues. To improve the error-correction performance, successive-cancellation list (SCL) decoding with cyclic redundancy check (CRC) was proposed. A large list size is necessary for SCL decoding to achieve low error rate at a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To improve the flexibility on code length, multi-kernel (MK) polar codes have been proposed, which support code lengths other than an integer power of 2. In this thesis, the decoding algorithms are optimized for the design of high-performance hardware architectures of polar codes decoders. First, a high-throughput implementation of SCL decoding with a large list size is studied. Polar codes decoded by SCL decoding with a large list size have better error-correction performance compared with other popular FEC codes. However, due to the serial decoding nature of SCL decoding and the high complexity of list management, the decoding latency is high, which limits the usage of polar codes in practical applications that require low latency and high throughput. To solve these problems, at the algorithmic level, to achieve a low decoding latency with moderate hardware complexity, two decoding schemes, a multi-bit double thresholding scheme (MB-DTS) and a partial G-node look-ahead (P-GLAH) scheme, are proposed. Then, a high-throughput very-large-scale int

As the first kind of forward error correction (FEC) codes that achieve channel capacity, polar codes have attracted much research interest recently. They have been selected as one of the coding schemes for the 5G wireless communication networks and are competitive candidates for future communication standards due to the excellent error-correction performance. The traditional polar codes discovered by Arikan are decoded by successive-cancellation (SC) decoding, which provides a sub-optimal decoding performance for short polar codes adopted in 5G communication, and their code lengths are restricted to an integer power of 2. Various research work has been done to solve these issues. To improve the error-correction performance, successive-cancellation list (SCL) decoding with cyclic redundancy check (CRC) was proposed. A large list size is necessary for SCL decoding to achieve low error rate at a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To improve the flexibility on code length, multi-kernel (MK) polar codes have been proposed, which support code lengths other than an integer power of 2. In this thesis, the decoding algorithms are optimized for the design of high-performance hardware architectures of polar codes decoders. First, a high-throughput implementation of SCL decoding with a large list size is studied. Polar codes decoded by SCL decoding with a large list size have better error-correction performance compared with other popular FEC codes. However, due to the serial decoding nature of SCL decoding and the high complexity of list management, the decoding latency is high, which limits the usage of polar codes in practical applications that require low latency and high throughput. To solve these problems, at the algorithmic level, to achieve a low decoding latency with moderate hardware complexity, two decoding schemes, a multi-bit double thresholding scheme (MB-DTS) and a partial G-node look-ahead (P-GLAH) scheme, are proposed. Then, a high-throughput very-large-scale int

As the first kind of forward error correction (FEC) codes that achieve channel capacity, polar codes have attracted much research interest recently. They have been selected as one of the coding schemes for the 5G wireless communication networks and are competitive candidates for future communication standards due to the excellent error-correction performance. The traditional polar codes discovered by Arikan are decoded by successive-cancellation (SC) decoding, which provides a sub-optimal decoding performance for short polar codes adopted in 5G communication, and their code lengths are restricted to an integer power of 2. Various research work has been done to solve these issues. To improve the error-correction performance, successive-cancellation list (SCL) decoding with cyclic redundancy check (CRC) was proposed. A large list size is necessary for SCL decoding to achieve low error rate at a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To improve the flexibility on code length, multi-kernel (MK) polar codes have been proposed, which support code lengths other than an integer power of 2. In this thesis, the decoding algorithms are optimized for the design of high-performance hardware architectures of polar codes decoders. First, a high-throughput implementation of SCL decoding with a large list size is studied. Polar codes decoded by SCL decoding with a large list size have better error-correction performance compared with other popular FEC codes. However, due to the serial decoding nature of SCL decoding and the high complexity of list management, the decoding latency is high, which limits the usage of polar codes in practical applications that require low latency and high throughput. To solve these problems, at the algorithmic level, to achieve a low decoding latency with moderate hardware complexity, two decoding schemes, a multi-bit double thresholding scheme (MB-DTS) and a partial G-node look-ahead (P-GLAH) scheme, are proposed. Then, a high-throughput very-large-scale int

Polar codes achieve outstanding error correction performance when using successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding with cyclic redundancy check. A larger list size brings better decoding performance and is essential for practical applications such as 5G communication networks. However, the decoding speed of SCL decreases with increased list size. Adaptive SCL (A-SCL) decoding can greatly enhance the decoding speed, but the decoding latency for each codeword is different so A-SCL is not a good choice for hardware-based applications. In this paper, a hardware-friendly two-staged adaptive SCL (TA-SCL) decoding algorithm is proposed such that a constant input data rate is supported even if the list size for each codeword is different. A mathematical model based on Markov chain is derived to explore the bounds of its decoding performance. Simulation results show that the throughput of TA-SCL is tripled for good channel conditions with negligible performance degradation and hardware overhead.

Polar codes achieve outstanding error correction performance when using successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding with cyclic redundancy check. A larger list size brings better decoding performance and is essential for practical applications such as 5G communication networks. However, the decoding speed of SCL decreases with increased list size. Adaptive SCL (A-SCL) decoding can greatly enhance the decoding speed, but the decoding latency for each codeword is different so A-SCL is not a good choice for hardware-based applications. In this paper, a hardware-friendly two-staged adaptive SCL (TA-SCL) decoding algorithm is proposed such that a constant input data rate is supported even if the list size for each codeword is different. A mathematical model based on Markov chain is derived to explore the bounds of its decoding performance. Simulation results show that the throughput of TA-SCL is tripled for good channel conditions with negligible performance degradation and hardware overhead.

Polar codes achieve outstanding error correction performance when using successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding with cyclic redundancy check. A larger list size brings better decoding performance and is essential for practical applications such as 5G communication networks. However, the decoding speed of SCL decreases with increased list size. Adaptive SCL (A-SCL) decoding can greatly enhance the decoding speed, but the decoding latency for each codeword is different so A-SCL is not a good choice for hardware-based applications. In this paper, a hardware-friendly two-staged adaptive SCL (TA-SCL) decoding algorithm is proposed such that a constant input data rate is supported even if the list size for each codeword is different. A mathematical model based on Markov chain is derived to explore the bounds of its decoding performance. Simulation results show that the throughput of TA-SCL is tripled for good channel conditions with negligible performance degradation and hardware overhead.

Polar codes achieve outstanding error correction performance when using successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding with cyclic redundancy check. A larger list size brings better decoding performance and is essential for practical applications such as 5G communication networks. However, the decoding speed of SCL decreases with increased list size. Adaptive SCL (ASCL) decoding can greatly enhance the decoding speed, but the decoding latency for each codeword is different so A-SCL is not a good choice for hardware-based applications. In this paper, a hardware-friendly two-staged adaptive SCL (TA-SCL) decoding algorithm is proposed such that a constant input data rate is supported even if the list size for each codeword is different. A mathematical model based on Markov chain is derived to explore the bounds of its decoding performance. Simulation results show that the throughput of TA-SCL is tripled for good channel conditions with negligible performance degradation and hardware overhead., Comment: 5 pages, 7 figures, 1 table. Accepted by ISCAS 2019

Polar code is a breakthrough in coding theory. Using list successive cancellation decoding with large list size L, polar codes can achieve excellent error correction performance. The L partial decoded vectors are stored in the path memory and updated according to the results of list management. In the state-of-the-art designs, the memories are implemented with registers and a large crossbar is used for copying the partial decoded vectors from one block of memory to another during the update. The architectures are quite area-costly when the code length and list size are large. To solve this problem, we propose two optimization schemes for the path memory in this work. First, a folded path memory architecture is presented to reduce the area cost. Second, we show a scheme that the path memory can be totally removed from the architecture. Experimental results show that these schemes effectively reduce the area of path memory.

Polar code is a breakthrough in coding theory. Using list successive cancellation decoding with large list size L, polar codes can achieve excellent error correction performance. The L partial decoded vectors are stored in the path memory and updated according to the results of list management. In the state-of-the-art designs, the memories are implemented with registers and a large crossbar is used for copying the partial decoded vectors from one block of memory to another during the update. The architectures are quite area-costly when the code length and list size are large. To solve this problem, we propose two optimization schemes for the path memory in this work. First, a folded path memory architecture is presented to reduce the area cost. Second, we show a scheme that the path memory can be totally removed from the architecture. Experimental results show that these schemes effectively reduce the area of path memory.

As the first kind of forward error correction (FEC) codes that achieve channel capacity, polar codes have attracted much research interest recently. Compared with other popular FEC codes, polar codes decoded by list successive cancellation decoding (LSCD) with a large list size have better error correction performance. However, due to the serial decoding nature of LSCD and the high complexity of list management (LM), the decoding latency is high, which limits the usage of polar codes in practical applications that require low latency and high throughput. In this work, we study the high-throughput implementation of LSCD with a large list size. Specifically, at the algorithmic level, to achieve a low decoding latency with moderate hardware complexity, two decoding schemes, a multi-bit double thresholding scheme and a partial G-node look-ahead scheme, are proposed. Then, a high-throughput VLSI architecture implementing the proposed algorithms is developed with optimizations on different computation modules. From the implementation results on UMC 90 nm CMOS technology, the proposed architecture achieves decoding throughputs of 1.103 Gbps, 977 Mbps and 827 Mbps when the list sizes are 8, 16 and 32, respectively., Comment: 16 pages, 13 figures, 8 tables, accepted by IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing

Due to their provably capacity-achieving performance, polar codes have attracted a lot of research interest recently. For a good error-correcting performance, list successive-cancellation decoding (LSCD) with large list size is used to decode polar codes. However, as the complexity and delay of the list management operation rapidly increase with the list size, the overall latency of LSCD becomes large and limits the applicability of polar codes in high-throughput and latency-sensitive applications. Therefore, in this work, the low-latency implementation for LSCD with large list size is studied. Specifically, at the system level, a selective expansion method is proposed such that some of the reliable bits are not expanded to reduce the computation and latency. At the algorithmic level, a double thresholding scheme is proposed as a fast approximate-sorting method for the list management operation to reduce the LSCD latency for large list size. A VLSI architecture of the LSCD implementing the selective expansion and double thresholding scheme is then developed, and implemented using a UMC 90 nm CMOS technology. Experimental results show that, even for a large list size of 16, the proposed LSCD achieves a decoding throughput of 460 Mbps at a clock frequency of 658 MHz., Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures, 5 tables

Polar codes are the first class of forward error correction (FEC) codes with a provably capacity-achieving capability. Using list successive cancellation decoding (LSCD) with a large list size, the error correction performance of polar codes exceeds other well-known FEC codes. However, the hardware complexity of LSCD rapidly increases with the list size, which incurs high usage of the resources on the field programmable gate array (FPGA) and significantly impedes the practical deployment of polar codes. To alleviate the high complexity, in this paper, two low-complexity decoding schemes and the corresponding architectures for LSCD targeting FPGA implementation are proposed. The architecture is implemented in an Altera Stratix V FPGA. Measurement results show that, even with a list size of 32, the architecture is able to decode a codeword of 4096-bit polar code within 150 μs, achieving a throughput of 27Mbps. © 2017 Ghent University.

Polar code is a breakthrough in coding theory. Using list successive cancellation decoding with large list size L, polar codes can achieve excellent error correction performance. The L partial decoded vectors are stored in the path memory and updated according to the results of list management. In the state-of-the-art designs, the memories are implemented with registers and a large crossbar is used for copying the partial decoded vectors from one block of memory to another during the update. The architectures are quite area-costly when the code length and list size are large. To solve this problem, we propose two optimization schemes for the path memory in this work. First, a folded path memory architecture is presented to reduce the area cost. Second, we show a scheme that the path memory can be totally removed from the architecture. Experimental results show that these schemes effectively reduce the area of path memory., Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables

The performance of List Successive-Cancellation Decoding (LSCD) of Polar Codes with large list size have exceeded that of Turbo codes and Low-Density Parity-Check codes. However, large list size results in huge computation complexity and this limits the applicability of LSCD in high-throughput and power- sensitive applications. In this work, a low complexity design for LSCD with large list size based on list pruning is proposed. In particular, the property of the relative path metric (RPM) of each list candidate with respect to that of the most-likely candidate is investigated. It is found that the correct candidate has a low possibility of having a large value of RPM and based on this property, a list pruning method and the corresponding low-complexity LSCDs are proposed. From the simulation results, as compared to the conventional LSCD, the proposed LSCDs have negligible performance loss while the computation complexity is reduced by more than 80%. In addition, the proposed design is hardware-friendly and easily adaptable to the existing LSCDs hardware architectures. © 2016 IEEE.

Due to their provably capacity-achieving performance, polar codes have attracted a lot of research interest recently. For a good error-correcting performance, list successive-cancellation decoding (LSCD) with large list size is used to decode polar codes. However, as the complexity and delay of the list management operation rapidly increase with the list size, the overall latency of LSCD becomes large and limits the applicability of polar codes in high-throughput and latency-sensitive applications. Therefore, in this work, the low-latency implementation for LSCD with large list size is studied. Specifically, at the system level, a selective expansion method is proposed such that some of the reliable bits are not expanded to reduce the computation and latency. At the algorithmic level, a double thresholding scheme is proposed as a fast approximate-sorting method for the list management operation to reduce the LSCD latency for large list size. A VLSI architecture of the LSCD implementing the selective expansion and double thresholding scheme is then developed, and implemented using a UMC 90 nm CMOS technology. Experimental results show that, even for a large list size of 16, the proposed LSCD achieves a decoding throughput of 460 Mbps at a clock frequency of 658 MHz.

Due to their provably capacity-achieving performance, polar codes have attracted a lot of research interest recently. For a good error-correcting performance, list successive-cancellation decoding (LSCD) with large list size is used to decode polar codes. However, as the complexity and delay of the list management operation rapidly increase with the list size, the overall latency of LSCD becomes large and limits the applicability of polar codes in high-throughput and latency-sensitive applications. Therefore, in this work, the low-latency implementation for LSCD with large list size is studied. Specifically, at the system level, a selective expansion method is proposed such that some of the reliable bits are not expanded to reduce the computation and latency. At the algorithmic level, a double thresholding scheme is proposed as a fast approximate-sorting method for the list management operation to reduce the LSCD latency for large list size. A VLSI architecture of the LSCD implementing the selective expansion and double thresholding scheme is then developed, and implemented using a UMC 90 nm CMOS technology. Experimental results show that, even for a large list size of 16, the proposed LSCD achieves a decoding throughput of 460 Mbps at a clock frequency of 658 MHz.

The performance of List Successive-Cancellation Decoding (LSCD) of Polar Codes with large list size have exceeded that of Turbo codes and Low-Density Parity-Check codes. However, large list size results in huge computation complexity and this limits the applicability of LSCD in high-throughput and power- sensitive applications. In this work, a low complexity design for LSCD with large list size based on list pruning is proposed. In particular, the property of the relative path metric (RPM) of each list candidate with respect to that of the most-likely candidate is investigated. It is found that the correct candidate has a low possibility of having a large value of RPM and based on this property, a list pruning method and the corresponding low-complexity LSCDs are proposed. From the simulation results, as compared to the conventional LSCD, the proposed LSCDs have negligible performance loss while the computation complexity is reduced by more than 80%. In addition, the proposed design is hardware-friendly and easily adaptable to the existing LSCDs hardware architectures. © 2016 IEEE.

The performance of List Successive-Cancellation Decoding (LSCD) of Polar Codes with large list size have exceeded that of Turbo codes and Low-Density Parity-Check codes. However, large list size results in huge computation complexity and this limits the applicability of LSCD in high-throughput and power- sensitive applications. In this work, a low complexity design for LSCD with large list size based on list pruning is proposed. In particular, the property of the relative path metric (RPM) of each list candidate with respect to that of the most-likely candidate is investigated. It is found that the correct candidate has a low possibility of having a large value of RPM and based on this property, a list pruning method and the corresponding low-complexity LSCDs are proposed. From the simulation results, as compared to the conventional LSCD, the proposed LSCDs have negligible performance loss while the computation complexity is reduced by more than 80%. In addition, the proposed design is hardware-friendly and easily adaptable to the existing LSCDs hardware architectures. © 2016 IEEE.

Due to their provably capacity-achieving performance, polar codes have attracted a lot of research interest recently. For a good error-correcting performance, list successive-cancellation decoding (LSCD) with large list size is used to decode polar codes. However, as the complexity and delay of the list management operation rapidly increase with the list size, the overall latency of LSCD becomes large and limits the applicability of polar codes in high-throughput and latency-sensitive applications. Therefore, in this work, the low-latency implementation for LSCD with large list size is studied. Specifically, at the system level, a selective expansion method is proposed such that some of the reliable bits are not expanded to reduce the computation and latency. At the algorithmic level, a double thresholding scheme is proposed as a fast approximate-sorting method for the list management operation to reduce the LSCD latency for large list size. A VLSI architecture of the LSCD implementing the selective expansion and double thresholding scheme is then developed, and implemented using a UMC 90 nm CMOS technology. Experimental results show that, even for a large list size of 16, the proposed LSCD achieves a decoding throughput of 460 Mbps at a clock frequency of 658 MHz.

For polar codes with short-to-medium code length, list successive cancellation decoding is used to achieve a good error-correcting performance. However, list pruning in the current list decoding is based on the sorting strategy and its timing complexity is high. This results in a long decoding latency for large list size. In this work, aiming at a low-latency list decoding implementation, a double thresholding algorithm is proposed for a fast list pruning. As a result, with a negligible performance degradation, the list pruning delay is greatly reduced. Based on the double thresholding, a low-latency list decoding architecture is proposed and implemented using a UMC 90nm CMOS technology. Synthesis results show that, even for a large list size of 16, the proposed low-latency architecture achieves a decoding throughput of 220 Mbps at a frequency of 641 MHz.

For polar codes with short-to-medium code length, list successive cancellation decoding is used to achieve a good error-correcting performance. However, list pruning in the current list decoding is based on the sorting strategy and its timing complexity is high. This results in a long decoding latency for large list size. In this work, aiming at a low-latency list decoding implementation, a double thresholding algorithm is proposed for a fast list pruning. As a result, with a negligible performance degradation, the list pruning delay is greatly reduced. Based on the double thresholding, a low-latency list decoding architecture is proposed and implemented using a UMC 90nm CMOS technology. Synthesis results show that, even for a large list size of 16, the proposed low-latency architecture achieves a decoding throughput of 220 Mbps at a frequency of 641 MHz.

For polar codes with short-to-medium code length, list successive cancellation decoding is used to achieve a good error-correcting performance. However, list pruning in the current list decoding is based on the sorting strategy and its timing complexity is high. This results in a long decoding latency for large list size. In this work, aiming at a low-latency list decoding implementation, a double thresholding algorithm is proposed for a fast list pruning. As a result, with a negligible performance degradation, the list pruning delay is greatly reduced. Based on the double thresholding, a low-latency list decoding architecture is proposed and implemented using a UMC 90nm CMOS technology. Synthesis results show that, even for a large list size of 16, the proposed low-latency architecture achieves a decoding throughput of 220 Mbps at a frequency of 641 MHz.

For polar codes with short-to-medium code length, list successive cancellation decoding is used to achieve a good error-correcting performance. However, list pruning in the current list decoding is based on the sorting strategy and its timing complexity is high. This results in a long decoding latency for large list size. In this work, aiming at a low-latency list decoding implementation, a double thresholding algorithm is proposed for a fast list pruning. As a result, with a negligible performance degradation, the list pruning delay is greatly reduced. Based on the double thresholding, a low-latency list decoding architecture is proposed and implemented using a UMC 90nm CMOS technology. Synthesis results show that, even for a large list size of 16, the proposed low-latency architecture achieves a decoding throughput of 220 Mbps at a frequency of 641 MHz., Comment: 5 pages, 7 figures, 1 table, to be presented in the 40th IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) 2015