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Author Contributions: Conceptualization: E.C.-B., J.N.d.H. and D.M.; formal analysis: E.C.-B. and M.d.l.N.S.-S.; funding acquisition: S.S. and L.J.; investigation: E.C.-B. and MdlNS-S; methodology: J.N.d.H., L.J., S.S. and D.M.; project administration: S.S., L.J. and D.M., supervision: J.N.d.H. and D.M.; writing-original draft: E.C.-B.; writing—review and editing: E.C.-B., J.N.d.H., L.J., S.S. and D.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript., Saponins, both steroidal and triterpenoid, exhibit distinct bioactivities. However, they are not commonly found together in natural sources; instead, sources tend to be rich in one type or another and mainly in the form of saponins rather than the sapogenin aglycones. Developing co-extracts containing both saponin or sapogenin types would be a strategy to harness their respective bioactivities, yielding multibioactive extracts. Therefore, this study evaluates the bioactivity (hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities) of co-extracts from fenugreek seeds (steroidal-rich saponins) and quinoa husk (triterpenoid-rich saponins), co-extracted at varying proportions, alongside their respective sapogenin-rich hydrolysates. Pancreatic lipase inhibition increased with fenugreek content in co-extracts, especially in sapogenin-rich variants. The latter substantially interfered with cholesterol bioaccessibility (90% vs. 15% in sapogenin-rich extracts). Saponin-rich co-extracts exhibited reduced cytokine release with increased fenugreek content, while sapogenin-rich counterparts showed greater reductions with higher quinoa husk content. Limited cellular antioxidant activities were observed in all extracts, with improved post-hydrolysis bioactivity. Therefore, simultaneous co-extraction of steroidal and triterpenoid sources, such as fenugreek and quinoa husk, as well as their subsequent hydrolysis, are innovative strategies for obtaining multibioactive natural extracts., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Sección Dptal. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Veterinaria), Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub

Background Sulforaphane (SFN) is a dietary isothiocyanate, derived from glucoraphanin, present in cruciferous vegetables belonging to the Brassica genus. It is a biologically active phytochemical that acts as a nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) inducer. Thus, it has been reported to have multiple protective functions including anticancer responses and protection against a toxic agent's action. Purpose The present work systematically reviewed and synthesised the protective properties of sulforaphane against a toxic agent. This review reveals the mechanism of the action of SFN in each organ or system. Methods The PRISMA guideline was followed in this sequence: researched literature, organised retrieved documents, abstracted relevant information, assessed study quality and bias, synthesised data, and prepared a comprehensive report. Searches were conducted on Science Direct and PubMed using the keywords "Sulforaphane" AND (“protective effects” OR “protection against”). Results Reports showed that liver and the nervous system are the target organs on which attention was focused, and this might be due to the key role of oxidative stress in liver and neurodegenerative diseases. However, protective activities have also been demonstrated in the lungs, heart, immune system, kidneys, and endocrine system. SFN exerts its protective effects by activating the Nrf2 pathway, which enhances antioxidant defenses and reduces oxidative stress. It also suppresses inflammation by decreasing interleukin production. Moreover, SFN inhibits apoptosis by preventing caspase 3 cleavage and increasing Bcl2 levels. Overall, SFN demonstrates multifaceted mechanisms to counteract the adverse effects of toxic agents. Conclusion SFN has potential clinical applications as a chemoprotective agent. Nevertheless, more studies are necessary to set the safe doses of SFN in humans.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a rhizome that has been used as a healthy herbal plant for years. Ginger’s chemical components are recognized to provide beneficial health effects, namely as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents with the potential to operate as immunomodulators. This literature review covers numerous publications concerning ginger’s immunomodulatory potential, associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in modifying the body’s immune system. Pathophysiology of oxidative stress and inflammation were introduced before diving deep down into the herbal plants as an immunomodulator. Ginger’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are provided by gingerol, shogaols, paradol, and zingerone. Ginger’s antioxidant mechanism is linked to Nrf2 signaling pathway activation. Its anti-inflammatory mechanism is linked to Akt inhibition and NF-KB activation, triggering the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines while reducing proinflammatory cytokines. Ginger consumption as food and drink was also explored. Overall, ginger and its active components have been shown to have strong antioxidant properties and the potential to reduce inflammation. Challenges and future prospects of ginger are also elaborated for future development. Future collaborations between researchers from various fields, including chemists, biologists, clinicians, pharmacists, and the food industry, are required further to investigate the effect of ginger on human immunity. Collaboration between researchers and industry can help accelerate the advancement of ginger applications.

Silibinin has considerable therapeutic potential for the treatment of diabetes through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. However, the therapeutic application of silibinin is quite limited due to its poor bioavailability. In the present study, an attempt was made to improve the antidiabetic efficacy of silibinin by its encapsulation in liposomal vesicles. The liposomes with a high encapsulation efficiency of silibinin (96%) and a zeta potential of −26.2 ± 0.6 mV were developed and studied using nicotinamide/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Administration of silibinin-loaded liposomes to diabetic rats lowered glucose levels, increased insulin levels, and improved pancreatic islet architecture. The anti-inflammatory effect of silibinin-loaded liposomes was demonstrated by a decrease in serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and a reduced deposition of collagen fibers in the islets of diabetic rats. Furthermore, silibinin-loaded liposomes were more efficient in lowering glucose, alanine transaminase, triglyceride, and creatinine levels in diabetic rats than pure silibinin. In addition, silibinin-loaded liposomes had a significantly better effect on beta-cell mass and Glut2 glucose receptor distribution in diabetic islets than pure silibinin. The present results clearly show that liposome encapsulation of silibinin enhances its antidiabetic efficacy, which may contribute to the therapeutic benefit of silibinin in the treatment of diabetes and its complications.

Diabetic chronic wounds are notoriously difficult to heal as a result of their susceptibility to infection. To address this issue, we constructed an innovated and adaptable solution in the form of injectable chitosan (CS) hydrogel, denoted as CCOD, with enhanced antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. This hydrogel is created through a Schiff base reaction that combines chitosan-grafted chlorogenic acid (CS-CGA) and oxidized hyaluronic acid (OHA) with deferoxamine (DFO) as a model drug. The combination of CS and CGA has demonstrated excellent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, while grafting played a pivotal role in making these positive effects stable. These unique features make it possible to customize injectable hydrogel and fit any wound shape, allowing for more effective and personalized treatment of complex bacterial infections. Furthermore, the hydrogel system is not only effective against inflammation and bacterial infections but also possesses antioxidant and angiogenic abilities, making it an ideal solution for the repair of chronic wounds that have been previously thought of as unmanageable. © 2024 American Chemical Society.

Antibacterial resistance is considered to be one of the major causes for mortality in coming years. In recent years green nanotechnology played a key role in addressing this problem. Biocompatible metal nanoparticles have gained popularity owing to their excellent therapeutic effects and minimal side effects. Method: We report the synthesis of AgNPs and their amoxicillin conjugates (Ag-amoxi) using Micromeria biflora crude flavonoid extracts. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized NPs and Ag-amoxi conjugates were systematically evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and UV–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopic techniques. Results: The average sizes of AgNPs and Ag-amoxi conjugates were 45 and 62 nm, respectively. We have also explored the antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties of the AgNPs and Ag-amoxi conjugates through in vivo and in vitro analysis. The Ag-amoxi conjugates showed better antibacterial potential against Streptococcus Pneumoniae (S.P), Staphylococcus aureus (S.A), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.A), and Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain both the drug and AgNPs. Similarly, in vivo anti-inflammatory studies revealed that both Ag-amoxi (68 %) and AgNPs (64 %) had strong anti-inflammatory effects, with (***p < 0.001) significance at a dose of 10 mg kg−1 body weight as compared to standard, amoxicillin (45 %), and flavonoids extract (48 %) at a dose of 100 mg kg−1. The findings of the antinociceptive activities (writhing and hot plate tests) demonstrated that the Ag-amoxi conjugates produced fewer writhing (15 in 20 s) and a shorter latency time of 22 s as compared to vehicle-treated (tramadol) animals, amoxicillin, and P.E at much lower doses. In vitro antioxidant studies revealed that the Ag-amoxi conjugate has the potential to be used as an antioxidant with an IC50 value of 43.58, Godkänd;2024;Nivå 0;2024-09-04 (hanlid);Full text license: CC BY

Indian herbal therapy is assessed using the vast body of research on herbal plant species and their therapeutic principles conducted worldwide. In both conventional and modern medicine, medicinal plants that are shown to contain effective bioactive chemicals are used. For a variety of causes, a large proportion of patients experience rheumatoid arthritis with unknown inflammation. Therefore, the assessment of the anti-inflammatory properties of Sterculia lychnophora fruits is the focus of this study. The plant's fruits were gathered, removed, and put through both qualitative and quantitative testing. Additionally, the in vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy was examined in a model of paw edoema caused by carrageen. The results of the phytochemical testing indicated the presence of phenol, steroids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and flavonoids. It was discovered that the total phenol and flavonoid content was, respectively, 0.857 mg/100 mg and 0.922 mg/100 mg. After 4 hours, the paw edoema in 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/mg was 2.75±0.32 & 1.23±0.20, respectively. When using the regular medication indomethacin, the paw edoema volume at the end of the fourth hour was 1.05±0.15.  Therefore, it can be said that the extract's anti-inflammatory potential is almost as great as that of a prescription medication.

Background: Pistacia chinensis is extensively employed in traditional medicine. This study aimed to isolate and evaluate the therapeutic effects of 3’4’78-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone from P. chinensis crude extract. Materials and Methods: The study utilized column chromatography for isolation. The plant extract and its isolated compound were assessed for in vivo analgesic (hot plate model), anti-inflammatory (carrageenan-induced paw edema), sedative (open field model), and muscle relaxing properties (inclined plane and traction test). Results: In the thermal-induced analgesic model, a significant analgesic effect was observed for the extract (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) and the isolated compound (2.5, 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg) at higher doses. The extract (100 mg/kg) significantly prolonged latency time (21.98 seconds) after 120 minutes of administration. The isolated compound elevated the latency time (20.03 seconds) after 30 minutes, remaining significant up to 120 minutes with a latency time of 24.11 seconds. The anti-inflammatory effect showed a reduction in inflammatory reactions by 50.23% (extract) and 67.09% (compound) after the fifth hour of treatment. Both samples demonstrated significant sedative effects, with the extract hindering movement by 54.11 lines crossed compared to the negative control (180.99 lines). The isolated compound reduced the number of lines crossed to 15.23±SEM compared to the negative control. Both samples were also significant muscle relaxants. Docking studies indicated that the compound’s therapeutic effect is due to inhibiting COX and nociceptive pathways. Conclusion: The isolated compound from Pistacia chinensis exhibits significant analgesic, anti-inflammatory, sedative, and muscle relaxing properties, with potential therapeutic applications by inhibiting COX and nociceptive pathways.

This study explored supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of bioactive molecules from Ammodaucus leucotrichus seeds, a little-known source of potent bioactive compounds. Response surface methodology assessed extraction parameters (pressure, temperature, and ethanol co-solvent) and their effects on global yield, total phenolic compound (TPC), total carbohydrate content (TCC), and anti-Alzheimer activity. Optimization via a Box-Behnken design identified the optimal conditions: 15 % ethanol, 300 bar, and 70 °C. Chemical profiling using GC-MS and UHPLC-q-tof-MS/MS detected over 41 metabolites. In addition, a biorefinery sequential extraction process was performed to obtain extracts with high neuroprotective potential. The SFE extracts exhibited modest AChE inhibition. Notably, sequential SFE and PLE extractions yielded extracts with enhanced antioxidant activity compared to separate processes. In conclusion, Ammodaucus leucotrichus presents a promising natural source of secondary metabolites. Its potential health benefits warrant further exploration, emphasizing the need for continued research.

Saponins, both steroidal and triterpenoid, exhibit distinct bioactivities. However, they are not commonly found together in natural sources; instead, sources tend to be rich in one type or another and mainly in the form of saponins rather than the sapogenin aglycones. Developing co-extracts containing both saponin or sapogenin types would be a strategy to harness their respective bioactivities, yielding multibioactive extracts. Therefore, this study evaluates the bioactivity (hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities) of co-extracts from fenugreek seeds (steroidal-rich saponins) and quinoa husk (triterpenoid-rich saponins), co-extracted at varying proportions, alongside their respective sapogenin-rich hydrolysates. Pancreatic lipase inhibition increased with fenugreek content in co-extracts, especially in sapogenin-rich variants. The latter substantially interfered with cholesterol bioaccessibility (90% vs. 15% in sapogenin-rich extracts). Saponin-rich co-extracts exhibited reduced cytokine release with increased fenugreek content, while sapogenin-rich counterparts showed greater reductions with higher quinoa husk content. Limited cellular antioxidant activities were observed in all extracts, with improved post-hydrolysis bioactivity. Therefore, simultaneous co-extraction of steroidal and triterpenoid sources, such as fenugreek and quinoa husk, as well as their subsequent hydrolysis, are innovative strategies for obtaining multibioactive natural extracts.

Protein derived from chia (Salvia hispanica L.), characterized by a balanced amino acid composition, represents a potentially healthier and environmentally friendly alternative poised for innovation within the plant-based food sector. It was hypothesized that the growing location of chia seeds and processing techniques used might influence protein digestion patterns, which in turn could affect the biological functions of the digestion products. To examine this hypothesis, we assessed the gastrointestinal fate of degummed-defatted flour (DDF), protein concentrate (PC), and isolated albumin (Alb) and globulin (Glo) fractions. Furthermore, we compared the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the resulting digesta by means of in vitro and cellular assays. Post-gastrointestinal digestion, the PC exhibited elevated levels of soluble protein (7.6 and 6.3 % for Mexican and British PC, respectively) and peptides (24.8 and 27.9 %, respectively) of larger molecular sizes compared to DDF, Alb, and Glo. This can be attributed to differences in the extraction/fractionation processes. Leucine was found to be the most prevalent amino acids in all chia digesta. Such variations in the digestive outcomes of chia protein components significantly influenced the bioactivity of the intestinal digestates. During gastrointestinal transit, British Glo exhibited the best reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibition activity in oxidative-stressed RAW264.7 macrophages, while Mexican digesta outperformed British samples in terms of ROS inhibition within the oxidative-stressed Caco-2 cells. Additionally, both Mexican and British Alb showed effectively anti-inflammatory potential, with keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) inhibition rate of 82 and 91 %, respectively. Additionally, Mexican PC and Alb generally demonstrated an enhanced capacity to mitigate oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions in vitro. These findings highlight the substantial potential of chia seeds as functional food in

Objective: To investigate the effect of the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of the immunopeptide PEPITEM on the protein expression of SIRT1 in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model for human MS.   Methods: Using C57BL/6 female mice, we dosed the PEPITEM in the EAE model via intraperitoneal injections either prophylactically or therapeutically. The disease was induced using MOG35-55 and complete Freund's adjuvants augmented with pertussis toxin. The EAE score was recorded daily until the end of the experiment (21 days). A Western blot analysis was performed on the brain lysate to measure the protein concentration of SIRT1. Results: The therapeutic treatment with PEPITEM increased the protein expressions of SIRT1 on the EAE mice whereas the prophylactic injections did not affect the protein expression of SIRT1. Conclusion: Collectively, the therapeutic treatment with PEPITEM suggesting anti-inflammatory effect of PEPITEM on the brain damage in EAE mice which offers a novel and safe strategy for drug therapy in MS, opening new avenues for research and treatment.

A new series of N-substituted phthalimide compounds was synthesized in good yield. All the compounds were characterized by spectroscopic data and were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and pro-inflammatory proteins in the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells. All the compounds significantly (p <0.05) downregulated the LPS-stimulated COX-2 and iNOS expression from 100% to the ranges of 61.9±5.1–84.5±4.1% and 41.1±5.4–85.3±1.9%) at 10 µM, respectively. Among others, 4-(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)-N′-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide displayed the most potent inhibition to the level of (41.1±5.4%) iNOS expression, about half of the potency of dexamethasone (23.0±3.3%). Moreover, the neuroprotective activity of the compounds was assessed against the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-challenged neuroblastoma SH-ST5Y cells, and all compounds exhibited significant (p <0.05) protection with variable potencies. 4-(1,3-Dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)-N′-[(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide was found to display more than 70% relative neuroprotection against 6-OHDA-induced cell death with the additional advantage of keeping the highest cell viability index (83.3±4.5%) to the cells.

Cordyceps Militaris, a species of medicinal mushroom, has been revered in traditional Asian medicine for its potential health-enhancing properties. In recent years, scientific research has been exploring its nutritional composition and bioactive compounds, shedding light on its promising health benefits. This review paper provides an in-depth examination of Cordyceps Militaris as a food supplement, focusing on its potential health benefits, scientific evidence supporting its efficacy, and safety considerations. The nutritional profile of Cordyceps Militaris is diverse, comprising proteins, amino acids, polysaccharides, nucleosides, vitamins, minerals, and more, which work synergistically to offer potential advantages. Studies and traditional usage suggest that Cordyceps Militaris may support the immune system, enhance energy and endurance, possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, promote respiratory health, help regulate blood sugar levels, and have potential cardiovascular and neuroprotective effects. While scientific evidence supporting its efficacy is growing, caution is warranted, as more extensive human trials are required to draw definitive conclusions. Optimal dosage and usage guidelines are discussed, emphasizing the importance of consulting healthcare professionals before incorporating Cordyceps Militaris supplements into daily regimens. Safety considerations and precautions are outlined to address potential risks, particularly for individuals with allergies, underlying health conditions, or those taking medications. As research continues to unfold the potential of Cordyceps Militaris, this review paper provides valuable insights for those seeking to explore the realm of this ultimate food supplement.

The application of honey in pressure ulcers as a natural and low-cost alternative treatment has intensified in the last decade, due to the achievements obtained in bedridden patients and in wheelchairs: with the aim of characterizing the chemical properties that has honey for the treatment of pressure ulcers. To this end, an exhaustive review of scientific articles was carried out, using the Cuiden Plus database, PubMed, ProQuest, Nursing & Allied Health Source, among others, as a search engine. The results are that honey has antibacterial and stimulating characteristics of the healing process, glucose oxidase locally produces a slow release of hydrogen peroxide with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action, the acidity of honey and the local acidification of the wound. prevents the harmful effect produced by ammonia resulting from bacterial metabolism, concluding that honey would promote anti-inflammatory activity in the body's cells, through the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes and the activation of phagocytes with low concentrations of honey, said effects The pain, edema and exudate would quickly decrease, as well as hypertrophic scarring and initiation of the development of new capillaries in the injured tissue and cell multiplication., La aplicación de la miel de abeja en úlceras de presión como tratamiento alternativo natural y a bajo costo, se ha intensificado en la última década, debido a los logros obtenidos en pacientes encamados y en sillas de ruedas: con el objetivo de caracterizar las propiedades químicas que tiene la miel de abeja para el tratamiento de úlceras por presión. Para ello, se realizó una revisión exhaustiva de artículos científicos, utilizando como motor de búsqueda la base de datos Cuiden Plus, PubMed, ProQuest, Nursing & Allied Health Source, entre otros. obteniendo como resultados que, la miel tiene características antibacterianas y estimulantes del proceso de cicatrización, la glucosa oxidasa produce localmente una liberación lenta de peróxido de hidrógeno de la acción antimicrobiana, antiinflamatoria y antioxidante, la acidez de la miel y la acidificación local de la herida previene el efecto nocivo que produce el amoniaco resultante del metabolismo bacteriano, concluyendo que, la miel promovería la actividad antinflamatoria en las células del cuerpo, mediante la proliferación de linfocitos B y T y la activación de los fagocitos con bajas concentraciones de miel, dichos efectos disminuirían el dolor rápidamente, el edema y el exudado, además la cicatrización hipertrófica e iniciación del desarrollo de nuevos capilares en el tejido herido y la multiplicación celular.

Bromelain is a type of proteolytic enzymes that extracted from pineapple plant (Ananas comosus). Fruit and stem bromelain can be extracted from pineapple stem and fruit respectively. It can also being obtained from pineapple wastes such as core, crown and peel. Various extraction and purification method such as reverse micellar system, aqueous two-phase system, chromatographic techniques and membrane filtration had been employed to produce high quality bromelain. Bromelain had been clinically known since 1876 and introduced as therapeutic compound in 1957. Due to its safety and showed undesired side effects, bromelain has earned growing acceptance and compliance among patients as phytotherapeutical drug. Bromelain is regarded as one of the nutrient support for wound healing as it contains various closely related proteinases demonstrating anti-inflammatory, fibrinolytic and debridement effects.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: L was investigated both in normal and malignant skin cells. METHODS: Antioxidant activity of the extracts was analyzed by using the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) assay. High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) was performed to demonstrate the phytochemical profile, and the total flavonoid content was analyzed with an aluminum chloride colorimetric method. The anti-inflammatory effect was investigated by cell treatments using the plant extracts. Thereafter, the possible suppression of induced IL-6 response was measured from the cultured skin cancer cell lines A2058 and A431, and normal primary keratinocytes with Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). RESULTS: also had the highest flavonoid content and showed the highest antioxidant activity of the three extracts tested. CONCLUSION: possess properties such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in both normal and malignant keratinocytes, and thus could be a promising agent controlling the pro-inflammatory IL-6 production.

High-grade fever is a common presenting symptom in various infectious and inflammatory conditions, requiring prompt and effective management. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is a widely used antipyretic agent, while lignocaine possesses analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. This prospective study evaluated and established the safety and efficacy of paracetamol + lignocaine injection in patients with high-grade fever. The study outcomes revealed that after administering paracetamol and lignocaine injections, 89% of patients experienced a reduction in high fever, while 68.6% of patients reported no or mild pain at the injection site. Based on these findings, the authors recommend that health care professionals consider the potential benefits of using paracetamol and lignocaine injections for patients suffering from severe fever accompanied by pain and discomfort.

Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. The airway epithelium produces bioactive cellular mediators that trigger the chronic inflammatory response. These mediators then attract and activate inflammatory cells in the airways of the lungs and release more biochemical mediators. With several benefits, such as a significant reduction in the cost and time of drug discovery as well as the use of laboratory animals, in-silico studies have grown to be an important and simple method for examining various chemical compounds against various targets. One of the common herbs found in the local Himalayan area is Brugmansia sauveolens, known as Datura, which is a source of tropane alkaloids and asthma can be effectively managed with alkaloids. Using a Soxhlet extractor, the collected plant components were first extracted with petroleum ether (to remove fats) followed by methanol. Online technologies like PASS Online, Molinspiration, SEA, SWISS, and SLAP data were used for a variety of in-silico predictions. After that, we tested the ability of Brugmansia extracts to reduce inflammation using an in-vitro approach. Rat RBC membrane lyses were stabilized using the plant extract fractions. The outcomes were also compared with aspirin (a common anti-inflammatory drug). Bioinformatics techniques were used to detect structural activity. After investigating all the data It was shown that B. sauveolens had anti-asthmatic activity.

Revista de O.A., Dry eye syndrome is a common disorder provoking changes in tear quantity and composition being the most common ophthalmic manifestation of systemic inflammatory diseases. Untreated dry eye could cause increased risk of ocular infection, corneal ulcer and blindness. Only a few drugs are authorized so far for the treatment of dry eye disease and the possibilities of evolution in this sector are immense. Accordingly, the future tendency is towards the development of drugs to control the inflammation or stimulate the mucin and tear secretion. A significant number of new potential solutions are under development or placed in the pharmaceutical pipeline, promising better results and lesser side effects, but still leaving unattended the main causes of the disease. In this article, we review the corresponding literature, recent clinical trials data and patents concerning future pharmaceutical compounds for dry eye disease treatment, presenting the new strategic movements of the pharmaceutical industry., El síndrome de ojo seco es un trastorno bastante común, provocando cambios en la cantidad y la composición de lágrima, siendo la manifestación oftálmica más común de enfermedades inflamatorias sistémicas. El ojo seco no tratado puede provocar un aumento del riesgo de infección ocular, úlceras corneales y en casos extremos ceguera. Actualmente sólo unos pocos fármacos están autorizados para el tratamiento de la enfermedad y las posibilidades de evolución en este sector son inmensas. La tendencia del futuro está dirigida hacia el desarrollo de fármacos que controlan la inflamación o estimulan la secreción de las mucinas y de las lágrimas. Un número significativo de nuevos compuestos están en desarrollo o ya están en ensayos clínicos, con aparentes mejores resultados y efectos secundarios menos adversos, pero una vez más dejando desatendidas las principales causas de la enfermedad. En este artículo revisamos la literatura correspondiente, los últimos datos de los ensayos clínicos y las patentes relativas a futuros compuestos farmacéuticos para el tratamiento de la enfermedad del ojo seco, desvelando los nuevos movimientos estratégicos de la industria farmacéutica., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España (MINECO), Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad, Unidad Docente de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

Open Access funded by King Saud University Under a Creative Commons license https://www.elsevier.com/journals/saudi-journal-of-ophthalmology/1319-4534/open-access-journal, Dry eye syndrome is a common tears and ocular surface multifactorial disease, described by changes in the ocular surface epithelia related to reduced tears quantity and ocular surface sensitivity, leading to inflammatory reaction. Managing the eye inflammation proved helpful to patients with dry eye disease and current treatment is based on the use of topically applied artificial tear products/lubricants, tear retention management, stimulation of tear secretion and using anti-inflammatory drugs. In this article we revise the corresponding literature and patents assembling the new treatment approaches of novel and future pharmaceutical compounds destined for the dry eye disease treatment. The most frequent categories of compounds presented are secretagogues and anti-inflammatory drugs. These compounds are the research outcome of novel therapeutic strategies designed to reduce key inflammatory pathways and restore healthy tear film., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Ministerio de Salud, Sevicios Sociales e Igualdad de España, RETICS, Unidad Docente de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

Introduction: Dry eye disease is a common disorder provoking changes in tear film and ocular surface. Untreated dry eye could cause ocular infections, corneal ulcer and blindness. Only a few drugs are authorized so far for the treatment of dry eye disease and the possibilities of evolution in this sector are immense. Consequently, a significant number of new potential solutions are under development or placed in the pharmaceutical pipeline, promising better results and lesser side effects.Areas covered: In this article, the corresponding literature and recent Phase III clinical trial data and the corresponding literature, for dry eye disease treatment are reviewed, revealing the new strategic movements in drug pipelines.Expert opinion: From the clinical trial results, the advancement in tear substitutes and secretagogues in addressing specific deficiencies of tear components even though not resolving the underlying conditions of the disease is evident. The vast majority of new compounds under development are anti-inflammatories, steroids, non-steroids and antibiotics; however, there are also some novel lubricating drops and mucin-tear secretagogues. A future aggressive therapy for dry eye, depending on the severity of the symptoms, would include combinations of soft steroids, anti-inflammatories, such as cyclosporine A, with the addition of the new polyvalent mucin and tear secretagogues., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Ministerio de Salud, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad de España, Unidad Docente de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

We have developed four projects using biomaterials including hyaluronan (HA) and silk fibroin (SF) for biomedical applications. First, we investigated an HA-antioxidant conjugate for topical application in sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Drug delivery to the ear is very difficult. Systemic approaches usually result in low concentration to the ear and topical approaches are difficult with the two anatomical membranes of the ear: the tympanic membrane (TM) and the round window membrane (RWM). We have chosen an HA-based drug conjugate as HA has been shown to permeate through anatomical membranes like the skin. Our hypothesis was that an antioxidant like DMethionine will more readily travel across the TM and RWM when chemically conjugated to HA. After crossing these membranes, D-Met will then act as an antioxidant to protect against reactive oxygen species (ROS) prevalent in SNHL. We found that our HA-D-Methionine conjugate is cytocompatible, protects against oxidative stress and apoptosis as well as permeates through a RWM model, therefore showing promise as a topical prophylactic against hearing loss. Second, we synthesized a series of HA-antioxidant and HA-anti-inflammatory drug conjugates for protection and treatment against noise- induced hearing loss (NIHL) a form of SNHL. The mechanism of damage in NIHL is well established and includes the recruitment of inflammatory signaling pathways and reactive oxygen species to the cochlea. As a result, we have developed HA-conjugates that would be able to suppress the inflammation and ROS formation. Additionally, we standardized and optimized the testing and formulation of a thixotropic HA-TEOS hydrogel for the single application in treating otitis externa. We were able to standardize preparation for more consistent and reliable hydrogel formation. We also were able to standardize and streamline some of the characterization of mechanical properties. In addition, we saw no major effect on thixotropy or storage modulus whe

Regular fruit consumption is associated with a reduction in mortality and morbidity related to chronic diseases. The Amazon has fruits with still unknown properties that may be of economic and scientific interest. The objective of the study was to gather studies carried out from 2011 to 2021 on the nutritional composition and biological activities of five Amazonian fruits. The search was carried out in the Scielo, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases. After analyzing the works, 59 articles were included. The results on the nutritional composition of the researched fruits included the parameters: pH, acidity, moisture, ash, macronutrients, fibers and micronutrients. Regarding the biological activities of Amazonian fruits, 12 activities were listed, with antioxidant activity (54.2%) being the most cited. The survey carried out allowed to expand the knowledge of the nutritional composition and to know the biological activities already reported for the studied Amazonian fruits., O consumo regular de frutas está associado a redução na mortalidade e morbidade relacionadas a doenças crônicas. A Amazonia possui frutas com propriedades ainda desconhecidas e que podem ser de interesse econômico e científico. O objetivo do estudo foi reunir estudos realizados de 2011 a 2021 sobre a composição nutricional e atividades biológicas de cinco frutas amazônicas. A busca se deu nas bases de dados Scielo, Science Direct e Google Scholar. Após análise dos trabalhos, foram incluídos 59 artigos. Os resultados sobre a composição nutricional das frutas pesquisadas incluíram os parâmetros: pH, acidez, umidade, cinzas, macronutrientes, fibras e micronutrientes. Referente às atividades biológicas das frutas amazônicas foram relacionadas 12 atividades sendo a atividade antioxidante (54,2%) a mais citadas. O levantamento realizado permitiu ampliar o conhecimento da composição nutricional e conhecer as atividades biológicas já relatadas para as frutas amazônicas estudadas.

Natural products and their analogues have contributed significantly to treatment options, especially for anti-inflammatory and infectious diseases. Thus, the primary objective of this work was to compare the bioactivity profiles of selected medicinal plants that are historically used in folk medicine to treat inflammation and infections in the body. Chemical HPTLC fingerprinting was used to assess antioxidant, phenolic and flavonoid content, while bioassay-guided HPTLC was used to detect compounds with the highest antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. The results of this study showed that green tea leaf, walnut leaf, St. John’s wort herb, wild thyme herb, European goldenrod herb, chamomile flower, and immortelle flower extracts were strong radical scavengers. Green tea and nettle extracts were the most active extracts against E. coli, while calendula flower extract showed significant potency against S. aureus. Furthermore, green tea, greater celandine, and fumitory extracts exhibited pronounced potential in suppressing COX-1 activity. The bioactive compounds from the green tea extract, as the most bioactive, were isolated by preparative thin-layer chromatography and characterized with their FTIR spectra. Although earlier studies have related green tea’s anti-inflammatory properties to the presence of catechins, particularly epigallocatechin-3-gallate, the FTIR spectrum of the compound from the most intense bioactive zone showed the strongest anti-inflammatory activity can be attributed to amino acids and heterocyclic compounds. As expected, antibacterial activity in extracts was related to fatty acids and monoglycerides.

Bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus may exacerbate by resulting in significant economic losses and impacting milk quality. To date, the use of gallic acid, a phenolic compound naturally occurring in various plants, holds promise due to its potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in many pieces of literature, thus, making it a subject of interest in bovine innate immunity research. Here we used gallic acid to assess its potential immunomodulation on milk phagocytes in vitro challenges with mastitis-causing bacteria. Our findings indicated that cells exposed to gallic acid showed no harm to cell viability but might maintain the longevity of cells during the bacterial infection. Gallic acid-treated cells displayed reduced cell migration, phagocytosis, and bacterial killing ability, while showing an increase in ROS production, all of which are undoubtedly linked to the intracellular killing abilities of the cells. Nonetheless, the extracellular structure called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) was significantly released after receiving gallic acid, representing extracellular killing. We also reported that gallic acid neutralizes inflammation by regulating specific pro-inflammatory genes (IL1B, IL6, TNF) and ROS-generating genes (CYBA, LAMP1, RAC1), subsequently preventing tissue damage. Regarding apoptosis-related genes and proteins, the increased production of caspase-3 and Bcl-2 family proteins could potentially promote the longevity of cells, implicated in the mechanism of combating bacterial invasion during udder inflammation and infection. The novel role of gallic acid on milk phagocytes highlights its potential immunomodulatory properties and contributes to our understanding of its effects on bacterial-host interactions, and provides valuable molecular insights.

Innate immune responses to inflammation and infection are complex and represent major challenges for developing much needed new treatments for chronic inflammatory diseases and drug-resistant infections. To be ultimately successful, the immune response must be balanced to allow pathogen clearance without excess tissue damage, processes controlled by pro- and anti-inflammatory signals. The roles of anti-inflammatory signalling in raising an appropriate immune response are underappreciated, representing overlooked potential drug targets. This is especially true in neutrophils, a difficult cell type to study ex vivo owing to a short lifespan, dogmatically seen as being highly pro-inflammatory. Here, we have generated and describe the first zebrafish transgenic line [TgBAC(arg2: eGFP)sh571] that labels expression of the anti-inflammatory gene arginase 2 (arg2) and show that a subpopulation of neutrophils upregulate arginase soon after immune challenge with injury and infection. At wound-healing stages, arg2:GFP is expressed in subsets of neutrophils and macrophages, potentially representing anti-inflammatory, polarised immune cell populations. Our findings identify nuanced responses to immune challenge in vivo, responses that represent new opportunities for therapeutic interventions during inflammation and infection.

Dairy cows are predisposed to diseases during the postpartum period. Dystocia has been associated with increased risk for disease, which is likely the result of increased tissue trauma and stress during the prolonged parturition. To attenuate the inflammatory response seen in dystocic animals and improve well-being, we assessed the effects of a glucocorticoid, dexamethasone administered within 12 h after calving. Dystocia was defined as a difficult birth resulting in a prolonged calv-ing (>= 70 min after the amniotic sac appears) and was monitored through 3 video cameras in the close-up dry-cow pen. Cows meeting the dystocia definition were randomly assigned to receive a single intramuscular injection of either dexamethasone (DEX; 0.1 mg/kg of body weight; n = 43) or saline (CON, n = 44) within 12 h following a dystocic calving. Serum haptoglobin, blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations, body temperature, and several behaviors were measured for the first 7 d postpartum. Additionally, milk production and components for the first 120 d were recorded. Using a mixed model, the fixed effects of treatment, parity, calving assistance, and time, along with 2-and 3-way interactions, were analyzed with cow as a random effect. We observed that primiparous DEX cows had greater serum haptoglobin concentrations on d 3 and d 7 post-partum compared with primiparous CON cows. There was no difference between treatment groups for blood BHB concentrations and body temperature. Behavior was altered between treatments, with DEX cows having reduced activity for the first week postpartum, as well as less restlessness and increased lying times on some of the days following calving. Treatment interacted with time for milk yield, such that DEX cows produced 2.7 kg/d less milk than CON cows for the first month fol-lowing calving. The administration of dexamethasone resulted in changes in behavioral measurements, which could suggest a reduction in discomfort; however, due to the reducti

As one of the top global health problems, the effective treatment of cancer is one of the most urgent clinical challenges. Currently, the main treatments for cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and gene therapy etc. Chemotherapy is one of the most commonly used treatments, however it has limitations such as highly toxic side effects and low drug utilization rate that limit its application. Gene therapy, as an emerging cancer treatment, has limitations such as drug instability, off-target effects and low internalization efficiency. Poly(amino acid)s carriers with good biocompatibility, degradability and multifunctionality as drug carriers have received much attention, as they can reduce the toxic side effects of chemotherapy, improve drug utilization, and enhance the internalization efficiency and utilization of gene drugs. However, little attention has been paid to the nature of the carriers themselves. This paper reviews the immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, internalization-promoting and apoptosis-promoting functions of poly(amino acid)s drug carriers in tumor therapy to provide a theoretical basis for different carrier-drug-adapted synergistic therapies. © 2023

Background: COVID-19 disease is a serious global health problem. Few treatments have been shown to reduce mortality and accelerate time to recovery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effect of a food supplement (probiotics, prebiotics, vitamin D, zinc and selenium) in patients admitted with COVID-19. Methods: A prospective randomized non-blinded clinical trial was conducted in a sample of 162 hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19 recruited over eight months. All patients received standard treatment, but the intervention group (n = 67) was given one food supplement stick daily during their admission. After collecting the study variables, a statistical analysis was performed comparing the intervention and control groups and a multivariate analysis controlling for variables that could act as confounding factors. Results: ROC curve analysis with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.840 (p < 0.001; 95%CI: 0.741–0.939) of the food supplement administration vs. recovery indicated good predictive ability. Moreover, the intervention group had a shorter duration of digestive symptoms compared with the control group: 2.6 ± 1.3 vs. 4.3 ± 2.2 days (p = 0.001); patients with non-severe disease on chest X-ray had shorter hospital stays: 8.1 ± 3.9 vs. 11.6 ± 7.4 days (p = 0.007). Conclusions: In this trial, the administration of a food supplement (Gasteel Plus®) was shown to be a protective factor in the group of patients with severe COVID-19 and allowed early recovery from digestive symptoms and a shorter hospital stay in patients with a normal–mild–moderate chest X-ray at admission (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04666116).

COVID-19, derived from SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in millions of deaths and caused unprecedented socioeconomic damage since its outbreak in 2019. Although the vaccines developed against SARS-CoV-2 provide some protection, they have unexpected side effects in some people. Furthermore, new viral mutations reduce the effectiveness of the current vaccines. Thus, there is still an urgent need to develop potent non-vaccine therapeutics against this infectious disease. We recently established a series of detecting platforms to screen a large library of Chinese medicinal herbs and phytochemicals. Here, we reveal that the ethanolic extract of Evodiae Fructus and one of its components, rutaecarpine, showed promising potency in inhibiting the activity of 3C-like (3CL) protease, blocking the entry of the pseudo-typed SARS-CoV-2 (including wild-type and omicron) into cultured cells. In addition, inflammatory responses induced by pseudo-typed SARS-CoV-2 were markedly reduced by Evodiae Fructus extract and rutaecarpine. Together our data indicate that the herbal extract of Evodiae Fructus and rutaecarpine are potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents, which might be considered as a treatment against COVID-19 in clinical applications.

This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional value and potential health claims for reduced sugar biscuits containing extruded brewers’ spent grain (EBSG) and fructooligosaccharides (FOS). One traditional biscuit with added sugar and three reduced sugar biscuits containing 15.2 % FOS and EBSG (0, 8 and 17 %), with nutrition claims “high in fiber” and “source of protein” for those containing 17 % of EBSG, were formulated. Biscuits were characterized by analysis of nutrients and bioactive compounds before and after digestion under in vitro enzymatic oral-gastro-intestinal and colonic fermenting conditions. The bioaccessibility of antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic compounds in biscuits’ intestinal digests and short-chain fatty acids in colonic samples was analyzed. EBSG-added biscuits showed significantly lower (p < 0.05) glucose intestinal bioaccessibility and significantly higher (p < 0.05) phenolic compounds intestinal bioaccessibility compared to biscuits without EBSG. EBSG-added biscuits showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher in vitro antidiabetic potential than the other did. Moreover, the intestinal digest of biscuits containing 17 % EBSG exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) better in vitro inhibition of intracellular ROS formation and in vitro anti-inflammatory properties. FOS addition (p < 0.05) significantly improved the production of butyric acid while EBSG did for valeric acid which possess chemoprotective effect. In conclusion, the combined use of FOS (15.2 %) and EBSG (17 %) allowed obtaining a human healthier snack formulation for satisfying consumers’ demands and achieving nutrition security.

Isothiocyanates may have antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori, but there are different variables related to Brassicaceae-derived samples that could affect their efficacy. This work studied the influence of source variety, concentration, gastric digestion, and encapsulation of samples on their bioactive response against Helicobacter pylori. The antibacterial activity of raw sprouts (red cabbage and red radish) showed the highest antibacterial effect, which was consistent with a higher amount of isothiocyanates. It decreased with gastric digestion, regardless of sample encapsulation. By contrast, adult red radish leaves became antibacterial after gastric digestion. Antioxidant activity on H. pylori-infected gastric cells was similar in all samples and followed an equivalent pattern with the changes in isothiocyanates. Raw samples decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species production, but they lost this capacity after gastric digestion, regardless whether the compounds were free or encapsulated. Red cabbage sprouts, red radish sprouts, and red radish roots produced a decrease in nitric oxide production. It was consistent with a modulation of the inflammatory response and was associated to isothiocyanates concentration. Encapsulated sprout samples retained part of their anti-inflammatory activity after gastric digestion. Adult raw red radish leaves were not active, but after digestion, they became anti-inflammatory. The results obtained in this study have shown that several variables could have a significant impact on the bioactive properties of Brassicaceae-derived samples against H. pylori, providing a starting point for the design and standardization of samples with specific bioactivities (antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory) potentially useful for the treatment of H. pylori infection.

Introduction - Cranberry, a native North American fruit, has lately come into spotlight owing to its multiple beneficial effects on periodontal health. Aim - To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-plaque efficacy of 4% Cranberry gel as an adjunct to SRP in generalized moderate to severe gingivitis patients. Methodology - 30 subjects with age range of 17 to 60 years, with moderate to severe gingivitis were chosen for study, After Phase-I therapy, the subjects were randomly allocated to 2 groups: Group 1(Test)(n=15)–4% cranberry gel and Group 2(Control)(n=15)–1% chlorhexidine gel (Hexigel®). Subjects were instructed to apply the pea sized amount of gel topically on the gingival surface, two times a day after brushing and to keep it for 5 minutes during 14-day period. The clinical outcomes plaque index gingival index and modified sulcular bleeding index were recorded at baseline, 7th day and 21st day. Using t test, statical analysis was performed. Results – Both the group that received Cranberry gel and Hexi gel showed significant improvement in clinical parameters after 7th and 21st days. However, on inter group comparison, there was no significant difference between two groups. Conclusion – The 4% Cranberry gel as well as 1% Hexi gel were seen to be similarly efficient in generalized moderate to severe gingivitis patients.