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Pyrometallurgy is a popular industrial method that is employed in the recovery of valuable elements from black mass (BM), which is produced by pretreatment of Li-ion batteries. This method struggles with some downsides, such as the incineration of graphite and high energy consumption. In this study, the goal is to utilize graphite in the BM to produce a master alloy in an attempt to decrease the energy input requirement. To achieve this, metal oxides (Fe2O3 and CuO) are added to the BM to produce an Fe/Cu-based alloy containing Co/Ni as alloying elements. Mechanical activation is also employed to decrease the energy requirement and to increase the amount of metal oxide that can be reduced by the graphite in the BM. The results revealed that it is possible to produce the aforementioned alloys, the efficiency of which can be improved by applying mechanical activation. After 1 h of milling, the required heat flow for producing Fe- and Cu-based alloys is lowered for ⁓10 and ⁓25 kWh, respectively. Plus, the direct CO2 emission decreases for 13-17% in the iron system and 43-46% in the copper system., Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-07-20 (sofila);Licens fulltext: CC BY License

Pyrometallurgy is a popular industrial method that is employed in the recovery of valuable elements from black mass (BM), which is produced by pretreatment of Li-ion batteries. This method struggles with some downsides, such as the incineration of graphite and high energy consumption. In this study, the goal is to utilize graphite in the BM to produce a master alloy in an attempt to decrease the energy input requirement. To achieve this, metal oxides (Fe2O3 and CuO) are added to the BM to produce an Fe/Cu-based alloy containing Co/Ni as alloying elements. Mechanical activation is also employed to decrease the energy requirement and to increase the amount of metal oxide that can be reduced by the graphite in the BM. The results revealed that it is possible to produce the aforementioned alloys, the efficiency of which can be improved by applying mechanical activation. After 1 h of milling, the required heat flow for producing Fe- and Cu-based alloys is lowered for ⁓10 and ⁓25 kWh, respectively. Plus, the direct CO2 emission decreases for 13-17% in the iron system and 43-46% in the copper system., Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-07-20 (sofila);Licens fulltext: CC BY License

Pyrometallurgy is a popular industrial method that is employed in the recovery of valuable elements from black mass (BM), which is produced by pretreatment of Li-ion batteries. This method struggles with some downsides, such as the incineration of graphite and high energy consumption. In this study, the goal is to utilize graphite in the BM to produce a master alloy in an attempt to decrease the energy input requirement. To achieve this, metal oxides (Fe₂O₃ and CuO) are added to the BM to produce an Fe/Cu-based alloy containing Co/Ni as alloying elements. Mechanical activation is also employed to decrease the energy requirement and to increase the amount of metal oxide that can be reduced by the graphite in the BM. The results revealed that it is possible to produce the aforementioned alloys, the efficiency of which can be improved by applying mechanical activation. After 1 h of milling, the required heat flow for producing Fe- and Cu-based alloys is lowered for ~10 and ~25 kWh, respectively. Plus, the direct CO₂ emission decreases for 13–17% in the iron system and 43–46% in the copper system.

A large number of Li-ion batteries used today will reach their End-Of-Life (EOL) in a few years. After their EOL, the recovery of their precious elements is required. By applying physical separation, a fraction with fine particle size is left behind which is known as Black Mass (BM). BM is rich in LIB precious materials, including Li metal oxides and graphite. In this study, pyrometallurgical recycling of BM is investigated. In the first step, the BM high-temperature transformations are being studied, focusing on reducing Li metal oxides, Li evaporation, and F removal. In the second step, Fe and Cu oxides are added to the BM to investigate how the graphite remaining in the BM can be used as a reducing agent and form alloys with Co and Ni. The use of mechanical activation as a mean to improve the kinetics of the reactions and the efficiency of the reduction reaction was also studied. To model the experiments in this study, thermodynamic softwares (FactSage and HSC) were also employed.

What is contemporary Satanic ritual? Exploring the historical development of Satanic ritual from being a fictional nineteenth-century literary concept, to a means of giving voice to 21st century activism and identity. From its roots in Christian history when the Satanic Black Mass was once a polemic instrument for subduing the other, and its transformation into a meaningful practice with which the oft subdued raise their own voice. Through interviews with members of the Global Order of Satan, a non-theistic religious organization that adheres to a positive reading of the Satanic figure as a rebel and adversary to despotic, arbitrary and patriarchic rule, I have concluded that contemporary Satanic ritual can be defined by division into four categories: activism, identity, community and play. The traditional definition “Black Mass” is refuted as a commonly usable term within contemporary Satanism due to irrelevance. This study serves the overall purpose of clarifying a concept often pre-convinced by the greater public based on medial and political propaganda or religious polemics. In a modern multi-religious society, it provides an analysis of an often-stigmatized group and widens the scope of understanding of what we normally may perceive as acceptable religious beliefs or even, what counts as religion.

What is contemporary Satanic ritual? Exploring the historical development of Satanic ritual from being a fictional nineteenth-century literary concept, to a means of giving voice to 21st century activism and identity. From its roots in Christian history when the Satanic Black Mass was once a polemic instrument for subduing the other, and its transformation into a meaningful practice with which the oft subdued raise their own voice. Through interviews with members of the Global Order of Satan, a non-theistic religious organization that adheres to a positive reading of the Satanic figure as a rebel and adversary to despotic, arbitrary and patriarchic rule, I have concluded that contemporary Satanic ritual can be defined by division into four categories: activism, identity, community and play. The traditional definition “Black Mass” is refuted as a commonly usable term within contemporary Satanism due to irrelevance. This study serves the overall purpose of clarifying a concept often pre-convinced by the greater public based on medial and political propaganda or religious polemics. In a modern multi-religious society, it provides an analysis of an often-stigmatized group and widens the scope of understanding of what we normally may perceive as acceptable religious beliefs or even, what counts as religion.

Hazenite (KNaMg₂(PO₄)₂ × 14 H₂O), a new type of struvite mineral, was precipitated from the potassium-rich washing water of spent alkaline battery black mass. Hazenite can be used as a fertilizer, which would be an additional benefit derived from the sustainable recovery of battery materials. Precipitation experiments were performed using different pH values (9.5–12), Mg:K:PO₄ ratios ((1.0–1.5):1:(1.0–1.5)) and temperatures (10–40 °C). Based on the results, hazenite precipitated in a wide pH range under alkaline conditions. The precipitation kinetics were fast, and the purity of the hazenite was high. Overall, hazenite can be precipitated at room temperature without the addition of excess chemicals, which minimizes the consumption of chemicals and energy.

The comminution of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) produces a powder containing the active cell components, commonly referred to as “black mass.” Recently, froth flotation has been pro-posed to treat the fine fraction of black mass (< 100µm) as a method to separate anodic graphite particles from cathodic lithium metal oxides (LMOs). So far, pyrolysis has been considered as an effective treatment to remove organic binders in the black mass in preparation for flotation sepa-ration. In this work, the flotation performance of a pyrolyzed black mass obtained from an indus-trial recycling plant was improved by adding a pre-treatment step consisting of mechanical attri-tion. The LMOs recovery in the underflow product increased from 70% to 85% and the graphite recovery remained similar, around 86% recovery in the overflow product. To understand the flo-tation behaviour, the spent black mass was compared to a model black mass, comprising fully lib-erated LMOs and graphite particles. In addition, ultrafine hydrophilic particles were added to the flotation feed as an entrainment tracer, showing that the LMO recovery in overflow products is a combination of entrainment and true flotation mechanisms. This study highlights that adding kerosene during attrition enhance the emulsification of kerosene, simultaneously increasing its (partial) spreading on LMOs, graphite and residual binder, with a subsequent reduction of selectivity.

In order to ensure environmentally friendly mobility, electric drives are increasingly being used. As a result, the number of used lithium-ion batteries has been rising steadily for years. To ensure a closed recycling loop, these batteries must be recycled in an energy- and raw materialefficient manner. For this purpose, hydrometallurgical processes are combined with mechanical pretreatment, including disintegration by mills, crushers and/or shears. Alternatively, lectrohydraulic fragmentation (EHF) is also of great interest, as it is considered to have a selective fragmentation effect. For a better comparison, different application scenarios of EHF with other methods of mechanical process engineering for the treatment of lithium-ion batteries are investigated in the present study.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently the most important electrochemical energy storage sys-tems for electronic mobile devices and electric vehicles. The growing global demand for LIBs is accompanied by an increase in the need for Co, Mn, Ni, Li and graphite. In order to narrow the gap between supply and demand and to achieve the European sustainability goals, the recycling of LiBs has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Here, the focus is on valuable metals such as cobalt, nickel and lithium as well as graphite. In addition, due to its chemical and phase compositions, the battery material remains to be a huge challenge for a proper materials characterization. Hence, there is not only a need to find innovative and comprehensive LiB recycling process solutions but also to develop new analytical workflows to enhance the understanding of the battery material. In this study, LIBs are fed to a mechanical and thermo-mechanical recycling process route to release active materials from electrodes foils. In addition to the valuable metals, the focus is particularly on the recovery of graphite. The mechanical route works with an impact shear crusher, while for the thermo-mechanical tests the batteries were vacuum pyrolyzed at 500-650 °C before crushing. The so-called black mass fraction smaller than 1 mm was separated and further classified into four size fractions. Accurate characterization of both the main chemistry and detailed characterization of the phases contained in the recycled material remains a major challenge. Therefore, each fraction has been characterized by different analytical methods, including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). For a good visualization and quantifica-tion of the results of the processing success and process efficiency, a more detailed analytical char-acterization is required. This study proposes an innovative and novel characterization method based on automated mineralo

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently the most important electrochemical energy storage sys-tems for electronic mobile devices and electric vehicles. The growing global demand for LIBs is accompanied by an increase in the need for Co, Mn, Ni, Li and graphite. In order to narrow the gap between supply and demand and to achieve the European sustainability goals, the recycling of LiBs has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Here, the focus is on valuable metals such as cobalt, nickel and lithium as well as graphite. In addition, due to its chemical and phase compositions, the battery material remains to be a huge challenge for a proper materials characterization. Hence, there is not only a need to find innovative and comprehensive LiB recycling process solutions but also to develop new analytical workflows to enhance the understanding of the battery material. In this study, LIBs are fed to a mechanical and thermo-mechanical recycling process route to release active materials from electrodes foils. In addition to the valuable metals, the focus is particularly on the recovery of graphite. The mechanical route works with an impact shear crusher, while for the thermo-mechanical tests the batteries were vacuum pyrolyzed at 500-650 °C before crushing. The so-called black mass fraction smaller than 1 mm was separated and further classified into four size fractions. Accurate characterization of both the main chemistry and detailed characterization of the phases contained in the recycled material remains a major challenge. Therefore, each fraction has been characterized by different analytical methods, including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). For a good visualization and quantifica-tion of the results of the processing success and process efficiency, a more detailed analytical char-acterization is required. This study proposes an innovative and novel characterization method based on automated mineralo

Mechanical recycling processes aim to separate particles based on their physical properties, such as size, shape and density, and physico-chemical surface properties, such as wettability. Secondary materials, including electronic waste, are highly complex and heterogeneous, which complicates recycling processes. In order to improve recycling efficiency, characterization of both recycling process feed materials and intermediate products is crucial. Textural characteristics of particles in waste mixtures cannot be determined by conventional characterization techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. This paper presents the application of automated mineralogy as an analytical tool, capable of describing discrete particle characteristics for monitoring and diagnosis of lithium ion battery (LIB) recycling approaches. Automated mineralogy, which is well established for the analysis of primary raw materials but has not yet been tested on battery waste, enables the acquisition of textural and chemical information, such as elemental and phase composition, morphology, association and degree of liberation. For this study, a thermo-mechanically processed black mass (<1 mm fraction) from spent LIBs was characterized with automated mineralogy. Each particle was categorized based on which LIB component it comprised: Al foil, Cu foil, graphite, lithium metal oxides and alloys from casing. A more selective liberation of the anode components was achieved by thermo-mechanical treatment, in comparison to the cathode components. Therefore, automated mineralogy can provide vital information for understanding the properties of black mass particles, which determine the success of mechanical recycling processes. The introduced methodology is not limited to the presented case study and is applicable for the optimization of differentseparation unit operations in recycling of waste electronics and batteries.

The treatment of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) using froth flotation has recently gained interest as a method to separate valuable lithium transition-metal oxides (LMOs) and graphite particles from the so-called “black mass” mixture. However, the flotation mechanisms of the cathode active particles have not been properly discussed so far, likely since they are generally accepted to be hydrophilic and are thus expected to remain suspended in the bulk phase and recovered in the underflow. Nevertheless, the froth phase products reported in the literature often contain more than 10% LMOs. This results in losses of cathode materials, while hampering the quality of the recovered anode components. As graphite is one of the main materials used for anode manufacturing, being categorized as a critical raw material, its recovery plays an essential role in the electric vehicle revolution. This work provides the first fundamental study on the flotation mechanisms of the fine particulate black mass components, with the aim of properly identifying the challenges to overcome in order to drive selectivity in froth flotation separation. A series of analysis using model black mass were carried out to circumvent the influence of residual hydrophobic binder found in LIB waste. Studies of wettability with captive bubble and Washburn capillary rise methods show contact angles for LMOs varying from 14° to 52.6° depending on the technique used. Using a bubble-particle attachment set-up it was found that LMO particles can attach to air bubbles spontaneously and in measurable quantities, contrary to the commonly assumed hydrophilic character of cathode active particles. It was also observed that the typically used oil-based collectors (e.g., Escaid 110) interact with both spheroidized graphite and lithium metal oxides, increasing their hydrophobicity and promoting agglomeration. Finally, the particle agglomeration of black mass components provides another flotation mechanism for LM

Mechanical recycling processes aim at separating individual particles based on their properties, such as size, shape, density and composition. However, secondary material such as spent lithium ion battery are highly heterogeneous and complex in element and also material form. In order to improve recycling efficiency, characterization of the recycled products, on a particle level, is crucial. Nevertheless, conventional characterization techniques, such ICP-OES, XRF or XRD, provide bulked information for the products only. Tis research presents the development of a new analytical procedure based on individual particle characterization in order to monitor and diagnose lithium ion battery (LiB) recycling. In this study, cylindrical lithium-ion batteries (INR18650-29E) are fed to a mechanical and thermo-mechanical recycling process route to release coated particles from the electrodes foils. In addition to the valuable metals, the focus is particularly on the recovery of graphite. The mechanical route works with a shear crusher, while for the thermo-mechanical tests the batteries were vacuum pyrolyzed at 500-650 °C before crushing. The fraction smaller than 1 mm, called black mass, was separated and classified into 4 size fractions based on the particle size distribution. The samples were analysed by automated mineralogy, this analytical tool enables the acquisition of particle-based information such as elemental and phase composition, morphology, association and degree of liberation. The Mineral Liberation Analyzer (MLA) system used for the measurements uses a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and is established as a powerful method in the primary raw materials sector. However, there are no dedicated databases for use in the secondary raw materials sector in order to analyze black mass material in a fast and precise manner. An analytical challenge of this study is therefore to create a databas

This study regards the influence of ’modern’ satanism on performative art in the nineteen sixties- and seventies. The methodological framework consists of performativity theory, religious visual culture and aesthetics of experimental film. The material consists mainly of cinematic work by Kenneth Anger and Alejandro Jodorowsky, as well as musical performances by the likes of Mick Jagger, the Rolling Stones and David Bowie. In addition to this material I also use academic texts, dissertations and books written about the subjects themselves as a foundation for my own further analysis and discussions. By looking closely at a selection of cinnematic work of foremost Kenneth Anger, I try to show how his own esoteric and occult interests are present as a fundamental part of his creative process and the following filmworks/artworks themselves. This is also put into relationship with Anton Szandor Lavey, founder of the Church of Satan, and their common thoughts concerning ritually performed magic. By using performativity theory I trie to emphasise the interlocking structures of these two worlds in the artwork of Kenneth Anger and other artists active in the culturual ’milieu’ of the sixties- and seventies. The results indicate that the religious sphere of satanism, occultism and esotericism (and alternative modes of religion in general) was closeley inflicted with counterculture-infused film and music (as represented by the selection of material).

This study regards the influence of ’modern’ satanism on performative art in the nineteen sixties- and seventies. The methodological framework consists of performativity theory, religious visual culture and aesthetics of experimental film. The material consists mainly of cinematic work by Kenneth Anger and Alejandro Jodorowsky, as well as musical performances by the likes of Mick Jagger, the Rolling Stones and David Bowie. In addition to this material I also use academic texts, dissertations and books written about the subjects themselves as a foundation for my own further analysis and discussions. By looking closely at a selection of cinnematic work of foremost Kenneth Anger, I try to show how his own esoteric and occult interests are present as a fundamental part of his creative process and the following filmworks/artworks themselves. This is also put into relationship with Anton Szandor Lavey, founder of the Church of Satan, and their common thoughts concerning ritually performed magic. By using performativity theory I trie to emphasise the interlocking structures of these two worlds in the artwork of Kenneth Anger and other artists active in the culturual ’milieu’ of the sixties- and seventies. The results indicate that the religious sphere of satanism, occultism and esotericism (and alternative modes of religion in general) was closeley inflicted with counterculture-infused film and music (as represented by the selection of material).

The lithium-ion battery (LiB) market is growing rapidly. Consequently, LiB wastes will increase in the future and LiB components such as Co, Li, but also graphite, are forecast to be critical materials. These critical materials are contained in the black mass produced by LiBs recycling. This original research focuses on graphite beneficiation from cathode lithium metal oxides by flotation. Detailed characterization of the pyrolyzed black mass (inculding MLA, XRF and XRD) shows that the graphite particles are fully liberated from the copper foils, and the organic layer PVDF is removed. Batch flotation shows that pretreatment, such as attritioning, improves process efficiency while preserving the shape of spheriodized graphite. Concentrate impurities mainly comprise fine particles from cathode active materials, which can be removed with desliming and flotation cleaner stages. As an outlook, this reasearch is expected to bring about an innovative and useful process for the recycling industry.

The lithium-ion battery (LiB) market is growing rapidly. Consequently, LiB wastes will increase in the future and LiB components such as Co, Li, but also graphite, are forecast to be critical materials. These critical materials are contained in the black mass produced by LiBs recycling. This original research focuses on graphite beneficiation from cathode lithium metal oxides by flotation. Detailed characterization of the pyrolyzed black mass (inculding MLA, XRF and XRD) shows that the graphite particles are fully liberated from the copper foils, and the organic layer PVDF is removed. Batch flotation shows that pretreatment, such as attritioning, improves process efficiency while preserving the shape of spheriodized graphite. Concentrate impurities mainly comprise fine particles from cathode active materials, which can be removed with desliming and flotation cleaner stages. As an outlook, this reasearch is expected to bring about an innovative and useful process for the recycling industry.

Zem čelí nadmernému prekračovaniu recyklačných limitov organických a anorganických surovín, čo spôsobuje nedostatočnú absorpciu skleníkových plynov. Automobilový priemysel sa v posledných desaťročiach rapídne rozbehol a má na tom svoj podiel. Významný negatívny vplyv na rast výroby automobilov má ťažba zdrojov, ktorá prináša niekoľko environmentálnych problémov, ako je vyčerpanie zdrojov, neudržateľnosť životného prostredia, ktorá vedie ku globálnemu otepľovaniu, a zdravotné problémy spojené s ťažbou zdrojov a výrobou automobilov. Ak sa má udržať úroveň používania automobilov, hlavným riešením je zamerať sa na recykláciu a výrobu ekologických vozidiel. Výskum recyklačných metód moderných vozidiel a ich analýza je zameraním tejto bakalárskej práce, ktorej konkrétnym cieľom poskytnúť náhľad rôznych typov recyklačných postupov. Prvá časť sa zaoberá všeobecnými princípmi recyklácie a recykláciou vozidiel po častiach. Následne práca presúva svoju pozornosť na obnoviteľné zdroje a ich využitie v automobilovom priemysle (elektromobily) a recykláciu moderných automobilov vyradených z prevádzky. Posledná časť prináša bližší pohľad na možnosti skladovania energie z obnoviteľných zdrojov, špecificky na vodíka (H2), jeho využitie v palivových článkoch, recykláciu vodíkových automobilov a budúcnosť pohonu. Práca konzultovaná s expert inžinierom danej oblasti., The Earth has been facing a large overuse of recycling limits regarding organic and inorganic raw materials, causing a lack of capacity for greenhouse gas absorption. The automobile industry has taken off rapidly in recent decades and has a stake in this issue. A significant negative impact on car production growth is resource extraction, which brings up several environmental concerns, such as the depletion of resources, the environmental unsustainability that leads to global warming, and health concerns connected to the source extraction and car production. If the level of car use is to be maintained, the main solution is to focus on recycling and the production of eco-friendly vehicles. Recycling methods´ research for modern vehicles and their analysis is the aim of this bachelor’s thesis, with a goal to provide an overview of different types of recycling procedures. The first part tackles general recycling principles and the recycling of vehicles, part by part. Afterwards, the thesis shifts its attention toward renewable sources and their utilization in the automotive industry (electric vehicles), and the recycling of end-of-use modern cars. The last part brings a close look at renewable energy storage options, specifically hydrogen (H2), its fuel cell application, recycling of hydrogen cars, and the future of propulsion. The thesis is discussed with an expert engineer in the field of alternative drives.

Zem čelí nadmernému prekračovaniu recyklačných limitov organických a anorganických surovín, čo spôsobuje nedostatočnú absorpciu skleníkových plynov. Automobilový priemysel sa v posledných desaťročiach rapídne rozbehol a má na tom svoj podiel. Významný negatívny vplyv na rast výroby automobilov má ťažba zdrojov, ktorá prináša niekoľko environmentálnych problémov, ako je vyčerpanie zdrojov, neudržateľnosť životného prostredia, ktorá vedie ku globálnemu otepľovaniu, a zdravotné problémy spojené s ťažbou zdrojov a výrobou automobilov. Ak sa má udržať úroveň používania automobilov, hlavným riešením je zamerať sa na recykláciu a výrobu ekologických vozidiel. Výskum recyklačných metód moderných vozidiel a ich analýza je zameraním tejto bakalárskej práce, ktorej konkrétnym cieľom poskytnúť náhľad rôznych typov recyklačných postupov. Prvá časť sa zaoberá všeobecnými princípmi recyklácie a recykláciou vozidiel po častiach. Následne práca presúva svoju pozornosť na obnoviteľné zdroje a ich využitie v automobilovom priemysle (elektromobily) a recykláciu moderných automobilov vyradených z prevádzky. Posledná časť prináša bližší pohľad na možnosti skladovania energie z obnoviteľných zdrojov, špecificky na vodíka (H2), jeho využitie v palivových článkoch, recykláciu vodíkových automobilov a budúcnosť pohonu. Práca konzultovaná s expert inžinierom danej oblasti., The Earth has been facing a large overuse of recycling limits regarding organic and inorganic raw materials, causing a lack of capacity for greenhouse gas absorption. The automobile industry has taken off rapidly in recent decades and has a stake in this issue. A significant negative impact on car production growth is resource extraction, which brings up several environmental concerns, such as the depletion of resources, the environmental unsustainability that leads to global warming, and health concerns connected to the source extraction and car production. If the level of car use is to be maintained, the main solution is to focus on recycling and the production of eco-friendly vehicles. Recycling methods´ research for modern vehicles and their analysis is the aim of this bachelor’s thesis, with a goal to provide an overview of different types of recycling procedures. The first part tackles general recycling principles and the recycling of vehicles, part by part. Afterwards, the thesis shifts its attention toward renewable sources and their utilization in the automotive industry (electric vehicles), and the recycling of end-of-use modern cars. The last part brings a close look at renewable energy storage options, specifically hydrogen (H2), its fuel cell application, recycling of hydrogen cars, and the future of propulsion. The thesis is discussed with an expert engineer in the field of alternative drives.

Zem čelí nadmernému prekračovaniu recyklačných limitov organických a anorganických surovín, čo spôsobuje nedostatočnú absorpciu skleníkových plynov. Automobilový priemysel sa v posledných desaťročiach rapídne rozbehol a má na tom svoj podiel. Významný negatívny vplyv na rast výroby automobilov má ťažba zdrojov, ktorá prináša niekoľko environmentálnych problémov, ako je vyčerpanie zdrojov, neudržateľnosť životného prostredia, ktorá vedie ku globálnemu otepľovaniu, a zdravotné problémy spojené s ťažbou zdrojov a výrobou automobilov. Ak sa má udržať úroveň používania automobilov, hlavným riešením je zamerať sa na recykláciu a výrobu ekologických vozidiel. Výskum recyklačných metód moderných vozidiel a ich analýza je zameraním tejto bakalárskej práce, ktorej konkrétnym cieľom poskytnúť náhľad rôznych typov recyklačných postupov. Prvá časť sa zaoberá všeobecnými princípmi recyklácie a recykláciou vozidiel po častiach. Následne práca presúva svoju pozornosť na obnoviteľné zdroje a ich využitie v automobilovom priemysle (elektromobily) a recykláciu moderných automobilov vyradených z prevádzky. Posledná časť prináša bližší pohľad na možnosti skladovania energie z obnoviteľných zdrojov, špecificky na vodíka (H2), jeho využitie v palivových článkoch, recykláciu vodíkových automobilov a budúcnosť pohonu. Práca konzultovaná s expert inžinierom danej oblasti., The Earth has been facing a large overuse of recycling limits regarding organic and inorganic raw materials, causing a lack of capacity for greenhouse gas absorption. The automobile industry has taken off rapidly in recent decades and has a stake in this issue. A significant negative impact on car production growth is resource extraction, which brings up several environmental concerns, such as the depletion of resources, the environmental unsustainability that leads to global warming, and health concerns connected to the source extraction and car production. If the level of car use is to be maintained, the main solution is to focus on recycling and the production of eco-friendly vehicles. Recycling methods´ research for modern vehicles and their analysis is the aim of this bachelor’s thesis, with a goal to provide an overview of different types of recycling procedures. The first part tackles general recycling principles and the recycling of vehicles, part by part. Afterwards, the thesis shifts its attention toward renewable sources and their utilization in the automotive industry (electric vehicles), and the recycling of end-of-use modern cars. The last part brings a close look at renewable energy storage options, specifically hydrogen (H2), its fuel cell application, recycling of hydrogen cars, and the future of propulsion. The thesis is discussed with an expert engineer in the field of alternative drives.

Zem čelí nadmernému prekračovaniu recyklačných limitov organických a anorganických surovín, čo spôsobuje nedostatočnú absorpciu skleníkových plynov. Automobilový priemysel sa v posledných desaťročiach rapídne rozbehol a má na tom svoj podiel. Významný negatívny vplyv na rast výroby automobilov má ťažba zdrojov, ktorá prináša niekoľko environmentálnych problémov, ako je vyčerpanie zdrojov, neudržateľnosť životného prostredia, ktorá vedie ku globálnemu otepľovaniu, a zdravotné problémy spojené s ťažbou zdrojov a výrobou automobilov. Ak sa má udržať úroveň používania automobilov, hlavným riešením je zamerať sa na recykláciu a výrobu ekologických vozidiel. Výskum recyklačných metód moderných vozidiel a ich analýza je zameraním tejto bakalárskej práce, ktorej konkrétnym cieľom poskytnúť náhľad rôznych typov recyklačných postupov. Prvá časť sa zaoberá všeobecnými princípmi recyklácie a recykláciou vozidiel po častiach. Následne práca presúva svoju pozornosť na obnoviteľné zdroje a ich využitie v automobilovom priemysle (elektromobily) a recykláciu moderných automobilov vyradených z prevádzky. Posledná časť prináša bližší pohľad na možnosti skladovania energie z obnoviteľných zdrojov, špecificky na vodíka (H2), jeho využitie v palivových článkoch, recykláciu vodíkových automobilov a budúcnosť pohonu. Práca konzultovaná s expert inžinierom danej oblasti., The Earth has been facing a large overuse of recycling limits regarding organic and inorganic raw materials, causing a lack of capacity for greenhouse gas absorption. The automobile industry has taken off rapidly in recent decades and has a stake in this issue. A significant negative impact on car production growth is resource extraction, which brings up several environmental concerns, such as the depletion of resources, the environmental unsustainability that leads to global warming, and health concerns connected to the source extraction and car production. If the level of car use is to be maintained, the main solution is to focus on recycling and the production of eco-friendly vehicles. Recycling methods´ research for modern vehicles and their analysis is the aim of this bachelor’s thesis, with a goal to provide an overview of different types of recycling procedures. The first part tackles general recycling principles and the recycling of vehicles, part by part. Afterwards, the thesis shifts its attention toward renewable sources and their utilization in the automotive industry (electric vehicles), and the recycling of end-of-use modern cars. The last part brings a close look at renewable energy storage options, specifically hydrogen (H2), its fuel cell application, recycling of hydrogen cars, and the future of propulsion. The thesis is discussed with an expert engineer in the field of alternative drives.

Zem čelí nadmernému prekračovaniu recyklačných limitov organických a anorganických surovín, čo spôsobuje nedostatočnú absorpciu skleníkových plynov. Automobilový priemysel sa v posledných desaťročiach rapídne rozbehol a má na tom svoj podiel. Významný negatívny vplyv na rast výroby automobilov má ťažba zdrojov, ktorá prináša niekoľko environmentálnych problémov, ako je vyčerpanie zdrojov, neudržateľnosť životného prostredia, ktorá vedie ku globálnemu otepľovaniu, a zdravotné problémy spojené s ťažbou zdrojov a výrobou automobilov. Ak sa má udržať úroveň používania automobilov, hlavným riešením je zamerať sa na recykláciu a výrobu ekologických vozidiel. Výskum recyklačných metód moderných vozidiel a ich analýza je zameraním tejto bakalárskej práce, ktorej konkrétnym cieľom poskytnúť náhľad rôznych typov recyklačných postupov. Prvá časť sa zaoberá všeobecnými princípmi recyklácie a recykláciou vozidiel po častiach. Následne práca presúva svoju pozornosť na obnoviteľné zdroje a ich využitie v automobilovom priemysle (elektromobily) a recykláciu moderných automobilov vyradených z prevádzky. Posledná časť prináša bližší pohľad na možnosti skladovania energie z obnoviteľných zdrojov, špecificky na vodíka (H2), jeho využitie v palivových článkoch, recykláciu vodíkových automobilov a budúcnosť pohonu. Práca konzultovaná s expert inžinierom danej oblasti., The Earth has been facing a large overuse of recycling limits regarding organic and inorganic raw materials, causing a lack of capacity for greenhouse gas absorption. The automobile industry has taken off rapidly in recent decades and has a stake in this issue. A significant negative impact on car production growth is resource extraction, which brings up several environmental concerns, such as the depletion of resources, the environmental unsustainability that leads to global warming, and health concerns connected to the source extraction and car production. If the level of car use is to be maintained, the main solution is to focus on recycling and the production of eco-friendly vehicles. Recycling methods´ research for modern vehicles and their analysis is the aim of this bachelor’s thesis, with a goal to provide an overview of different types of recycling procedures. The first part tackles general recycling principles and the recycling of vehicles, part by part. Afterwards, the thesis shifts its attention toward renewable sources and their utilization in the automotive industry (electric vehicles), and the recycling of end-of-use modern cars. The last part brings a close look at renewable energy storage options, specifically hydrogen (H2), its fuel cell application, recycling of hydrogen cars, and the future of propulsion. The thesis is discussed with an expert engineer in the field of alternative drives.

Zem čelí nadmernému prekračovaniu recyklačných limitov organických a anorganických surovín, čo spôsobuje nedostatočnú absorpciu skleníkových plynov. Automobilový priemysel sa v posledných desaťročiach rapídne rozbehol a má na tom svoj podiel. Významný negatívny vplyv na rast výroby automobilov má ťažba zdrojov, ktorá prináša niekoľko environmentálnych problémov, ako je vyčerpanie zdrojov, neudržateľnosť životného prostredia, ktorá vedie ku globálnemu otepľovaniu, a zdravotné problémy spojené s ťažbou zdrojov a výrobou automobilov. Ak sa má udržať úroveň používania automobilov, hlavným riešením je zamerať sa na recykláciu a výrobu ekologických vozidiel. Výskum recyklačných metód moderných vozidiel a ich analýza je zameraním tejto bakalárskej práce, ktorej konkrétnym cieľom poskytnúť náhľad rôznych typov recyklačných postupov. Prvá časť sa zaoberá všeobecnými princípmi recyklácie a recykláciou vozidiel po častiach. Následne práca presúva svoju pozornosť na obnoviteľné zdroje a ich využitie v automobilovom priemysle (elektromobily) a recykláciu moderných automobilov vyradených z prevádzky. Posledná časť prináša bližší pohľad na možnosti skladovania energie z obnoviteľných zdrojov, špecificky na vodíka (H2), jeho využitie v palivových článkoch, recykláciu vodíkových automobilov a budúcnosť pohonu. Práca konzultovaná s expert inžinierom danej oblasti., The Earth has been facing a large overuse of recycling limits regarding organic and inorganic raw materials, causing a lack of capacity for greenhouse gas absorption. The automobile industry has taken off rapidly in recent decades and has a stake in this issue. A significant negative impact on car production growth is resource extraction, which brings up several environmental concerns, such as the depletion of resources, the environmental unsustainability that leads to global warming, and health concerns connected to the source extraction and car production. If the level of car use is to be maintained, the main solution is to focus on recycling and the production of eco-friendly vehicles. Recycling methods´ research for modern vehicles and their analysis is the aim of this bachelor’s thesis, with a goal to provide an overview of different types of recycling procedures. The first part tackles general recycling principles and the recycling of vehicles, part by part. Afterwards, the thesis shifts its attention toward renewable sources and their utilization in the automotive industry (electric vehicles), and the recycling of end-of-use modern cars. The last part brings a close look at renewable energy storage options, specifically hydrogen (H2), its fuel cell application, recycling of hydrogen cars, and the future of propulsion. The thesis is discussed with an expert engineer in the field of alternative drives.