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Digital tools and technologies have become a natural part of everyday life, whether at home, in workplaces, or school. This study explores Swedish middle school teachers' perceptions of Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL), compared to more traditional and analog tools, with the focus on their students’ English proficiency and attitudes towards CALL. The methods used in this study include an online survey and semi-structured interviews. The findings reveal that the opinions on CALL differ, with some teachers expressing reservations while others see potential benefits, particularly in the possibilities of individualized teaching. While the teachers also perceive CALL to increase student engagement, concerns about digital distractions are also expressed. Though there is previous research done on the subject, there are not that many studies from a Swedish middle school context; hence, this study might fill that gap.

El punt de partida d’aquest escrit és el testament de Saÿt Mili (1377), conegut des de temps enrere. Tot i la vàlua d’aquest document, sempre se n’ha limitat la lectura a un aspecte molt concret, com ara la dotació d’un hospital al call de Ciutat de Mallorca. Amb aquest retorn, d’entrada, es vol intentar un apropament a altra informació fins ara bastant ignorada i relacionar-la amb altres dades que es troben disperses ençà i allà. El segon pas, s’adreça a veure què se’n desprèn, d’aquesta conjunció, i així besllumar qualcuns dels trets del que era el dia a dia del call de Ciutat de Mallorca els anys immediatament anteriors a l’assalt de 1391., This article is based on a document that has been known about for many years, the will of Saÿt Mili (1377). Despite the value of the will, only a very specific aspect of it, namely the creation of a hospital in the Jewish quarter of Ciutat de Mallorca, has ever been focused on. Here, we go back to the will to look more closely at information that has so far been largely ignored and try to link it with other data from a variety of sources. We then look to see what emerges from doing so, with the aim of shedding light on facets of everyday life in the Jewish quarter of Ciutat de Mallorca in the years immediately before the attack of 1391.

This dissertation explores the design and application of a digital tool as a supporting aid for teachers of English in Swedish upper-secondary classrooms. The scope of this dissertation is the design, development and evaluation of a focus-on-form diagnostics tool in the Swedish upper-secondary English subject context. The use of corrective feedback on student texts has been discussed extensively in previous research, but the implementation of an automated diagnostics tool as a support for the practice less so. The teachers' needs are explored through a survey with the goal of gaining insight into problems learners commonly have when attaining grammar, vocabulary and spelling as experienced by in-service teachers. Focus is on how a digital diagnostic tool could fit within the teachers’ current routines. By combining the survey results with a review of previous research, a design specification for the tool is produced. The tool is then evaluated in teaching practice as a way of exploring the possible benefits and issues of implementing automated language diagnostics as a support for teachers. The evaluation data was produced through interventions and debriefing interviews with the participating teachers. The results of the survey on teachers' needs indicated that any automated attempt at supporting language diagnostics within the school context would have to be able to identify a series of error patterns, such as sentence structure, punctuation, verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, article usage and spelling. In addition, the tool would have to fit within an already established practice aimed at providing learners with the necessary supports for them to succeed, while also avoiding pitfalls such as creating avoidance issues or overwhelming the students. The results of the intervention study used to evaluate the tool indicated that the respondents found it likely that the implementation of the tool would result in a higher workload initially, but would be beneficial lo

This article aims to contribute to an understanding of how social and institutional factors affect the language learning environments of university students studying less-commonly taught languages (Turner, 1958), at beginner level by distance online. The empirical material is drawn from longitudinal case studies of students who enrolled in beginner-level distance courses in LCTLs at a regional Swedish university in the early 2010s. The study supports previous research illustrating the importance of sociocultural factors in learning activities. Furthermore, the study adds to research showing that for LCTLs an online learning context provides affordances that simply may not exist in campus settings and makes the study of LCTLs accessible to people for whom it would otherwise not be, an important contribution to linguistic diversity. The novel finding of this study is the direct and clearly articulated effect of different policies and frameworks on individuals’ choices of how, when and where to study, which suggests a need to examine further the ways that government and supranational entities shape the decisions made by adult learners.

With new criteria in the legal framework of labor recruitment aimed at reducing temporality and providing greater stability in employment, the 2021 labor reform has redefined the fixed-discontinuous contract, expanding its scope. The current legal regime and the frequent references in article 16 ET to collective bargaining pose new problems in the context of productive decentralization, because the scope of application of this contractual modality has been extended to contracts-subcontracts and ETT., Con nuevos criterios en el marco jurídico de la contratación laboral destinados a reducir la temporalidad y a proporcionar mayor estabilidad en el empleo, la reforma laboral de 2021 ha redefinido el contrato fijo-discontinuo, ampliando su ámbito de aplicación. El régimen jurídico vigente y las frecuentes remisiones del artículo 16 ET a la negociación colectiva plantean nuevas problemáticas en el marco de la descentralización productiva, al extenderse el ámbito de aplicación de esta modalidad contractual a las contratas y subcontratas y las ETT.

[Resumo]: Antes de contratar unha opción financeira é importante coñecer o seu funcionamento e estudar as situacións que se poden dar, para poder escollela con coñecemento de causa. Contratar unha única opción call supón obter perdas para unha posición longa se o prezo do mercado cae e para a posición curta se sube. A Ratio Call Backspread estudada nesta análise caracterízase por obter beneficios tanto se o prezo disminúe por debaixo dun certo punto como se aumenta a partir de outro. Ten ese valor engadido de ter beneficios asegurados nun escenario moi baixista e moi alcista. Debe terse presente ao estipular esta combinación que o activo subxacente debe ser altamente volátil para obter rendementos, se non é así non é recomendable contratalo. O que é seguro é que para unha espectativa moi alcista con moita volatilidade escoller unha Ratio Call Backspread será un acerto debido a existencia de beneficios crecientes para prezos de mercado crecentes, sendo o beneficio potencial ilimitado, [Abstract]: Before we hire an option it’s important to know how it works and to study the many situations that could ever happen to choose the right one. Hiring one call option means losing money for the long position when the stock price drops and for the short one if it raises. The Ratio Call Backspread we study in this research it’s distinguished by making profit weather the price decreases below certain price or if it increases above another one. It has an added value of guarateeing profits on a bearish and bullish scenario. It’s important to be aware of one thing: the underlying stock has to be volatile if you want the combination you’ve stipulated to be profitable. To summarize, if you are bearish or bullish and the underlying stock you are working with its very volatile, choosing a Ratio Call Backspread it will be always a wise decision due to the growing profit if the stock prices increases, and the unlimited pontential gains.

[Resumen]: El mercado de derivados financieros ofrece a las empresas e inversores la alternativa de prever y cubrirse de los posibles riesgos que puedan suceder en el futuro en el mercado de valores. Dentro del mercado de derivados, se encuentran las opciones financieras, que serán el principal objeto de estudio del presente trabajo. Concretamente, analizaremos en profundidad la estrategia de inversión Spread alcista con opciones put, basada en la combinación de opciones. Se determinará su concepto y características principales, además de analizar desde un punto de vista práctico su comportamiento y trayectoria en función de diferentes variables (volatilidad en los precios, tipo de interés y paso del tiempo) y según el tipo de escenario (desde precios muy bajistas hasta precios muy alcistas). Con todo ello se pretende entender el comportamiento de la estrategia analizada en su puesta en práctica con la finalidad de evaluar la utilidad que proporciona la construcción de estrategias de inversión basadas en la combinación de opciones como estrategia de inversión para las empresas e inversores frente a la alternativa de contratar una única opción financiera. En nuestro caso, optar por contratar la estrategia respecto a contratar una opción individual proporcionará al inversor la posibilidad de limitar las pérdidas en las que puede incurrir a cambio de limitar, a su vez, las ganancias a alcanzar. La estrategia será conveniente en escenarios muy alcistas y ante expectativas al alza del precio del subyacente., [Abstract]: The financial derivatives market offers companies and investors the alternative of foreseeing and hedging against possible risks that may occur in the future in the stock market. Within the derivatives market are financial options, which will be the main object of study in this paper. Specifically, bull put spread, based on the combination of options, will be analyzed in depth. Its concept and main characteristics will be determined, in addition to analyzing from a practical point of view its behavior and trajectory according to different variables (price volatility, interest rate and time decay) and according to the type of scenario (from very bearish prices to very bullish prices). The aim is to understand the behavior of the strategy analyzed in its implementation in order to evaluate the usefulness of constructing investment strategies based on the combination of options as an investment strategy for companies and investors as opposed to the alternative of contracting a single financial option. In our case, choosing to exercise the strategy over contracting an individual option will provide the investor with the possibility of limiting the losses that can be incurred in exchange for limiting, in turn, the gains to be achieved. The strategy will be suitable in very bullish scenarios and in the face of expectations of a rise in the price of the underlying.

El punt de partida d’aquest escrit és el testament de Saÿt Mili (1377), conegut des de temps enrere. Tot i la vàlua d’aquest document, sempre se n’ha limitat la lectura a un aspecte molt concret, com ara la dotació d’un hospital al call de Ciutat de Mallorca. Amb aquest retorn, d’entrada, es vol intentar un apropament a altra informació fins ara bastant ignorada i relacionar-la amb altres dades que es troben disperses ençà i allà. El segon pas, s’adreça a veure què se’n desprèn, d’aquesta conjunció, i així besllumar qualcuns dels trets del que era el dia a dia del call de Ciutat de Mallorca els anys immediatament anteriors a l’assalt de 1391., This article is based on a document that has been known about for many years, the will of Saÿt Mili (1377). Despite the value of the will, only a very specific aspect of it, namely the creation of a hospital in the Jewish quarter of Ciutat de Mallorca, has ever been focused on. Here, we go back to the will to look more closely at information that has so far been largely ignored and try to link it with other data from a variety of sources. We then look to see what emerges from doing so, with the aim of shedding light on facets of everyday life in the Jewish quarter of Ciutat de Mallorca in the years immediately before the attack of 1391.

Contemporary English as a foreign language (EFL) classrooms in upper secondary schools in Sweden make frequent use of receptive media such as movies and television to facilitate language learning. The more interactive medium of video games is seldom used for the same purpose, despite previous research indicating that the added layer of interactivity can bring benefits such as improvements to vocabulary, written production and reading comprehension. The field of educational video games research has previously focused on games designed with education in mind, and less on narrative experiences for the purpose of EFL learning. This study aims to make a direct contribution to this field by analyzing the results of a receptive comprehension test which students took after playing the prologue of the 2014 video game The Last of Us: Remastered. This result was then compared to a control group which took the same test after watching the 2023 television adaptation of the same narrative. Out of a possible maximum of 14 correct answers on the comprehension test, results show that the test group of 63 video game players yielded a marginally lower average of 10.79 compared to the 10.94 average for the control group of 63 television viewers. However, the two-tailed p-value of .688 indicates that one cannot reject the null hypothesis that this small difference is the result of pure chance. The large number of subjects and the data’s approximation to a normal distribution curve instead indicate that the video game can be as effective as the television series in an EFL comprehension context without any impact on the quality of comprehension. An attached attitudinal survey additionally shows that a large majority of respondents wish to see more video games in education. To build upon these results, future researchers are encouraged to bring narrative video games like The Last of Us even closer to the EFL classroom through action research or more longitudinal studies.

In the era of rapid technological expansion, the integration of various technologies into the process of second and foreign language (L2) learning and teaching has become pervasive, making computer-assisted language learning (CALL) a well-established field (Golonka et al., 2014). There is now a consensus that individual differences (IDs) significantly influence the process and product of L2 learning (Pawlak, 2020). With a plethora of technology-based options and functionalities, CALL provides learners with a high degree of autonomy (Pawlak et al., 2016), making it an environment that is ripe for capitalizing on learners’ individuality (p. 17). However, despite their critical role, IDs have not garnered the attention they genuinely merit in this context (Pawlak, 2022). To address this issue, Mirosław Pawlak and Mariusz Kruk put together the volume Individual Differences in Computer-Assisted Language Learning Research, providing timely and insightful guidelines for the exploration of IDs in CALL and the broader realm of second language acquisition (SLA) research.

This study aims to improve the teaching-learning process of foreign language through Quizlet – a popular digital tool for language learning. In particular, we explore the following aspects of Quizlet use among Spanish undergraduate students learning English: the effectiveness of vocabulary retention, its impact on students’ motivation and autonomous learning. The results and conclusions obtained through a questionnaire with 30 respondents point to the success of Quizlet which has contributed in a very positive way to the learning of the vocabulary seen in the course, has helped to make the course more enjoyable, fun, and attractive, thus, improving students’ motivation, and has helped students to have a more active and autonomous role in their learning. According to the survey, 90% of participants indicate a desire to use this educational tool in other courses of the degree, and 97% consider that technology-enhanced language learning is the direction that teaching should take., Este estudio pretende mejorar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras a través de Quizlet, una herramienta digital muy popular para el aprendizaje de idiomas. En particular, se exploran los siguientes aspectos del uso de Quizlet entre estudiantes universitarios españoles que aprenden inglés: la efectividad de la retención de vocabulario, su impacto en la motivación de los estudiantes y en el aprendizaje autónomo. Los resultados y conclusiones obtenidos a través de un cuestionario con 30 participantes apuntan al éxito de Quizlet que ha contribuido de forma muy positiva al aprendizaje del vocabulario visto durante el curso, ha ayudado a que este sea más ameno, divertido y atractivo, mejorando así la motivación de los alumnos, y ha ayudado a los alumnos a tener un papel más activo y autónomo en su aprendizaje. Según la encuesta, el 90% de los participantes manifiestan su deseo de utilizar esta herramienta educativa en otras asignaturas de la carrera, y el 97% considera que el aprendizaje de idiomas potenciado por la tecnología es el rumbo que debe tomar la enseñanza.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar de manera práctica una serie de estrategias con opciones sobre el petróleo, con el objetivo de poner de manifiesto su utilidad y hacerlas comprensibles para un inversor no profesional. Partimos de la definición de derivado financiero y su tipología, para después adentrarnos en las opciones financieras, haciendo un recorrido desde los factores que determinan su valor hasta los métodos que hay para su valoración y las posiciones que se pueden adoptar con ellas en el mercado. También se ponen de manifiesto en el trabajo los riesgos que puede conllevar el uso de estos derivados financieros. Posteriormente, analizamos el mercado del petróleo con la finalidad de ofrecer una mejor comprensión del activo subyacente al que está ligado el derivado sobre el que trabajamos. Completamos nuestro trabajo llevando a cabo un análisis empírico de estrategias especulativas con opciones sobre petróleo, centrándonos en explicar cómo funcionan para después ponerlas en práctica

Computer-assisted language learning (CALL) is still in the early stages of integrating technology into educational institutions in Pakistan but, in Pakistani classrooms, using technology in language instruction is growing as a popular trend.Thus, the current study’s goal is to investigate the language learning strategies in CALL contexts should be modified/improved and can they bring some positive results or not. In doing so, a mixed-mode pre-test post-test research methodology, using one identical test (pre-test and post-test) before and after studying in a CALL setup was used. Moreover, semi-structured interviews were also used to explore the opinions of learners (n=6). As a result, one group (experimental) of male college students (n=55) was chosen at random for the investigation (experimental group). The findings of the study revealed positive results in both analyses (QUAL+QUAN). The study presents future recommendations also.

The discussion on the dynamic assessment (DA) - a combination of assessment and instruction - and regulatory scales from implicit to explicit corrective feedback (CF) is relatively new in the CALL context. Applying the notions of Sociocultural Theory, Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and Mediation, the present study examines how a DA-based regulatory scale from implicit to explicit CF could be designed to promote language learning in the text chat environment. This was done in collaboration with teachers. Four English-as-a-second-language (ESL) teachers and eight ESL students participated in the study. Using the methodology of design-based research (DBR), the study was conducted mainly in three stages: exploratory stage, first intervention, and second intervention. This study drew on various data. Naturally occurring interaction data such as teachers’ oral conversation transcripts and text chat transcripts were analysed using conversation analysis, while the teachers’ interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Thus, employing DBR, the present study introduces a three-step regulatory scale that could promote learning in the text chat environment. The findings suggest that the three-step regulatory scale could be used by teachers to identify the learner’s potential and assist them in partial or complete self-regulation. The study will introduce a DA-based regulatory scale to promote language learning in the text chat environment and contribute to the knowledge of DA, ZPD and mediation in the CALL context.

This study applies multimodal conversation analysis to examine how pupils of L2 English in Sweden make use of online translation tools (OTTs), i.e. bilingual dictionaries and Google Translate, in a range of digital collaborative writing tasks. The collection of sequences where pupils use OTTs comes from 31 hours of video-recorded data from four Swedish upper-secondary schools. In contrast to previous research on OTTs, this multimodal micro-analytic study examines the process of using OTTs and links it to the written product, by analysing actions on the screen accompanied by embodied pupil interaction. Thus the analyses track: (1) how and when pupils deploy OTTs, (2) whether the tools help them to resolve lexical gaps and other lexical issues and (3) what problems arise in the process. The study also discusses what help can be offered to overcome the encountered difficulties of using OTTs.

In response to the COVID-19 global pandemic, the growth in online learning has been exponential. This research investigated the learning experiences of multilingual students with varying English language proficiencies pursuing online higher education courses in English. It focused on an academic writing experience in English during which students deployed digital tools of their choice (e.g., online dictionaries, digital translators, and search engines) and other resources such as their mother tongue to mitigate their linguistic issues. The study draws on literature on digital translanguaging (Vogel, Ascenzi-Moreno, & Garcia, 2018), which is centrally about the use of multilingual and digital resources for text comprehension and production. Research highlights that these resources provide affordances to students to self-resolve lexical and grammatical challenges. However, these affordances have been examined mainly in school and out-of-school contexts (social networking sites such as Facebook) (Schreiber, 2015; Kim, 2017; Vogel et al., 2018). Not much is yet known about how they impact writers in higher education contexts. This study contributes by developing new understandings about the extent to which digital translanguaging practices influence writers in an online higher education context by exploring the affordances that facilitate and constraints that might inhibit their academic text production in English. Drawing on multiple-case study design features and a critical methodological perspective, data were collected from a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) environment. Since the participants were from different parts of the world, data were gathered using online research methodologies such as synchronous videoconferencing technology and screen sharing techniques to trace moment-to-moment online search practices and navigation paths during the writing process to identify linguistic and digital resources students used and how they deployed them to support their wri

Listening skills, as one of the four macro skills in language teaching, is regarded as the most difficult one by some educators. This meta-analysis, computing the data from 20 previous studies, aims at studying the effect of a technology-enhanced learning approach on English learners’ listening comprehension. It also studied the difference between the effect of different treatment types and treatment length. Data shows that the technology-enhanced learning approach help learners improve more than the traditional learning approach, CALL works better than MALL and long-term treatment have greater effect than short term one, which suggests the application of suitable learning aid as well as a longer application.

Current approaches to assessing digital competence in education may be too broad to support teachers in developing their online learning designs in specific subjects. During the pandemic, studies have identified that the development of teaching practices (and subsequently their learning designs) has taken a leap. However, because digital cultures differ between schools, local approaches need to survey how their practices have developed and what emerging practices can become good examples for others. Using a descriptive multiple case (n = 20) study methodology with observations, interviews (n = 33), and a survey, 12 elements in second language online learning designs (LDs) that seemed to engage learners and support online learning were identified. Data were analysed using pattern matching and descriptive statistics. Post observation, teachers were asked to rate the importance of the ability to include the element and how difficult they perceived its implementation would be. A case overview was used to contrast the survey. Results reveal that the number of digital technologies has little to do with the complexity of designs, and teachers with relatively few digital resources can offer more complex LDs. While most teachers rated the elements suggested as easy, the observations did not support this. However, around 30% of the teachers rated at least seven important elements as difficult or very difficult and designing learning activities that stimulate engagement in nuanced ways was considered challenging. This paper proposes that, identifying local elements may be a suitable way forward to support professional development, as well as to reframe teachers’ digital practices post Covid-19.

This paper compared two qualitative multiple case studies and discussed the influence that face-toface tandem and eTandem methods had on maintaining learning activities in tandem. One study focused on faceto-face tandem learning and the other focused on eTandem via e-mail and Skype. The participants of the former were three Japanese-English tandem pairs who participated in a face-to-face tandem project on the campus of a Japanese University. The participants of the latter were three Japanese-German tandem pairs who participated in an eTandem project as part of a collaboration between a Japanese and a German university. These multiple qualitative case studies employed multiple data, including recordings of tandem sessions, learning diaries, resources used in tandem sessions, e-mail/chat logs, field notes, and post-research interviews. The result of the comparison between the two case studies revealed the following three differences affecting the maintenance of learning activities in tandem: 1) distance and physical restriction caused differences in accessibility to sessions, 2) when encountering communication breakdowns, partners in face-to-face tandem learning drew pictures and used nonverbal communication, whereas learners in eTandem tended to rely on online or electronic dictionaries, and 3) learners supported each other more actively in face-to-face tandem learning.

This article presents a discussion and analysis on the implementation of social networks to support the learning of a second language (L2) in the field of Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL); an area that has regained especial significance in the post pandemic era. Through a cumulative case study report that compares and contrasts several research studies carried out at different times, this article first brings to discussion the strengths that social networks offer for their implementation in L2 instruction. To continue the discussion, the issues of teachers’ CALL training and access are presented as weaknesses for a successful implementation of social networks in the L2 instruction. It is argued that social networks cannot work as effective tools for this purpose without the guidance of a properly trained instructor. Nevertheless, attaining such an ideal condition is challenging considering the problems that might emerge during its implementation. Although it is common that language teachers to some extent include this resource for their L2 classes, more research needs to be done to produce literature that sheds light on the aspects that need to be worked on to take real advantage of this type of technology., Este artículo presenta una discusión y análisis sobre la implementación de redes sociales para apoyar el aprendizaje de una segunda lengua (L2) en el campo del Aprendizaje de Idiomas Asistido por Computadora (AIAC); un área que ha ganado un significado especial en la etapa posterior a la pandemia. Por medio de un informe de estudio de caso acumulativo que compara y contrasta varias investigaciones llevadas a cabo en diferentes tiempos, este artículo primero trae a discusión las fortale-zas que ofrecen las redes sociales para su implementación en la instrucción L2. Para continuar con la discusión, los temas de la capacitación de los docentes y acceso al AIAC se presentan como debilidades para una implementación exitosa de las redes sociales en la instrucción L2. Se sostiene que las redes sociales no pueden funcionar como herramientas efectivas para este propósito sin la guía de un instruc-tor debidamente capacitado. Sin embargo, lograr una condición tan ideal es un desafío considerando los problemas que podrían surgir durante su implementación. Si bien es común que los profesores de idiomas incluyan en alguna medida este recurso en sus clases de L2, es necesario realizar más investi-gaciones para producir literatura que arroje luz sobre los aspectos en los que es necesario trabajar para aprovechar realmente este tipo de tecnología.

This quasi-experimental study intended to consider the role of using CALL-based and gloss-mediated vocational vocabulary learning and its impact on authentic oral vocabulary production. The study used five different majors (anesthesiology, software, civil engineering, architecture, and electronic science); for each major, there were two classes, so the researcher conveniently selected one class as the control group and the second class as the experimental group. Thus, five classes as the control groups (each field of study one class) and five classes as the experimental groups (each field of study one class). The total number of participants was 210, that 106 learners were in the control groups and 104 were in the experimental groups. The researchers used a pretest to select the target vocational vocabulary items. For the glossed groups, all vocational vocabulary items were taught through glosses, whereas the non-glossed groups did not receive any glosses. After the treatment session, the participants were asked to participate in the pictures description task and describe 15 pictures orally. For the first research question, an Independent Sample t-Test, and for the second research question, Two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the collected data. By reviewing the inferential statistics, the significant difference between the glossed and non-gloss conditions was revealed, it can be concluded that using multimodal glossing can lead to more authentic oral production of the L2 ESP learners. Moreover, L2 teachers can use computer-based glossing information as an L2 vocabulary learning facilitator to help learners have more authentic production.

This research aims at revisiting the role of software when it comes to providing learners with corrective feedback on their pieces of writing. The study, based on the analysis of handwritten and software-corrected versions of essays written by 33 undergraduate students enrolled in the undergraduate degree programme in English Studies at a Spanish University contributed to confirming the assumption that technology can indeed be a useful tool in the teaching and learning process. More specifically, this study demonstrated that students could reduce significantly the number of lexical errors in their essays through the autonomous use of error-correction software and that, over time, the students can improve on their ability to avoid such errors. Nevertheless, the study has also confirmed that software can in no way completely replace teachers, as computer programming is quite limited and there are errors that only proficient language users can detect and correct., El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación es reconsiderar el papel de las herramientas informáticas para proporcionar feedback sobre los errores de alumnos y mejorar su escritura. Este estudio, basado en el análisis de las versiones escritas y correjidas por programa de varias composiciones elaboradas por 33 estudiantes del Grado en estudios ingleses por una universidad española, nos llevó a la conclusión de que la tecnología puede ser una herramienta de gran utilidad en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje en contextos de enseñanza a distancia. En este trabajo se vió que los estudiantes pudieron reducir significativamente el número de errores léxicos en sus composiciones mediante el uso autónomo de herramientas tecnológicas de corrección de errores y que, a lo largo del tiempo, los estudiantes mejoraron su capacidad para evitar tales errores. Sin embargo, el trabajo también demostró que ninguna herramienta tecnológica puede sustituir completamente a los profesores, ya que la programación informática es de momento limitada y hay errores que sólo los usuarios con conocimientos avanzados en el idioma pueden detectar y corregir.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) in the medical workforce is linked to improved patient care and innovation, as well as employee retention and engagement. The European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology launched a survey to provide a benchmark of DEI and engagement among radiation oncology (RO) professionals in Europe.METHODS: An anonymous survey was disseminated among RO professionals in Europe. The survey collected demographics and professional information, and participants were asked if they felt they belonged to a minority group. A DEI and workforce engagement questionnaire by Person et al. evaluated 8 inclusion factors. A favourable score was calculated by adding the percentage of "strongly agreed" or "agreed" answers.RESULTS: A total of 812 complete responses were received from 35 European countries. 21% of respondents felt they belonged to a minority group, mostly based on race/ethnicity (5.9%), nationality (4.8%) and age (4.3%). Compared to benchmark data from the United States, scores were lower for most inclusion factors, and to a greater extent for minority groups. The overall favourable score was 58% for those belonging to a minority group, significantly lower than for other respondents (71%, p<0.001). Those belonging to a minority group because of their gender or age had the lowest overall favourable score (47% and 51% respectively).CONCLUSIONS: Our work indicates that actions to improve DEI and workforce engagement among RO professionals in Europe are urgently needed, in particular among minority groups. This would potentially improve employee wellbeing and retention, promoting high quality care and innovation.

Task-Based Language Learning and Teaching (TBLT) has been integrated with Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL), contributing to pedagogical developments in the field of SLA. While the majority of studies have used the integrated pedagogy inside the classroom context, little attention has been paid to the area outside of the classroom. Drawing on a recently developed learning environment called 'Digital Kitchen', this study examines how learning in a technology-enhanced real-world environment benefits foreign vocabulary acquisition. In particular, the multimodal effect of physicality is investigated using a mixed methods and quasi-experimental research design. Forty-eight adult participants performed two cooking sessions: one in a kitchen using real objects and the other in a classroom looking at photos. Statistical data demonstrated that the digital kitchen users registered significantly higher scores on vocabulary learning compared to classroom participants. The findings show that engaging all senses in a technology-enhanced environment is more powerful for vocabulary learning than using only a few senses. These findings have implications for those planning to design and implement a similar real-world learning environment.

Este estudio cuasi-experimental pretendía considerar el papel del uso del aprendizaje de vocabulario vocacional basado en CALL y mediado por brillo y su impacto en el conocimiento del vocabulario. El estudio utilizó cinco carreras diferentes. para cada carrera, había dos clases, por lo que el investigador seleccionó convenientemente una clase como grupo de control y la segunda clase como grupo experimental. Por lo tanto, cinco clases como grupos de control (cada campo de estudio una clase) y cinco clases como grupos experimentales (cada campo de estudio una clase). El número total de participantes fue de 210, de los cuales 106 alumnos estaban en los grupos de control y 104 en los grupos experimentales. Los hallazgos generales revelaron que los grupos de tratamiento superaron a los grupos de control. Por lo tanto, el uso de información de glosado basada en computadora conduce a un mejor desempeño en el conocimiento del vocabulario y la retención del vocabulario., This quasi-experimental study intended to consider the role of using CALL-based and gloss-mediated vocational vocabulary learning and its impact on vocabulary knowledge. The study used five different majors. For each major, there were two classes, so the researcher conveniently selected one class as the control group and the second class as the experimental group. Thus, five classes as the control groups (each field of study one class) and five classes as the experimental groups (each field of study one class). The total number of participants was 210, that 106 learners were in the control groups and 104 were in the experimental groups. The overall findings revealed that the treatment groups outperformed the control groups. Therefore, using computer-based glossing information leads to better performance in vocabulary knowledge and vocabulary retention., Este estudo quase experimental teve como objetivo considerar o papel do uso do aprendizado de vocabulário vocacional baseado em CALL e mediado por glosas e seu impacto no conhecimento de vocabulário. O estudo usou cinco cursos diferentes. Para cada curso, havia duas turmas, de modo que o pesquisador convenientemente selecionou uma turma como grupo de controle e a segunda turma como grupo experimental. Assim, cinco turmas como grupos de controle (para cada área de estudo, uma turma) e cinco turmas como grupos experimentais (para cada área de estudo, uma turma). O número total de participantes foi de 210, sendo 106 aprendizes nos grupos de controle e 104 nos grupos experimentais. Os resultados gerais revelaram que os grupos de tratamento superaram os grupos de controle. Portanto, o uso de informações de glosa baseadas em computador leva a um melhor desempenho no conhecimento e na retenção de vocabulário.

[Resumen]: El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado aborda el análisis teórico y práctico de una estrategia de inversión con opciones financieras: la estrategia Short Call Butterfly. Así, partiendo del marco teórico común a todas las opciones financieras, se profundizará en el desarrollo teórico de la estrategia para, sobre dicha base, proceder a su aplicación práctica a un activo subyacente real (las acciones de Repsol, S.A.). El análisis práctico de la estrategia se realiza empleando el modelo de valoración de opciones de BlackScholes, y se acompaña de un análisis de sensibilidad y un análisis de los resultados obtenidos con la estrategia, para lo que se recurre al apoyo de la hoja de cálculo. En este sentido, la metodología empleada tiene como principal objetivo el de efectuar un juicio crítico sobre la conveniencia de la estrategia, que permita revelar sus principales ventajas e inconvenientes y las situaciones más idóneas para su aplicación, juicio que, empleando idéntica metodología, sería replicable para cualquier otra estrategia de inversión con opciones que un inversor se pueda plantear realizar., [Abstract]: This Final Degree Project deals with the theoretical and practical analysis of an investment strategy with financial options: the Short Call Butterfly strategy. Thus, starting from the theoretical framework common to all financial options, the theoretical development of the strategy will be deepened in order to, on that basis, proceed to its practical application to a real underlying asset (the shares of Repsol, S.A.). The practical analysis of the strategy is carried out using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, and is accompanied by a sensitivity analysis and an analysis of the results obtained with the strategy, for which the spreadsheet is used. In this sense, the main objective of the methodology used is to make a critical judgment on the convenience of the strategy, which allows revealing its main advantages and disadvantages and the most suitable situations for its application, a judgment that, using the same methodology, would be replicable for any other investment strategy with options that an investor may consider carrying out.

Song tempo in male Bengalese finches is highly stereotyped within-bird but variable across the population, and is an important courtship signal that guides mate choice. Here, the value of song tempo for communicating other individual-specific behavioral traits was examined. The calling behavior of male Bengalese finches was examined by playing a distance call of a male conspecific through a speaker, and quantifying the bird’s call response latency and the number and frequency of call responses. Song tempo was found to be anticorrelated with call response latency, and positively correlated with both the percent of calls that were responded to and the number of call responses per trial. In females, who do not sing, calling behaviors in the call playback paradigm were not associated with the sire’s song tempo and no within-nest clustering of behavior was observed, suggesting that female calling behavior is not dependent on genetic background. However, there was strong within-bird clustering of call response features, such that females with low latency tended to produce many calls per trial and responded to most trials (and vice versa). In a separate set of experiments, electrophysiological data was recorded from the sensorimotor nucleus HVC while an adult male Bengalese finch listened to a variety of stimuli presented at different tempos. A tuning curve centered at a behaviorally-relevant tempo was identified. These findings suggest that song tempo may provide valuable information to potential mates about a suite of other behaviors, and the potential for individual-specific HVC dynamics to guide song learning and calling behaviors is discussed.

[ES] Este TFG presenta la realización de un depurador reversible de Prolog que permitirá a los usuarios la carga y visualización de los distintos estados por los que pasa el programa para la obtención de una solución tales como las llamadas, fallos, llamadas de backtracking y obtención de soluciones alternativas. Para esto se utilizará una aplicación destinada principalmente al estudiante de informática que buscará un uso fácil y cómodo con el usuario que le ayude con el uso de la aplicación, pudiendo moverse cómodamente entre las distintas llamadas proporcionadas. Utilizando el mismo Prolog para las distintas llamadas y Java para la creación de la interfaz mostraremos también la integración entre estos dos lenguajes., [EN] This TFG presents the realization of a reversible Prolog debugger that will allow users to load and visualize the different states through which the program passes to obtain a solution such as calls, failures, backtracking calls and obtaining solutions alternatives. For this, an application will be used mainly intended for the computer science student who will look for an easy and comfortable use with the user that helps him with the use of the application, being able to move comfortably between the different calls provided. Using the same Prolog for the different calls and Java for creating the interface, we will also show the integration between these two languages.

[EN] This paper proposes to explore the theory of affordances in the light of cultural historical activity theory (CHAT) to study affordances in complex Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) environments. The term ‘affordance’ designates an action possibility that is offered by an environment or an object to an actor in the environment either “for good or ill” (Gibson, 1979). It depends not only on the inherent characteristics of the environment but also on the users’ perception and action capabilities. CALL affordances are said to be a unique combination of social, educational, linguistic, and technological affordances (Blin, 2016a). However, there is limited research to date that looks at affordances from an ecological perspective linking the micro moment-to-moment interaction levels with the macro level within which they are embedded in educational contexts (Blin, 2016a). This paper explores the analytical tools of CHAT (Leontyev, 1978; Engeström, 1987) as particularly suitable to investigate affordances at the macro, meso and micro levels of technology-mediated sociocultural educational contexts in CALL.

Few people who did not grow up speaking Zulu have learned the language later. There are limited resources for second language Zulu learning, whether textbooks, readers, or computerised resources. We set out to develop software for this purpose, to support learners’ independent learning. Drawing on research on language learning, we used a number of principles that then informed the design of the programmes. In this paper, we reflect on the applicability of the principles and the difficulties in structuring an application for an agglutinative language., Funded by University of KwaZulu-Natal’s Language Board.

This article provides information about the modern and useful methodologies for teaching foreign language in lifelong learning. These methods are natural, audio-lingual method (ALM), immersion, and Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) which serve to enhance the efficiency of learning process. The term “lifelong learning” refers mostly learning language independently or with tutors for personal or professional purposes and it is the most quintessential quality in human`s life, because it demands from learner all the time acquiring knowledge and working on him/herself unstoppably

In this paper, we present a theoretical-methodological reflection on the integration of the UNESCO ICT Competency Framework for Teachers (ITC-CFT; 2018, 3rd version) and of the project European Digital Competence Framework for Citizens (DigComp; 2017, version 2.1), led by the European Commission, into the Didactique des langues (DDL) and the teaching-learning (E/A) process of a foreign language, recently named in French the Apprentissage des Langues Médiatisé par les technologies (ALMT). This reflection will focus in particular on the various actors in the digital environment in higher education, such as the training of the teacher and student in digital matters, the context of the environment, whether face-to-face, hybrid or distance learning, and the methodology of the teaching of directed learning towards self-learning., En este artículo, presentamos una reflexión teórica y metodológica sobre la integración del Référentiel UNESCO de compétences TIC pour les enseignants (ITC-CFT; 2018, 3ª versión) y el proyecto European Digital Competence Framework for Citizens (DigComp; 2017, versión 2.1), liderado por la Comisión Europea, dentro de la Didáctica de las Lenguas (DDL) y el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje (E/A) de una lengua extranjera, recientemente denominado en francés Apprentissage des Langues Médiatisé par les Technologies (ALMT). Esta reflexión se centrará en particular en los diferentes actores del entorno digital en la enseñanza superior, como la formación del profesor y del alumno en materia digital, el contexto del entorno, ya sea presencial, híbrido o a distancia, y la metodología de enseñanza del aprendizaje dirigido hacia el aprendizaje autodirigido., Dans cet article, nous présentons une réflexion théorico-méthodologique de l’intégration du Référentiel UNESCO de compétences TIC pour les enseignants (ITC-CFT; 2018, 3e version) et du projet European Digital Competence Framework for Citizens (DigComp; 2017, version 2.1), mené par la Commission européenne, au sein de la Didactique des langues (DDL) et du processus d’enseignement-apprentissage (E/A) d’une langue étrangère, récemment nommé en français l’Apprentissage des Langues Médiatisé par les Technologies (ALMT). Cette réflexion portera notamment sur les différents acteurs de l’environnement numérique dans l’enseignement supérieur, tels que la formation de l’enseignant et de l’étudiant en matière numérique, le contexte de l’environnement, qu’il s’agisse d’un enseignement en présentiel, hybride ou à distance, et la méthodologie de l’enseignement de l’apprentissage dirigé vers l’auto-apprentissage.

Unfortunately, accidents and emergencies happen every day. Today, emergency services only rely on auditory information from the caller; to dispatch the right tools and instruct the caller. Imagine if the dispatcher gets extra visual information and sensors to their disposal. Or that the caller receives immersive, self-evident instructions right in front of their eyes. So they can provide aid without taking their hands or their attention away from the emergency. That is all possible with EVU. EVU, Emergency Vision Unit is a mixed reality helmet to professionally deal with critical emergency calls while the first responders are on their way. EVU provides visualisation of instructions in real-time to the caller during an emergency and gives the dispatcher real-time visual information to assist., Integrated Product Design

Climatic conditions represent one of the main constraints that influence avian calling behavior. Here, we monitored the daily calling activity of the Undulated Tinamou (Crypturellus undulatus) and the Chaco Chachalaca (Ortalis canicollis) during the dry and wet seasons in the Brazilian Pantanal. We aimed to assess the effects of climate predictors on the vocal activity of these focal species and evaluate whether these effects may vary among seasons. Air temperature was positively associated with the daily calling activity of both species during the dry season. However, the vocal activity of both species was unrelated to air temperature during the wet season, when higher temperatures occur. Daily rainfall was positively related to the daily calling activity of both species during the dry season, when rainfall events are scarce and seem to act as a trigger for breeding phenology of the focal species. Nonetheless, daily rainfall was negatively associated with the daily calling activity of the Undulated Tinamou during the wet season, when rainfall was abundant. This study improves our understanding of the vocal behavior of tropical birds and their relationships with climate, but further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind the associations found in our study.

The goal of this doctoral research is to automatically predict difficult words in a text for non-native speakers. This prediction is crucial because good text comprehension is strongly determined by vocabulary. If a text contains too high a percentage of unknown words, the reader is likely to struggle to understand it. In order to provide good support to the non-native reader, we must first be able to predict the number of difficult words. Usually, we do this manually based on expertise or prior vocabulary tests. However, such methods are not practical when we are reading in a computer-based environment such as a tablet or an online learning platform. In these cases, we need to properly automate the predictions. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part contains a systematic review of the relevant scientific literature. The synthesis includes 50 years of research and 140 peer-reviewed publications on the statistical prediction of lexical competence in non-native readers. Among other things, the analyses show that the scientific scope is divided into two fields of research that have little connection with each other. On the one hand, there is a long tradition of experimental research in foreign language acquisition (SLA) and computer-assisted language learning (CALL). These experimental studies mainly test the effect of certain factors (e.g., repeating difficult words or adding electronic glosses) on learning unrecognized words during reading. On the other hand, recent studies in natural language processing (NLP) rely on artificial intelligence to automatically predict difficult words. Moreover, the literature review points out some limitations that were further studied in this doctoral research. The first limitation is the lack of contextualized measures and predictions. Although we know from research that the context in which a word occurs is an important factor, predictions are often made based on isolated vocabulary tests, among other things. The sec, L'objectif de cette recherche doctorale est la prédiction automatique des mots difficiles dans un texte pour les locuteurs non natifs. Cette prédiction est cruciale car une bonne compréhension d'un texte est fortement déterminée par le vocabulaire. Si un texte contient un pourcentage élevé de mots inconnus, le lecteur aura probablement des difficultés à comprendre le texte. Afin de fournir un bon soutien au lecteur de langue étrangère, nous devons d'abord être en mesure de prédire le nombre de mots difficiles. En général, nous le faisons manuellement en nous basant sur notre expertise ou sur des tests de vocabulaire antérieurs. Cependant, ces méthodes ne sont pas pratiques lorsque nous lisons dans un environnement informatique tel qu'une tablette ou une plateforme d'apprentissage en ligne. Dans ces cas, nous devons automatiser correctement les prédictions. La thèse est divisée en trois parties. La première partie contient un examen systématique de la littérature scientifique pertinente. La synthèse comprend 50 ans de recherche et 140 publications évaluées par des pairs sur la prédiction statistique de la compétence lexicale chez les lecteurs non natifs. Les analyses montrent, entre autres, que le champ scientifique est divisé en deux domaines de recherche peu connectés. D'une part, il existe une longue tradition de recherche expérimentale en matière d'acquisition de langues étrangères (SLA) et d'apprentissage des langues assisté par ordinateur (CALL). Ces études expérimentales testent principalement l'effet de certains facteurs (par exemple, la répétition de mots difficiles ou l'ajout de glosses électroniques) sur l'apprentissage de mots non familiers pendant la lecture. D'autre part, des études récentes sur le traitement du langage naturel (NLP) s'appuient sur l'intelligence artificielle pour prédire automatiquement les mots difficiles. En outre, l'étude de la littérature met en évidence certaines limites qui ont été approfondies dans le cadre de cette recherche do, (LALE - Langues et lettres) -- UCL, 2021

The application of CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning) and MALL (Mobile Assisted Language Learning) based technology in language learning in the classroom is not new in this era. A variety of applications are available for free on the internet. However, the knowledge of teachers in Indonesia about the functions and ways of implementing these applications is still low. With this training, it is hoped that teachers will be increasingly able to use CALL and MALL-based applications and explain the pedagogical side simultaneously.

Great expectations have been set around the clinical potential of regenerative and reparative medicine in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases [i.e. in particular, heart failure (HF)]. Initial excitement, spurred by encouraging preclinical data, resulted in a rapid translation into clinical research. The sobering outcome of the resulting clinical trials suggests that preclinical testing may have been insufficient to predict clinical outcome. A number of barriers for clinical translation include the inherent variability of the biological products and difficulties to develop potency and quality assays, insufficient rigour of the preclinical research and reproducibility of the results, manufacturing challenges, and scientific irregularities reported in the last years. The failure to achieve clinical success led to an increased scrutiny and scepticism as to the clinical readiness of stem cells and gene therapy products among clinicians, industry stakeholders, and funding bodies. The present impasse has attracted the attention of some of the most active research groups in the field, which were then summoned to analyse the position of the field and tasked to develop a strategy, to re-visit the undoubtedly promising future of cardiovascular regenerative and reparative medicine, based on lessons learned over the past two decades. During the scientific retreat of the ESC Working Group on Cardiovascular Regenerative and Reparative Medicine (CARE) in November 2018, the most relevant and timely research aspects in regenerative and/or reparative medicine were presented and critically discussed, with the aim to lay out a strategy for the future development of the field. We report herein the main ideas and conclusions of that meeting.

[Resumen]: El objetivo principal de este trabajo de fin de grado es la valoración de una estrategia de inversión creada a partir de la combinación de opciones financieras, en concreto, la estrategia short put synthetic straddle. Para ello, es necesario en primer lugar estudiar y entender el funcionamiento de las opciones financieras, las call y las put, tanto desde el punto de vista teórico como desde el punto de vista práctico, con algunos ejemplos que se presentan. Una vez comprendido su funcionamiento, veremos como podemos combinarlas para crear la estrategia en cuestión. Posteriormente, se realiza un primer acercamiento teórico sobre la estrategia donde se atenderán cuestiones como su composición, sus máximos beneficios, sus puntos muertos y las pérdidas que puede ocasionar, todo ello, acompañado de un ejemplo práctico sencillo, donde además veremos su perfil gráfico. Acto seguido, se valora la estrategia mediante el estudio y aplicación del modelo de valoración de Black-Scholes, para finalmente, una vez obtenidos los resultados de la valoración, y con el apoyo en la hoja de cálculo, realizar una serie de analisis de sensibilidad y de escenarios, que muestran como la estrategia short put synthetic straddle resulta conveniente de aplicación en escenarios donde la tendencia de los precios sea neutral, con una baja volatilidad o para pequeños plazos de tiempo., [Abstract]: The main objective of this end-of-degree work is the valuation of an investment strategy created from the combination of financial options, in particular the short put synthetic straddle strategy. To do this, it is necessary first of all to study and understand the functioning of financial options, call and put, both theoretically and practically, with some examples presented. Once we understand how they work, we will see how we can combine them to create the strategy in question. Subsequently, a first theoretical approach is made about the strategy where issues such as its composition, maximum profits, breakeven points and losses will be addressed, all accompanied by a simple practical example, where we will also see its graphic profile. The strategy is then valued by studying and applying the Black-Scholes valuation model, finally, after the valuation results are obtained, and supported in the spreadsheet, perform a series of sensitivity and scenario analyses, which show how the short put synthetic straddle strategy is convenient to apply in scenarios where the price trend is neutral, with low volatility or for small timeframes.

You think you are called… Now What? The purpose of this research project is to guide those who feel they have been called to ministry into action—from the point where they sense a call to ministry, to gaining confirmation and moving them forward by answering the call. Selected participants have expressed a range of experiences, while still struggling with the confidence to embrace and walk in their calls. This research will assist leaders to encourage and nurture others to walk in their purpose—fulfilling the “Great Commission The intervention will consist of: (1) an initial two-day conference designed to clarify and nurture their calls; (2) six weeks of spiritual coaching sessions focused on the practice of spiritual disciplines, specific scriptures to meditate, and journal reflections to be discussed once weekly with the researcher (3) and lastly a pre-and post-questionnaire to determine the effectiveness of the interventions. The research method used in this project was a meditation process that allowed individuals the time to hear from God through the testimony of others, practicing spiritual disciplines which includes scripture meditation, journaling, and one on one spiritual coaching sessions.

[Resumen]: Este trabajo busca el estudio de diferentes métodos de valoración de opciones exóticas, utilizando para ello una de ellas como ejemplo en el que se probarán estos modelos. Además, otro de los objetivos de este trabajo es desarrollar conocimientos sobre programación en el entorno de la valoración financiera. Las opciones exóticas utilizadas como eje de este trabajo serán las capped options. La principal característica de este tipo de opción es el límite que pone a las ganancias o a las pérdidas. Para ello se establecen unos precios frontera (superior o inferior) que impiden que variaciones superiores en estos afecten al resultado. Para la valoración de este tipo de opción exótica se estudiarán tres modelos en concreto. El modelo binomial, el modelo trinomial y la simulación de Montecarlo. Los dos primeros comparten características, solo diferenciándose por el número de evoluciones en el precio que contempla cada uno. El modelo de Montecarlo se fundamenta en realizar simulaciones aleatorias de la evolución del precio. De los tres modelos, el que mejor se adapta a las capped options es el modelo trinomial, siendo el que aporta valores más cercanos a la solución analítica., [Abstract]: This projetc seeks to study different methods of valuation of exotic options, using one of them as an example in which these models will be tested. In addition, another of the objectives of this work is to develop knowledge about programming in the financial valuation environment. The exotic options used as the axis of this work will be the capped options. The main characteristic of this type of option is the limit that it places on profits or losses. For this, border prices (higher or lower) are established that prevent higher variations in these from affecting the result. For the evaluation of this type of exotic option, three specific models will be studied. The binomial model, the trinomial model and the Monte Carlo simulation. The first two share characteristics, only differing by the number of evolutions in the price that each one contemplates. The Monte Carlo model is based on performing random simulations of the price evolution. Of the three models, the one that best adapts to capped options is the trinomial model, being the one that provides values closest to the analytical solution.

The goal of this work is to practically apply methods of empirical engineering software, algorithms for data collection and data analysis. The results include software measurement, analysis and selection of direct and indirect metrics for research and identification of dependencies between direct and indirect metrics. Based on the received results, there were built dependencies between software metrics and software expertise properties were selected by individual variation.For measurement results analysis there were used primary statistical analysis, expert estimations, correlation and regression analysis. Expert estimation is the dominant strategy when estimating software development effort. Typically, effort estimates are over-optimistic and there is a strong over-confidence in their accuracy. Primary data analysis is the process of comprehending the data collected to answer research questions or to support or reject research hypotheses that the study was originally designed to evaluate. Correlation analysis gives possibility to make some conclusions about which metrics and expert estimations are much coupled, and which are not. Regression analysis involves both graphical construction and analytical research and gives an ability to make a conclusion about which metrics and expert estimations are the most coupled. Analyzing regression lines for metrics of normal and nonnormal distributions give an ability to identify pairs of ‘metric – expert estimation’.There have been calculated and measured metrics relations for defining relation of such quality attributes as Understandability and Functionality Completeness. Understandability expresses the clarity of the system design. If the system is well designed, new developers are able to understand easily the implementation details and quickly begin contributing to the project. Functionality Completeness refers to the absence of omission errors in the program and database. It is evaluated against a specification of softwar

[ES] Este trabajo fin de grado presenta el desarrollo de una aplicación web para solicitar y gestionar diferentes tipos de citas previas y citas de atención inmediata, para que los miembros de la comunidad universitaria y personas externas puedan solicitar citas a los distintos servicios, unidades y centros de la UPV (como Registro General, Servicio de Alumnado, escuelas y facultades, etc.). Además, la aplicación deberá disponer de un monitor de llamadas que avisará a los solicitantes de las citas de que acaban de ser llamados por un gestor para atender su cita. La aplicación también tendrá otras utilidades extras para los solicitantes de las citas, como la integración con los calendarios iCal de la UPV, y avisos de recordatorio vía correo electrónico. Para realizar su desarrollo se han utilizado paquetes de bases de datos de Oracle a través de su módulo WEB TOOLKIT., [EN] This final degree project presents the development of a web application to request and manage different types of scheduled appointments and immediate service appointments, so that members from inside and outside of the university community can request different types of appointments from the different services, units and centers of the UPV (such as General Registry, Student Service, schools and faculties, etc.). In addition, the application will make use of a call monitor to notify applicants that an agent is ready to attend their appointment. The application will also have other extra utilities for appointment applicants, such as integration with UPV iCal calendars, and appointment reminders via email. For the development of such application we have used Oracle's database packages through its WEB TOOLKIT module.