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Children whose families live in economic hardship tend not to participate in social activitiesthat involve money. Economically disadvantaged children are described as those who, due toinsufficient financial resources, have difficulty living a life similar to other children in thesame community. Social workers are legally obligated to specifically consider the bestinterests of the child in measures concerning children and to use both the Social Services Actand the Convention on the Rights of the Child in their decisions. Thus, a social worker isobliged to consider the child's rights, the child's perspective, and the child's best interests intheir work. The purpose of this study is to investigate how social workers in financial aid usetheir discretion to protect children's rights in accordance with the four core principles of theConvention on the Rights of the Child. The study employs a qualitative method withsemi-structured interviews to obtain the perceptions of two different professional groups onwhether social workers in financial aid are considered to uphold the four core principles ofthe Convention on the Rights of the Child and whether they believe that social workers usetheir discretion sufficiently to consider children's rights. The collected empirical material wasthen analyzed in various themes connected with previous research and Lipsky's theories ondiscretion and street-level bureaucracy. Research indicates that social workers in financial aidfail to use their discretion to protect the child's rights and to uphold the four core principles ofthe Convention on the Rights of the Child. The study revealed results indicating that socialworkers' decisions regarding children can be influenced by the organization's management, asenior social worker, lack of knowledge, ambiguities in guidelines within the organization,and the absence of child participation in decisions affecting them. Furthermore, it was foundthat social workers' individualized assessments and prio, Barn vars familjer lever i ekonomisk utsatthet tenderar att inte delta i sociala aktiviteter sominkluderar pengar. Ekonomiskt utsatta barn beskrivs vara barn med anledning av otillräckligaekonomiska resurser och har därmed svårigheter med att leva ett likadant liv likt andra barnsom lever i samma samhälle. Socialsekreterare har en skyldighet enligt lag att särskilt beaktabarnets bästa vid åtgärder som rör barn och använda sig av både socialtjänstlagen ochbarnkonventionen vid beslut. En socialsekreterare har därmed skyldighet att beakta barnetsrättigheter, beakta barnperspektivet samt barnets bästa i arbetet. Studiens syfte är attundersöka hur socialsekreterare inom ekonomiskt bistånd använder sitt handlingsutrymme föratt tillvara barnens rättigheter i enlighet med Barnkonventionens fyra grundprinciper. Studienanvänder sig av en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer för att få de två olikayrkesgruppers uppfattningar om socialsekreterare inom ekonomiskt bistånd anses leva upp tillbarnkonventionens fyra grundprinciper samt om de anser att socialsekreterare använder sitthandlingsutrymme tillräckligt för att ta hänsyn till barnens rättigheter. Det insamladeempiriska materialet analyserades sedan i olika teman som anknöts med tidigare forskningoch Lipskys teorier om handlingsutrymme och teori om gräsrotsbyråkrater. Undersökningarpekar på att socialsekreterare inom ekonomiskt bistånd brister i sitt arbete att använda sitthandlingsutrymme för att tillvarata barnets rättigheter samt leva upp till barnkonventionensfyra grundprinciper. Studien fick fram ett resultat som pekade på att socialsekreterarensbeslut rörande barn kan påverkas av organisationens ledning, en förste socialsekreterare,kunskapsbrist, otydligheter i riktlinjer i verksamheten samt inte har barn delaktiga i beslutsom rör dem. Det framkom dessutom att socialsekreterarnas individanpassade prövningar ochprioriteringar var avgörande för hur de väljer att använda sig av sitt handlingsutrymme. Medfler m

This thesis analyses the two-child limit policy in the United Kingdom which is codified in section 10 of the Welfare Reform Act 2012, amended in section 14 of the Welfare Reform and Work Act 2016, by utilising Carol Bacchi’s "What’s the Problem Represented to be?" (WPR) approach. The WPR approach draws on Foucauldian discourse theory and investigates the policy's implications by studying the problem presentations within it. The analysis identifies three core problems in the Welfare Reform and Work Bill’s impact assessment: the necessity to address the deficit by restructuring the welfare state, fairness towards working taxpayers versus benefit recipients, and the escalation of tax credit expenditure. It further uncovers five assumptions embedded within the policy, suggesting that UK citizens incorporate the policy into family planning, anticipate future social security needs, and make fertility decisions based on financial considerations, with the policy aimed at improving children's future prospects.Additionally, the study traces the ideological roots shaping welfare reform, highlighting the influence of Conservative Party ideologies from the Thatcher era and subsequent policies that reduced welfare support, contrasting with New Labour's interventionist approach and the media’s role in reinforcing negative welfare perceptions. The analysis uncovers several problem presentations in the policy and concludes that the government and media can craft narratives that shift the responsibility for child poverty from the state to parents, with enduring impacts on social discourse and policy direction, challenging future policy reversals.

Spain has one of the highest in-work poverty rates in Europe and a high degree of job instability. Reducing in-work poverty requires an understanding of the entry and exit mechanisms specific to this situation, as well as the protective and risk factors involved. Based on data from the Spanish Living Conditions Survey (2017-2020), this paper shows that households with children are more likely to experience in-work poverty, and that in-work poverty is more persistent in these cases. That said, entry into and exit from poverty is mostly associated with employment-related events, and to a lesser extent, with changes in household composition. The concentration of in-work poverty in households with children results from a process of erosion and accumulated risks, whereby wage losses have a greater effect on the risk of poverty, and the social protection system appears to be insufficient., España registra una de las tasas más altas de pobreza laboral en Europa y una alta inestabilidad laboral. Reducir la pobreza laboral requiere comprender los mecanismos de entrada y salida de esta situación, y los factores protectores y de riesgo. Con datos de la Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida (2017-2020), mostramos que los hogares con menores tienen mayor probabilidad de pobreza laboral y esta es más persistente. Dicho esto, las entradas y salidas están mayormente asociadas a eventos laborales, y en menor medida a cambios en la composición del hogar. La concentración de pobreza laboral en hogares con menores corresponde a un proceso de erosión y acumulación de riesgos, por el que las pérdidas salariales tienen mayor efecto en el riesgo de pobreza y el sistema de protección social parece insuficiente.

The current housing situation has led to an increase in housing distress across Europe, but most notably in Spain. This is manifested in increased vulnerability and growing financial strain in paying for housing. This cost overrun, or paying more than households can afford, is even greater for households below the poverty line and even greater for those with dependent children. These conditions have serious effects on children's well–being and future, and call into question the scope and effectiveness of numerous international and national legal documents that refer to child protection and the right to housing as objectives to be met. The aim of this article is to analyse the economic overload suffered by households in which children live in Spain, focusing mainly on the situation of child poverty and the housing problem as characteristic features of the country. A descriptive analysis of statistical sources from the National Institute of Statistics and Eurostat, among others, is used for this purpose. The contextualisation of the analysis problem within the framework of the right to housing is based on a doctrinal methodology. Some policies aimed at improving the situation of households with dependent children and the General State Budget 2023 have also been analysed in order to measure potential advances., La actual situación de la vivienda ha provocado un aumento del malestar residencial en toda Europa, pero de forma destacable en España. Esta se manifiesta en el aumento de la vulnerabilidad y en el creciente sobreesfuerzo económico en el pago de la vivienda. Este sobrecoste o pago por encima de lo que los hogares pueden permitirse, es aún mayor en hogares por debajo el umbral de la pobreza y aún mayor entre los que, en esta situación, tiene niños y niñas a cargo. Estas condiciones tienen graves efectos en el bienestar y futuro de la infancia, poniendo en duda además el alcance y efectividad de numerosos documentos jurídicos internacionales y nacionales que refieren la protección infantil y el derecho a la vivienda como objetivos a cumplir. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la sobrecarga económica que sufren los hogares en los que residen niñas y niños en España, enfocándose principalmente en la situación de pobreza infantil y del problema de la vivienda como rasgos característicos del país. Se utilizan para ello un análisis descriptivo de fuentes estadísticas del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y de Eurostat, entre otras. La contextualización del problema de análisis en el marco del derecho a la vivienda parte de una metodología doctrinal. También se han analizado algunas políticas orientadas a la mejora de la situación de los hogares con hijos e hijas a cargo y los Presupuestos Generales del Estado 2023 a fin de dimensionar los potenciales avances., La situation actuelle du logement a conduit à une augmentation de la détresse immobilière à travers l'Europe, mais plus particulièrement en Espagne. Cette situation se manifeste par une vulnérabilité accrue et une pression financière croissante pour payer le logement. Ce surcoût, ou paiement supérieur à ce que les foyers peuvent se permettre, est encore plus important dans les ménages en dessous du seuil de pauvreté et encore plus chez ceux qui ont des enfants à charge dans cette situation. Ces conditions ont des conséquences graves sur le bien–être et l'avenir des enfants et remettent en cause la portée et l'efficacité de nombreux textes juridiques internationaux et nationaux qui font référence à la protection de l'enfance et au droit au logement comme des objectifs à atteindre. L'objectif de cet article est d'analyser la charge économique subie par les foyers dans lesquels vivent des enfants en Espagne, en se concentrant principalement sur la situation de la pauvreté infantile et le problème du logement en tant que caractéristiques du pays. Il utilise une analyse descriptive des sources statistiques de l'Institut national des statistiques et d'Eurostat, entre autres. La contextualisation de la problématique d'analyse dans le cadre du droit au logement est basée sur une méthodologie doctrinale. Certaines politiques visant à améliorer la situation des ménages avec enfants à charge et le budget général de l'Etat 2023 ont également été analysés afin de mesurer les avancées potentielles.

Attention bias confers risk for anxiety development, however, the influence of sociodemographic variables on the relationship between attention bias and anxiety remains unclear. We examined the association between attention bias and anxiety among rural Latinx youth and investigated potential moderators of this relationship. Clinical symptoms, demographic characteristics, and a performance-based measure of attention bias were collected from 66 rural Latinx youth with clinical levels of anxiety (33.3% female; Mage = 11.74; 92.4% Latinx, 7.6% Mixed Latinx). No moderating effects for age or gender were found. Youth below the poverty line displayed an attention bias away from threat in comparison to youth above the poverty line, who displayed an attention bias towards threat. Among youth below the poverty line, this bias away from threat was associated with increased anxiety. Findings highlight the importance of economic adversity in understanding the relationship between attention bias and anxiety.

In the last decades a child rights perspective with an assessment of the child’s best interest has become an increasingly important consideration when making decisions about poor familieseligibility for social assistance. This thesis takes a starting point in these decisions and examinesthe child rights perspective in court cases. Utilizing a Foucauldian inspired poststructuralperspective and sociology of law this thesis analyzes what’s rendered sayable regarding a childrights perspective and what norms it produces. The analysis show that a child rights perspective is expressed in terms of the child’s right to not experience acute financial distress and the child’s best interest as economic self-sufficient parents. Even though children are mentioned in the court cases, they are positioned through a general idea of children or serve merely as anincentive to parents strive towards employment. Tensions between children’s rights policy and norms within the administration of social assistance tend to formulate children’s rights as a parental obligation. Within this tension the articles from the UN Convention of the Rights of the Child serve as a mean for legitimacy and making assessment of parental ability to fulfill children’s right to a reasonable standard of living.

type:Working Paper, This study aims to analyze dynamics of multidimensional poverty in Japan in termsof the Capability Approach (CA) as a conceptual framework. Following Alkire andFoster (2011), an multidimensinal poverty index (MPI) for Japan is proposed. Similarto Suppa (2018), our MPI is also defined without income, which enables us to compareit with conventional income-based measures. Then, the adjusted headcount ratio M0,which can be related to capability poverty, is contrasted to the usual headcount ratio.As a result, we have clarified the similarities and differences between poverty as measuredby income and poverty as evaluated by the CA in the Japanese context. UsingJapanese general social surveys for the years 2012, 2015, and 2017/18, the M0 valuesfor different subgroups as well as by year are computed and presented as an empiricalanalysis. The analysis reveals differences between income poverty and multidimensionalpoverty. Through comparisons of trends between the two over time, we find thatmultidimensional and income poverty measures differ regarding who is viewed as poor.Conversely, we also find similarities between the two. In the context of child poverty,both measures make common judgments for subgroups of variables on family’s economicbackground in a respondent’s childhood. That is, the more dire the householdfinancial situation during childhood is, the higher the values of M0 and income povertyrate are. This would be an interesting finding when considering intergenerational chainsof poverty, which has also been observed in Japan through our M0., identifier:Working Paper, No.354, 2023.03, School of economics, university of toyama

The purpose of the study was to examine how different welfare actors perceive and work with child poverty in Söderhamn. Through a qualitative approach, empirical data was collected from semi-structured interviews with social workers and representatives from voluntary organizations. The empirical data was analyzed through thematic analysis. The theoretical starting points of the study were system theory and theories on social exclusion. The results showed that child poverty is expressed in Söderhamn on individual, group and society level, the children are socio-economically, physically and mentally affected. All informants agreed that there are both structural and local causes of child poverty in Söderhamn: closures of large companies, few jobs, migration of refugees and lack of integration. The challenges of child poverty in Söderhamn were comprehended employment, integration and lack of collaboration with other welfare actors. The opportunities highlighted were free time activities and employment for the parants.

The purpose of this study is to study how social workers experience their work with the children's perspective within financial assistance. A qualitative methodological approach has been applied with the aim of collecting empirical data through semi-structured interviews with four social workes in financial assistance. The data collection has in turn been analyzed based on previous research on the subject and Michael Lipsky's theory of street-level bureaucrats and their discretion. The study gives an indication that social workers see the importance of, and have the will to apply a child perspective in their work, but the conditions are not optimal. The results of the study show that factors such as high workload in the form of lack of time, high number of cases and unclear guidelines are the main limitations in the application of the child perspective and thus in the assessments of the best interests of the child.

Poverty prevents children from being able to fulfill their basic rights such as their need to learn, access to basic services, obtain a better education and participate in society. This research was conducted to examine the multidimensional child poverty. The results showed that the percentage of children living in multidimensional poverty was 35,54 percent. In the age group of 0-6 years, the dimension that was most deprived was health, while in the age group of 7-17 years, the dimension that was most deprived was food. On average, 32,9 percent of children aged 0-6 years are deprived in two or more dimensions, and 33.9 percent of children aged 7-17 years are deprived in two or more dimensions of basic needs. This study used logistic regression as a research method to identified the probability of child being poor. The result showed that the number of children, occupation of the household head, region, education of the household head and gender of the household head were significant variables affecting children's likelihood of being poor, as well as the interaction variables between the number of children*occupation of household head, the number of children*region and the number of children*education of household head. However, the gender of the kids variables did not have a significant effect.

In seinem Buch «Kultur der Digitalität» wendet sich Felix Stalder gegen die Idee, das Internet und die damit verbundene Technologie hätten die Kultur der Gegenwart verändert. Dagegen arbeitet er heraus, dass es die kulturellen Entwicklungen selbst sind, die technologische Veränderungen hervorgebracht haben. Dabei interpretiert Stalder die Digitalisierung als Resultat medientheoretischer Veränderungen im Rahmen des Aufkommens der Massenmedien seit den 1960er-Jahren und verschränkt diese Überlegungen mit der Diagnose einer umfassenden Kulturalisierung in der Spätmoderne, die Parallelen zu Andreas Reckwitzʼ «Gesellschaft der Singularitäten» aufzeigt. Jene medialen und kulturellen Entwicklungen sind konstitutive Phänomene der Medienpädagogik in dem Sinne, dass Bildung und Erziehung sich stets an die neu entstandene Medientechnologie anpassen mussten. In diesem Beitrag wird die Kultur der Digitalität sowie die Medienpädagogik im Hinblick auf die These perspektiviert, dass es in der Kultur der Digitalität darum gehen muss, Kindern und Jugendlichen Kulturtechniken der Digitalität, unter anderem Referenzialität und Gemeinschaftlichkeit, zu vermitteln und Medienbildung in den Kontext dieser Kulturtechniken zu stellen. Die These fusst auf der grundsätzlichen Zustimmung zu Stalders Theorie der kulturellen Bedeutung der Digitalität in Abgrenzung zur rein technologischen Betrachtung des Digitalen. Die Hauptthese dieses Beitrags führt aus, dass eine kulturwissenschaftliche Perspektive auf das Phänomen der Digitalisierung – und nichts anderes meint Digitalität – ihre soziale und medienpädagogische Relevanz aus den von Stalder beschriebenen Kerncharakteristiken der Digitalität bezieht. Diese werden im Beitrag an den medienpädagogischen Diskurs zur Digitalisierung angeschlossen. Daraus ergeben sich aufschlussreiche Parallelen zwischen den notwendigen Fertigkeiten der Subjekte in der Kultur der Digitalität und dem informellen Lernen von Jugendlichen im Umgang etwa mit digitalen Medie, In his book «Kultur der Digitalität» («The Digital Condition»), Felix Stalder opposes to the idea that the Internet and the technology associated with it have changed the contemporary culture. He argues that it is cultural developments themselves that have brought about technological change. Stalder interprets digitalization to be the result of media-theoretical changes in the context of the emergence of mass media since the 1960s and interweaves these considerations with the diagnosis of a comprehensive culturalization in late modernity, which reveals parallels to Andreas Reckwitz’s «Society of Singularities». Those media and cultural developments are constitutive phenomena of media pedagogy in the sense that education and upbringing have always had to adapt to the newly emerging media technology. In this paper, the culture of digitality as well as media pedagogy will be discussed with regard to the thesis that the culture of digitality must be about teaching children and young people the cultural techniques of digitality, including referentiality and community, and about placing media education in the context of these cultural techniques. The thesis is based on the fundamental agreement with Stalder’s theory of the cultural significance of digitality being opposed to a purely technological view of the digital. The main thesis of this paper argues that a perspective from cultural studies on the phenomenon of digitalization – and digitality means nothing else – derives its social and media-pedagogical relevance from the core characteristics of digitality described by Stalder. These are connected in the article to the media-pedagogical discourse on digitalization. This results in revealing parallels between the necessary skills of the subjects in the culture of digitality and the informal learning of young people in dealing with digital media, for example. The formation of these forms of learning according to the characteristics of the culture of digitality and the s

Created by Save the Children Italia in 2014 and later introduced internationally by the same organization, the term "educational poverty" has been employed to promote prevention projects and enforcement actions against non-material child poverty. The aim of this paper is to retrace the syntagma’s origins and development and to discuss critically its pedagogical meaning. Though originated from the fields of economy and social sciences, this idea in fact refers to dimensions that are uniquely relevant to the world of education. Some issues are here outlined to define the spectrum of different "educational poverties" and possible ways of preventing and countering them.

Background Child poverty has been gradually rising, and about 12% of all Norwegian children are living in a state of relative poverty. This study was part of the New Patterns project, which recruits low-income families requiring long-term welfare services. Included families receive integrated welfare services, with the help of a family coordinator. The current study objectives were to explore the associations between HRQoL, demographic variables (age, gender, immigration status) and leisure activities in children and adolescents in low-income families. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among low-income families. Participating families had children (N = 214) aged 8–18 years.The family had a household income below 60% of the equivalized median population income for three consecutive years and needed long-term welfare services. HRQoL was measured using the KIDSCREEN-27 self-report instrument. Descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, and proportions, were calculated, and ordinary least squares regressions were performed, clustering standard errors at the family level. Results Compared with boys, girls reported lower HRQoL on only one out of five dimensions, physical wellbeing. In the regression analysis we found statistically significant positive associations between migrant status and HRQoL on all five dimensions: physical wellbeing, psychological wellbeing, parents and autonomy, peers and social support, and school environment. In addition, age was associated with school environment, and age, gender and participation in leisure activities was associated with better physical wellbeing. Conclusions Baseline results regarding HRQoL among children and adolescents in low-income families indicate that they have overall good HRQoL, though some participants had low HRQoL scores, especially on the physical and social support dimensions. Children with an immigrant background report higher HRQoL than do, Background: Child poverty has been gradually rising, and about 12% of all Norwegian children are living in a state of relative poverty. This study was part of the New Patterns project, which recruits low-income families requiring long-term welfare services. Included families receive integrated welfare services, with the help of a family coordinator. The current study objectives were to explore the associations between HRQoL, demographic variables (age, gender, immigration status) and leisure activities in children and adolescents in low-income families. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among low-income families. Participating families had children (N = 214) aged 8–18 years.The family had a household income below 60% of the equivalized median population income for three consecutive years and needed long-term welfare services. HRQoL was measured using the KIDSCREEN-27 self-report instrument. Descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, and proportions, were calculated, and ordinary least squares regressions were performed, clustering standard errors at the family level. Results: Compared with boys, girls reported lower HRQoL on only one out of five dimensions, physical wellbeing. In the regression analysis we found statistically significant positive associations between migrant status and HRQoL on all five dimensions: physical wellbeing, psychological wellbeing, parents and autonomy, peers and social support, and school environment. In addition, age was associated with school environment, and age, gender and participation in leisure activities was associated with better physical wellbeing. Conclusions: Baseline results regarding HRQoL among children and adolescents in low-income families indicate that they have overall good HRQoL, though some participants had low HRQoL scores, especially on the physical and social support dimensions. Children with an immigrant background report higher HRQoL than do children without an immigrant backg

Background Children exposed to poverty and family adversities including domestic violence, parental mental ill health and parental alcohol misuse may experience poor outcomes across the life course. However, the complex interrelationships between these exposures in childhood are unclear. We therefore assessed the clustering of trajectories of household poverty and family adversities and their impacts on adolescent health outcomes. Methods We used longitudinal data from the UK Millennium Cohort study on 11564 children followed to age 14 years. Family adversities included parent reported domestic violence and abuse, poor mental health and frequent alcohol use. We used a group-based multi-trajectory cluster model to identify trajectories of poverty and family adversity for children. We assessed associations of these trajectories with child physical, mental and behavioural outcomes at age 14 years using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for confounders. Findings Six trajectories were identified: low poverty and family adversity (43·2%), persistent parental alcohol use (7·7%), persistent domestic violence and abuse (3·4%), persistent poor parental mental health (11·9%), persistent poverty (22·6%) and persistent poverty and poor parental mental health (11·1%). Compared with children exposed to low poverty and adversity, children in the persistent adversity trajectory groups experienced worse outcomes; those exposed to persistent poor parental mental health and poverty were particularly at increased risk of socioemotional behavioural problems (adjusted odds ratio 6·4; 95% CI 5·0 – 8·3), cognitive disability (aOR 2·1; CI 1·5 – 2·8), drug experimentation (aOR 2·8; CI 1·8 – 4·2) and obesity (aOR 1·8; CI 1·3 – 2·5). Interpretation In a contemporary UK cohort, persistent poverty and/or persistent poor parental mental health affects over four in ten children. The combination of both affects one in ten children and is strongly associated with adverse child outcomes, pa

Poverty in childhood is associated with an increased risk of being marginalised and socially excluded, which is also the case in the Swedish welfare state. Poor parents often strive for their children to fit in among same‐aged children, which is difficult for the poorest to accomplish. As the last resort for the poor, the welfare state offers the opportunity to apply for financial aid, but applications may be rejected. Parents can then appeal the rejections to an administrative court. In these decisions, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child could be applied or referred to. The convention has been incorporated into Swedish law since 2020. This article is grounded in childhood sociology and aims to show how poor children, their needs, and rights are processed in the legal system, which sets the framework for the children’s access to material conditions needed for inclusion in a welfare state such as Sweden. The presentation is based on a qualitative content analysis of administrative court records concerning financial aid appeals. The results show that the appeal process confirms the adult orientation of financial aid and that a child rights perspective is, with few exceptions, missing in these records. When children are mentioned, a care perspective dominates and their right to participation is neglected.

The aim of this study was to examine how teachers and leisure staff experience that differences in financial conditions among students in preschool class and grades 1-6 are expressed in school as well as how differences in financial conditions affect the students’ social interactions. The ambition was to reach a greater understanding of how children are affected early on by living in poorer financial conditions than other children. The study was conducted through six qualitative, semi-structured interviews with teachers and leisure staff. Five themes were identified in the interviews: concrete examples of differences in financial conditions that are visible in school, difficulties in identifying and talking about financial difficulties, groups that are perceived as particularly vulnerable to financial difficulties, social groupings among children and shame. These themes as well as the theory of stigma by Erving Goffman were used to analyze the results. The results show that teachers and leisure staff see several signs that indicate differences in financial conditions among the students. The students can however be good at hiding their family’s financial situation which makes it difficult to identify financial difficulties among students. Some teachers and leisure staff described children of immigrant parents, children of single mothers and children of divorced parents as particularly vulnerable to financial difficulties. The results also show that teachers and leisure staff experience that differences in financial conditions indirectly affect the students’ social interactions and groupings. The students are aware of their own and others' financial situation which can both divide and unite them.

Background Sweden is often held up as an example of a country with low child deprivation; yet, rates of relative deprivation are rising. Every municipality in Sweden is required to provide free, timely and accessible budget and debt counselling under the Social Services Act. The services have been encouraged to perform preventative practice with families; however, this has not been realised. The Healthier Wealthier Families (HWF) model embeds universal screening for economic hardship into child health services and creates a referral pathway to economic support services. Given the universal child health system in Sweden, which is freely available and has excellent coverage of the child population, implementation of the HWF model has potential to support families to access the freely available municipal budget and debt counselling and ultimately improve rates of child deprivation in Sweden. Methods/design We will conduct a two-arm randomised waitlist-control superiority trial to examine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the HWF model in the Sweden. A longitudinal follow-up with the cohort will explore whether any effects are maintained in the longer-term. Discussion HWF is a collaborative and sustainable model that could maximise the effectiveness of current services to address child deprivation in Sweden. The study outlined in this protocol is the first effectiveness evaluation of the HWF model in Sweden and is a crucial step before HWF can be recommended for national implementation within the child health services.

This report has two aims: 1. To explore existing datasets and identify gaps in our understanding of trends and experiences of child poverty in rural and island communities. 2. To examine interventions employed in rural and island communities to tackle the causes of child poverty and support those experiencing child poverty. We conducted a desk-based review of existing datasets and relevant reports. We interviewed a range of experts working on child poverty at national, regional and local levels. We also reviewed documents received via the project advisory group. It is generally agreed that tackling generic or structural challenges associated with living in a rural or island community will help to alleviate child poverty in these areas. However, there are some key data and knowledge gaps that limit the extent to which local authority leads and partners can take effective action to support low-income families in rural and island communities.These data gaps mostly relate to information at a sub-local authority level, including: eligibility and uptake of welfare benefits; cost of living; fuel poverty; uptake and provision of early learning and childcare; and the combined impact of employability and skills development initiatives. Importantly, more attention needs to be paid to lived experience data that can inform the design and delivery of effective support for rural and island children experiencing poverty. A range of interventions exist to tackle the causes of child poverty and ensure families have the support they need. Interventions can be grouped around themes and tend to relate to: employment and skills development support; early years; cost of living; health and wellbeing; partnership working; digital technologies; school-based approaches; and strengthening the voices of children and families. To address these data gaps and raise the profile of lived experience data, we make four recommendations to the Scottish Government., Open Government Licence v3.0, nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3

Welfare states are designed to promote and protect the economic and social wellbeing of citizens through principles of equal opportunity and a more equitable distribution of wealth. While the objective goal of the welfare state is to ensure the security and well-being of its citizens, the extent to which this goal is prioritized, and in turn achieved, depends on the character and impact of the particular welfare state. Variation among welfare states has been commonly examined and analysed in social research, however, children have too often been excluded from cross-national comparison particularly from research on the impact of social policy and welfare states on child well-being. The present study examines child poverty, child care and corporal punishment bans across three nations representing three welfare regimes – France (Conservative), New Zealand (Liberal), and Denmark (Social Democratic). An examination of child poverty revealed that Denmark does best in protecting children from poverty, followed by France and lastly New Zealand – with small variation from their ideal welfare regime type. Child care policies revealed that France and Denmark have generous and comprehensive policies in place for children of all ages, while New Zealand offers only 20 hours of ‘ECE’ for children over the age of three. Analyzing child care policies across welfare regimes demonstrates that although focusing on children does not dramatically change the ordering of nations within their welfare regimes, some nations are less securely place, in this case France, when children are brought to the forefront. Lastly, all three nations have taken legislative steps in recognizing children’s rights and eliminating physical punishment. The case of New Zealand is a unique one, as it does not neatly or completely correspond with what we might expect based on the ‘welfare regime’ typology.

The contribution offers historical, legislative, and mapping elements of initiatives to contrast educational poverty within the decentralization processes in the national context. The roles of the Ministry of Education in its action as central coordinator and of peripheral bodies, including the Regional School Offices (USR), are part of the analysis. Specific attention is paid to the role of the Regions and organizations delegated by governments in the implementation of initiatives to combat educational poverty within the difficult decentralization processes implemented in the country. Main results underline the need to strengthen the role of peripheral entities to allow greater effectiveness in the calibration of interventions.

Background: The five Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) have long traditions of social welfare policies that have eradicated poverty as part of their goals. The purpose of this study was to increase our understanding of why child poverty is still significant in the Nordic countries despite existing strategies. Methods: A qualitative analysis of Nordic government documents and reports between 2007 and 2019 was carried out to track changes in public health priorities and political measures and to determine the similarities and differences between the five countries. Results: In all countries, most of the measures were universal, such as benefits during pregnancy, paid parental leave before and after the child was born, paid parental leave related to children’s sickness, child allowances, day care, free health care for children and support for disabled children. National policies aimed to reduce social inequalities and child poverty exist in all five countries, but unaffordable housing, unequal disposable family income distribution and unequal income distribution at local municipality levels seem to be obstacles to reaching national policy goals. Conclusions: Despite comprehensive universal measures to eradicate child poverty, inequalities are significant and increasing in some of the Nordic countries. This might be due to a lack of proportional universalism, where universal measures are in place in all Nordic countries, but with a lack of scale and intensity proportional to the children and families at risk. The significance of eliminating social inequalities needs to be emphasised at the local level.

In many countries, there are calls for children to be allowed to participate in social work decision-making. This article analyses child participation vis-à-vis social assistance (SA), which is a municipal cash benefit representing the last safety net. In Sweden, SA is part of the professional field of social work and national policy recommends that children are consulted. The aim is to analyse local policies and practices regarding child participation, and the data are based on case studies in six social service offices. Unlike most participation studies, children’s participation is conceived as an institutional pressure and the concept of decoupling is used to examine how local authorities relate to participation. The findings show that in local policies there is a general openness towards participation, but in practice no efforts are being made to promote participation. The absence of participation is analysed as deriving from organisational barriers (practices are adult-centred and child welfare units are seen as responsible for participation) and the scepticism of social workers (participation is an infringement on parental obligations and children should be protected from involvement in financial issues). The article ends with a discussion on the decoupling and adequacy of children’s participation in settings comparable with Swedish SA.

This dissertation contains four empirical studies examining associations between economic resources and social participation among Swedish adolescents. All four studies draw data from a school-based survey covering a nationally representative sample of the 2010 cohort of Swedish eighth-grade students. Study I examines associations between economic resources and school class friendships. A child-centred perspective on economic resources is used, combining self-reported measures of adolescents' own access to economic resources with disposable household income measured relative to other students in the same school. Friendships are assessed through sociometric data – students nominate their best friends in the school class. Results show that students with the lowest within-school household incomes and students who report to often miss out on activities due to a lack of economic resources receive on average fewer friendship nominations and are more likely to experience social isolation. Study II considers associations between economic resources (own economic resources and relative household income) and adverse relationships with school class peers. Two forms of adverse relationships are assessed: the risk of bullying victimisation (self-reported) and peer rejection (measured through sociometric nominations). Students with the lowest within-school household incomes receive, on average, more rejection nominations but are not at higher risk of bullying victimisation. In contrast, students who often miss out on activities with peers due to a lack of economic resources both receive more rejection nominations and are at higher risk of bullying victimisation. Study III extends the examination of peer rejection, assessing whether students who differ from classmates on some sociodemographic characteristic are more likely to experience peer rejection. Results show an association between household income and peer rejection, but the association is largely similar across classrooms o

The paper contributes to child poverty measurement in Argentina in the long-term considering regional heterogeneity. Two approaches are followed: poverty line and basic needs methodology. Data comes from the Permanent Household Survey carried out by INDEC. Results show that monetary poverty remained high and with sharp increases in the long term; that deprivations due to unsatisfied needs decreased and finally, that children are the ones mostly exposed to deprivation regardless of the measurement method adopted., El artículo aporta a la cuestión de la medición de la pobreza infantil en la Argentina en el largo plazo y considerando las disparidades regionales. Se recogen dos enfoques de medición: el de línea de pobreza y el de necesidades básicas insatisfechas. La fuente de datos es la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares del INDEC. Los resultados muestran que la pobreza monetaria se mantuvo elevada en el largo plazo y con incrementos abruptos, que las privaciones por necesidades básicas descendieron y que las infancias son el grupo más expuesto a las privaciones cualquiera sea la forma de medición considerada.

Poverty threatens child health. In the United States, financial strain, which encompasses income and asset poverty, is common with many complex etiologies. Even relatively successful antipoverty programs and policies fall short of serving all families in need, endangering health. We describe a new approach to address this pervasive health problem: antipoverty medicine. Historically, medicine has viewed poverty as a social problem outside of its scope. Increasingly, health care has addressed povertys downstream effects, such as food and housing insecurity. However, strong evidence now shows that poverty affects biology, and thus, merits treatment as a medical problem. A new approach uses Medical-Financial Partnerships (MFPs), in which healthcare systems and financial service organizations collaborate to improve health by reducing family financial strain. MFPs help families grow assets by increasing savings, decreasing debt, and improving credit and economic opportunity while building a solid foundation for lifelong financial, physical, and mental health. We review evidence-based approaches to poverty alleviation, including conditional and unconditional cash transfers, savings vehicles, debt relief, credit repair, financial coaching, and employment assistance. We describe current national MFPs and highlight different applications of these evidence-based clinical financial interventions. Current MFP models reveal implementation opportunities and challenges, including time and space constraints, time-sensitive processes, lack of familiarity among patients and communities served, and sustainability in traditional medical settings. We conclude that pediatric health care practices can intervene upon poverty and should consider embracing antipoverty medicine as an essential part of the future of pediatric care.

The public appeal through communication vehicles for the brazilian population to invest efforts in the constitution of a “new normal” to mark out daily activities during and after the pandemic is notorious. Based on the dialectical method and documentary and bibliographic research, this article presents analyzes and reflections on this issue, considering its contours and consequences for the education of children up to six years old, pointing out expectations about the action of families and teachers in the process of "social isolation". Reflections on child poverty are highlighted, an analytical category that broadens the look at the child and her condition of existence in a capitalist country whose neoliberal policy has narrowed the horizons of rights and led to the exhaustion of the forces of workers and the cruel exploitation of labor, increasing the levels of poverty and miserability and instigating the contradictions and the class struggles., É notório o apelo público por meio de veículos de comunicação para que a população brasileira invista esforços na constituição de um “novo normal” para balizar atividades cotidianas durante e após a pandemia. Com base no método dialético e investigação documental e bibliográfica, este artigo apresenta análises e reflexões sobre essa questão, considerando seus contornos e consequências para a educação de crianças de até seis anos de idade, assinalando expectativas sobre a ação de famílias e professores no processo de “isolamento social”. Destacam-se reflexões relativas à pobreza infantil, categoria analítica que amplia o olhar sobre a criança e sua condição de existência em um país capitalista, cuja política neoliberal tem estreitado os horizontes de direitos e levado à exaustão das forças do trabalhador e à exploração cruel do trabalho, aumentando os níveis de pobreza e miserabilidade e acirrando as contradições e a luta de classes.

Poverty is usually measured at the household level; however, there is growing evidence that households do not share their resources equally. Using data from the material deprivation module in the 2014 Living Conditions Survey this article provides new insight on intra-household inequality in contexts of recession. Households strive to protect children from poverty but are not always able to do so. The combination of adult and child-specific deprivation measures permits the identification of a subset of particularly vulnerable households that are often deprived of basic needs. Additionally, a substantial minority of children do not have their social, leisure and extended educational needs covered. The article argues for more ambitious policy interventions to protect households with children, particularly in times of recession., La pobreza se mide generalmente a nivel de hogar. Sin embargo, hay evidencia creciente de que los hogares no distribuyen recursos equitativamente. Utilizando datos del módulo de privación de material en la Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida 2014, este artículo proporciona nueva evidencia sobre la desigualdad dentro del hogar en contextos de recesión económica. Los hogares se esfuerzan por proteger a los menores de los efectos de la pobreza; pero no siempre lo consiguen. La combinación de medidas de privación de adultos y menores permite identificar un subconjunto de hogares particularmente vulnerables que a menudo se ven privados de necesidades básicas. Además, una minoría sustancial de niños no puede cubrir necesidades sociales, educativas y de ocio. El artículo aboga por intervenciones políticas más ambiciosas para proteger a los hogares con menores, particularmente en situaciones de recesión económica.

Introduction. Poverty is more multidimensional, but monetary-based method measures are merely one-dimensional. The multidimensional approach is more reliable for describing and analyzing children poverty. This study only focused on ten provinces in Sumatra out of 34 provinces in Indonesia. There are five major dimensions of indicators which are housing, facilities, food and nutrition, education, child protection and health.Purposes. This study used Multidimensional Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA) Approach on Alkire-Foster Method as a measuring tool for analyzing children poverty in Sumatra in 2017 and 2019.Results The number of 0-4 year-old-deprived children is decreasing for most dimensions in 2019, compared to 2017, except child protection dimension and the number of 5-17 years-old-deprived children is decreasing for most dimensions, except health dimension. 2) The condition of Child Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) becomes better in 2019. 3) Education is the most contributed dimension to child multi-dimensional poverty in Sumatra for 2017, while health dimension for 2019. 4) North Sumatra is the first highest score of Child MPI, headcount ratio, and intensity of poverty. 5) Bengkulu and Lampung are the provinces in 2017 and 2019 experiencing both monetary poverty and child multidimensional poverty above the Indonesia’s poverty rate and Child MPI in Sumatra.

Rhizomatic Cartographies of Children’s Lived Experience of Poverty and Vulnerability is an interdisciplinary research on children’s complex lived experience in Kenya. It is based on a one-year ethnographic research in Siaya, a county characterized by some of the lowest indicators of child wellbeing in Kenya. The research was guided by the key cartographical question, how is it both to be, and to be constructed as, a poor and vulnerable child in Siaya, Kenya? I took the rhizome, a Deleuzean imaginary for complexity, fluidity and interconnectedness as the conceptual, methodological, and organizing principle for my study. I explored the children’s experience as ‘cartography’, or a rhizomatic map from three interlinked every-day and symbolic spaces of children. These are: the household/home, and non-state and state programmes of support and schooling. Based on four main observations I demonstrate that contradictions suffuse the lived experience of children. First, due to poverty and associated vulnerabilities, children encounter challenges in enjoying their rights as citizens. Second, in the different spaces, children are targets of diverse interpretations and constructions of their identity and needs and these constructions influence their experience. Third, children and their caregivers draw on concrete, cultural and discursive strategies to cope with these constraints and constructions of their identity, rights and needs. They lay claims to their citizenship rights, but also perceive these rights as due from the state and a range of others. Finally, these strategies and sensibilities – themselves rhizomatic, in turn influence or become part of the cartographies of children’s lived experience of poverty and vulnerability. My research therefore reveals that children’s lived experience is not linear. It is formed at sometimes enduring and/or shifting interstices of material lack and historically/politically located factors. It also forms at complex social relations, inc

Background: To analyse the impact of austerity measures taken by European governments as a response to the 2008 economic and financial crisis on social determinants on child health (SDCH), and child health outcomes (CHO). Methods: A systematic literature review was carried out in Medline (Ovid), Embase, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and Sociological abstracts in the last 5 years from European countries. Studies aimed at analysing the Great Recession, governments' responses to the crisis, and its impact on SDCH were included. A narrative synthesis of the results was carried out. The risk of bias was assessed using the STROBE and EPICURE tools. Results: Fourteen studies were included, most of them with a low to intermediate risk of bias (average score 72.1%). Government responses to the crisis varied, although there was general agreement that Greece, Spain, Ireland and the United Kingdom applied higher levels of austerity. High austerity periods, compared to pre-austerity periods were associated with increased material deprivation, child poverty rates, and low birth weight. Increasing child poverty subsequent to austerity measures was associated with deterioration of child health. High austerity was also related to poorer access and quality of services provided to disabled children. An annual reduction of 1% on public health expenditure was associated to 0.5% reduction on Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccination coverage in Italy. Conclusions: Countries that applied high level of austerity showed worse trends on SDCH and CHO, demonstrating the importance that economic policy may have for equity in child health and development. European governments must act urgently and reverse these austerity policy measures that are detrimental to family benefits and child protection.

The aim of this thesis was to investigate the primary school principals' experiences and perceptions regarding the work to manage child poverty. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted by meaningful selection of four principals at municipal primary schools. A conventional content analysis was performed to identify codes and categories in the data. Four main categories were identified. The results were presented on the basis of the main categories: The concept of child poverty and awareness of child poverty, Cooperation and engagement, School governance and responsibility, and The compensatory assignment. The work to manage child poverty perceived to be directly linked to the school's compensatory assignment, but there were differences in how the assignment was comprehended. At the schools where the compensatory assignment led to increased equality, rules and regulations had been introduced by the municipality and the principal. Which shows that child poverty has to be recognized, the term must be established and communal strategies and policies has to be adopted to prevent poverty from having a negative impact on children's and adolescent's schooling.

The aim of this study has been to investigate if and how municipal guidelines of welfare benefits has discussed child perspective. A qualitative study with 11 municipal guidelines from Sweden has been content analyzed. The sample was made through a targeted selection based on Save the Childrens list of Swedish municipalities placement on the top or the bottom of child poverty. Theories that has been used in the analyze of the guidelines has been child sociology and new institutional theory. This study’s result showed that municipal guidelines has flaws in the embodiment of the child perspective. Of 11 guidelines only 1 was consistent with a child perspective. Some of the guidelines did not even discuss the child perspective or did it poorly when analyzed from child sociology terms. Still some of the municipalities in their guidelines present themselves as executors of the child perspectives. The way of contradiction found in some of the guidelines has resulted in forming of the term contradiction paradox, in an attempt to explain what has been seen through the analysis.

Effects from colonial processes persist in the violation of rights and act in the configuration of child poverty in the Latin America context. In the discussion we highlight the pair of child poverty and colonialism, which still walk hand in hand, acting in violation of rights of provision, protection and participation of children. This scenario, which is very frequently reproduced in several Latin American countries, is represented in the statements of Guatemalan girls and adolescents, heard through individual interviews. Ensuring the rights of children requires overcoming the effects of culturally rooted colonial processes. In this direction, the constitution of decolonial processes through intercultural education allows child poverty in the multidimensional perspective to be gradually overcome., Efeitos advindos dos processos coloniais perduram na violação de direitos e atuam na configuração da pobreza infantil no contexto da América Latina. Na discussão destacamos o par pobreza infantil e colonialismo, que ainda andam de mãos fortemente unidas, atuando na violação de direitos de provisão, proteção e participação da infância. Esse cenário que se reproduz com grande frequência em diversos países latino americanos está representado nas falas de meninas e adolescentes da Guatemala, ouvidas mediante entrevistas individuais. A garantia dos direitos da infância requer a superação dos efeitos dos processos coloniais, enraizados culturalmente. Nessa direção, a constituição de processos decoloniais via educação intercultural possibilita que a pobreza infantil na perspectiva multidimensional seja gradativamente superada., Efectos provenientes de los procesos coloniales perduran en la violación de derechos y actúan en la configuración de la pobreza infantil en el contexto de América Latina. En la discusión destacamos el par pobreza infantil y colonialismo, que aún andan de manos fuertemente unidas, actuando en la violación de derechos de provisión, protección y participación de la infancia. Este escenario que se reproduce con gran frecuencia en diversos países latinoamericanos está representado en las conversaciones de niñas y adolescentes de Guatemala, escuchadas mediante entrevistas individuales. La garantía de los derechos de la infancia requiere la superación de los efectos de los procesos coloniales, arraigados culturalmente. En esa dirección, la constitución de procesos de colonización vía educación intercultural posibilita que la pobreza infantil en la perspectiva multidimensional sea gradualmente superada.

In recent years in Italy, as a result of the initiative by the NGO Save the Children Italia and of the government action, we have witnessed the success of the notion of “povertà educativa”, as an effective way to indicate severe inequalities in education across the country. Firstly, the aim of this paper is to shed light on the different concepts and measures of educational poverty in socioeconomic literature, in order to highlight specific and innovative aspects of this idea. Moreover, the paper intends to scrutinize Save the Children’s proposal in order to monitor and tackle educational poverty as well as to show how the action of the NGO has influenced the development of Italian recent government policies against child and educational poverty.

In international comparisons, Sweden is one of the countries with the lowest number of children growing up in poverty; its material standard is high, and welfare services are extensive and heavily subsidised. How child poverty can be understood in that context is interrogated in the article. The point of departure for the discussion is Swedish Save the Children’s 2013 anti-poverty campaign Fattigskolan [Poverty School]. The campaign presents child poverty from the vantage point of a welfare state and is informative for understanding normative discourses on childhood. Childhood is investigated as a social imagination that both structures children’s and parents’ everyday lives and organises society. It is argued that the dominant social imagination is based on a middle-class fantasy permeating the organisation of the welfare state. The elements of this fantasy are critical to understanding child poverty.

近年, 子どもの貧困が注目されている。看護職者は, このような状況にある子どもの生活の質が向上するよう, 子どもと家族を支援する必要がある。本研究は, 困窮度の高い世帯の子どもの健康関連Quality of Life(QOL)の特徴を明らかにすることを目的とした。小学生と中学生を対象とし, 日本語版PedsQL(PedsQL-J)を用いた質問紙調査を実施した。相対的貧困世帯とそれ以外の世帯を比較したところ, 小学生の相対的貧困世帯も中学生の相対的貧困世帯も半数以上がひとり親家族であった。相対的貧困世帯の小学生のQOLは, PedsQL-Jの4下位尺度のうち「学校」が有意に低かった。23項目別にみると, 5項目に差があり, このうち下位尺度「学校」に差が出た項目は, 「忘れっぽい」, 「学校の勉強についていくのがむずかしい」, 「病院や医者に行くために学校を休む」の3項目であった。……, Recently, concern about child poverty has risen. Nurses need to support children and families in poverty in order to improve their quality of life (QOL). The purpose of this study was to clarify health-related QOL of children in relatively poor households. A questionnaire using the Japanese version of the PedsQL (PedsQL-J) was given to both parents and children of elementary and junior high school. Comparing children in relatively poor with those in other households, more than 50% of children in relatively poor households belonged to single-parent families in both elementary and junior high schools....

The purpose of the thesis was to better understand the phenomenon of social deprivation, world-wide and in particular in New Zealand. Social deprivation has been defined in many ways with multiple surrogates used to ‘measure’ its prevalence. The aim of this research was to provide examples of the lived experiences of social deprivation. Social constructivist and interpretive lenses were used to portray the voices of those living in deprivation, as well as those people tasked to assist them. A narrative case study approach was employed with participants from Whānau Ora. This social and health initiative offered a holistic approach to assistance in contrast to the usual State agencies operating in a silo fashion, with separate agencies providing for different aspects of social deprivation such as housing, employment, mental health and other services. The approach of Whānau Ora is to support clients’ needs holistically and encourage people to develop their own plans for self- improvement. Navigators help people develop their plans and assist in their interactions with the various State agencies whose services they require. This approach allowed a better understanding of ways to overcome people’s feelings of powerlessness and desperation. The findings from the study lead to suggestions for the application of evidence-based, complementary, integrated assistance programmes rather than having segregated public service agencies acting independently. The recommendations are simple yet require profound changes in public service operations when attempting to ameliorate or prevent social deprivation among citizens.

L’article presenta una anàlisi de les potencialitats i les dificultats del treball en xarxa que s’ha desenvolupat en el programa Caixa- Proinfància a Vigo, que inicia el seu camí l’any 2016. A partir d’una metodologia qualitativa, s’han recollit les valoracions aportades per quatre professionals de la Taula Tècnica que exerceixen la seva tasca socioeducativa en aquest territori. La recerca revela que aquesta xarxa permet articular la coordinació dels recursos locals i la unificació de criteris d’intervenció per abordar la naturalesa multidimensional de la pobresa infantil, The article offers an analysis of the potential opportunities and difficulties of the networking approach developed in the CaixaProinfancia programme in Vigo, which was launched in 2016. On the basis of a qualitative methodology, it presents the assessments of the programme by a technical panel of four professional social education workers employed in the region. The research indicates that this networking approach contributes to the coordination of local resources and the unification of intervention criteria to address child poverty as a multidimensional phenomenon, El artículo presenta un análisis de las potencialidades y las dificultades del trabajo en red desarrollado en el programa Caixa- Proinfancia en Vigo, que inicia su andadura en el año 2016. Con base en una metodología cualitativa, se han recogido las valoraciones aportadas por cuatro profesionales de la Mesa Técnica que ejercen su labor socioeducativa en este territorio. La investigación revela que esta red permite articular la coordinación de los recursos locales y la unificación de criterios de intervención para abordar la naturaleza multidimensional de la pobreza infantil

To reduce child poverty and income instability, and eliminate extreme poverty among families with children in the United States, we propose converting the Child Tax Credit and child tax exemption into a universal, monthly child allowance. Our proposal is based on principles we argue should undergird the design of such policies: universality, accessibility, adequate payment levels, and more generous support for young children. Whether benefits should decline with additional children to reflect economies of scale is a question policymakers should consider. Analyzing 2015 Current Population Survey data, we estimate our proposed child allowance would reduce child poverty by about 40 percent, deep child poverty by nearly half, and would effectively eliminate extreme child poverty. Annual net cost estimates range from $66 billion to $105 billion.

Uppsatsen utgår ifrån hur socialarbetares vittnesmål problematiserar det sociala arbetets struktur gällande ekonomisk utsatthet bland barnfamiljer. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer undersöker studien hur barnfamiljer med svag ekonomi upplever att vardagen påverkas av deras ekonomiska situation, vad de tvingas avstå ifrån samt vilket stöd de erfarit från myndigheter och civilsamhälle. Studiens teoretiska ansats utgörs av Baumans teori om konsumtionssamhället, Goffmans Stigma, Bourdieus kapital samt Beckers stämplingsteori. Uppsatsens resultat påvisar hur familjernas upplevelser av ekonomisk utsatthet i Sverige 2018 skiljer sig ifrån varandra samtidigt som beröringspunkter kan uttydas; föräldrarnas krympta valmöjligheter att samt deras kamp för att ge sina barn möjligheter att delta i samhället på samma villkor som andra. Familjernas upplevelser av att tvingas avstå från saker som andra har av ekonomiska skäl förklarar den ekonomiska utsatthetens skiftningar och hur deprivationens omfattning varierar mellan studiens deltagare. Familjernas erfarenheter av stöd genom statliga myndigheter i samband med ekonomiska problem kan sammanfattas genom deras negativa erfarenheter av socialtjänstens bemötande. De flesta föredrar att vända sig till civilsamhällets ideella organisationer när de behöver stöd: ekonomiskt såväl som känslomässigt. Innebörden av familjernas upplevelser av att avvika från normen i konsumtionssamhället kan ifrågasätta tanken bakom en skälig levnadsnivå och statliga myndigheters förhållningssätt gentemot ekonomiskt utsatta barnfamiljer.

The aim of the study is to investigate various aspects of child poverty related to the work at youth centers. The purpose of the study is also to investigate experiences of the area in which the youth center is located. In order to investigate the purpose and questions of the study, six individual interviews have been conducted with the staff at a youth center located in a suburb in Stockholm city. The empirical material has been analyzed based on theories of class and consumer society. The study answers three questions with the first one describing the staff’s view of the area in which the youth center is located, as well as what effects these descriptions may have on their clientele. The remaining issues deals with the social consequences of child poverty which the staff identify and work counteracting. The study's conclusions show that the relative child poverty can adversely affect the social life of youths. It can cause difficulties in the maintaining of social relationships with peers and create feelings such as shame, fear and exclusion. This is explained by the demands placed on individuals to achieve a desirable class and consumer level. The study also showsthat the area’s character has an impact on the clientele. Furthermore, the study concludes that the youth center is working actively against the social consequences via inclusion, health and care., Syftet med studien är att undersöka olika aspekter av barnfattigdom kopplat till fritidsgårdars arbete. Syftet är även att undersöka upplevelser av det område som verksamheten ligger i. För att undersöka studiens syfte och frågeställningar har sex stycken enskilda intervjuer genomförts med personal på en fritidsgård belägen i en närförort till Stockholms stad. Empirin har sedan analyserats utifrån teorier om klass och konsumtionssamhället. Studien svarar på tre frågeställningar och den första beskriver personalens uppfattning av området som fritidsgården är belägen i, samt vad dessa kan ha för betydelse för deras klientel. Resterande frågeställningar behandlar de sociala konsekvenser av barnfattigdom som personalen på fritidsgården identifierar och arbetar mot. Studiens slutsatser visar på att den relativa barnfattigdomen kan påverka ungdomars sociala liv negativt. Det kan därmed medföra svårigheter att upprätthålla sociala relationer till jämnåriga samt känslor av skam, rädsla och utanförskap. Detta förklarat utifrån de krav som ställs på individer att uppnå en eftersträvad klass och konsumtionsnivå. Studien kommer även fram till att områdets karaktär påverkar vilka ungdomar som väljer att besöka fritidsgården. Till sist drar studien slutsatser om att fritidsgården aktivt arbetar mot de sociala konsekvenserna genom inkludering, hälsa och omsorg.

he CaixaProinfancia program seeks the promotion of children and families in poverty and vulnerability in Spain from a social and educative action. his multidimensional action is coordinated and provided by the organization of local socio-educational networks. One of the irst strategies used to explore the impact of the program has been the evaluative study from the perspective of the stakeholders. his methodology, close to the tradition of the Grounded heory, has been chosen given the internal needs of accountability and the limitations to have comparison groups. To analyze the information obtained through focus groups and interviews, we have used an inductive process which is valid to improve the understanding of the program and its efectiveness. he main results of the evaluation indicate greater empowerment of the participants, progress in the educative development of children and their school inclusion, increase family well being and improvements in the implementation of a comprehensive socio-educational action model., El programa CaixaProinfancia busca la promoción de la infancia y las familias en situación de pobreza y vulnerabilidad en España desde una acción social y educativa integral. Esta acción multidimensional se coordina y provee mediante la organización de redes socio-educativas territoriales. Una de las primeras estrategias para explorar el impacto del programa ha sido el análisis de la percepción de los grupos de interés. Se ha optado por esta metodología, próxima a la tradición de la Grounded heory, dadas las necesidades internas de rendición de cuentas y las limitaciones para disponer de grupos de comparación. El proceso inductivo de análisis de la información obtenida mediante grupos focales y entrevistas se muestra válido para mejorar la comprensión del programa y su efectividad. Los resultados principales de la evaluación indican mayor empoderamiento de los participantes, mejoras en el desarrollo educativo de los niños y su inclusión escolar, incremento del bienestar familiar y avances en la implementación de un modelo de acción socio-educativa integral.

This report analyses the policy settings in mid-2018 for their potential to improve the position of the worst-off children in New Zealand. The Labour-led government, elected at the end of 2017, seeks to place child well-being at the heart of their policies. As a first step, legislation setting out four primary measures and six supplementary measures of child poverty has been introduced. The purpose of this bill is to …encourage a focus on child poverty reduction, facilitate political accountability against published targets, require transparent reporting on child poverty levels, and create a greater commitment by Government to address child well-being. (New Zealand Parliament, 2018) Over ten years ago, the Ministry of Social Development (MSD) identified “pockets of significant hardship” where some families were falling below the “very stringent 40% after housing costs poverty line where there is nothing in reserve”(Ministry of Social Development, 2007). For our purposes here, children in families which fall under the 40% poverty line – that is, 40% of median, equivalised, disposable household income, after housing costs, also known as the 40% AHC line – are taken as ‘the worst-off’ children. In 2016, ten years after the Ministry first voiced concern that any children fell below this line, there were at least 140,000 children in this group. Child advocacy groups have argued that the 40% AHC line needs to become one of the primary measures in the Child Poverty Reduction Bill and that no child should fall below it (Child Poverty Action Group, 2018b). This working paper provides a technical analysis to show how much is needed to address the poverty of these 140,000 children in a significant way. The finding is that current policy settings in the Families Package to be implemented from 1 July 2018 are seriously inadequate for the task. This report was written in mid-2018 as very low income families wait for relief from the Families Package, with a long winter to follow i