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Aquest article mostra els patrons foscos que s’usen freqüentment en el disseny del procés d’obtenció del consentiment de les galetes de llocs web. Un dels objectius principals d’aquests patrons és obtenir dades per a tercers sobre les accions que fan els usuaris en un lloc web. Es tracta de dades personals que afecten la privacitat dels usuaris. L’article analitza els tipus de disseny que s’usen més sovint en l’àmbit europeu i les seves variants. Per cadascun d’aquests tipus, s’analitzen quines són les opcions que es presenten als usuaris i quins són els patrons foscos que s’usen en cada cas. Partint d’aquesta anàlisi, indiquem quins són els tipus de disseny que faciliten més la tria de l’opció més beneficiosa per a la privacitat dels usuaris., This paper discusses the dark patterns that are frequently used in the design of the process for getting cookie consent on websites. One of the main purposes of these patterns is to obtain data for third parties about the actions that users perform in a website. This is personal data that affects the privacy of users. This paper analyzes the types of design that are most often used in Europe, and their variants. For each of these types, the options presented to users and the dark patterns which are used in each case are discussed. Based on this analysis, the authors point out which design types make it easier to choose the most beneficial option for users’ privacy., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Aquest article mostra els patrons foscos que s’usen freqüentment en el disseny del procés d’obtenció del consentiment de les galetes de llocs web. Un dels objectius principals d’aquests patrons és obtenir dades per a tercers sobre les accions que fan els usuaris en un lloc web. Es tracta de dades personals que afecten la privacitat dels usuaris. L’article analitza els tipus de disseny que s’usen més sovint en l’àmbit europeu i les seves variants. Per cadascun d’aquests tipus, s’analitzen quines són les opcions que es presenten als usuaris i quins són els patrons foscos que s’usen en cada cas. Partint d’aquesta anàlisi, indiquem quins són els tipus de disseny que faciliten més la tria de l’opció més beneficiosa per a la privacitat dels usuaris., This paper discusses the dark patterns that are frequently used in the design of the process for getting cookie consent on websites. One of the main purposes of these patterns is to obtain data for third parties about the actions that users perform in a website. This is personal data that affects the privacy of users. This paper analyzes the types of design that are most often used in Europe, and their variants. For each of these types, the options presented to users and the dark patterns which are used in each case are discussed. Based on this analysis, the authors point out which design types make it easier to choose the most beneficial option for users’ privacy.

Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2023

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur ungdomar upplever att deras föreställningar av sex och relationer påverkas utav pornografiskt material samt hur vuxna kan vara ett positivt stöd för ungdomar vid utforskandet av sin sexualitet och relationer. 217 ungdomar deltog varav 85 tjejer, 128 killar och 4 identifierade sig som icke-binär. Medelåldern på deltagarna var 17 år. Studien genomfördes via en kvantitativ ansats och webbenkät via Microsoft Forms bestående av 42 frågor. Analys av empiri gjordes genom programmet IMB SPSS statistics v. 28 där deskriptiva samt bivariata parametriska t-tester utfördes.Vidare användes Pearsons korrelationsanalys vid parametriska tester och vid fåtal tillfällen användes Spearmans korrelationsanalys vid icke normalfördelade variabler. Teori om sexuella skript brukades för att förstå, tolka samt analyseraresultat. Resultaten visade att ungdomar påverkades utav pornografiskt material i deras föreställningar om sex och relationer både i förväntningar på sex samt vad det ska innehålla samt att vi fann skillnader för de ungdomar som var i relation jämfört med de som var singlar. Fynd visade även att ungdomar hade behov av stöd av samhället och vuxna i utforskandet utav relationer och sex då många ungdomar saknade en vuxen att tala med. Det framkom även att ungdomarna upplevde brister i skolans sexualundervisning. Avslutningsvis redogörs diskussion kring problematiken att killar och tjejer uppvisade skillnader mellan våldsamt sex och samtycke samt förslag på framtida forskning.

Syftet med denna kunskapsöversikt var att sammanställa och undersöka kunskap kring BDSM kopplat till våld, samtycke och normer. Genom att samla in forskning från en bredd av olika fält introducerade denna studie olika perspektiv på BDSM till socialt arbete. För människor som arbetar med individer som misstänks vara våldsutsatta eller möter människor som utövar BDSM är det viktigt att kunna skilja på BDSM-utövning från våld och övergrepp. Analysen av de 28 relevanta källorna redovisades i tre teman. Våld och BDSM som visade att även om det finns klara skillnader gällande samtycke och syfte mellan våld och BDSM ser vissa människor BDSM som våld. Sexuella normer, samtycke och BDSM uppmärksammade att BDSM-gemenskaper både har en mer komplex förståelse och ett tydligare sätt att kommunicera kring samt förhandla fram samtycke än övriga samhället. BDSM:s stigmatisering och dess konsekvenser uppmärksammade bemötandet av BDSM-utövare och behovet av mer kunskap och förståelse, speciellt inom människobehandlande yrken., The aim for this literature review was to compile and examine research on the topic of BDSM connected to consent, norms, and violence. By collecting research from different scientific fields, this study introduced the different perspectives of BDSM to the field of social work. It is important for people who work with individuals who practice BDSM or people that might be subjected to violence to maintain knowledge about how to differentiate abuse and violence from BDSM. The analysis of the twenty-eight studies are declared in three themes. Violence and BDSM which showed that despite the clear differences in consent and purpose between violence and BDSM there are still people who see BDSM as abusive. Sexual norms, consent and BDSM highlighted how BDSM-communities have both a more complex understanding surrounding consent as well as more clear-cut way of communicating and negotiating it compared to the rest of society. BDSMs stigmatization and its consequences highlighted the treatment of BDSM-practitioners and the need for more knowledge and understanding especially when it comes to professions that are supposed to help people.

There is a widespread problem of cookie banners not being compliant with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which negatively impacts user experience and violates personal data rights. To mitigate this issue, strides need to be made in violation detection to assist developers, designers, lawyers, organizations, and authorities in designing and enforcing GDPR-compliant cookie banners. In this thesis, we present a novel method and an open-source tool for automatically analyzing the GDPR compliance of cookie banners. The tool uniquely leverages large language models together with static code analysis to locate and analyze any cookie banner, using only the website address as input. Informed by the Design Science Research methodology, our research process involved interviews with GDPR legal experts and a thorough review of current literature in order to understand the problem context and define the objectives for our solution. After an initial version of the tool was created, an evaluation was performed by a GDPR legal expert. The feedback revealed that even at this early development stage, the tool approaches the capabilities of a trained eye, which illustrates its potential. Furthermore, our proposed method is generalizable and can be used under many domains to solve various problems (e.g., more generalized web scraping). However, further development and testing with the help of legal experts is required to enhance the tool's accuracy and validity.

In the light of the relevant EU case-law (Tele2, Ministerio Fiscal, Privacy International, La Quadrature du Net, French Data Network, Ordre des barreaux francophones et germanophone, G.D., SpaceNet, VD and SR and Spetsializirana prokuratura) and the decision practice of the Italian Data Protection Authority (decisions n. 1580543 of 19 December 2008 and 3736199 of 22 January 2015), this article aims at ascertaining whether, and if so under what conditions, the EU legislation on the protection of privacy and personal data (GDPR, directives LED and e-privacy) allows public authorities involved in the research of missing persons (rescue, police and/or judicial) to access (directly and indirectly) their personal data (location and/or traffic data) even without the prior consent of the latter, including outside of any criminal investigation.

The adoption of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has resulted in a significant shift in how the data of European Union citizens is handled. A variety of data sharing challenges in scenarios such as smart cities have arisen, especially when attempting to semantically represent GDPR legal bases, such as consent, contracts and the data types and specific sources related to them. Most of the existing ontologies that model GDPR focus mainly on consent. In order to represent other GDPR bases, such as contracts, multiple ontologies need to be simultaneously reused and combined, which can result in inconsistent and conflicting knowledge representation. To address this challenge, we present the smashHitCore ontology. smashHitCore provides a unified and coherent model for both consent and contracts, as well as the sensor data and data processing associated with them. The ontology was developed in response to real-world sensor data sharing use cases in the insurance and smart city domains. The ontology has been successfully utilised to enable GDPR-complaint data sharing in a connected car for insurance use cases and in a city feedback system as part of a smart city use case.

El objeto de este trabajo es realizar una crítica a la reforma del art. 156 del Código Penal, el cual permitía llevar a cabo, bajo autorización judicial, la esterilización de una persona con discapacidad psíquica que careciera de toda aptitud para consentir a tales efectos. Tal previsión ha sido suprimida por la Ley Orgánica 2/2020, de 16 de diciembre, basándose en que la esterilización “forzosa” suponía una grave anomalía en términos de derechos humanos, de acuerdo con lo dispuesto en diversas normas y recomendaciones internacionales. Primero, a modo de introducción, se realiza una breve aproximación al recorrido histórico-penal de la esterilización de personas con discapacidad. Segundo, se analiza el art. 156 CP antes de su eliminación, estudiando los elementos que lo componían y el conflicto de intereses que vendría a resolver. Tercero, se abordan las razones de la modificación del art. 156 CP y las consecuencias penales de la misma, tomando una postura crítica sobre ello. El trabajo termina con unas reflexiones finales a propósito de la reforma., The aim of this paper is to critique the reform of art. 156 of the Criminal Code, which allowed the sterilisation of a person with a disability who lacked the capacity to consent to such effects to be carried out under judicial authorisation. This provision was abolished by Organic Law 2/2020 of 16 December, on the grounds that "forced" sterilisation was a serious anomaly in terms of human rights, in accordance with the provisions of various international standards and recommendations. First, a brief overview of the criminal history of the sterilisation of persons with disabilities is provided. Second, an analysis is made of Article 156 of the Criminal Code before its reform, studying the elements that comprise it and the conflict of interests that it was intended to resolve. Thirdly, the reasons for the modification of Art. 156 of the Criminal Code and the criminal consequences of the same are addressed, taking a critical stance on this. The work ends with some final reflections on the reform.

This essay examines the legal framework and the legal assessments regarding involuntary sexual acts in rape cases when the plaintiff has a mental disability. People with mental disabilities (here: intellectual- and neuropsychological disabilities) have greater difficulties expressing themselves and understanding other people, which puts them at greater risk of being sexually abused. Both Swedish and international studies show that people with mental disabilities often experience desexualisation from their surroundings, despite having just as real and profound desire of intimacy and sexual relations as any other person. People with mental disabilities have the right to enjoy legal capacity on an equal basis with others and to have their will and preferences respected. Hence, it is important that the legal framework and the enforcement of it provide equal protection for people with mental disabilities against unwanted sexual interactions, at the same time as the right to sexual self-determination is respected. Consequently, this essay examines how involuntariness should be assessed according to the law, and is being assessed in court, in rape cases when the plaintiff has a mental disability. With this focus, I aim to identify potential problems in this remark attributed to the interest of protection against unwanted sexual interactions and the right to self-determination. The essay is concentrated on the assessment of involuntariness in the first sentence of the first section in chapter six of the Swedish Criminal Code, and the assessment of improper exploitation of a vulnerable situation due to mental disability, in the second part of the fourth sentence in the same section. The essay is based on a legal dogmatic method regarding the examination of the legal framework, and an empirical method regarding the examination of the assessments in court. The empirical part contains a thematic content analysis of court rulings in Tingsrätter (District Courts) and Hovrätter (C, Aktuell uppsats undersöker de rättsliga utgångspunkterna och bedömningarna av ett ofrivilligt deltagande i våldtäktsfall där målsäganden har en psykisk funktionsnedsättning. Målsäganden som har psykiska funktionsnedsättningar (i uppsatsen: intellektuell- och neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar) har större svårigheter att uttrycka sig och förstå andra människors kommunikationer, vilket gör att de löper större risk att utsättas för oönskade sexuella handlingar. Samtidigt visar både svensk och internationell forskning att personer med funktionsnedsättningar ofta behandlas av omgivningen som om de inte har ett verkligt intresse av sexuell närhet och relationer. Personer med funktionsnedsättningar har lika rätt som alla andra att erkännas rättskapacitet och få sina önskningar och viljor beaktade. Det är således av vikt att rätten och tillämpningen av densamma ger personer med psykiska funktionsnedsättningar samma skydd mot oönskade sexuella handlingar som alla andra åtnjuter, samtidigt som den sexuella självbestämmanderätten respekteras. I uppsatsen undersöks således hur ofrivillighetsbedömningen enligt våldtäktslagstiftningen ska göras och hur bedömningen av ofrivillighet görs i domstol i fall där målsäganden har en psykisk funktionsnedsättning. Detta görs i syfte att belysa om det finns några problem hänförliga till intressena om skydd för oönskade sexuella handlingar och sexuell självbestämmanderätt. Fokus ligger på ofrivillighetsrekvisitet i första meningen i 6 kap. 1 § första stycket brottsbalken, samt bedömningen av ett otillbörligt utnyttjande av en särskilt utsatt situation i styckets fjärde mening andra punkten. Uppsatsen utgår dels från en rättsdogmatisk metod vad gäller utredningen av gällande rätt, dels från en empirisk metod vad gäller undersökningen av ofrivillighetsbedömningar i domstol. Den empiriska delen utgörs av en tematisk innehållsanalys av underrättsavgöranden, då det saknas praxis från HD i dessa frågor. Jag konstaterar vissa rättssäkerhetspr

Internet of Things (IoT), det vill säga fysiska objekt med inbyggd elektronik som kan kopplas upp mot internet och styras eller utbyta data över nätet, har idag blivit en självklar del i många personers vardag. Det kan vara allt från hälsoarmband och kylskåp, till glödlampor och termostater. Som förutspås har vi dock ännu inte sett det stora genombrottet för denna teknik och vad den kan komma att användas till. Vid en inblick i vad IoT-objekt kan göra i dagens läge och vad de kan tänkas utföra i framtiden står det klart att vi lever i en snabbt förändrande värld där vi står på randen till en ny digital era som kommer revolutionera våra liv och allt vi gör. I och med den förväntade explosionen av IoT-objekt i världen kommer dock även insamlingen och behandlingen av enskildas personliga data att öka markant. Då många har, och kommer att ha, IoT-objekt nära inpå kroppen och i sina hem innebär det att data samlas in från enskildas allra personligaste sfär. Detta innebär stora risker för enskildas integritet och rätt till privatliv. Det är därmed angeläget att det föreligger en lagstiftning som kan hänga med i den tekniska utvecklingen och skydda enskilda personers integritet och mänskliga rättigheter. I Europeiska unionen är det främst dataskyddsförordningen, mer känd som GDPR, som är tänkt att reglera just detta. Syftet med denna uppsats är därmed att undersöka hur väl dataskyddsförordningen är anpassad för denna relativt nya, men framför allt snabbväxande, teknik. För att undersökningen ska utföras inom en rimlig ram fokuseras den på dataskyddsförordningens lagliga grund samtycke, eftersom denna är en av grundpelarna i förordningen. Den lagliga grunden samtycke är dessutom av särskild relevans i förhållande till IoT. Uppsatsen har skrivits utifrån den rättsdogmatiska samt den EU-rättsliga metoden. Uppsatsen har i huvudsak baserats på dataskyddsförordningen, men även på riktlinjer antagna av Europeiska dataskyddsstyrelsen (EDPB) och artikel 29-gruppen. Andra källor som, The Internet of Things (IoT), i.e. physical objects with embedded electronics that can be connected to the internet and be controlled or exchange data over the network, has become an integral part of many people's daily lives. IoT devices can be anything from fitness trackers and refrigerators to light bulbs and thermostats. However, as is being predicted, we have yet to see the major breakthrough of this technology and what it can be used for. Looking at what IoT devices can do today and what they might do in the future, it is clear that we live in a rapidly changing world where we are on the verge of a new digital era that will revolutionise our lives and everything we do. However, with the expected explosion of IoT devices in the world, the collection and processing of individuals' personal data will also increase significantly. Since many people have, and will have, IoT devices close to their bodies and in their homes, it means that data is collected from the most personal sphere. This poses major risks to individuals' integrity and right to privacy. It is therefore essential that a legislation is in place that can keep up with technological developments and protect individuals' integrity and human rights. In the European Union, it is primarily the General Data Protection Regulation, more commonly known as GDPR, that is intended to regulate this. The purpose of this paper is thus to investigate how well the GDPR is adapted to this relatively new, but above all rapidly evolving, technology. In order for the study to be carried out within a reasonable framework, it has focused on the legal basis of consent, as this is one of the pillars of the Regulation. The legal basis of consent is also of particular relevance in relation to IoT. The paper has been written using the legal dogmatic method and the European legal method. The paper has mainly been based on the GDPR, but also guidelines adopted by the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) and the Article 29 Working

Islam is a complete code of life that provides guiding principles related to every word, deed and disposition of human life, whether the person's consent or consent is absent. Determining these punishments in Islam is to maintain peace in society. However, if they do not consent to the commission of this crime, but someone has forced them to commit this crime, then Islam has allowed their compulsion to be seen. And in some cases they have been exempted from punishment. Drinking alcohol is also a crime in Islam because it causes physical and social harm, which Islam has prescribed as a punishment. No, and whether there are laws related to this in our country, Pakistan, if there are, the laws should be compared with Islamic jurisprudence, and it should be brought to public attention to what extent the country's law is compatible with Islamic jurisprudence

The organizational ties of outsourced workers are multiple, inserted in a complex chain of relationships. On the one hand, there is the formal bond with the contracting organization, which is far from their daily work experience; and on the other, with the company for which the service is provided, where its activities are developed. This research sought to understand how the formation processes of organizational bonds occur: commitment, entrenchment and consent from the perception of organizational support of outsourced workers at the Federal University of Pernambuco. In a qualitative perspective, the results point to the understanding that only the satisfaction, albeit low, of hygienic factors is insufficient to strengthen the bonds between organization and individual, nor to guarantee the perception of support on the part of organizations, especially when dealing with outsourced individuals, implying direct reflections on their work and their experience within the organizational environment., Os vínculos organizacionais de trabalhadores terceirizados são múltiplos, inseridos em uma cadeia de relacionamento complexa. De um lado, há o vínculo formal com a organização contratante, que é distante de sua vivência cotidiana laboral; e de outro, com a empresa para a qual o serviço é prestado, onde suas atividades são desenvolvidas. Esta pesquisa buscou entender como ocorrem os processos de formação dos vínculos organizacionais: comprometimento, entrincheiramento e consentimento a partir da percepção de suporte organizacional dos trabalhadores terceirizados da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Em uma perspectiva qualitativa, os resultados apontam para o entendimento de que apenas a satisfação, ainda que baixa, de fatores higiênicos é insuficiente para o fortalecimento dos vínculos entre organização e indivíduo, tampouco para a garantia de percepção de suporte por parte das organizações, especialmente quando se evidencia indivíduos terceirizados, implicando em reflexos diretos em seu trabalho e na sua vivência dentro do ambiente organizacional.

This article is made to identify the real use of the general power of attorney and demonstrate the legality of its use, in a deed of sale of real estate, provided that in the same there is the express power of the principal for the sale of their properties, with this study can be verified that in Colombia, they use the same criteria, without violating the legal security of the parties involved in the contract. The process of buying and selling implies the capacity, disposition, legality and will to transfer a good, in this specific case real estate, where the seller/s who delivers the thing and the buyer/s who pays the money for the same, act that can be performed by their own rights or by means of a power of attorney that empowers such disposition. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the feasibility of registering the mentioned contracts in the Property Registry of any canton, making reference that both in the canton of Quito and in the Mejía cantón, Pichincha province , they are accepted and registered without any inconvenience, perfecting the tradition and proving that the use of the general power of attorney does not contravene any norm and its use is legitimate., El presente artículo está realizado para identificar el verdadero uso del poder general y demostrar la legalidad de su utilización, en una escritura de compraventa de inmuebles, siempre que en el mismo exista la facultad expresa del mandante para la venta de sus propiedades, con este estudio se puede comprobar que en Colombia, emplean el mismo criterio, sin vulnerar la seguridad jurídica de las partes intervinientes en el contrato. El proceso de compraventa conlleva implícita la capacidad, disposición, legalidad y voluntad de transferir un bien, en este caso específico inmueble, donde intervienen vendedor/es quien entrega la cosa y comprador/es quien paga el dinero por la misma, acto que lo pueden realizar por sus propios derechos o mediante un poder que faculte tal disposición. Este trabajo lo que procura es demostrar la factibilidad de inscribir los contratos mencionados en el Registro de la Propiedad de cualquier cantón, haciendo referencia que tanto en el cantón Quito, como en el cantón Mejía, provincia de Pichincha, son aceptados e inscritos sin ningún inconveniente, perfeccionando la tradición y comprobar que el uso del poder general no contraviene ninguna norma y su uso es legítimo.

Islam is a complete code of life that provides guiding principles related to every word, deed and disposition of human life, whether the person's consent or consent is absent. Determining these punishments in Islam is to maintain peace in society. However, if they do not consent to the commission of this crime, but someone has forced them to commit this crime, then Islam has allowed their compulsion to be seen. And in some cases they have been exempted from punishment. Drinking alcohol is also a crime in Islam because it causes physical and social harm, which Islam has prescribed as a punishment. No, and whether there are laws related to this in our country, Pakistan, if there are, the laws should be compared with Islamic jurisprudence, and it should be brought to public attention to what extent the country's law is compatible with Islamic jurisprudence

Animals are, or are like persons, and so should not be treated as mere property. But persons are not just non-property; they are contractors. They interact with property and with other persons. This article analyses the possibilities for a range of animals to fit within market liberal society as contractors from a legal disciplinary perspective. Some animals are capable of contract-like relationships of reciprocal exchange, and can consent, in a certain sense, to parts of such relationships. However, the dangers of the contractual frame, which is used to legitimate exploitation, may exceed the benefits. Some scholars have begun to explore these issues through the lens of animal labour, animals as workers deserving protections and benefits for their efforts. I analyse the application of contract to a variety of non-human animals and consider the discursive implications of this application, then draw out lessons for the ongoing use of animal labour framing. If we are to think through animals as workers, we should be careful to oppose the contractualization of that work – just as human worker advocates do.

This dissertation presents an ethnographic analysis of tipping in the restaurant sector of The Hamptons of Long Island, New York. Taking the form of a full participant insider ethnography, the research is based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with co-workers and in-role observations. The research took place in a small restaurant (under fifty employees) that served casual and moderately priced food and drink. The ethnographic research offers access to the processes of subjectivity formation, as well as to the economic relations produced by tipping. Tipping is a technique of labour control particularly suited to the neoliberal political economy. In this study neoliberalism is understood as a series of political, economic, and ideological practices that centre around individual and entrepreneurial freedoms, pure market logic, and consumerism. Those economic relations produce governable subjectivities for capital by making workers complicit in their own domination. This is done through a process of mobilization at the site of the server, whereby servers: 1) internalize a neoliberal logic and self-commodify; 2) are incentivized by the potential of working for tips; and 3) are informalized and individualized within their work and wage relations. Tipped workers are subject to a sub-minimum wage, which at the federal level is as low as $2.13 per hour. Some workers benefit from the tipped-wage system more than others, and those nearer to the top maintain the inequality and exploitation of this system as a whole. Tipping is both a post-Fordist technology that relieves capitalist companies from paying wages in full, and a neo-feudal master/servant relation of unequal dignity. That contradiction forces workers into an asymmetric relation outside of market neutrality. Tipping reinforces the hierarchies of class, gender, and race, and constructs an embodied labour that requires a sexualised selling of the self.

Erotic hypnosis fetishism is a practice involving gaining erotic or intimate pleasure from engaging in and/or roleplaying hypnosis, mind control, brainwashing, and/or hypnotic suggestion. Despite its surprising popularity as a sexual fetish interest, little is known about erotic hypnosis within the peer-reviewed academic literature. To fill this gap, this dissertation details a study which sought to better understand the social, developmental, ethical, and motivational characteristics surrounding erotic hypnosis fetishism. A set of 83 in-depth semi-structured interviews with a diverse set of erotic hypnosis fetishists was conducted between 2019-2021 (with both researcher- and community-derived questions), recruited at four erotic hypnosis conferences as well as via online advertisements and snowball sampling. The interviews were analyzed via an initial 2-round conventional content analysis, followed by a further 2-round (and occasionally 3-round) inductive thematic analysis on the content-coded data. The results of this study indicated that erotic hypnosis fetishists are motivated by a wide variety of different factors, including the opportunity to explore and play with aspects of their own psychology, to enhance and achieve other kink interests and to acquire practical benefits. Participants also reported that while consent was central to ethical erotic hypnosis, and that engaging in healthy consent practices required a team collaboration, substantial disagreements persisted in perceptions of the relative risk and management of consent and safety in erotic hypnosis communities. Furthermore, participants also noted that erotic hypnosis presented both challenges and opportunities for people with disabilities, especially for those who are neurodivergent, in part because of the overlap between erotic hypnosis and hypnotherapy. In the context of religion, faith, and spirituality, participants narrated both stories of conflict and stories of harmony between their erotic

This chapter is based on the results of a questionnaire that was distributed to students at Umeå University, Sweden, and investigates their propensity to accept online surveillance in relation to three conditions that could increase their acceptance of it: 1) that it results in personal benefits; 2) that they have consented to it; and 3) that society can benefit from it. To categorise the respondents’ positions, I use a conceptual apparatus from moral philosophy, namely, the distinction between deontological and consequentialist ethical views. The study reveals two clear tendencies among the respondents: The most considerable difference among them is a difference in their general attitudes to being surveilled online rather than a difference in ethical thinking of a kind that can be framed in terms of deontology and consequentialism; the personal benefits that can result from allowing online surveillance do not generally have any significant impact on their acceptance of it., This chapter was written as part of the project “iAccept: Soft Surveillance – Between Acceptance and Resistance” (MAW 2016.0092), funded by the Marcus and Amalia Wallenberg Foundation.

Users are often overwhelmed by privacy decisions to manage their personal data, which can happen on the web, in mobile, and in IoT environments. These decisions can take various forms -such as decisions for setting privacy permissions or privacy preferences, decisions responding to consent requests, or to intervene and ’reject’ processing of one’s personal data -, and each can have different legal impacts. In all cases and for all types of decisions, scholars and industry have been proposing tools to better automate the process of privacy decisions at different levels, in order to enhance usability. We provide in this paper an overview of the main challenges raised by the automation of privacy decisions, together with a classification scheme of the existing and envisioned work and proposals addressing automation of privacy decisions.

This chapter is based on the results of a questionnaire that was distributed to students at Umeå University, Sweden, and investigates their propensity to accept online surveillance in relation to three conditions that could increase their acceptance of it: 1) that it results in personal benefits; 2) that they have consented to it; and 3) that society can benefit from it. To categorise the respondents’ positions, I use a conceptual apparatus from moral philosophy, namely, the distinction between deontological and consequentialist ethical views. The study reveals two clear tendencies among the respondents: The most considerable difference among them is a difference in their general attitudes to being surveilled online rather than a difference in ethical thinking of a kind that can be framed in terms of deontology and consequentialism; the personal benefits that can result from allowing online surveillance do not generally have any significant impact on their acceptance of it., This chapter was written as part of the project “iAccept: Soft Surveillance – Between Acceptance and Resistance” (MAW 2016.0092), funded by the Marcus and Amalia Wallenberg Foundation.

This chapter is based on the results of a questionnaire that was distributed to students at Umeå University, Sweden, and investigates their propensity to accept online surveillance in relation to three conditions that could increase their acceptance of it: 1) that it results in personal benefits; 2) that they have consented to it; and 3) that society can benefit from it. To categorise the respondents’ positions, I use a conceptual apparatus from moral philosophy, namely, the distinction between deontological and consequentialist ethical views. The study reveals two clear tendencies among the respondents: The most considerable difference among them is a difference in their general attitudes to being surveilled online rather than a difference in ethical thinking of a kind that can be framed in terms of deontology and consequentialism; the personal benefits that can result from allowing online surveillance do not generally have any significant impact on their acceptance of it., This chapter was written as part of the project “iAccept: Soft Surveillance – Between Acceptance and Resistance” (MAW 2016.0092), funded by the Marcus and Amalia Wallenberg Foundation.

Sexual ethics is about the norms we should have when it comes to sex. It concerns how we should behave towards each other in terms of sexual acts. Within the field of sexual ethics, consent has acquired a central role in determining what is permissible and impermissible in sexual actions. This primarily focuses on whether consent can prevent sexual violation. Another focus is on whether individuals have a satisfying sexual life, a value that can be described as sexual flourishing. What has been missing in previous research is the emphasis on the relationship between consent and sexual flourishing. This is precisely the focus that this essay aims to explore - the connection between consent and sexual flourishing. In this essay, I will present arguments showing that consent and sexual flourishing do not harmonize well, and that consent can negatively impact sexual flourishing. The arguments are that consent creates an asymmetry between the sexual parties, based on two factors: that consent requires a strict structure that is lacking and that a person can relinquish their rights during the sexual act. I will then present two modifications of consent and examine whether they can avoid criticism and contribute to positive sexual flourishing. The conclusion is that due to consent requiring a specific structure tailored to agreements about objects, it is not suited for intimate situations involving bodily rights without further adjustments., Sexuell etik handlar om vilka normer vi ska ha när det gäller sexuella relationer och sexakter och därmed hur vi ska agera mot varandra när det kommer till sexuella handlingar. Inom området för sexuell etik har samtycke fått en central roll för att avgöra tillåtna och otillåtna sexakter, inslag och handlingar. Diskussionen runt samtycke fokuserar ofta på om samtycke kan förhindra sexuella överträdelser. Ett annat fokus inom sexuell etik är om individerna har ett tillfredställande sexuellt liv. Ett värde som ska fånga detta är sexuellt blomstrande. Det som har saknats i tidigare forskning är fokuseringen på relationen mellan samtycke och personers sexuella blomstrande. Syftet med denna uppsats är att utforska vilka konsekvenser samtycke kan ha för sexuellt blomstrande. I denna uppsats kommer jag att argumentera för att samtycke kan påverka sexuellt blomstrande negativt. Argumenten är att samtycke skapar en asymmetri mellan de inblandade parterna baserat på två faktorer: att samtycke kräver en specificerad struktur som saknas under sexakter och att personer ger upp rättigheten till sexuellt självbestämmande under sexakten efter ett samtycke. Konsekvensen är att på grund av att samtycke utgår från en specifik struktur som inte är anpassad till överenskommelser om kroppar och intima situationer så måste modifikationer av samtycke utredas. Min slutsats är utan ytterligare modifikationer och förbättringar är samtycke inte lämplig för intima situationer.

The practice of "kidfluencing," or using children as social media influencers to promote commercial products and services, raises ethical concerns about the commodification of childhood, them being viewed as products, and their rights falling between the gaps. This essay critically examines the moral dilemmas and challenges in regulating kidfluencing practices from a Kantian and virtue ethics perspective, analyzing the implications of commodifying childhood and the potential harm it can cause. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child is used as a framework for evaluating the moral interests of children in the context of kidfluencing practices. Arguments for and against regulating kidfluencing practices and the challenges and dilemmas in achieving effective and consistent regulation are presented. The essay concludes with a summary acknowledging the limitations and the need for further research.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur ungdomar upplever att deras föreställningar av sex och relationer påverkas utav pornografiskt material samt hur vuxna kan vara ett positivt stöd för ungdomar vid utforskandet av sin sexualitet och relationer. 217 ungdomar deltog varav 85 tjejer, 128 killar och 4 identifierade sig som icke-binär. Medelåldern på deltagarna var 17 år. Studien genomfördes via en kvantitativ ansats och webbenkät via Microsoft Forms bestående av 42 frågor. Analys av empiri gjordes genom programmet IMB SPSS statistics v. 28 där deskriptiva samt bivariata parametriska t-tester utfördes.Vidare användes Pearsons korrelationsanalys vid parametriska tester och vid fåtal tillfällen användes Spearmans korrelationsanalys vid icke normalfördelade variabler. Teori om sexuella skript brukades för att förstå, tolka samt analyseraresultat. Resultaten visade att ungdomar påverkades utav pornografiskt material i deras föreställningar om sex och relationer både i förväntningar på sex samt vad det ska innehålla samt att vi fann skillnader för de ungdomar som var i relation jämfört med de som var singlar. Fynd visade även att ungdomar hade behov av stöd av samhället och vuxna i utforskandet utav relationer och sex då många ungdomar saknade en vuxen att tala med. Det framkom även att ungdomarna upplevde brister i skolans sexualundervisning. Avslutningsvis redogörs diskussion kring problematiken att killar och tjejer uppvisade skillnader mellan våldsamt sex och samtycke samt förslag på framtida forskning.

There is a widespread problem of cookie banners not being compliant with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which negatively impacts user experience and violates personal data rights. To mitigate this issue, strides need to be made in violation detection to assist developers, designers, lawyers, organizations, and authorities in designing and enforcing GDPR-compliant cookie banners. In this thesis, we present a novel method and an open-source tool for automatically analyzing the GDPR compliance of cookie banners. The tool uniquely leverages large language models together with static code analysis to locate and analyze any cookie banner, using only the website address as input. Informed by the Design Science Research methodology, our research process involved interviews with GDPR legal experts and a thorough review of current literature in order to understand the problem context and define the objectives for our solution. After an initial version of the tool was created, an evaluation was performed by a GDPR legal expert. The feedback revealed that even at this early development stage, the tool approaches the capabilities of a trained eye, which illustrates its potential. Furthermore, our proposed method is generalizable and can be used under many domains to solve various problems (e.g., more generalized web scraping). However, further development and testing with the help of legal experts is required to enhance the tool's accuracy and validity.

Syftet med denna kunskapsöversikt var att sammanställa och undersöka kunskap kring BDSM kopplat till våld, samtycke och normer. Genom att samla in forskning från en bredd av olika fält introducerade denna studie olika perspektiv på BDSM till socialt arbete. För människor som arbetar med individer som misstänks vara våldsutsatta eller möter människor som utövar BDSM är det viktigt att kunna skilja på BDSM-utövning från våld och övergrepp. Analysen av de 28 relevanta källorna redovisades i tre teman. Våld och BDSM som visade att även om det finns klara skillnader gällande samtycke och syfte mellan våld och BDSM ser vissa människor BDSM som våld. Sexuella normer, samtycke och BDSM uppmärksammade att BDSM-gemenskaper både har en mer komplex förståelse och ett tydligare sätt att kommunicera kring samt förhandla fram samtycke än övriga samhället. BDSM:s stigmatisering och dess konsekvenser uppmärksammade bemötandet av BDSM-utövare och behovet av mer kunskap och förståelse, speciellt inom människobehandlande yrken., The aim for this literature review was to compile and examine research on the topic of BDSM connected to consent, norms, and violence. By collecting research from different scientific fields, this study introduced the different perspectives of BDSM to the field of social work. It is important for people who work with individuals who practice BDSM or people that might be subjected to violence to maintain knowledge about how to differentiate abuse and violence from BDSM. The analysis of the twenty-eight studies are declared in three themes. Violence and BDSM which showed that despite the clear differences in consent and purpose between violence and BDSM there are still people who see BDSM as abusive. Sexual norms, consent and BDSM highlighted how BDSM-communities have both a more complex understanding surrounding consent as well as more clear-cut way of communicating and negotiating it compared to the rest of society. BDSMs stigmatization and its consequences highlighted the treatment of BDSM-practitioners and the need for more knowledge and understanding especially when it comes to professions that are supposed to help people.

Sexuality, Consent and Relations operate in contrast to the previous subject area Sex and Coexistence in an interdisciplinary matter. This implies that responsibility rest on each teacher to incorporate sexual education within their subject. This study aims to investigate the experiences and desires of upper secondary school student´s regarding the expressions and integration of the teaching area sexuality, consent, and relations in social studies education. To address the study´s questions, qualitative interviews with nine upper secondary school students was implemented. The examined area is highly relevant due to the curriculum changes that were implemented when the previous subject area of “Sex and coexistend” was redefined as “Sexuality, Consent and Relationships”. The findings of the empirical study showed that the interviewed upper secondary school students have primarily experiences of the subject area in natural science class. What was also found was that the students experiences vary depending on what social studies specialization they have. In terms of their desires, the students expressed a wish for the course on sexuality, consent, and relationships to include topics such as LBTQ+ issues, pornography, relationships, consent, and abortion. In conclusion, the results indicate that the participating upper secondary school students have limited and diverse experiences of the subject area. The findings also highlight the student´s awareness of the significant role of sexual education. Additionally, the results suggest that the students desire more education on sexuality, consent, and relationships within the context of social studies.

Author: Frida Nordborg Title: It’s not hard to have sex, but it’s hard to have good sex, consent is essential’’ An interview study about women’s experiences of sex and sexual consent in practice. Sexual consent requires that you know what you want, that you want it on your own terms, and that you must be able to communicate it clearly. Previous studies show that more women than men agree to sex without consent. As a result of #Metoo movement in 2017, and the updated consent law in Sweden in 2018, more women in Sweden have started to talk about their experiences of sex and sexual consent. The aim of the study has been to gain an insight into how adult women in Swedish society relate to the expectations placed on them in their sexual relationships and about their view on sexual consent based on their ascribed sexual scripts as well as how their sexual consent manifests itself in practice. The collected material has then been analyzed based on gender theory and sexual script theory. The results show that women's views on sex and sexual consent do neither always match with each other nor how they practice it, nor how they express their will in the heat of the moment. It is understandable that the women can feel limited by what they "should" do at the moment, instead of being able to show what they really want, in fear of disappointing their male partners.

This research is a qualitative interview study on consent in upper secondary school dance education through focus group interviews with teachers and students. The intention is to give more insight on how teachers and students understand consent in upper secondary school dance education and in general. The study shows that consent in upper secondary dance education in Sweden exists at the intersection between norms of communication, power and the context in which it is practiced. The most common communication of consent for dance in this study is through reading body language, and the most discussed situation is regarding touch and bodily contact. Touch is viewed by the teachers as a vital part of knowledge generation in dance. Both teachers and students find situations where students are engaging with touch and body contact as the most challenging. The study observes that consent is specific within its context, which requires dance teachers to establish and clarify norms and intentions in the dance studio. To do so takes time and repetition, if not successful norms and perceptions from other contexts may be stronger and make the communication of consent difficult. Further, the study suggests that teaching about consent needs to be combined with practical exercises for a more preventive knowledge. The material was analyzed with qualitative analysis and a norm critical and multimodal perspective.

This chapter focuses on the Swedish regulation on rape, with emphasis on a reform of the statutory law in 2018 that introduced involuntariness as the essential part of the actus reus element of rape, and also the new offense of negligent rape. To analyze the current Swedish legal framework on rape, a contextual understanding of the socio-political setting is necessary. The chapter therefore begins by portraying these features. There follows an overview of the actus reus element of rape, including a brief historical and political background of the 2018 reform, and also an overview of the mens rea element of intentional rape and negligent rape. Following this, the chapter highlights and discusses the areas of attrition present in the current Swedish provisionsons on rape.

In Sweden, the Welfare State and gender equality have fused, as illustrated by e.g. prioritizing gender equality in several policy areas, which to a high extent include criminal law and policy. Since the 1970s reforms concerning sexual offences have been supported by gender-equality arguments. Recently, the #metoo movement affected the regulation on sexual offences. In light of the #metoo movement, a reform was made in 2018, which introduced involuntariness as an actus reus element in the provision on rape and, also, negligent rape as a new offence. But what lessons can be learned from Sweden? Can statutory reform actually contribute to correct attrition in sexual offences? When analyzing the 2018 reform, particularly the statutory law on rape, two areas of attrition exists: (1) the construction of the statutory law, (2) the gap between the statutory law, its policy background and the case law. Consequently, there are disconnects between, on one hand, the construction of the statutory law and its application, and on the other the political ambition of the 2018 reform. This, in turn, results in ambiguity in the application of the rape provision, suggesting a lack of legal certainty and foreseeability. Evidently, although the 2018 reform politically marked an important normative shift, several legal issues were left unsolved. Until adjusted, the attrition identified, will remain., Konferensbidraget presenterades vid Stockholm Criminology Symposium 2023, som hölls mellan den 12-14 juni 2023.

Sexual ethics is about the norms we should have when it comes to sex. It concerns how we should behave towards each other in terms of sexual acts. Within the field of sexual ethics, consent has acquired a central role in determining what is permissible and impermissible in sexual actions. This primarily focuses on whether consent can prevent sexual violation. Another focus is on whether individuals have a satisfying sexual life, a value that can be described as sexual flourishing. What has been missing in previous research is the emphasis on the relationship between consent and sexual flourishing. This is precisely the focus that this essay aims to explore - the connection between consent and sexual flourishing. In this essay, I will present arguments showing that consent and sexual flourishing do not harmonize well, and that consent can negatively impact sexual flourishing. The arguments are that consent creates an asymmetry between the sexual parties, based on two factors: that consent requires a strict structure that is lacking and that a person can relinquish their rights during the sexual act. I will then present two modifications of consent and examine whether they can avoid criticism and contribute to positive sexual flourishing. The conclusion is that due to consent requiring a specific structure tailored to agreements about objects, it is not suited for intimate situations involving bodily rights without further adjustments., Sexuell etik handlar om vilka normer vi ska ha när det gäller sexuella relationer och sexakter och därmed hur vi ska agera mot varandra när det kommer till sexuella handlingar. Inom området för sexuell etik har samtycke fått en central roll för att avgöra tillåtna och otillåtna sexakter, inslag och handlingar. Diskussionen runt samtycke fokuserar ofta på om samtycke kan förhindra sexuella överträdelser. Ett annat fokus inom sexuell etik är om individerna har ett tillfredställande sexuellt liv. Ett värde som ska fånga detta är sexuellt blomstrande. Det som har saknats i tidigare forskning är fokuseringen på relationen mellan samtycke och personers sexuella blomstrande. Syftet med denna uppsats är att utforska vilka konsekvenser samtycke kan ha för sexuellt blomstrande. I denna uppsats kommer jag att argumentera för att samtycke kan påverka sexuellt blomstrande negativt. Argumenten är att samtycke skapar en asymmetri mellan de inblandade parterna baserat på två faktorer: att samtycke kräver en specificerad struktur som saknas under sexakter och att personer ger upp rättigheten till sexuellt självbestämmande under sexakten efter ett samtycke. Konsekvensen är att på grund av att samtycke utgår från en specifik struktur som inte är anpassad till överenskommelser om kroppar och intima situationer så måste modifikationer av samtycke utredas. Min slutsats är utan ytterligare modifikationer och förbättringar är samtycke inte lämplig för intima situationer.

This chapter focuses on the Swedish regulation on rape, with emphasis on a reform of the statutory law in 2018 that introduced involuntariness as the essential part of the actus reus element of rape, and also the new offense of negligent rape. To analyze the current Swedish legal framework on rape, a contextual understanding of the socio-political setting is necessary. The chapter therefore begins by portraying these features. There follows an overview of the actus reus element of rape, including a brief historical and political background of the 2018 reform, and also an overview of the mens rea element of intentional rape and negligent rape. Following this, the chapter highlights and discusses the areas of attrition present in the current Swedish provisionsons on rape.

Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2023