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Introduction: This study investigated the health effects of two different architectural glass types: A two-layered low-iron high transmittance glass and a three-layered low energy glass with lower transmittance. The study investigated how these glass types affected daylight conditions in 72 residential apartments, as well as health and satisfaction of the residents. Methods: The study installed high transmittance glass (light transmittance LT:0.82) in 36 apartments and low transmittance (LT:0.74) in 36 identical apartments. The study then analyzed the light transmittance of each glass type in the laboratory and analyzed the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in eight representative apartments before and after renovation. Self-reported questionnaires were handed out and collected before and after renovation. Results: The results showed that the glass types differed significantly in measured daylight transmittance. The two-layered high transmittance glass transmitted 15% more visual light (380–750nm) and 20% more light in the spectral range (460–480nm), stimulating ipRGCs and circadian rhythm, when compared to three-layered low energy glass. In addition, significant differences were observed in the UV-B spectrum (280–315nm). While two-layered high transmittance glass transmitted UV-B, three-layered low transmittance glass did not. During the 12-month study period, residents in apartments with three-layered low energy glass reported more difficulties sleeping (p=0.05), higher satisfaction with daylight (p=0.03) and higher satisfaction with ventilation (p=0.04). Residents in apartments with three-layered low energy glass experienced fewer days with too cold indoor temperatures (p=0.02), compared to residents with two-layered low-iron glass. The results of energy consumption for heating showed that two-layered low-iron glass reduced the energy consumption by 11.0%, while three-layered low energy glass reduced the energy consumption by 9.4%, compared to the year

O poço de luz é um recurso arquitetônico utilizado para promover iluminação natural a partir do núcleo do edifício. Frequentemente, ele é projetado de acordo com um índice sem levar em consideração a influência de cada uma das variáveis arquitetônicas nos ganhos de iluminação natural. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo identificar e comparar a influência dessas variáveis arquitetônicas no desempenho da iluminação natural de um poço de luz do edifício residencial. Para isso, foi simulado parametricamente um modelo-base de poço de luz de seis pavimentos na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, variando, em casos alternativos, sua dimensão geométrica, a refletância das suas paredes e a abertura da janela das salas conectadas a ele. Para a avaliação da iluminação natural, foram utilizadas, através do software ClimateStudio, as métricas Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE1000) e Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA300/50%). Observou-se que o aumento da refletância é uma solução que melhora a distribuição da iluminação natural sem elevar os níveis de luz solar direta, enquanto o aumento da dimensão geométrica resulta em maior alcance da luz solar direta no poço, não ultrapassando o quarto pavimento. Para minimizar o risco de desconforto visual nos ambientes, as janelas devem ter abertura menor na metade superior e maior na metade inferior do poço de luz. Assim, as variáveis consideradas contribuem, de maneira distinta, para o aumento da iluminação natural nos ambientes avaliados, porém é necessário considerar o risco de desconforto visual em alguns casos., The light well is an architectural resource to provide daylighting from the core of the building. It is often designed without taking into account the influence of each of the architectural variables on the gains in daylighting. This study aims to identify and compare the influence of architectural variables on the performance of daylighting in a residential light well. For this, a base model of a six-story building with a light well in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, was parametrically simulated, varying, in the alternative cases, its geometry, the walls reflectance and the windows opened to the rooms connected to it. For the evaluation of daylighting, the Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE1000) and Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA300/50%) metrics were used in the ClimateStudio software. It was observed that increasing reflectance is a solution that improves lighting without increasing the levels of direct sunlight. The increase in the geometry results in greater direct sunlight, not exceeding the well fourth floor. To avoid glare in environments, the proportion of window-to-wall ratio should be lower in the upper half and higher in the lower half of the well. Thus, the variables considered contribute, in a different way, to the increase of daylighting in the evaluated environments, which may result in visual discomfort in some cases.

Daylight, both outdoors and indoors, is essential for human well-being. However, daylight provision often faces challenges in various climates and locations, due to factors such as shortcomings in regulations, urban densification, deregulation or special exemptions, and the limitations of existing daylight and sunlight evaluation methods. To address these issues, we propose the Sunlight Autonomy, a new methodology and set of metrics, that aims to overcome the limitations of existing early-stage daylighting metrics and is valuable for urban planning and architectural design purposes., Theme of the conference: Daylight in the service of Sustainable Development Goals: a colourful spectrum of opportunitiesQC 20240605

This compilation thesis collects multidisciplinary work on the study of the impact of light rhythms on perception and behaviour. The thesis was structured to answer and discuss the questions: “How does a person feel and behave inan illuminated space?” and “Do variable light conditions influence perception, appraisal and motion?”. In order to answer the questions, I applied methods from design, psychology and behavioural science, conducted literature reviews and performed two experimental studies. In response to the first question, the outcome of the five papers included in the thesis show that light and lighting rhythms elicit specific acute and long-term effects. These effects impact on these categories of aspects: visual and perceptual, appraisal and experience, behavioural and physiological. To structure and visualize these diverse aspects, I introduce the CLAPP framework: Context Light(ing) Action (behaviour), Perception, Person. The framework highlights the complex interplay between light, environment, and human response, by displaying features related to spatial and light rhythms, effects of light on mind and body, and personal features. The framework can provide structure and direction for education and research activities within the scope of Architectural Lighting Design. In response to the second research question, results from the experimental studies reveal that, even after eliminating view and sunlight, variable daylight conditions elicit better mood, higher pleasure, and influence motion, compared to artificial light conditions. The results of this thesis may contribute to achieving the UN sustainability goals, specifically to improve the well-being of the population (SDG3), to design a built-environment that is safe and resilient (SDG 11), and to promote the uses of affordable and clean energy (SDG 7). Building on the experience gained during this thesis work, I am confident that multidisciplinary collaboration will enable to integrate the diverse aspe, Denna sammanläggningsavhandling samlar tvärvetenskapligt arbete om studien av ljusrytmers inverkan på perception och beteende. Avhandlingen var strukturerad för att besvara och diskutera frågorna: “Hur känner och beter sig en person i ett upplyst rum?” och “Påverkar varierande ljusförhållanden perception, bedömning och rörelse?”. För att besvara frågorna använde jag metoder från design, psykologi och beteendevetenskap, och genomförde litteraturstudier och två experimentella studier. Som svar på den första frågan visar resultaten från de fem artiklar som ingår i avhandlingen att ljus och ljusrytmer framkallar specifika direkta och långsiktiga effekter. Dessa effekter påverkar följande kategorier av aspekter: visuella och perceptuella, bedömning och upplevelse, beteendemässiga och fysiologiska. För att strukturera och visualisera dessa olika aspekter introducerar jag ramverket CLAPP: Context Light(ing) Action (behaviour), Per-ception, Person. Ramverket belyser det komplexa samspelet mellan ljus, miljö och mänsklig respons genom att visa funktioner relaterade till rums- och ljusrytmer, effekter av ljus på sinne och kropp samt personliga egenskaper. Ramverketkan ge struktur och riktning för utbildnings- och forskningsaktiviteter inom området Architectural Lighting Design. Som svar på den andra forskningsfrågan visar resultaten från de experimentella studierna att varierande dagsljusförhållanden framkallar bättre humör och glädje, och påverkar rörelse, jämfört med artificiella ljusförhållanden, även efter att utsikt och solljus eliminerats. Resultaten av denna avhandling kan bidra till att uppnå FN:s hållbarhetsmål, särskiltatt förbättra befolkningens välbefinnande (SDG 3), att utforma en byggd miljösom är säker och motståndskraftig (SDG 11), och stödjar användningen av över-komlig och ren energi (SDG 7). Med utgångspunkt i erfarenheterna från detta examensarbete är jag övertygad om att tvärvetenskapligt samarbete kommer att göra det möjligt att integrera de olika aspekt, QC 20240405

De eisen van het Beter Leven-keurmerk worden vanaf 1 januari 2025 aangescherpt, waaronder die voor daglicht. Bij nieuwbouw kun je hiermee rekening houden. Maar hoe breng je meer daglicht aan in een bestaande varkensstal?

Daylight is essential for ecosystems and for the physical and mental well-being of people. In densely populated cities, only a small proportion of total daylight is available to support urban greenery and most people have little daily exposure to natural daylight. Despite this, many cities have followed a strategy of densification as a way of preventing urban sprawl and reducing energy consumption. In this article, we review the biological importance of daylight and show that urban densification leads to a reduction in the daylight available for both people and nature. We conclude that daylight in cities should be treated as a limiting resource that needs to be planned and managed carefully, much like water or energy. We suggest elements for a policy framework aimed at optimizing urban daylight, including how to determine daylight needs, how to determine the maximum viable urban density, and policy options for built and unbuilt areas.

This paper analyses the use of natural light as a design element in museums. While the design of natural light is important for all types of buildings, it takes additional layers of complexity in museum buildings and exhibition spaces. Due to the need to preserve the artwork, museums tend to become black boxes, with no interaction with the outside. Even so, there are numerous architects who have designed museum spaces that make use of natural light in incredible ways. This paper wishes to look into different ways in which natural light has been used in museums, what is its role, how it interacts with the exhibition, how was it implemented, etc. To do so, it combines a literature review of architecture books and articles with image analyses of sketches and photographs of three museums chosen as case studies: the Aalborg Art Museum by Alvar Aalto, the Jewish Museum in Berlin by Daniel Libeskind, and the Museum of contemporary art in Herning by Steven Holl Architects., AR2A011, Architectural History Thesis, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences

The museum Boijmans van Beuningen in Rotterdam is currently closed for restoration. The architect Van der Steur made an extensive study of lighting in museum rooms (1930). This resulted in a pitched roof with glass and a layer of horizontal glass panes (legramen) that form the ceiling of the exhibition rooms. Below the glass panes timber blades (schoepen) are placed under an angle to disperse the light. The museum board wants to preserve the vision on daylight of Van der Steur and is now considering options for sun shading above the ceiling. This addition will allow them to better control the illumination in the museum and protect the artwork. This Master thesis describes a method to assess the daylight exposure in the museum Boijmans van Beuningen. It can be used for a combined lighting design (daylight and artificial). The purpose of the method is to compare different sun shading solutions and their effects on the illuminance. A toolbox is made that can be used on other museums. The method starts with a 3D model of one of the museum rooms. Alterations had to be made to accommodate the temporary renovation state. For the validation of the model, HDR images were made on-site. These results were compared with the calculation made with the 3D model. Iteratively the best possible fit was made. With the validated model an hourly daylight simulation was done using the EPW climate-based weather data. The resulting illuminance exceeded the desired level at several points in time. Three different types of sunscreens were chosen. These were schematised as a continuous layer on top of the legramen. Based on the behaviour of the sun shading on three specific days, a daylight factor of 2% was found between the illuminance on the wall and the outside illuminance. With this relation and the EPW weather data the desired sun shading states for an entire year are predicted. A control mechanism is designed for the opening and closing of the sun shadin, Civil Engineering

The main focus of this thesis is on a thin glass sandwich panel combined with a three-dimensional printed core pattern. The core pattern provides stiffness to the panel, but it also influences the daylight transmission. The goal of this research is to design a façade system which can dynamically improve the daylight performance, effectively control the illuminance inside the building together with preventing disturbing glare. The research first evaluates the theory behind thin glass, the structural sandwich structure and how the design of a façade panel correlates with its visual comfort. The properties of existing dynamic systems are evaluated, together with exploring other possible dynamic systems that can be integrated in the panel. The resulting system, a hexagonal core pattern with integrated inflatables, is evaluated on its structural performance and daylight performance using analyses executed in the grasshopper model. This is further expanded by studying the structural performance of more complex core geometry using Diana Finite Element analyses. From the results of these evaluations, a design strategy is created which is able to find the optimal properties of the inflatable façade system. This design strategy is then applied to a case study, to show both the design of a single façade panel, as well as the full façade system of the whole building. The final result is the design strategy for the dynamic inflatable façade system., Civil Engineering | Building Engineering

Event: SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, 2009, San Diego, California, United States. © (2009) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)., Many applications involve the use of a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) like, natural lighting, thermal applications, optics for illuminators, optical fibre coupling and solar energy. The use of a CPC in reverse mode for natural lighting gives the chance to use it as a lighting skylight in ceilings because light output is controlled inside the design angle, on the contrary having a low flux transfer ratio because of the reduced area of the entrance pupil regarding exit pupil. The authors propose an innovative 3D hollow prismatic CPC (HPCPC) made of a dielectric material, which has a high efficiency comparing it with aluminium CPC. The basic idea is to use a hollow prismatic light guide with CPC shape. This paper reports 2D, 3D design and numerical analysis by raytracing software, also experimental results are shown. The system works almost like a true CPC when light enters through standard entrance pupil and also collect light that enters outside entrance pupil. Performance and efficiency of the prismatic CPC is in average 300% higher than standard aluminium CPC for collimated light in a range from 0º to 85º. A prototype has been developed and tested., Depto. de Óptica, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to plan blueprints for a school located Härbregatan and Vallby Skolgata in Västerås with a focus on energy losses and window placement to choose the most suitable types of windows to obtain a good internal environment. Method: The methodology used to conduct this thesis was based on earlier case studies, literature book and literature reviews in the form of legal specification from Boverket Byggregel (BBR) that had a significant impact on how the school was designed, interior and exterior views. Results: The study demonstrated how important window types and selection was for the students and the teachers occupying the classrooms because windows are a vital source of light, energy and encouragement due to the daylight. Larger windows minimize the need for electrical lighting but increases the risk of energy loss due to inadequate insulation resulting in an impact on the indoor environment and causing a higher energy usage. The size of the window also has an impact on specific transmission losses, thermal bridges, heat losses and as well as the solar radiation passing through the glass, according to this study. Conclusions: The study came to the conclusion that while windows have a significant role in these aspects, additional aspects that include the size of walls, doors, floors and ceiling also play an essential part. Larger windows lead to increased transmission losses and thermal bridges, but at the same time it lets in more daylight and sunlight in the form of heat energy, therefore larger windows are a better choice to use in the school building.

The European daylight standard EN 17037 was first introduced in 2018 with the aim of encouraging building designers to evaluate and ensure adequate daylight provision in buildings. However, experience has shown that the standard’s criteria are generally perceived to be too challenging to achieve. Therefore, to suggest a more balanced threshold, this master’s thesis aims to investigate compliance rate of existing buildings in Sweden for daylight provision criteria. In this study, 30 residential buildings in Sweden with a total of 3,570 rooms were selected based on Swedish building typical building forms and evaluated through Radiance-based daylight simulations using three different approaches: (1) Daylight Factor-based methods, (2) LM-83-12 method, and (3) a modified EN 17037 calculation method using illuminance level which is largely based on spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA). In relation to the latter, compliance was checked for different combinations of illuminance thresholds and targeted area fractions. Then these compliance rates and the different combinations of the illuminance threshold as well as the targeted area fraction were compared to existing standards. Finally, a new criterion with three level of recommendations were proposed based on the new method. Results revealed that a large proportion of the examined individual rooms were able to meet various criteria for daylight provision. However, when looking at the buildings as a whole, only a few of them were able to fully meet these criteria. This is because a large proportion of the buildings have critical rooms that have limited access to the daylight, which makes it difficult to achieve the desired level of daylight provision at the building level. Furthermore, the finding of the study indicates that employing an illuminance threshold of 300 lux may not be beneficial in the context of the new criteria. Rather, a lower threshold coupled with a higher targeted area fraction would increase compliance and cou, European Union published the first daylight standard (EN 17037) in 2018 aiming to encourage designers to consider and ensure daylight provision in buildings. However, the current standard is found to be too ambitious. Therefore, this study explores new sets of daylight criteria that could redefine good daylight in residential buildings, and it should ensure a fair compliance rate that could reflect the existing building market norm. In this study, 30 multi-family residential buildings were studied for their daylight availability according to different standards, including Swedish Building Regulation (BBR), LM-83-12 (developed by Illuminance Engineering Society) and the current European Daylight Standard (EN 17037). In these different standards, the buildings’ daylight performance would be assessed through either daylight factor method, or illuminance-based method. In daylight method, the buildings would only be assessed according to their geometry and shading from the surrounding buildings, regardless the buildings’ location or orientation. And in the illuminance-based method, the buildings were simulated with real weather data, to understand the illuminance level that each room could achieve in certain fraction of the room area, according to the location defined in the weather data. Then, new sets of criteria would be suggested according to the compliance rate of different illuminance and area fraction. And the consequences and impact on future design would be discussed for each set of criterion. Results revealed that a large proportion of the examined individual rooms were able to meet various criteria for daylight provision. However, when looking at the buildings as a whole, only a few of them were able to fully meet these criteria. This is because a large proportion of the buildings have critical rooms that have limited access to the daylight, which makes it difficult to achieve the desired level of daylight provision at the building level. Furthermore, the find

The conditions for housing construction changed in Sweden during the 1990s. The political situation turned after the election in 1994, which later meant new regulations concerning increased construction VAT, property tax and reduction of interest subsidies. Costs for construction increased and this meant that attractive locations, especially in cities, were built with expensive and exclusive condominiums. In this thesis, it has been examined how floor plans have changed over 25 years. The material used was building permits from 1990 and 2015, provided by Växjö city planning office. The floor plans in the building permits have been compared with each other in different parameters; measurable and immeasurable values. The purpose of the thesis was to examine how the floor plans have changed over this period of time, and what it could depend on. The result showed that there was a small disparity between 1990 and 2015. Most apartments are designed in a similar way and the difference between 1990 and 2015 is small. The biggest difference turned out to be the number of apartments per apartment building. The conclusion of the thesis is that with better knowledge and true facts, the apartment can be built in many different ways in consideration of the architectural value. What is considered right or wrong is up to the eye of the beholder.

Driving sleepiness is a serious problem worldwide. It is of interest to develop reliable sleepiness detection systems to implement in vehicles, and for such a system both physi-ological data and driver performance data can be used. The reasons for driver sleepiness can be many, where an interesting factor to consider is the light condition of the environment, specifically daylight and darkness. Daylight and darkness has shown to affect human sleepiness in general and it is therefore of importance to investigate the effect of it on driver sleepiness independent of other factors. This thesis aimed to investigate whether light condition is a parameter that should be considered when developing a sleepiness detection system in a vehicle. This was done by investigating if the course of sleepiness would be affected by daylight and darkness, and if adding light condition information as a parameter to a classification model improved the performance of the sleepiness classification. To achieve this, the study was based upon data collected from driving simulator tests conducted by the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI). Test subjects drove in simulated daylight and darkness during both daytime while rested and nighttime while sleep-deprived. An exploratory and statistical analysis was conducted of several sleepiness indicators extracted from physio-logical data and simulator data. Three different classification models were implemented. The indicators pointed to a higher level of driver sleepiness during night compared to during day, as well as an increase with time on task. However, no clear trends pointed to daylight and darkness having affected the sleepiness of the driver. The classification models showed a marginal improvement when including light condition as a feature, however not large enough to draw any specific conclusion regarding the effect. The conclusion was that an effect of daylight and darkness on the course of driver sleepiness could

Daylight has been a driver of urban and architectural form across climates. In the past century, metrics were introduced to describe performance such as minimum sunlight hours and the daylight factor. Means of assessment and related requirements were introduced in different contexts for sunlight/daylight. Some methods aimed to bridge the gap between inside-out such as the Vertical Sky Component (VSC) and the recent rethinking based on Aperture-based Daylight Modelling (ABDM). However, each daylighting method goes with its pros and cons. In addition, more advanced or combined simulations from research have overlooked the designer’s perspective. For example, if the method is sufficiently understood by the designer, and/or actionable and therefore informs the design process. This study aims to introduce a new daylight metric for buildings as an early design stage methodology to bridge daylight inside/out – between buildings and urban developments. A traditional method like Sunlight (unit of hours) applies to both buildings and open spaces. Sunlight assessment can be time-consuming and has limitations when carried out on paper. Computation-based approaches and 3D models can support its effective use and reduce the time and errors of the process. Sunlight has also a higher versatility than other methods in terms of scope of the analysis, scale, geometrical complexity, and analysis period, e.g., an hour, a day, season, year or user specified. Results can be presented cumulatively in hours, averaged, or as a percentage. Thus, the assessment can be easily understood by all stakeholders. In addition, sunlight can be used to design for the densification of cities, green spaces, and outdoor comfort provision. Case studies are illustrated by mapping results onto model geometry. Despite the versatility of sunlight, it also goes with uncertainty in interpretation for designers. As an improvement, simulations can be customized to a standard (e.g., EN 17037 Daylight in Buildings) w, QC 20240102

Windows play a significant role in the increase and loss of heat from the building envelope and determine the quantity, quality, and distribution of daylight. A strategy that involves incorporating transparent insulating materials into a double-glazed window offers the potential to provide combined improvements in thermal and daylighting performance. The thermal properties of transparent insulation materials in windows depend on various factors, such as the type of insulation material, thickness, geometry and insulation structure, location, and orientation of the window, among others. The aim of this research is to optimize three criteria: "thickness," "location of transparent insulation relative to window layers," and "direction of the wall with transparent insulation of the building window." The goal is to minimize thermal loads and reduce energy consumption in residential buildings. To achieve this, a real model was selected, and Design Builder software was used to measure the "heating load," "cooling load," and the sum of these two loads as the "total thermal load" for all three criteria in three cities of Iran with different climates: Tehran (moderate climate), Ahvaz (warm climate), and Tabriz (cold climate). The results of the research showed that for the city of Tehran, 3-inch insulation in the middle of the double-glazed window and the south front is optimal. For the city of Tabriz, 5-inch insulation on the inner surface of the window and the western front is optimal. And for the city of Ahvaz, 3-inch insulation on the outer surface of the window and the eastern front is optimal. It is worth noting that the annual heating load and total annual heating load for all three criteria have the highest values in Tabriz city. Therefore, it is recommended to use HSNPS insulation in transparent windows to reduce energy consumption in Tabriz (cold climate).

Saliency models are image-based prediction models that estimate human visual attention. Such models, when applied to architectural spaces, could pave the way for design decisions where visual attention is taken into account. In this study, we tested the performance of eleven commonly used saliency models that combine traditional and deep learning methods on 126 rendered interior scenes with associated head tracking data. The data was extracted from three experiments conducted in virtual reality between 2016 and 2018. Two of these datasets pertain to the perceptual effects of daylight and include variations of daylighting conditions for a limited set of interior spaces, thereby allowing to test the influence of light conditions on human head movement. Ground truth maps were extracted from the collected head tracking logs, and the prediction accuracy of the models was tested via the correlation coefficient between ground truth and prediction maps. To address the possible inflation of results due to the equator bias, we conducted complementary analyses by restricting the area of investigation to the equatorial image regions. Although limited to immersive virtual environments, the promising performance of some traditional models such as GBVS360eq and BMS360eq for colored and textured architectural rendered spaces offers us the prospect of their possible integration into design tools. We also observed a strong correlation in head movements for the same space lit by different types of sky, a finding whose generalization requires further investigations based on datasets more specifically developed to address this question.

Light exposure during twilight plays a critical role in the entrainment of the human circadian system. People are most often at home during dusk and dawn, and light exposure at home – either natural or from electric light – may therefore contribute substantially to sleep and well-being. However, very little research has focused on the effects of home lighting on sleep and well-being, and even less research has investigated the effects of light exposure during twilight. Therefore, a literature study was performed to collect studies on light exposure at home during dusk and dawn. Studies looking at light exposure during dusk and dawn have focused on either electric light intervention (i.e., dusk and dawn simulation) at home or in the laboratory or daylight exposure in the bedroom (i.e., the presence and type of curtains in the bedroom). Most research has focused on dawn simulation during the darker months of the year, often using sunrise alarms. In general, study results pointed to the importance of twilight light exposure at home for sleep and well-being. These results may depend on the characteristics of the user, such as age or chronotype.

The Netherlands is facing a housing demand of 1 million homes before 2030. Most of these residences are planned to be built in and around existing cities, causing an increase in urban densities with sub-optimal indoor daylighting conditions as a result. Simultaneously, the daylight assessment methodology for buildings in the Netherlands is set to change from the Dutch NEN 2057 to the European EN 17037. The European norm uses more accurate metrics to express daylighting performance but does not consider urban context (i.e. external buildings) in the simulation models. As a result, a concern is that indoor daylighting in dense urban areas is inadequately protected. Moreover, it is unknown to what extent the urban context affects the well-being of humans, regarding visual and non-visual levels of daylight. A multitude of daylight simulations is run and analysed in the thesis to better understand the impact of the urban context on indoor daylighting performance. Visual daylighting is assessed following the EN 17037 methodology with urban context integrated. Non-visual daylight performance is assessed using two novel metrics: melanopic autonomy and melanopic isotropy. The results have revealed that the discrepancy between simulations with and without the integration of urban context is up to 90% for realistic residences throughout the Netherlands, depending on urban characteristics and density. On average, indoor daylighting is decreased by 36% when the urban context is integrated with the EN 17037. The non-visual stimulus was found to be sufficient in residences that are compliant with EUmin levels but insufficient for residences that only comply with the Dutch building code. Sky view factor (SVF) and Building Floor were found to be useful indicators of daylighting performance in early design stages. Urban density indicators such as the FSI and OSR seem to be negatively correlated with daylighting performance. The thesis concludes with the advice to i, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Building Technology

The rise in average surface temperature has intensified the need to explore new methods to address climate change. Housing sector is one of the leading contributors to the total energy consumption. As a solution, there has been a growing emphasis on the application of passive strategies in buildings that leverage local climatic conditions. Researchers have been investigating solutions to promote the use of passive design strategies. One promising approach involves integrating Phase Change Materials (PCMs) with certain building components. By possessing excellent thermal and optical properties, PCMs can be integrated into windows to enhance the thermal performance of buildings while guaranteeing light transmittance. This research specifically focuses on the integration of PCMs trombe walls in existing residential buildings in the Netherlands. Building upon the findings of previous studies, the research envisions to explore strategies that can facilitate the widespread use of PCMs. Currently, the market for PCMs primarily offers products manufactured on request, limiting their broader adoption. Through simulations conducted on virtual models, the behaviour of PCMs in trombe walls is investigated. The analysis focuses their thermal capacity and light transmittance to strike a balance between the two contrasting building requirements. Multiple room configurations are studied to investigate how the environment impacts the performance of this particular building component. Finally, the research develops a workflow and identifies trends that can facilitate the application of PCMs trombe walls across various scenarios., Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Building Technology

Searching and selecting an adequate methodology for daylight modeling is essential in the design of energy efficient buildings that guarantee the visual, physical and psychological comfort of their occupants. The first step in determining the indoor building illuminance lies in knowing the outdoor illuminance. This dissertation addresses this key aspect through different strategies such as luminous efficacy models and the determination of the angular distribution of the sky's luminance. Daylight is strongly determined by sky conditions. The CIE/ISO standard provides a good general framework to represent the real conditions of the sky, covering the entire probable spectrum of skies, and has been used as a reference throughout this work. The characterization of the skies according to the CIE standard requires experimental measurements of the luminance distribution of the sky, scarcely recorded in terrestrial meteorological facilities. The thesis proposes, as alternatives for the classification of skies according to the CIE taxonomy, the use of meteorological indices, sky images and algorithms based on artificial intelligence. The structure and efficiency of the machine learning algorithms used, both neural networks and decision trees, have been optimized through feature selection procedures in the case of the use of meteorological indices and through image pre-processing techniques, as a step prior to using the classification algorithm. The thesis has also developed a new locally calibrated luminous efficacy model, with excellent results both when used for all-sky types and for clear, overcast and partially overcast sky conditions., La búsqueda y elección de una metodología adecuada para el modelado de la iluminación natural es fundamental en el diseño de edificios energéticamente eficientes y que garanticen el confort visual, físico y psicológico de sus ocupantes. El primer paso para la determinación de la iluminación en el interior de un edificio reside en el conocimiento de la iluminación exterior. La tesis doctoral aborda este aspecto fundamental a través de diferentes estrategias como son los modelos de eficacia luminosa y la determinación de la distribución angular de la luminancia del cielo. La iluminación natural está fuertemente determinada por las condiciones de cielo. El estándar CIE/ISO proporciona un buen marco general para representar las condiciones reales del cielo cubriendo todo el espectro probable de cielos, por lo que se ha seleccionado como referencia a lo largo de este trabajo. La caracterización de los cielos según el estándar CIE requiere de medidas experimentales de la distribución de luminancia del cielo, escasamente registradas en las instalaciones meteorológicas terrestres. La tesis propone como alternativas para la clasificación de cielos según la taxonomía CIE, la utilización de índices meteorológicos, imágenes del cielo y algoritmos basados en inteligencia artificial. La estructura y la eficacia de los algoritmos de aprendizaje automático empleados, redes neuronales y árboles de decisión, se han optimizado mediante procedimientos de selección de variables en el caso de la utilización de índices meteorológicos y mediante técnicas de pre-procesamiento de imágenes, como paso previo a la utilización del algoritmo de clasificación. La tesis ha desarrollado también un nuevo modelo de eficacia luminosa, calibrado localmente, con excelentes resultados tanto al utilizarlo para todos los tipos de cielo como para condiciones de cielo claro, cubierto y parcialmente cubierto., This doctoral thesis has been supported thanks to the funding of the PROGRAMA DE FORMACIÓN DE PROFESORADO UNIVERSITARIO (PIRTU ORDEN EDU/556/2019), the Mobility Grant for Doctoral Students Stays of the University of Burgos, Program (2021), and the following competitive funding research projects: 1. Análisis Espectral de la Radiación Solar: Aplicaciones Climáticas, Energéticas y Biológicas (RTI-2018-098900-B-I00). Ministerio de Universidades e Investigación Programa Estatal De I+D+i Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad. IP: Cristina Alonso Tristán y Montserrat Díez Mediavilla. 1/01/2019-30/09/2022. 2. Valoración técnica de los niveles de exposición a radiación solar en trabajos de exterior: identificación de grupos de riesgo y medidas de prevención. (INVESTUN/19/BU/004) Junta de Castilla y León. Dirección General de Trabajo y Prevención de riesgos laborales. IP: Montserrat Díez Mediavilla. 01/01/2019-30/09/2021. 3. Metodología para la rehabilitación energética de edificios de uso público en Castilla y León mediante integración fotovoltaica (BU021G19). Junta de castilla y León. Programa de Apoyo a los Grupos de Investigación Reconocidos de Universidades públicas de Castilla y León. 01/01/2019-31/12/2021. IP: Montserrat Díez Mediavilla. 4. Medida y modelización de la iluminación solar para la optimización de técnicas de iluminación natural en la edificación (ENE2014- 54601-R), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. RETOS DE LA SOCIEDAD. IP: Montserrat Díez Mediavilla. 01/12/2015- 31/12/2018

With the growing awareness about ipRGC-influenced light (IIL) responses, design applications related to these responses are flourishing. To compare design options and optimize lighting conditions for building occupants, lighting simulations are typically used. However, as our IIL responses depend on the spectral characteristics of light, spectral simulations are required. The goal of this study is to validate two spectral simulation tools, ALFA and Lark, for the study of indoor spaces in relation to occupants’ IIL responses. Indicators associated with IIL responses derived from ALFA- and Lark-simulated data are compared against indicators derived from data measured under indoor daylighting and electric lighting conditions. The results show that Lark outperforms ALFA in most cases, with a simulation error in the ±20% range for point-in-time indicators. When accounting for time dynamics of light exposure, at least 9% of the daylight exposures simulated for a 6-h period in Lark lead to a significant error.

According to the Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM), there will be more focus on tackling the unhealthy effects of urbanization in the near future. This together with the presence of a large stock of vacant buildings and other developments within these urban areas and the challenges which are formed by the developments in healthcare brings up the potential to create so-called healing environments. Although, mostly situated within a natural context, the question could be how to implement the design approach of a healing environment into an existing building within an urban context and what values it could bring to the surrounding neighborhood. Especially when given an user-centered (holistic) approach. This graduation design project explores in which way this user-centered design approach can be optimised by implementing certain 'atmospheres' within an existing context of a building in the station area of Leiden., Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Architectural Engineering

Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Heritage & Architecture

While there is a growing use of complex façade designs in contemporary architecture worldwide and across Europe, little is known about the perceptual effects of these façades and the resulting daylight patterns on occupants, or about how such effects might differ between European latitudes. This study examines the perception of façade and daylight patterns across Europe by replicating a virtual reality (VR) experiment in Norway, Switzerland and Greece, using a mixed experimental design to jointly investigate the influence of different factors on the perception of a daylit interior space. These factors included: façade geometry (within-subject factor with four contemporary façade designs of equal aperture ratio), sky type (clear sky with high or low sun angle, or overcast sky), spatial context (socializing or working), and country (Norway, Switzerland, or Greece). Results showed that, among the manipulated factors, only the façade geometry affected the studied attributes (how pleasant, interesting, exciting, calming, complex, spacious, and bright the space was perceived, and the satisfaction with the amount of view in the space). Regional effects were observed only for reported brightness, with higher evaluations from participants in Greece than in Norway, but are difficult to generalize due to limitations stemming from the use of VR and the conduction of experiments in different seasons (summer and early fall) in the two countries. These findings show that façade design is a crucial feature in our spatial experience, inducing equivalent perceptual effects, such as changes in pleasantness or interest, across Europe, and motivate further research on the perception of brightness.

The size of window openings is widely acknowledged as an important factor in our spatial perception. However, little is known about how the perception and preference of windows changes between countries, leaving a gap of knowledge regarding the applicability of research findings across latitudes. This article presents the outcomes of a study investigating regional differences in the perception of spaces with varying window size (small, medium, and large), space size (small and large), spatial context (working and social), and sky type (overcast and two types of clear sky). As the regional differences were the main studied factor, the study was performed in Norway, Switzerland, and Greece, representing northern, central, and southern European latitudes, respectively, and used virtual reality as a means to replicate the same experiment in different locations. In total, 406 participants evaluated eight spatial attributes using an 11-point Likert-type scale. Results indicated that regional differences could be observed in the participants’ responses, with significant differences in how pleasant and calm the space was perceived, found not only between participants in Greece and Norway in all the studied window sizes, but also between Greece and Switzerland for the medium and large windows, indicating that even small variations in latitude within Europe can affect the spatial perception. The findings of this study reveal that spaces with specific fenestration characteristics might not induce the same response across different latitudes in Europe, and thus, have important implications for daylighting and architectural design, which would motivate the use of region-specific parameters.

Population growth and urbanisation trends bring many consequences related to the increase in global energy consumption, CO2 emissions and a decrease in arable land per person. High‑rises have been one of the inevitable buildings of metropoles to provide extra floor space since the early examples in the 19th century. Therefore, optimisation of high-rise buildings has been the focus of researchers because of significant performance enhancement, mainly in energy consumption and generation. Based on the facts of the 21st century, optimising high-rise buildings for multiple vital resources (such as energy, food, and water) is necessary for a sustainable future. This research suggests “self-sufficient high-rise buildings” that can generate and efficiently consume vital resources in addition to dense habitation for sustainable living in metropoles. The complexity of self-sufficient high-rise building optimisation is more challenging than optimising regular high-rises that have not been addressed in the literature. The main challenge behind the research is the integration of multiple performance aspects of self-sufficiency related to the vital resources of human beings (energy, food, and water) and consideration of large numbers of design parameters related to these multiple performance aspects. Therefore, the dissertation presents a framework for performance optimisation of self-sufficient high-rise buildings using artificial intelligence focusing on the conceptual phase of the design process. The output of this dissertation supports decision-makers to suggest well-performing high-rise buildings involving the aspects of self sufficiency in a reasonable timeframe., Design Informatics

Automated shading systems have the potential to substantially reduce building energy consumption, increase occupant exposure to natural daylight and reduce visual and thermal discomfort. The performance of automated solar shading systems, however, greatly depends on how these screens or slats are operated. Conventional control strategies for automated shading systems, that tend to follow binary close-open approaches, are ill-equipped to respond to the large variety of environmental conditions and shifting performance goals in managing the indoor climate of office buildings. Consequently, they inadequately satisfy the visual comfort requirements of occupants and are frequently associated with user dissatisfaction. Recently, a series of enabling developments has led to promising comfort-driven control strategies being proposed that seek to maximise the admission of daylight by closing shading devices only to the extent that is necessary to prevent daylight glare or thermal discomfort. If these strategies are to be deployed successfully at scale, however, there are several challenges that need to be overcome. For the development and application of such comfort-driven automated shading strategies there is a need for detailed insight into how control and design parameters can be leveraged to influence building performance trade-offs. Additionally, there is a need for generically applicable and scalable workflows for the development of control strategies and their successful deployment in specific buildings. This doctoral dissertation investigates how computational analyses and optimisation can be used to support the development and application of comfort-driven shading strategies. More specifically, the objective of this research is to develop and test a computational framework for performance evaluation and optimisation of advanced automated shading strategies. Firstly, this framework consists of a virtual test bed (VTB) aimed at analysing the perform

Background: Sleep deprivation is a common problem, not only in the Netherlands but worldwide. Students in particular report higher sleepiness than non-students and tend to have the shortest sleep duration compared to other age groups. Sleep deprivation leads to a wide array of issues, affecting mood and cognitive functioning, and has been related to lower school grades and academic performance of students. To counter these detrimental effects, light exposure might give a (partial) solution. Much research has been done exploring the effect of light on sleep, showing the effects of light exposure on sleep timing, duration, and quality. Recent literature showed that light not only affects sleep during the subsequent night but also that sleep timing and duration affect light exposure during the day after. Studies also show that exposure to bright light can improve vitality. Higher vitality positively affects self-reported health and might even protect against losing good health. It is associated with improved life satisfaction and better regulation of mood and emotions. A better understanding of the existence and nature of these relations over time might contribute to tackling the sleep related problems mentioned above. Objectives: This study aimed to explore possible bidirectional relations between light exposure, vitality, and sleep parameters, as well as autoregressive relations within these variables. In this analysis, time spent outdoors was used as proxy for (peaks in) light exposure. Methods: In this study, a pre-existing dataset was used. Participants were asked to fill in a (daily) sleep diary containing questions on last night’s sleep and time spent outdoors on the previous day. During the day, participants were prompted with an Experience Sampling questionnaire containing a question on current feelings of vitality. Results & conclusion: Multilevel regression analyses revealed autoregressive relations for sleep, vitality, and light exposure. Fo

One of the major risks to our planet today is climate change, which is a problem that worries people all over the world. There is a rise in global temperature levels and greenhouse gas emissions. The building industry has a huge share in this aspect. The current built environment accounts for almost 40% of energy consumption and 36% of CO2 emissions in the Netherlands. Therefore, to meet national energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emission targets, the energy performance of existing buildings is critical. In existing buildings, the challenge is threefold when it comes to refurbishment. Occupant behaviour towards indoor environment and energy usage behaviour. Secondly, the labour required for technical changes and lastly the financial limitations. Therefore, it is important to design or redesign buildings with the aim to provide good indoor quality using energy-efficient building elements which are simple, adaptable, sustainable, and affordable. The study explored in this graduation focuses on the renovation of Proteus Eretes rowing accommodation using integrated climate design strategies. The report highlights the need of occupants and their interaction with the indoor environment. The proposal is a combination of key solutions that can make a huge impact on energy savings and comfort conditions in the rowing facility. This research by design methodology aims to bridge the gap between energy neutrality and occupant comfort in buildings., Climate Design Graduation Studio, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences

With the exponential growth in population and commensurate increased density in urban cities, access to daylight and views to nature is being severely curtailed in buildings. In parallel, increasingly urgent demands to sharply reduce building energy use and associated greenhouse gas emissions are being made to mitigate climate change. There are many challenges and performance tradeoffs associated with the building facade (i.e., daylight and view versus solar and glare control); increased prioritization of health and well-being as a fundamental human requirement could adversely affect building energy-efficiency. Given the current state of knowledge on the effects of daylight and view on health and well-being in buildings, we identify critical needs in research, tools and technologies that if satisfied may enable more effective use of daylight and view in buildings within the constraints of climate change. Lack of knowledge regarding the complex causal mechanisms of window views on human factors is a severely limiting factor in forward progress. Current models and methods to derive bidirectional scattering distribution functions (BSDFs) will need to be modified. Developers of energy-efficient window technologies will need more guidance to shape product development. Advanced window technologies and integrated design can enable attainment of both health and well-being and net zero energy goals, but considerable work will be needed to make such options turnkey and broadly available.

This thesis explores the light qualities that generally imbue a contemplative and calming atmosphere andin what extent these qualities can be adjusted and applied in an existing indoor space. Starting point of thethesis are the vigorous pace of everyday life and the necessity of temporary breaks for internal calmnessand contemplation. In the present thesis contemplativeness is devoid of any religious connotations andembraces a more general state of calmness and introspection.In terms of creating a (contemplative) spatial atmosphere the transitional nature of daylight subtly indicatingthe passage of time and seasons is indeed a pivotal factor. In search of the main contemplative factorsa questionnaire was handed. Firstly, participants were asked about the spatial qualities of the spaces theychoose to contemplate, and then they had to choose between a predefined selection of spaces. A secondquestionnaire was created to further explore these contemplative (day)light qualities. The results notednature as an important element of contemplation along with the concepts of tranquility, orientation, andprivacy among others, a toolbox which guided the project phase within an existing meditation space inKTH.Finally, this thesis suggests that the outcome of the interplay between (day)light and nature offers an importantinsight in both the fields of light and architectural design and discusses how light qualities observedin nature can be adjusted to create the same contemplative feelings in indoor spaces.

In recent years there has been an increase in the number of apartments in Sweden. The officials are estimating that approximately 1000 primary schools need to be built to meet the 20% increase in students. Facing the rising demand; my thesis makes a contribution to sustainable school design via optimisation of the building orientation.This study utilises Rhinoceros with Grasshopper visual programming language alongside Ladybug, Honeybee and Owl scripts, as well as Climate Studio plugin. The environmental performance analysis software’s results include horizontal and vertical illuminance, Daylight Factor, as well as melanopic Equivalent Daylight (D65) Illuminance. Those findings are further supported with on-site measurements and observations in Iggesund school.

Mexico has invested many resources in education ever since the enactment of the 1917 Constitution, where the government committed to providing quality education to every Mexican. Investment has increased over time (INEGI, 1994), but the results have not shown the level of commitment, since Mexico is ranked 32nd out of 34 members in the 2021 OECD Education indicators report (OECD, 2021) as well as falling behind in education level and quality (CONEVAL, 2022). This study focuses on the schools by Juan O’Gorman in 1932 and the Daylight conditions. Considering his methodology and theory adapted to the historical context around him, and the uses required for the building type. This thesis centers on two typical classrooms used in the schools built by Juan O’Gorman. The main goal of this thesis is to answer the question, Do the classrooms following the Functional Modular System by Juan O’Gorman perform as an efficient place to provide education? Does it fulfill the “basic daylight needs” of a primary school? How do the schools use the Functional Modular System performance in today’s context using current international lighting standards? The analysis of the 1933 schools by O’Gorman, showed that there is a need to adjust the codes to match the geographic location of Mexico. Since the results obtained showed that the minimum required levels in sDA, UDI and ASE are met with minimum effort, but the higher thresholds are exceeded. Special attention to glare and direct Sunlight is required to prevent the negative effects of daylight in work and study spaces such as eyestrain, and veiling reflections caused by reading surfaces (Dubois et al., 2019). Further studies are required to analyze the perception of the space, and the academic performance of the users to find the possible consequences of the high glare and contrast levels found in this thesis.

Light as a catalyst of undefined perceptual opportunitiesA light stimuli research will try to deepen into the relation between perceived spaceand daylight, understanding the importance of daylight compositions and the way that stimulates people. A research on how perception plays an important role in energizing spaces.Experiencing atmospheres (light+space+material) is vital to understand light in the space. Previous researches have put the main focus on the perceived spaciality and enclosure in relation to the distribution of light and to show how can space be shaped. However, daylight changes, together with architecture, are capable of modifying perceptively movement in the interior space, turning the static into dynamic.The study will relate perceptual theory with experiential studies, investigating the possibilities light has when experiencing a transitional space and establishing the common points that induces the user to movement. Will focus on the intangible from a qualitative and personal point of view, presenting the light effects that instinctively stimulate a change of position in space.

Dagsljuset påverkar människans hälsa där påverkan på barn är mer påtaglig. Följderna av tillgången tilldagsljus i skolmiljöer är därför viktigt att studera.Syftet är att studera hur dagsljuset påverkar en skolmiljö och målet är att planera en skola i förhållande tilldetta. För att besvara detta har möten med projektledare och arkitekter genomförts. Intervjuer med elever,lärare, och rektor har även utförts, i samband med det gjordes platsbesök i två skolbyggnader. Det deladesäven ut en enkät till elever.Projektet tar plats i den nya stadsdelen Kista Äng där det finns en planerad skola. Det här examensarbetettar fram ett eget förslag på en planlösning och färdig modell av skolan. Förslaget är planerat för låg- ochmellanstadieelever där krav och rekommendationer från SISAB, lärare och elever har tagits i beaktande.Med hjälp av studier om skolors utformning, befintliga lokalprogram och planlösningar har en fullständigplanlösning tagits fram. Den består av de funktioner och rum som behövs för att driva en skola.Med stöd från möten med arkitekter och handledare har en färdig modell med väl uttänkt form, fasadma-terial och detaljer skapats. Här har hänsyn tagits till både visionen och detaljplanen för Kista Äng.En fördjupning i projektet bestod av att göra dagsljusstudier på klassrummen för att skapa en miljö somär tillräckligt ljus men inte för varm. Fönstersättningar har därför anpassats för att uppfylla krav på be-lysningsstyrka i enlighet med SS EN 17037:2018+A1:2021 och solvärmelast i enlighet med Miljöbygg-nad., Daylight affects the health of humans where the impact on children is more pronounced. The benifits andcomplications of daylight are therefore important to study in a school environment.The purpose of the thesis is to study how daylight affects a school environment and the goal is to plan aschool in relation to this. To answer this, meetings have been held with project managers and architects.Interviews with students, teachers and the principal have also taken place in combination with visits to twodifferent school buildings. A questionnaire was also distributed to students.The project takes place in the new town Kista Äng where there is a planned school. This thesis producesits own proposal for a floor plan and finished model. The proposal is planned for primary and middleschool where requirements and recommendations from SISAB, teachers and studens have been taken intoaccount.With the help of studies on school design, existing local programs and floor plans, a complete floor planhas been developed. It consists of the functions and rooms needed to run a school.With support from meetings with architects and supervisors, a finished model with a well-thought-outshape, facade and details has been created. Here, both the vision and the detailed plan for Kista Äng havebeen taken into account.An in-depth study of the project consisted of doing daylight studies in the classrooms to create an environ-ment that is sufficiently bright but not too hot. Window placements have therefore been adapted to meetrequirements for illuminance in accordance with the Swedish standard SS EN 17037:2018+A1:2021 andsolar heat load in accordance with Miljöbyggnad.

Bakgrund: Vårdmiljön kan beskrivas som det fysiska rummet, atmosfären och genom vårdkulturen som råder på vårdavdelningen. Problem: Vid vistelse på sjukhus kan känslor av förlorad kontroll och autonomi uppstå vid en omkullkastat tillvaro. Vad är då betydelsefullt i vårdmiljön för att patienten ska uppleva god hälsa i en annars främmande miljö? Det behövs ökad kunskap om vårdmiljöns betydelse för patientens hälsa. Syfte: Syftet var att skapa en översikt av vårdmiljöns betydelse för patientens hälsa och välbefinnande. Metod: Allmän litteraturöversikt med tio utvalda artiklar. Tre med kvantitativ ansats, sex med kvalitativ ansats och en med mixmetod. Resultat: Patienter önskade integritet och personligt utrymme i vårdmiljön. Musik och konst, samt gemensamma ytor i vårdmiljön skapar förutsättningar för att tillfredsställa patientens sociala och medmänskliga behov, vilket ökar glädje och välbefinnande. Dagsljus, fönster och naturinslag i vårdmiljön hade positiv effekt på patientens hälsa. Gott bemötande och vårdkultur i vårdmiljön gav patienterna trygghet och bidrog till förtrogna relationer med vårdpersonalen. Litteraturöversikten visar att vårdmiljön har betydelse för patientens hälsa. Slutsats: En välplanerad och genomtänkt fysisk vårdmiljö, i kombination med en god vårdkultur, kan optimera förutsättningarna för att främja hälsa hos patienten., Background: The care environment can be described as the physical space, the atmosphere and through the care culture that prevails in the care ward. Problem: What is important in the care environment for the patient to experience good health? There is a need for increased knowledge about the importance of the care environment for the patient's health. Aim: The aim of this study was to create an overview of the importance of the healthcare environment for the patient's health and well-being. Method: General literature review with ten articles. Three with quantitative approach, six with qualitative approach and one with mix method. Results: Patients wanted privacy and personal space in the care environment. Music and art, as well as common areas in the care environment create conditions for satisfying the patient's social and human needs. Daylight, windows and natural elements in the care environment had a positive effect on the patient's health. Good treatment and care culture in the care environment gave the patients security. The literature review shows that the care environment is important for the patient's health. Conclusions: A well-planned and well-thought-out physical care environment, combined with a good care culture, can optimize the conditions for promoting the patient's health.

When looking out of a window, natural views are usually associated with restorative qualities and are given a higher preference than urban scenes. Previous research has shown that gaze behaviour might differ based on the natural or urban content of views. A lower number of fixations has been associated with the aesthetic evaluation of natural scenes while, when looking at an urban environment, a high preference has been correlated with more exploratory gaze behaviours. To characterise gaze correlates of view preference across natural and urban scenes, we collected and analysed experimental data featuring subjective preference ratings, eye-tracking measures, verbal reasoning associated with preference and nature relatedness scores. Consistent with the literature, our results confirm that natural scenes are more preferred than urban views and that gaze behaviours depend on view type and preference. Observing natural scenes was characterised by lower numbers of fixations and saccades, and longer fixation durations, compared to urban views. However, for both view types, most preferred scenes led to more fixations and saccades. Our findings also showed that nature relatedness may be correlated with visual exploration of scenes. Individual preferences and personality attributes, therefore, should be accounted for in studies on view preference and gaze behaviour.

This article examines how daylight and electric light has influenced spatial designand use through the study of three building examples, Stockholm City Library 1928, Norrköping City Library 1971, and Ode Central Library in Helsinki, opened in 2018. The study combines building history with ethnographic field studies in order to investigate lighting as an integral and active part of the architectural history narrative. The three libraries represent three periods of light sources: the incandescent bulb, the fluorescent tube, and the LED, and exemplify how lighting technology has enabled more intense, uniform, and controllable light. The three examples show different approaches to contrast and movement. In the first example, which was created at a time when daylight was still central to the lighting supply, the lighting scheme is based on contrasts between light and dark linked to visitor movement. The second example uses a more uniform and static light, responding to the requirements of the detail vision, and was created at a time when electric lighting was already dominant. The third and contemporary example involves a combination of daylight and electric light. Contrast and movement reappear, but in a way that is clearly different from the two previous examples

To perform an accurate lighting study, it is essential to know the predominant sky types in a locality, as these are key to estimating the lighting performance of indoor environments. The objective of this research is to analyze the discrepancies in the assessment of the natural light performance of indoor spaces according to the climatic files used and consider the differences in the predominant sky types according to their radiation data. For this purpose, using the Clearness Index, from the All Pérez All-Weather Sky Model, the sky types were estimated and compared from the radiation information of climate files available for thirteen Colombian cities. Additionally, dynamic daylight simulations were performed on hypothetical environments with different climate files. The results of the research show, for each city analyzed, notable differences in the predominant sky types according to the climate file used. These differences resulted in significant discrepancies - in many cases of more than 10% - in the application of dynamic metrics using the climate files available for each city. Although it is not the objective of the research to conclude which of the climate files is more reliable, it does highlight the need for reliable radiation data in the climate files, to favor accuracy in the assessment of the lighting performance of indoor environments through computational simulation., Para realizar un estudio de iluminación preciso es fundamental conocer los tipos de cielo predominantes de una localidad, pues estos son clave para estimar el desempeño lumínico de ambientes interiores. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las discrepancias en la valoración del desempeño de la luz natural de espacios interiores según los archivos climáticos usados y considerando las diferencias en los tipos de cielo predominantes de acuerdo con los datos de radiación de estos. Para ello, haciendo uso del Clearness Index, de All Pérez All Weather Sky Model, fueron estimados y comparados los tipos de cielo a partir de la información de radiación de archivos climáticos disponibles para trece ciudades colombianas. Adicionalmente, fueron realizadas simulaciones dinámicas de luz natural sobre ambientes hipotéticos, con diferentes archivos climáticos. Los resultados de la investigación evidencian, para cada ciudad analizada, notables diferencias en cuanto a los tipos de cielo predominantes según el archivo climático utilizado. Estas diferencias derivaron en notables discrepancias —en muchos casos, de más del 10 %— en la aplicación de métricas dinámicas haciendo uso de los archivos climáticos disponibles para cada ciudad. Si bien no es objetivo de la investigación concluir cuál de los archivos climáticos es más confiable, sí se resalta la necesidad de contar con datos de radiación confiables en los archivos climáticos, para favorecer la precisión en la valoración del desempeño lumínico de ambientes interiores a través de simulación computacional.

The bioclimatic performance of buildings under climate change scenarios has been extensively studied from a thermo-energy perspective but hardly studied at all from the perspective of indoor daylight sufficiency. This shortcoming is related to the invariability of radiation data in the available weather files of future scenarios. This research proposes identifying the impacts that the variability of radiation data in weather files of future scenarios would have on daylight sufficiency in indoor spaces. The methodology includes the adaptation of available weather files and the running of daylight simulations for hypothetical workspaces located in Medellín, Colombia. The results show differences in the Spatial Daylight Autonomy – SDA metric of up to 18% in different future scenarios. In conclusion, the need is outlined to refine predictions of outdoor daylight availability that allow improving daylight performance evaluations under climate change scenarios., O desempenho bioclimático de edifícios em cenários de mudança climática tem sido amplamente estudado sob a perspectiva termoenergética, mas dificilmente abordado sob a perspectiva da suficiência lumínica interior. Essa escassez está relacionada à invariabilidade dos dados de radiação nos arquivos climáticos disponíveis de cenários futuros. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar os impactos que a variabilidade dos dados de radiação em arquivos climáticos de cenários futuros teria na suficiência lumínica em espaços interiores. A metodologia incluiu a adaptação de arquivos climáticos disponíveis e a realização de simulações computacionais de luz natural para espaços de trabalho hipotéticos localizados em Medellín, Colômbia. Os resultados mostram diferenças na métrica Spatial Daylight Autonomy – SDA de até 18% em diferentes cenários futuros. Conclui-se que é necessário refinar as previsões de disponibilidade lumínica exterior para que permitam melhorar as avaliações de desempenho lumínico em cenários de mudanças climáticas., El desempeño bioclimático de edificaciones en escenarios de cambio climático ha sido ampliamente estudiado desde la perspectiva termo-energética, pero escasamente abordado desde la suficiencia lumínica interior. Esta escasez está relacionada con la invariabilidad de los datos de radiación en los archivos climáticos disponibles de escenarios futuros. La presente investigación propone identificar los impactos que, sobre la suficiencia lumínica, tendría la variabilidad de datos de radiación en archivos climáticos de escenarios futuros. La metodología incluye la adaptación de archivos climáticos disponibles y la realización de simulaciones computacionales de luz natural para espacios de trabajo hipotéticos localizados en Medellín, Colombia. Los resultados evidencian diferencias en la métrica Spatial Daylight Autonomy – SDA de hasta 18% en diversos escenarios futuros. Como conclusión, se plantea la necesidad de afinar las predicciones sobre la disponibilidad lumínica exterior que permitan optimizar las evaluaciones de desempeño lumínico en escenarios de cambio climático.

Flera kommuner runt om i Sverige rapporterar om att man har bostadsbrist. Orsaker tillatt det finns en bostadsbrist i Sverige är dels den höga byggkostnaden delsbefolkningsökning som sker. För att kunna möta upp bristen samt ökningen har detproducerats bostäder i en stor volym. Samtidigt som man bygger en stor mängd bostäder,går det att ifrågasätta hur många av dessa som håller viktiga kvaliteter som krävs förbostäder ska kunna uppnå trivsel och hemkänsla.Bostadsbristen som vi befinner oss i nu kan liknas med den bostadsbrist som Sverigebefann sig i på 50- och 60-talet. Det ledde då till att miljonprogrammet startades undermitten av 60-talet till mitten av 70-talet. Då byggdes mycket på kort tid och därefterupptäcktes brister i kvalitén och utförande. För att undvika bristerna i kvalitet är detviktigt att beakta grundfaktorer som skapar trivsel. Några av dessa grundfaktorer är de“omätbara värdena” som i samverkan med varandra skapar hemkänsla och trivsel i enbostad.Att skapa trivsamma bostäder och byggnader är en väldigt komplex uppgift i form av attman kan missa vissa grundfaktorer som främjar trivsel i bostäder. Därför behövs studiergöras för att se om dessa grundfaktorer finns med i dagens nyproduktion av bostäder.Detta på grund av att dagens byggindustri kan glömma viktiga punkter i sin projekteringoch bara tänker på kostnader och tid. Vilket gör att många viktiga parametrar kanglömmas bort och därför skapas en mindre trivsam bostad.Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka planlösningar för att kunna få en insikt i hur kvaliteteni nya lägenheter i flerbostadshus är. Arbetet granskar planlösningar från fyra kommunersom är slumpmässigt utvalda. För att avgöra kvaliteten i bostäderna utgår arbetet frånboken “Bostadens omätbara värden” av Ola Nylander samt “Manual för analys avBostadskvalitet” som är framtagen av forskare vid Chalmers.Den valda metoden är en fallstudie av stickprovskaraktär. I studien har de utvaldaplanlösningarna granskats och analyserats baserat på fyr, Several municipalities around Sweden report that they have a housing shortage. Reasonswhy there is a housing shortage in Sweden are partly the high construction costs andpartly the population increase that is taking place. In order to meet the shortage as well asthe increase, housing has been produced in a large volume. At the same time as a largeamount of housing is being built, it is possible to question how many of these meet theimportant qualities required for housing to be able to achieve comfort and a sense offeeling of home.The housing shortage that we are in now can be compared to the housing shortage thatSweden was in in the 50s and 60s. That then led to the million program being started inthe mid-60s to the mid-70s. Back then, a lot was built in a short time and then flaws in thequality and execution were discovered. In order to avoid deficiencies in quality, it isimportant to consider basic factors that create well-being. Some of these basic factors arethe "immeasurable values" which, in cooperation with each other, create a sense of homeand well-being in a home.Creating pleasant homes and buildings is a very complex task and therefore it is easy tomiss certain basic factors that promote well-being in homes. Therefore, studies need to bedone to see if these basic factors are included in today's new housing production. This isbecause today's construction industry can forget important points in its planning and onlythinks about costs and time. Which means that many important parameters can beforgotten and therefore create a less pleasant home.The purpose of the work is to investigate floor plans in order to gain an insight into thequality of new apartments in apartment buildings. The work examines planning solutionsfrom four municipalities that are randomly selected. In order to determine the quality ofthe housing, the work is based on the book "The home ́s immeasurable value" by OlaNylander and "Manual for analysis of housing quality" developed by research

Syftet har varit att undersöka hur olika interiöra miljöer kan återges med ELF-metoden (Environmental Light Field Method) och om resultaten skiljt sig åt i olika miljöer. Studien har genomförts som ett experiment på Jönköpings Tekniska Högskola och insamling av data har skett i lektionssalar, entré, bibliotek och utomhus genom en kvantitativ metod. Insamlade data genom ELF-metoden består av foton, diagram och mätresultat. ELF-resultaten har jämförts med rummens uppmätta belysningsstyrkor, spektralfördelningar och utredarnas upplevelse av rummen som presenterats genom skisser. Resultatet visar att ELF-metoden fungerar som en kombination av de andra mätmetoderna. Styrkan är att resultatet ger en samlad bild av miljön med hänsyn till ytfärger, intensitet och dagsljusinsläpp men dess nackdelar är att det idag är initialt tidskrävande samt att det endast går att utvärdera befintliga miljöer. Slutsatsen är att metoden i framtiden kan komma att bli lämplig för utvärdering av belysning och dagsljus i interiöra miljöer, när metoden för insamling och hantering av data har utvecklats och effektiviserats., The purpose has been to investigate how different interior environments can be reproduced with the ELF method (Environmental Light Field Method) and whether the results differ in different environments. The study was conducted as an experiment at Jönköping University and data collection was done in classrooms, entrances, libraries and outdoors through a quantitative method. Collected data consists of photos, diagrams and measurement results. The ELF-results have been compared with the illuminance in the rooms, the spectral power distribution and the investigators experienced the room which is presented with sketches. The results show that the ELF method works as a combination of other measurement methods. The strength is that the result gives an overall picture of the environment regarding to surface colors, intensity and daylight input, but its disadvantages are that today it is initially time-consuming and that it is only possible to evaluate existing environments. The conclusion is that the method in the future may be suitable for evaluating lighting and daylight in interior environments when the method for collecting and processing data has been developed and streamlined.

Due to the geographical location, the amount of daylight in Sweden varies greatly during the year - the lack of light is part of our everyday life. Regardless of the season, the sun’s position gives a light that seems to fall from the side, it kind of drags itself in through the windows. As a result, it is easily influenced by the surroundings. All the edges, corners and profiles that stand in the way create an endless variety of shades. Given these conditions, it is a good reason to devote time to the detailing of all the parts of a window. In this master’s project, I am directing my gaze towards the window frame and more specifically towards the framework’s profiling. By observing the shape and the color language of different profiles, the perceived contrast between light and shades is noticed and interpreted into new. Based on the qualities of the Nordic light, this project hopes to clarify and show with concrete examples why decision-making around the window frame is crucial for how we perceive the incident light. Relatively small differences in profiling create a large effect in contrasts, I find, and consequently, a more complex window profile enhances the character of the window and the incident light. This project is about looking at something specific, to observe and to explain what already is there.