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This book “Pharmaceutics (Theory)” has been written with the conception of introducing pharmacy students, the fundamentals of pharmaceutics. The book contains eight chapters. The first chapter provides information about the Introduction to dosage forms, Prescription, and Posology. In the 2nd chapter explained the Historical background and development of profession of pharmacy and pharmaceutical industry in brief. In 3rd chapter given about Development of Indian Pharmacopoeia and introduction to other Pharmacopoeias such as BP, USP, European Pharmacopoeia, Extra pharmacopoeia and Indian national formulary. The 4th Chapter Weights and measures, Calculations involving percentage solutions, allegation, proof spirit, Isotonic solutions etc. Chapter five provides Powders and Granules: Classification advantages and disadvantages, Preparation of simple, compound powders, Insufflations. Dusting powders. Eutectic and Explosive powders, Tooth powder and effervescent powders and granules. In chapter 6 Monophasic Dosage forms: Theoretical aspects of formulation including adjuvant like stabilizers, colorants. flavors with examples. Study of Monophasic liquids like gargles. mouth washes, Throat paint, Ear drops, Nasal drops, Liniments and lotions, Enemas and collodions. In 7th Chapter explained Biphasic dosage forms: Suspensions and emulsions, Definition, advantages and disadvantages, classification, test for the type of emulsion. formulation. stability and evaluation. Chapter 8 described Suppositories and pessaries: Definition, advantages and disadvantages, types of bases. method of preparation, Displacement value and evaluation. Chapter 9 elaborates on Galenical’s: Definition, equipment for different extraction processes like infusion. Decoction. Maceration and Percolation, methods of preparation of spirits, tinctures and extracts. In 10th defined only calculations about Pharmaceutical. After 11 and 12 described Surgical aids: Surgical dressings, absorbable gelatin sponge, sutur

The Campos Neutrais are located in the extreme south of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and are part of the geological context of the Coastal Plain of this state. In the Neutral Fields, landscapes with ecosystems that play a vital role in sustaining life on the Earth's surface predominate. Thus, the objective of this article is to recognize and spatialize the aspects of environmental legislation, in different spheres, that regulate the use of water in the landscape of the Campos Neutrais of Rio Grande do Sul. The methodology used in this work encompassed a thorough research on environmental legislation in different spheres, that is, at the international, national, state and municipal levels, employed in the territory of the Campos Neutrais of Rio Grande do Sul. The results show that recognizing water as a universal heritage promotes a holistic and sustainable approach, encouraging the engagement of public authorities and society in its management and conservation., Os Campos Neutrais se localizam no Extremo sul do estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil) e se inserem no contexto geológico da Planície Costeira desse estado. Nos Campos Neutrais predominam paisagens com ecossistemas que desempenham um papel vital na sustentação da vida na superfície terrestre. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é reconhecer os aspectos da legislação ambiental, em diferentes esferas, que regulamentam o uso da água na paisagem dos Campos Neutrais do Rio Grande do Sul. A metodologia utilizada no presente trabalho abrangeu uma minuciosa pesquisa sobre a legislação ambiental em diferentes esferas, ou seja, no âmbito internacional, nacional, estadual e municipal, empregada no território dos Campos Neutrais do Rio Grande do Sul. Os resultados evidenciamque reconhecer a água como um patrimônio universal promove uma abordagem holística e sustentável, incentivando o engajamento das autoridades públicas e da sociedade na sua gestão e conservação., Los Campos Neutros están ubicados en el extremo sur del estado de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil) y forman parte del contexto geológico de la Llanura Costera de ese estado. En Campos Neutros predominan paisajes con ecosistemas que juegan un papel vital en el sustento de la vida en la superficie terrestre. Así, el objetivo de este artículo es reconocer los aspectos de la legislación ambiental, en diferentes ámbitos, que regulan el uso del agua en el paisaje de Campos Neutros en Rio Grande do Sul. La metodología utilizada en el presente trabajo abarcó una investigación exhaustiva sobre la legislación ambiental en diferentes ámbitos, es decir, a nivel internacional, nacional, estatal y municipal, empleada en el territorio de Campos Neutros en Rio Grande do Sul. Los resultados muestran que reconocer el agua como patrimonio universal promueve un enfoque holístico y sostenible, fomentando el compromiso de las autoridades públicas y la sociedad en su gestión y conservación.

This article surveys the mining permitting process and discusses the process to obtain permits for the exploration and mining of metals in five industrialised countries: Sweden, Finland, Poland, Western Australia (Australia) and Ontario (Canada). The purpose is to provide an overview of the permitting process when the demand for metals may grow at a faster pace than ever before. The countries have been chosen for their well-developed mining industries while still representing different historical and legal backgrounds and traditions. Focus lies on three aspects of the permitting process: Mining policy, legislation and permits; Environmental legislation and permits and; Stakeholder influence/participation including appeals. We describe the present situation in all countries in detail. The mining policy and legislation in the countries studied are converging and the mining laws are becoming increasingly similar. Legislation is being revised at shorter intervals, and minor additions and amendments can be made in between completely new legislation. In all the five countries emphasis is placed on ensuring that the permitting process is transparent and open from the first exploration steps to the closure of a depleted mine. Governments are developing new policies, legislation, regulations and permitting processes to ensure that the growing demand can be met while at the same time the increasing demands by various stakeholders on land use, environmental and social developments can increasingly be included in the permitting process., Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-08-10 (joosat);Licens fulltext: CC BY License

This article surveys the mining permitting process and discusses the process to obtain permits for the exploration and mining of metals in five industrialised countries: Sweden, Finland, Poland, Western Australia (Australia) and Ontario (Canada). The purpose is to provide an overview of the permitting process when the demand for metals may grow at a faster pace than ever before. The countries have been chosen for their well-developed mining industries while still representing different historical and legal backgrounds and traditions. Focus lies on three aspects of the permitting process: Mining policy, legislation and permits; Environmental legislation and permits and; Stakeholder influence/participation including appeals. We describe the present situation in all countries in detail. The mining policy and legislation in the countries studied are converging and the mining laws are becoming increasingly similar. Legislation is being revised at shorter intervals, and minor additions and amendments can be made in between completely new legislation. In all the five countries emphasis is placed on ensuring that the permitting process is transparent and open from the first exploration steps to the closure of a depleted mine. Governments are developing new policies, legislation, regulations and permitting processes to ensure that the growing demand can be met while at the same time the increasing demands by various stakeholders on land use, environmental and social developments can increasingly be included in the permitting process., QC 20230704

This article surveys the mining permitting process and discusses the process to obtain permits for the exploration and mining of metals in five industrialised countries: Sweden, Finland, Poland, Western Australia (Australia) and Ontario (Canada). The purpose is to provide an overview of the permitting process when the demand for metals may grow at a faster pace than ever before. The countries have been chosen for their well-developed mining industries while still representing different historical and legal backgrounds and traditions. Focus lies on three aspects of the permitting process: Mining policy, legislation and permits; Environmental legislation and permits and; Stakeholder influence/participation including appeals. We describe the present situation in all countries in detail. The mining policy and legislation in the countries studied are converging and the mining laws are becoming increasingly similar. Legislation is being revised at shorter intervals, and minor additions and amendments can be made in between completely new legislation. In all the five countries emphasis is placed on ensuring that the permitting process is transparent and open from the first exploration steps to the closure of a depleted mine. Governments are developing new policies, legislation, regulations and permitting processes to ensure that the growing demand can be met while at the same time the increasing demands by various stakeholders on land use, environmental and social developments can increasingly be included in the permitting process., Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-08-10 (joosat);Licens fulltext: CC BY License

The object of the investigation consists of the disclosure of procedural legislation, through the implementation of effective mechanisms of legal incidence on procedural aspects, which constitute the framework for the protection of the violated environmental rights and interests of citizens or other subjects of environmental legal relationships. Main content. A certain innovation may be the introduction of the institution of group lawsuits (massive, collective) in Ukraine, which will simplify access to justice for citizens, it will increase its quality and, due to the reduction of the burden on the courts, will accelerate the consideration of cases, including those of an environmental nature. Methodology: The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical method of scientific knowledge; Through the application of this method, the legal, functional, organizational and procedural aspects of the protection of environmental rights and interests in the courts were considered. conclusions. The article argues the need for new forms of protection of the rights and interests of a significant number of people; this is absolutely necessary in the context of the specificity of environmental disputes., El objeto de la investigación consiste en la divulgación de la legislación procesal, a través de la implementación de mecanismos efectivos de incidencia jurídica sobre los aspectos procesales, que constituyen el marco de protección de los derechos e intereses ambientales vulnerados de los ciudadanos u otros sujetos de las relaciones jurídicas ambientales. Contenido principal. Una cierta innovación puede ser la introducción de la institución de demandas grupales (masivas, colectivas) en Ucrania, lo que simplificará el acceso a la justicia para los ciudadanos, aumentará su calidad y, debido a la reducción de la carga de los tribunales, acelerará la consideración de casos, incluidos los de carácter ambiental. Metodología: La base metodológica de la investigación es el método dialéctico del conocimiento científico; mediante la aplicación de este método se consideraron los aspectos jurídicos, funcionales, organizativos y procesales de la protección de los derechos e intereses ambientales en los tribunales. Conclusiones. El artículo argumenta la necesidad de nuevas formas de protección de los derechos e intereses de un número significativo de personas; esto es absolutamente necesario en el contexto de la especificidad de las disputas ambientales.

Objective: The legal framework governing ecological preservation and sustainability is best appreciated via research into the history and impact of environmental legislation on the "green" notion. It explains how laws and regulations affect the environment, shifting business models, government regulations, and individual attitudes and actions in a more sustainable direction. In a world where environmental legislation, sustainable practices, and ecological challenges are on the rise, it is crucial to have this knowledge. There are several obstacles in the way of the growth and consequences of environmental law on the "green" idea, including the need to strike a balance between economic interests and ecological preservation, the need to ensure worldwide harmonization of rules, and the need to adjust legal frameworks to handle developing environmental difficulties.   Method: This paper proposes the Contrastive Exploration and Influence of Environmental Law (CE&IEL), which will examine the development and current relevance of environmental law, focusing on its transformative effects on sustainable practices within the "green" framework. The research has a number of potential uses, including informing policy decisions by illuminating the ways in which environmental laws affect "green" practices, assisting industries in aligning with sustainable regulations to increase corporate responsibility, and assisting educational institutions in integrating legal and ecological perspectives to better prepare students for careers in environmental governance.   Result: Computerized models (CM) are used in the growth and impacts of environmental law on green to foresee how shifting environmental legislation would affect green business practices.   Conclusion: This strategy helps policymakers, industries, and researchers understand the dynamic interplay between legal reforms and their impact on developing ecological consciousness through the use of simulated trials o

The object of the investigation consists of the disclosure of procedural legislation, through the implementation of effective mechanisms of legal incidence on procedural aspects, which constitute the framework for the protection of the violated environmental rights and interests of citizens or other subjects of environmental legal relationships. Main content. A certain innovation may be the introduction of the institution of group lawsuits (massive, collective) in Ukraine, which will simplify access to justice for citizens, it will increase its quality and, due to the reduction of the burden on the courts, will accelerate the consideration of cases, including those of an environmental nature. Methodology: The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical method of scientific knowledge; Through the application of this method, the legal, functional, organizational and procedural aspects of the protection of environmental rights and interests in the courts were considered. conclusions. The article argues the need for new forms of protection of the rights and interests of a significant number of people; this is absolutely necessary in the context of the specificity of environmental disputes., El objeto de la investigación consiste en la divulgación de la legislación procesal, a través de la implementación de mecanismos efectivos de incidencia jurídica sobre los aspectos procesales, que constituyen el marco de protección de los derechos e intereses ambientales vulnerados de los ciudadanos u otros sujetos de las relaciones jurídicas ambientales. Contenido principal. Una cierta innovación puede ser la introducción de la institución de demandas grupales (masivas, colectivas) en Ucrania, lo que simplificará el acceso a la justicia para los ciudadanos, aumentará su calidad y, debido a la reducción de la carga de los tribunales, acelerará la consideración de casos, incluidos los de carácter ambiental. Metodología: La base metodológica de la investigación es el método dialéctico del conocimiento científico; mediante la aplicación de este método se consideraron los aspectos jurídicos, funcionales, organizativos y procesales de la protección de los derechos e intereses ambientales en los tribunales. Conclusiones. El artículo argumenta la necesidad de nuevas formas de protección de los derechos e intereses de un número significativo de personas; esto es absolutamente necesario en el contexto de la especificidad de las disputas ambientales.

The United States is witnessing the emergence of what has popularly been coined Trumpism – a new conservatism inspired by the administration of Donald J. Trump, however, extending beyond to other far-right politicians. This research aims to better understand Trumpism as it relates to environmental (in)justice via a legislative case study analysis including the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) exemption of Tongass National Forest, Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) ruling not to regulate Hazardous Air Pollutants emissions from coal- and oil-fired power plants under the Clean Air Act, and the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) Temporary Rule removing various limitations on H-2A visas. The results were extracted through an agenda-setting and framing analysis of the case studies and Trump’s 2020 State of the Union Address. The main results pertain to themes of importance identified within the documents. The results on Trumpism identified the following themes: identity, corporate influence, nativism and stigma, the American Dream, the American Frontier, great economic success, American security against an “other”, and America first and American leadership. For the USDA’s policy, the themes identified were deregulation, rural prosperity and economic development, and management for diverse interests. EPA’s policy demonstrated the themes of assigning value, role and obligation, wait-and-see approach, and human health and pollution. Lastly, for DHS’ policy the themes of American security, immigration and nonimmigrant status, and temporary workers as mission critical, were identified. These results were analyzed through an environmental justice framework comprising colonialism, specifically settler colonialism, socio-spatial stigmatization, and exploitation. The findings indicate Trumpism to be heavily revolved around economic success as it relates to environmental (in)justice, however, certain groups are omitted from this success. For the policies, a line of c

The United States is witnessing the emergence of what has popularly been coined Trumpism – a new conservatism inspired by the administration of Donald J. Trump, however, extending beyond to other far-right politicians. This research aims to better understand Trumpism as it relates to environmental (in)justice via a legislative case study analysis including the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) exemption of Tongass National Forest, Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) ruling not to regulate Hazardous Air Pollutants emissions from coal- and oil-fired power plants under the Clean Air Act, and the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) Temporary Rule removing various limitations on H-2A visas. The results were extracted through an agenda-setting and framing analysis of the case studies and Trump’s 2020 State of the Union Address. The main results pertain to themes of importance identified within the documents. The results on Trumpism identified the following themes: identity, corporate influence, nativism and stigma, the American Dream, the American Frontier, great economic success, American security against an “other”, and America first and American leadership. For the USDA’s policy, the themes identified were deregulation, rural prosperity and economic development, and management for diverse interests. EPA’s policy demonstrated the themes of assigning value, role and obligation, wait-and-see approach, and human health and pollution. Lastly, for DHS’ policy the themes of American security, immigration and nonimmigrant status, and temporary workers as mission critical, were identified. These results were analyzed through an environmental justice framework comprising colonialism, specifically settler colonialism, socio-spatial stigmatization, and exploitation. The findings indicate Trumpism to be heavily revolved around economic success as it relates to environmental (in)justice, however, certain groups are omitted from this success. For the policies, a line of c

The object of the investigation consists of the disclosure of procedural legislation, through the implementation of effective mechanisms of legal incidence on procedural aspects, which constitute the framework for the protection of the violated environmental rights and interests of citizens or other subjects of environmental legal relationships. Main content. A certain innovation may be the introduction of the institution of group lawsuits (massive, collective) in Ukraine, which will simplify access to justice for citizens, it will increase its quality and, due to the reduction of the burden on the courts, will accelerate the consideration of cases, including those of an environmental nature. Methodology: The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical method of scientific knowledge; Through the application of this method, the legal, functional, organizational and procedural aspects of the protection of environmental rights and interests in the courts were considered. conclusions. The article argues the need for new forms of protection of the rights and interests of a significant number of people; this is absolutely necessary in the context of the specificity of environmental disputes., El objeto de la investigación consiste en la divulgación de la legislación procesal, a través de la implementación de mecanismos efectivos de incidencia jurídica sobre los aspectos procesales, que constituyen el marco de protección de los derechos e intereses ambientales vulnerados de los ciudadanos u otros sujetos de las relaciones jurídicas ambientales. Contenido principal. Una cierta innovación puede ser la introducción de la institución de demandas grupales (masivas, colectivas) en Ucrania, lo que simplificará el acceso a la justicia para los ciudadanos, aumentará su calidad y, debido a la reducción de la carga de los tribunales, acelerará la consideración de casos, incluidos los de carácter ambiental. Metodología: La base metodológica de la investigación es el método dialéctico del conocimiento científico; mediante la aplicación de este método se consideraron los aspectos jurídicos, funcionales, organizativos y procesales de la protección de los derechos e intereses ambientales en los tribunales. Conclusiones. El artículo argumenta la necesidad de nuevas formas de protección de los derechos e intereses de un número significativo de personas; esto es absolutamente necesario en el contexto de la especificidad de las disputas ambientales.

The present work aims to demonstrate the importance of the implementation of the environmental legal education program in the San Vicente Popular Council belonging to the Viñales National Park, regardless of taking a look at one of the most important issues that are discussed in the environmental point of view. Currently, that is, to Environmental Legal Education, specifically Community Environmental Legal Education, as well as its possible link with other subjects that contribute to the preservation of biodiversity and environmental legislation. Theoretical methods were used such as: analysis-synthesis, historical-logical, induction-deduction, which allowed: making generalizations with respect to theoretical positions and reaching conclusions, studying and particularizing the qualities of the legal norm. In the same way, the semi-standardized interview was used to carry out the diagnosis on the knowledge of the environmental legal norm in the community. The implementation of the program allowed to increase the environmental legal knowledge in the community, specifically about the legislative system that protects the environment, its implementation and how to contribute from the community to the concretion of actions in order to contribute to its compliance. the legal norm., El presente trabajo pretende evidenciar la importancia de la implementación del programa de educación jurídica ambiental en el Consejo popular San Vicente perteneciente al Parque Nacional Viñales independientemente de dar una mirada a uno de los temas más importantes que desde el punto de vista ambiental se discuten en la actualidad, o sea a la Educación jurídica Ambiental, específicamente la Educación jurídica ambiental Comunitaria, así como su posible vinculación con otras materias que contribuyen a la preservación de la biodiversidad y la legislación ambiental. Se utilizaron Se utilizaron métodos teóricos tales como: análisis-síntesis, histórico-lógico, inducción-deducción los cuales permitieron: realizar generalizaciones con respecto a las posiciones teóricas y arribar a conclusiones, estudiar y particularizarlas cualidades de la norma jurídica. Se utilizó de igual forma la entrevista semi estandarizada para realizar el diagnóstico sobre el conocimiento de la norma jurídica ambiental en la comunidad. La implementación del programa Permitió incrementar el conocimiento jurídico ambiental en la comunidad, específicamente sobre el sistema legislativo que protege el medio ambiente, su implementación y como contribuir desde la comunidad a la concreción de acciones en aras de contribuir a su cumplimiento. la norma jurídica.

The objective of the research was to analyze the human rights contained in the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States from the principle of legality, which, with greater support, allows interpretation to comply with the provisions, protect the governed and other living beings, and impose limits on those who affect the environment. Likewise, grant powers to the authorities to establish sanctions that are effective in protecting the individual and the natural heritage. The research was carried out through an exploratory documentary study of this topic, as well as reflections from consulted authors and their own, in order to capture, based on the law, the defense of the rights they protect. As a result, it was evident that the sanctions and variants that are imposed on the offender for violating the care of nature and the human rights that are affected when the environment is unhealthy include everything from taxes and fines to security measures such as temporary closure or definitive closure and suspension of concessions and licenses., O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar os direitos humanos contidos na Constituição Política dos Estados Unidos Mexicanos, a partir do princípio da legalidade; que com maior respaldo permite que a interpretação cumpra as disposições, proteja os governados e demais seres vivos e imponha limites àqueles que afetam o meio ambiente. Da mesma forma, conceder poderes às autoridades para estabelecer sanções que sejam eficazes na proteção do indivíduo e do patrimônio natural. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de estudo documental exploratório deste tema, bem como de reflexões de autores consultados e próprios, a fim de captar, com base na lei, a defesa dos direitos que protegem. Como resultado, ficou evidente que as sanções e variantes que são impostas ao infrator por violar o cuidado com a natureza e os direitos humanos afetados quando o meio ambiente é insalubre, incluem desde impostos e multas, até medidas de segurança, como medidas temporárias, encerramento ou definitivo e suspensão de concessões e licenças., El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar los derechos humanos contenidos en la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, desde el principio de legalidad; que con mayor sustento permite la interpretación para cumplir las disposiciones, proteger a los gobernados y demás seres vivos e imponer límites a quienes afecten el ambiente. De igual forma, otorgar facultades a las autoridades para establecer sanciones que sean efectivas en la protección del individuo y el patrimonio natural. La investigación se realizó mediante un estudio documental exploratorio de dicha temática, así como de reflexiones de autores consultados y las propias, a fin de plasmar, a partir de la ley, la defensa de los derechos que resguardan. Como resultado se pudo evidenciar que las sanciones y variantes que se imponen al sujeto infractor por vulnerar el cuidado de la naturaleza y los derechos humanos que se afectan cuando el entorno es insano, contemplan desde gravámenes y multas, hasta medidas de seguridad como clausura temporal o definitiva, y suspensión de concesiones y licencias.

The objective of the research was to analyze the human rights contained in the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States from the principle of legality, which, with greater support, allows interpretation to comply with the provisions, protect the governed and other living beings, and impose limits on those who affect the environment. Likewise, grant powers to the authorities to establish sanctions that are effective in protecting the individual and the natural heritage. The research was carried out through an exploratory documentary study of this topic, as well as reflections from consulted authors and their own, in order to capture, based on the law, the defense of the rights they protect. As a result, it was evident that the sanctions and variants that are imposed on the offender for violating the care of nature and the human rights that are affected when the environment is unhealthy include everything from taxes and fines to security measures such as temporary closure or definitive closure and suspension of concessions and licenses., O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar os direitos humanos contidos na Constituição Política dos Estados Unidos Mexicanos, a partir do princípio da legalidade; que com maior respaldo permite que a interpretação cumpra as disposições, proteja os governados e demais seres vivos e imponha limites àqueles que afetam o meio ambiente. Da mesma forma, conceder poderes às autoridades para estabelecer sanções que sejam eficazes na proteção do indivíduo e do patrimônio natural. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de estudo documental exploratório deste tema, bem como de reflexões de autores consultados e próprios, a fim de captar, com base na lei, a defesa dos direitos que protegem. Como resultado, ficou evidente que as sanções e variantes que são impostas ao infrator por violar o cuidado com a natureza e os direitos humanos afetados quando o meio ambiente é insalubre, incluem desde impostos e multas, até medidas de segurança, como medidas temporárias, encerramento ou definitivo e suspensão de concessões e licenças., El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar los derechos humanos contenidos en la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, desde el principio de legalidad; que con mayor sustento permite la interpretación para cumplir las disposiciones, proteger a los gobernados y demás seres vivos e imponer límites a quienes afecten el ambiente. De igual forma, otorgar facultades a las autoridades para establecer sanciones que sean efectivas en la protección del individuo y el patrimonio natural. La investigación se realizó mediante un estudio documental exploratorio de dicha temática, así como de reflexiones de autores consultados y las propias, a fin de plasmar, a partir de la ley, la defensa de los derechos que resguardan. Como resultado se pudo evidenciar que las sanciones y variantes que se imponen al sujeto infractor por vulnerar el cuidado de la naturaleza y los derechos humanos que se afectan cuando el entorno es insano, contemplan desde gravámenes y multas, hasta medidas de seguridad como clausura temporal o definitiva, y suspensión de concesiones y licencias.

The recovery of mature oil fields implies an intensification of extractive processes and new production techniques that are highly harmful to the environment, particularly the injection of large amounts of water. The article examines the management of the environmental norm and its articulation with the spatial planning in the oil blocks of the old De Mares concession, in Magdalena Medio, in Colombia. Based on in-depth interviews with environmental leaders, documentary review and field work, it is shown that the interpretations and uses of the environmental norm generate fragmentation in environmental management and, in turn, a high level of social conflict. The notion of the legal destruction of the territory is discussed and it is proposed to rethink environmental regulation within the framework of a relational and non-horizontal conception of the territory., La récupération des champs pétroliers matures implique une intensification des procédés extractifs et de nouvelles techniques de production très nocives pour l'environnement, notamment l'injection de grandes quantités d'eau. L'article examine la production de la norme environnementale et son articulation avec l'aménagement du territoire dans les champs pétroliers de l'ancienne concession De Mares, dans le Magdalena Medio, en Colombie. Sur la base d'entretiens approfondis avec des leaders environnementaux, d'une revue documentaire et d'un travail de terrain, il est montré que les interprétations et les usages de la norme environnementale génèrent une fragmentation dans la gestion environnementale et une conflictivité sociale élevée. La notion de destruction légale du territoire est discutée et il est proposé de repenser la régulation environnementale dans le cadre d'une conception relationnelle et non horizontale du territoire., A recuperação dos campos petrolíferos maduros implica a intensificação dos processos extractivos e de novas técnicas de produção nocivas para o ambiente, nomeadamente a injecção de grandes quantidades de água. O artigo examina a gestão da norma ambiental e sua articulação com o ordenamento territorial nos blocos petrolíferos da antiga concessão De Mares, em Magdalena Medio, na Colômbia. Com base em entrevistas em profundidade com líderes ambientais, revisão documental e trabalho de campo, será mostrado que as interpretações e usos da norma ambiental geram fragmentação na gestão ambiental, houve um alto nível de conflito social. Discute-se a noção de destruição jurídica do território e propõe-se repensar a regulação ambiental no quadro de uma concepção relacional e não horizontal do território., La recuperación de los campos petroleros maduros supone una intensificación de los procesos extractivos y nuevas técnicas de producción altamente dañinas para el medio ambiente, en particular la inyección de grandes cantidades de agua. En el artículo se examina la producción de la norma ambiental y su articulación con el ordenamiento territorial en los bloques petroleros de la antigua concesión De Mares, en el Magdalena Medio, en Colombia. A partir de entrevistas y talleres con líderes ambientales, revisión documental y trabajo de campo, se muestra que las interpretaciones y usos de la norma ambiental generan fragmentación en la gestión ambiental y a su vez, una alta conflictividad social. Se discute la noción de la destrucción legal del territorio y se propone repensar la regulación ambiental en el marco de una concepción relacional del territorio.

The research tries to evaluate the current management of hospital solid waste in the Jerusalem Clinic in the city of Riobamba. The studied a descriptive- quantitative - prospective - quantitative type, surveys and direct participatory observation were carried out, data collection instruments; with several people who make up the clinic. It was found that 40% of the workers in the clinic do not have correct knowledge of waste management distribution, in addition to poor management of current environmental legislation. The final evaluation results in a partial compliance of 73,25% , were the evaluation, registration and training system must be complied with as indicated in the manual of the Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador; without adequate knowledge of waste management endangers personal safety, patients, doctors, visitors and the environment., RESUMEN La investigación evalúa el actual manejo de los desechos sólidos hospitalarios en la Clínica Jerusalén de la ciudad de Riobamba. Para el estudio tipo descriptivo- cuantitativo prospectivo-cuantitativo se realizaron encuestas y observación directa participativa, con instrumentos de recolección de datos al personal de la clínica. Se obtuvo que el 40 % de los trabajadores en la clínica no tienen conocimiento correcto de distribución de manejo desechos, realizan un deficiente manejo de la legislación ambiental vigente; en general, existe un cumplimiento parcial del 73,25%. Se debe cumplir con el sistema de evaluación, registros y capacitaciones indicado por el manual del Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador; pues sin el conocimiento adecuado del manejo de desechos se pone en peligro la seguridad personal de: pacientes, médicos, visitantes y del medio ambiente.

The research tries to evaluate the current management of hospital solid waste in the Jerusalem Clinic in the city of Riobamba. The studied a descriptive- quantitative - prospective - quantitative type, surveys and direct participatory observation were carried out, data collection instruments; with several people who make up the clinic. It was found that 40% of the workers in the clinic do not have correct knowledge of waste management distribution, in addition to poor management of current environmental legislation. The final evaluation results in a partial compliance of 73,25% , were the evaluation, registration and training system must be complied with as indicated in the manual of the Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador; without adequate knowledge of waste management endangers personal safety, patients, doctors, visitors and the environment., RESUMEN La investigación evalúa el actual manejo de los desechos sólidos hospitalarios en la Clínica Jerusalén de la ciudad de Riobamba. Para el estudio tipo descriptivo- cuantitativo prospectivo-cuantitativo se realizaron encuestas y observación directa participativa, con instrumentos de recolección de datos al personal de la clínica. Se obtuvo que el 40 % de los trabajadores en la clínica no tienen conocimiento correcto de distribución de manejo desechos, realizan un deficiente manejo de la legislación ambiental vigente; en general, existe un cumplimiento parcial del 73,25%. Se debe cumplir con el sistema de evaluación, registros y capacitaciones indicado por el manual del Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador; pues sin el conocimiento adecuado del manejo de desechos se pone en peligro la seguridad personal de: pacientes, médicos, visitantes y del medio ambiente.

In this short communication, we review the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) law of India from the 1994 to 2020 amendments. Our study shows that the EIA system of India is undergoing a transitional period. In the 1994 EIA Notification, public hearings are included that ensure the voice of the general people in decision-making for sustainable development. A reverse scenario has been seen in the EIA Notification of 2006 and 2020, respectively, where public participation is almost overlooked, and the high interests of the proponents are taken into consideration. Issues like post-facto clearance and limiting public consultations regarding the proposed projects are the biggest obstacles in EIA Notification 2020. Our study also reveals that although the recent amendment quickens obtaining the Environmental Clearance (EC), it brings forth other problems like corruption, lack of transparency, false and fabricated data, poor monitoring etc that hinder the way of effective EIA system in India.

In the present study, the mining processes and the compliance with the environmental legislation in the Wajira S.A.S. clay mine were intervened, with the objective of designing an environmental planning system for the improvement of the current and future conditions of the quarry. For this, the methodology of situational strategic planning applied to the environmental factor was chosen, which allowed workingin four (4) moments: in the M1 (Explanatory), the diagnosis of the environmental problems and hierarchy of environmental impacts was made, in the M2 (legislation) the environmental regulations in force in Colombia applicable to the activity of the Wajira S.A.S. mine were compiled, In the M3 (Strategic) the Environmental Management Plans (PMA) were formulated and finally, in the M4 (Tactical-operational), the follow-up and control of the management plans were formulated. The results showed an environmental diagnosis of the current situation of the quarry, on the severity of intervention of some environmental components, where the soil, is the most affected component followed by the vegetation; in effect, an environmental planning system was designed to improve the mining processes of the quarry and environmental regulations applicable to this type of artisanal mining were identified., En el presente estudio se intervinieron los procesos mineros y el cumplimiento de la legislación ambiental en la mina de arcilla Wajira S.A.S. con el objetivo de diseñar un sistema de planificación ambiental para el mejoramiento de las condiciones actuales y futuras de la cantera. Para ello se escogió la metodología de planificación estratégica situacional aplicada al factor ambiental que permitió trabajar en cuatro (4) momentos: en elM1 (explicativo) se realizó el diagnóstico de los problemas ambientales y jerarquización de impactos ambientales; en el M2 (legislación) se recopilaron las normativas ambientales vigentes en Colombia aplicables a la actividad de la mina Wajira S.A.S.; en el M3 (estratégico) se formuló los Planes de Manejo Ambiental (PMA), y por último, en el M4 (táctico-operacional),se formuló el seguimiento y control de los planes de manejo. Los resultados arrojaron un diagnóstico ambiental de la situación actual de la cantera sobre la severidad de intervención de algunos componentes ambientales donde el suelo es el componente más afectado seguido de la vegetación; en efecto, se diseñó un sistema de planificación ambiental para mejorar los procesos mineros de la cantera y se identificaron normativas ambientales aplicables a este tipo de minería artesanal.

The Municipal Environmental Councils (CMMA) were created with the aim of advising the executive branch on issues related to the environment and serving as a forum for decision-making. In these councils, political involvement and representation are important and their observance is essential so that their agendas are effectively discussed. The aim of this article is to analyze the sociopolitical involvement in the CMMA of the municipalities of Canela and São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul. The analyzes were carried out based on data from bibliographic and documentary research, from 2013 to 2017. It was concluded that sociopolitical involvement, in both deliberative instances, is still precarious, having as obstacles the disparity of representativeness and non-action effectiveness of the advisers. However, it is understood as fundamental the constitution of the CMMA in the two municipalities, highlighting the environmental struggles and the democratic and transforming character of these spaces., Os Conselhos Municipais de Meio Ambiente (CMMA) foram instituídos com a finalidade de assessorar o poder executivo nas questões relativas ao meio ambiente e ser um fórum para as tomadas de decisões. Nesses conselhos, a participação política e a representatividade são importantes e a sua observância é essencial para que sejam discutidas efetivamente suas pautas. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a participação sociopolítica nos CMMA dos municípios de Canela e São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul. As análises foram realizadas com base em dados de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, no período de 2013 a 2017. Concluiu-se que a participação sociopolítica, em ambas as instâncias deliberativas, ainda é precária, tendo como entraves a disparidade de representatividade e a não atuação efetiva dos conselheiros. Porém, entende-se como fundamental a constituição dos CMMA nos dois municípios, evidenciando as lutas ambientais e o caráter democrático e transformador destes espaços., Los Consejos Ambientales Municipales (CMMA) fueron creados con el objetivo de asesorar al Poder Ejecutivo en temas relacionados con el medio ambiente y servir como foro para la toma de decisiones. En estos consejos la participación y representación política es importante y su observancia es fundamental para que sus agendas sean efectivamente discutidas. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la participación sociopolítica en el CMMA en los municipios de Canela y São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul. Los análisis se realizaron con base en datos de investigaciones bibliográficas y documentales, de 2013 a 2017. Se concluyó que la participación sociopolítica, en ambas instancias deliberativas, es aún precaria, teniendo como obstáculos la disparidad de la representatividad y la efectividad de la no acción de los asesores. Sin embargo, se entiende como fundamental la constitución de los CMMA en los dos municipios, destacando las luchas ambientales y el carácter democrático y transformador de estos espacios.

This work aims to analyze the Brazilian environmental legislation regarding environmental licensing from the critical view of environmental justice, seeking to understand its role as a formal space for disputes for environmental justice, and as a mechanism for legitimizing environmental justice or injustice. For this purpose, federal and state legal instruments, issued by the Legislative and Executive Powers and, at the administrative level, by the environmental agencies, were analyzed. Data were processed using the IRaMuTeQ software, using the Descending Hierarchical Classification and Word Cloud analyses. The results showed, in all analyzed classes, elements that indicate environmental injustice. Thus, within the scope of the analyzed legal instruments, a hegemonic utilitarian discourse was observed, which reproduces the environment from an economic perspective, devoid of sociocultural meanings. In this sense, it is concluded that the Brazilian legislation regarding environmental licensing, in addition to not adequately exercising its role in the construction of environmentally fair results in the context of environmental conflicts, can be transmuted into mechanisms for the reproduction and legitimization of environmental injustices., Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a legislação ambiental brasileira referente ao licenciamento ambiental a partir da visão crítica da justiça ambiental, procurando compreender seu papel enquanto espaço formal de disputas por justiça ambiental. Para tanto, foram analisados instrumentos legais federais e estaduais, emanados pelos Poderes Legislativo, Executivo e, na esfera administrativa, pelos órgãos ambientais. Os dados foram processados por meio do software IRaMuTeQ, sendo empregadas as análises de Classificação Hierárquica Descendente e Nuvem de Palavras. Os resultados apontaram, em todas as classes analisadas, elementos sinalizadores de injustiça ambiental. Assim, observou-se, no âmbito dos instrumentos legais analisados, um discurso hegemônico utilitarista, que reproduz o meio ambiente a partir do viés econômico, destituído de sentidos socioculturais. Neste sentido, conclui-se que a legislação brasileira referente ao licenciamento ambiental, além de não exercer seu papel na construção de resultados ambientalmente justos no âmbito dos conflitos ambientais, podem se transmudar em mecanismos legais de reprodução e legitimação de injustiças ambientais.

The Municipal Environmental Councils (CMMA) were created with the aim of advising the executive branch on issues related to the environment and serving as a forum for decision-making. In these councils, political involvement and representation are important and their observance is essential so that their agendas are effectively discussed. The aim of this article is to analyze the sociopolitical involvement in the CMMA of the municipalities of Canela and São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul. The analyzes were carried out based on data from bibliographic and documentary research, from 2013 to 2017. It was concluded that sociopolitical involvement, in both deliberative instances, is still precarious, having as obstacles the disparity of representativeness and non-action effectiveness of the advisers. However, it is understood as fundamental the constitution of the CMMA in the two municipalities, highlighting the environmental struggles and the democratic and transforming character of these spaces., Os Conselhos Municipais de Meio Ambiente (CMMA) foram instituídos com a finalidade de assessorar o poder executivo nas questões relativas ao meio ambiente e ser um fórum para as tomadas de decisões. Nesses conselhos, a participação política e a representatividade são importantes e a sua observância é essencial para que sejam discutidas efetivamente suas pautas. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a participação sociopolítica nos CMMA dos municípios de Canela e São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul. As análises foram realizadas com base em dados de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, no período de 2013 a 2017. Concluiu-se que a participação sociopolítica, em ambas as instâncias deliberativas, ainda é precária, tendo como entraves a disparidade de representatividade e a não atuação efetiva dos conselheiros. Porém, entende-se como fundamental a constituição dos CMMA nos dois municípios, evidenciando as lutas ambientais e o caráter democrático e transformador destes espaços., Los Consejos Ambientales Municipales (CMMA) fueron creados con el objetivo de asesorar al Poder Ejecutivo en temas relacionados con el medio ambiente y servir como foro para la toma de decisiones. En estos consejos la participación y representación política es importante y su observancia es fundamental para que sus agendas sean efectivamente discutidas. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la participación sociopolítica en el CMMA en los municipios de Canela y São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul. Los análisis se realizaron con base en datos de investigaciones bibliográficas y documentales, de 2013 a 2017. Se concluyó que la participación sociopolítica, en ambas instancias deliberativas, es aún precaria, teniendo como obstáculos la disparidad de la representatividad y la efectividad de la no acción de los asesores. Sin embargo, se entiende como fundamental la constitución de los CMMA en los dos municipios, destacando las luchas ambientales y el carácter democrático y transformador de estos espacios.

The general objective of this research was to legally analyze the transgression of the Non Bis In Idem principle in sanctions for illegal mining activity in Ecuador. It is subscribed from the quantitative paradigm, as well as from the support of documentary-bibliographic research. Due to the fact that the legal assumptions foreseen in the Ecuadorian legislation with respect to the research variable were reviewed, it was possible to determine the transgression of the non bis in idem principle, in which the Ecuadorian legal system incurs in the matter of illegal exploitation of minerals. It is concluded that the doctrine regarding the principle of non bis in idem is very clear, double punishment is prohibited, even when there is concurrence of a crime and an administrative infraction, however, in relation to the perpetration of the crime Illegal Exploitation of Minerals, the Ecuadorian legal system imposes penal, civil, administrative and even environmental sanctions, which constitutes an advance in the law., La presente investigación se planteó como objetivo general analizar jurídicamente la transgresión del principio Non Bis In Ídem en sanciones por actividad minera ilegal en Ecuador. Se suscribe desde el paradigma cuantitativo, así mismo desde el apoyo de investigación documental-bibliográfica. Debido a que se revisaron los presupuestos legales previstos en la legislación ecuatoriana respecto a la variable de investigación logrando determinar la transgresión del principio non bis in ídem, en que incurre el ordenamiento jurídico ecuatoriano en materia de explotación ilícita de minerales. Se concluye que, la doctrina en materia del principio de non bis in ídem es muy clara, se prohíbe la doble sanción, aun cuando haya concurrencia de un delito y una infracción administrativa, sin embargo, en relación a la perpetración del delito Explotación Ilícita de Minerales, el ordenamiento jurídico del Ecuador impone sanciones de índole penal, civil, administrativa y hasta ambiental, que constituye un avance del derecho.

Global environmental conventions are created to address and resolve global environmental problems. Assessments of the achievement of specific environmental goals, however, indicate that there is room for progress and that improved collective action is required. Given the few existing studies that measure the implementation of international environmental law, it is important to expand existing analytical frameworks about international environmental agreements and their translation into national policies. This article explains the rationale and design of the Environmental Conventions Index, an implementation measurement tool we have developed at the Center for Governance and Sustainability at the University of Massachusetts Boston. The Index assesses the implementation of global environmental conventions in two clusters-conservation and pollution-showcasing the main trends for both countries and conventions. Using a mixed-method approach, we explain the development of this measurement tool as an instrument to inform policy changes at the national and global levels and present aggregate results of the analysis. As global environmental challenges in the conservation of natural resources and the persistence of pollutants become critical, assessment of countries' performance on international environmental goals is essential. We offer an innovative method that provides academic analysis and policy input to improve implementation, and thus the effectiveness of these governance instruments in addressing global environmental challenges. © 2020 by the authors.

From the quantitative paradigm, based on the numerical measurement and the statistical analysis and application of the surveys to the members of the Curipamba Project and the community of the Cantón Las Naves, it was possible to obtain the information for the present study, in relation to the problem of the study. Likewise, he relied on documentary-bibliographic research. The general objective was to carry out a legal analysis to identify the application of the 2009 Ecuador Mining Law in the social area of the Curipamba project, Las Naves Canton, Bolívar Province. It was possible to identify through the surveys that the inhabitants of this sector have the control and environmental preservation of those who dedicate themselves to mining in accordance with the provisions of current regulations. Highlighting that mining is not always negative, when it is sustainable and balanced and generates well-being and work in the communities., Desde el paradigma cuantitativo, con base en la medición numérica y el análisis estadístico y aplicación de las encuestas a los miembros del Proyecto Curipamba y a la comunidad del Cantón Las Naves, se logró obtener la información para el presente estudio, con relación a la problemática del estudio. Así mismo se apoyó de la investigación documental-bibliográfica. El objetivo general fue realizar un análisis jurídico para identificar la aplicación de la Ley Minera de Ecuador de 2009, en el área social en el proyecto Curipamba, Cantón Las Naves, Provincia de Bolívar. Se logró identificar a través de las encuestas que los habitantes de este sector, tienen el control y preservación ambiental de quienes se dedican a la minería de acuerdo a lo establecido en la normativa vigente. Resaltándose que no siempre es negativa la minería, cuando esta es sustentable y equilibrada y que genera bienestar y trabajo en las comunidades.

Legal analysis on the implementation of environmental policies, Análisis jurídico sobre la ejecución de políticas ambientales

Violation of the rights of nature in Ecuador, Vulneración de los derechos de la naturaleza en el Ecuador

In search of sustainable development where there is a balance between economic, ecological and cultural components, bioprospecting has been of great importance as a comprehensive strategy for developing countries. Colombia, a megadiverse country, could be a leader in these projects, but when addressing the regulatory framework that governs the country for access to genetic resources, the recognition of traditional knowledge and the intellectual property regime, there are legal gaps that prevent the proper development of this activity, by not guaranteeing the fair and equitable division of the benefits obtained, the conservation of natural resources and safeguarding the traditional knowledge of ethnic groups.Faced with this problem, this reflection used a deductive methodological approach, where he carried out a literature review and normative analysis with the purpose of first studying bioprospecting, the applicable regulations on it in the Colombian system, and demonstrating the legal gaps highlighted by bioprospecting compared to the regulation of agricultural knowledge. Which led to show that due to the anthropic vision by which we have governed the pressure on biodiversity has caused negative impacts on nature; but since the transition to an ecocentric vision, alternatives have been sought that allow achieving sustainable development in balance, such as bioprospecting. But to achieve its proper development, it was determined that Colombia needs to construct a policy that will make it possible to rectify the manner of its laws in the change from a classic right to an environmental right that includes and integrates ecological and social functions., En busca de un desarrollo sostenible. en equilibrio entre lo económico- ecológico- cultural, la bioprospección ha tenido gran importancia como estrategia integral para los países en desarrollo. Colombia, país megadiverso, podría ser líder en estos proyectos, pero al abordar el marco normativo que rige al país para el acceso de los recursos genéticos, el reconocimiento de los conocimientos tradicionales y el régimen de propiedad intelectual, se encuentran vacíos jurídicos que evitan el adecuado desarrollo de esta actividad, al no garantizar la división justa y equitativa de los beneficios obtenidos, la conservación de los recursos naturales y salvaguardar los conocimientos tradicionales delos grupos etnicos. Ante esta problemática, esta reflexión utilizó un enfoque metodológico deductivo, donde realizó una revisión bibliográfica y análisis normativo con el propósito de estudiar en primer la bioprospección, la normativa aplicable sobre aquel en el ordenamiento colombiano, y demostrar los vacíos jurídicos que resalta la bioprospección frente a la regulación de los conocimientos agrícolas. LO que llevo a demostrar que debido a la visión antrópica por la cual nos hemos regido la presión sobre la biodiversidad ha ocasionado impactos negativos en la naturaleza; pero desde la transición a una visión ecocéntrica se han buscado alternativas que permitan lograr un desarrollo sostenible en equilibro, como la bioprospección. Pero para alcanzar su adecuado desarrollo se determinó la necesidad que tiene Colombia de construir una política que permita rectificar la manera de sus leyes en el cambio de un derecho clásico a un derecho ambiental que comprende e integra las funciones ecológicas y sociales.

[Resumen]: El artículo analiza las novedades de la contratación pública verde en el año 2019, tanto en el plano estratégico político y de planificación administrativa, como en el ámbito de la legislación sectorial ambiental. Asimismo, dedica particular atención al análisis de la Resolución 235/2019 del Tribunal Administrativo de Recursos Contractuales, que define la doctrina del Tribunal en materia de uso estratégico de compra pública verde., [Abstract]: The article analyses the developments of green public procurement in 2019, both at the political strategic and administrative planning level, as well as in the field of environmental regulation. It also devotes particular attention to the analysis of Resolution 235/2019 of the Administrative Court for Public Procurement Appeals, which defines the Court's doctrine on strategic use of green public procurement.

En las últimas décadas, empresas de la industria de la moda han adoptado principios y criterios de sostenibilidad ambiental y social. Las mas innovadoras los convierten en eje de negocios denominados de moda verde, moda sostenible, eco-moda, moda bio, moda ética, moda ambiental, ropa ecológica o “slow fashion”. ¿Se trata de una tendencia pasajera o de un cambio de carácter estructural? Se investiga el comportamiento medioambiental de los principales sectores sociales o stakeholders implicados en el funcionamiento de la industria de la moda; con metodología hipotético deductiva y aplicando el análisis bibliográfi co y estadístico y de casos publicados. Los resultados desvelan una tendencia de cambio estructural hacia la ecologización / greening de la industria de la moda, liderada por los países mas avanzados. Las administraciones públicas contribuyen con legislación medioambiental, comercial y de consumo; las ONGs internacionales con campañas de alerta que elevan la conciencia ambiental de los consumidores; los investigadores mostrando el riesgo químico y los diseñadores y empresas incorporando ecología y ética en tejidos y procesos de fabricación., In recent decades, companies in the clothing industry have adopted principles and criteria of environmental and social sustainability. The most innovative companies form a business hub called green fashion, sustainable fashion, ecofashion, bio-fashion, ethical fashion, environmental fashion, ecological clothing or “slow fashion”. So, is this a passing trend or a structural change? Using the hypothetico-deductive method, bibliographic and statistical analyses and studies of published cases, this study investigates the environmental behavior of the main social sectors or stakeholders involved in the operation of the fashion industry. The results reveal that the change toward the greening of the clothing industry is in fact structural and is led by the most advanced countries. Contributions to this structural change come from public administrations via environmental, commercial and consumer legislation, from international NGOs by means of alert campaigns that raise consumers’ environmental awareness, from researchers identifying chemical risks, and from designers and companies using ecologically friendly materials in fabrics and incorporating ethical practices in manufacturing processes.

En las últimas décadas, empresas de la industria de la moda han adoptado principios y criterios de sostenibilidad ambiental y social. Las mas innovadoras los convierten en eje de negocios denominados de moda verde, moda sostenible, eco-moda, moda bio, moda ética, moda ambiental, ropa ecológica o “slow fashion”. ¿Se trata de una tendencia pasajera o de un cambio de carácter estructural? Se investiga el comportamiento medioambiental de los principales sectores sociales o stakeholders implicados en el funcionamiento de la industria de la moda; con metodología hipotético deductiva y aplicando el análisis bibliográfi co y estadístico y de casos publicados. Los resultados desvelan una tendencia de cambio estructural hacia la ecologización / greening de la industria de la moda, liderada por los países mas avanzados. Las administraciones públicas contribuyen con legislación medioambiental, comercial y de consumo; las ONGs internacionales con campañas de alerta que elevan la conciencia ambiental de los consumidores; los investigadores mostrando el riesgo químico y los diseñadores y empresas incorporando ecología y ética en tejidos y procesos de fabricación., In recent decades, companies in the clothing industry have adopted principles and criteria of environmental and social sustainability. The most innovative companies form a business hub called green fashion, sustainable fashion, ecofashion, bio-fashion, ethical fashion, environmental fashion, ecological clothing or “slow fashion”. So, is this a passing trend or a structural change? Using the hypothetico-deductive method, bibliographic and statistical analyses and studies of published cases, this study investigates the environmental behavior of the main social sectors or stakeholders involved in the operation of the fashion industry. The results reveal that the change toward the greening of the clothing industry is in fact structural and is led by the most advanced countries. Contributions to this structural change come from public administrations via environmental, commercial and consumer legislation, from international NGOs by means of alert campaigns that raise consumers’ environmental awareness, from researchers identifying chemical risks, and from designers and companies using ecologically friendly materials in fabrics and incorporating ethical practices in manufacturing processes.

The aim of the project was to make a detailed risk assessment using Swedish guidelines for a factory site in Kodaikanal, South India, and a nearby village called Vellagavi. The study areas were chosen due to previous records of mercury contamination on the factory site and a possible spread to Vellagavi. A comparison between Indian and Swedish guidelines for risk assessment of contaminated areas was performed. The purposes of comparing the two systems were to locate if there were any differences in the legislation, or guidelines, and to find ways of improving the processes. The project also included an evaluation of possible remedial actions that could reverse or prevent environmental damage that might be caused by the former factory. Methods used for the project were literature studies, semi-structured interviews and surveys. The results from the risk assessment were that the Swedish Computer Program for Calculation of Guideline Values (CPCGV), with some adjustments, could be used in order to calculate site specific guideline values for mercury concentrations on sites similar to Swedish conditions, such as climate. The site specific guideline values in soil rangedfrom 0.1-2.4 mg/kg. An Indian court decision had stated that a guideline value of 20 mg/kg should be used for remediation at the factory site. The result from the forward dose calculation showed that when a soil contains 20 mg/kg,the tolerable daily intake of mercury would be exceeded, and therefore pose a risk to human health. The comparison of legislation systems between India and Sweden showed several differences. India did not have any legislation relating directly to polluted soil. Risk assessments in India commonly relied on several different international standards even though the standards were not regulated by law. The results from the remedial evaluation showed that there were several possible remediation methods that could beused on the factory site. Limited remedial actions were suggested for V, Det övergripande målet med projektet var att genomföra en detaljerad riskbedömning för en fabriksplats i Kodaikanal, södra Indien, samt för en närliggande by, Vellagavi. Tidigare genomförda mätningar uppvisade förhöjda halter av kvicksilver i området, varför det ansågs vara ett lämpligt område för studien. Studien innehöll en jämförelse av riktlinjer för riskbedömningar för förorenad mark mellan Indien och Sverige där syftet var att identifiera skillnader i lagstiftning och riktlinjer samt lokalisera eventuella förbättringsmöjligheter. Studien innefattades även av en åtgärdsutredning för fabriksplatsen och Vellagavi, vars syfte var att utreda vilka åtgärder som skulle kunna minska risken för fortsatt miljöförstöring eller återställa området. Metoderna som användes i studien var litteraturstudier, semi-strukturerade intervjuer och en enkätundersökning. Resultatet från riskbedömningen visade att beräkningsverktyget för platsspecifika riktvärden från Naturvårdsverket kunde användas på platser som liknar Sverige klimatmässigt, efter att diverse justeringar hade gjorts. Beräkningsverktyget användes för att ta fram ett platsspecifikt gränsvärde för kvicksilverkoncentrationen i marken. Det framtagna platsspecifika gränsvärdet för koncentrationen kvicksilver i jord varierade mellan 0,1-2,4 mg/kg. Ett beslut utfärdat av indisk domstol angav att fabriksplatsen skulle saneras så att kvicksilverkoncentationen i marken inte skulle överskrida 20 mg/kg. Resultatet från den här studien visade att den nivån av förorening i marken skulle innebära att det tolerabla dagliga intaget av kvicksilver skulle överskridas. En jämförelse av de juridiska systemen som anknöt till förorenad jord i Indien respektive Sverige visade på flertalet skillnader mellan länderna. Indien hade ingen lagstiftning som speficikt reglerade förorenad jord medan det i Sverige reglerades av Miljöbalken. Riskbedömningar i Indien baserades ofta på internationella standarder, med det fanns ingen lagstifting som regler

The purpose of this study was to identify legal instruments as regulatory standards applicable to environmental management in the carpenter's industry. This study is cataloged as explanatory with a non-experimental-transectional or cross-sectional field design. The population consisted of thirty (30) managers of the branch subject to examination. The reliability of the instrument was calculated using the Cronbach method with a reliability of 0.948. The exposed results allowed us to conclude that there is a low use of the legal instruments applicable to the environmental management of the companies of the Carpenter branch because they must assume with responsibility the role that corresponds to the damages that they cause to the environment due to the deployment of their activities anthropic., El propósito de este estudio fue identificar los instrumentos legales como normas reguladoras aplicables a la gestión ambiental en el ramo carpintero. Este estudio se cataloga como explicativo con un diseño no experimental-transeccional o transversal de campo. La población estuvo conformada por treinta (30) gerentes del ramo sujeto a examen. La confiabilidad del instrumento fue calculada mediante el método de Cronbach con una confiabilidad del 0,948. Los resultados expuestos permitieron concluir que existe una baja utilización de los instrumentos legales aplicables a la gestión ambiental de las empresas del ramo Carpintero pues estas deben asumir con responsabilidad el rol que les corresponde ante los daños que ocasionan al medio ambiente por el despliegue de sus actividades antrópicas.

Although awareness of the environment represents opportunities for entities that are governed by an ecological conscience, such transition towards corporate environmental management also sets challenges. Through a mixed methodological approach, a docu-mentary and analytical investigation is projected, as well as a survey of different actors involved, with the objective of analysing the process of setting up an environmental management system through which the service stations of public gasoline and diesel (gas stations) in Mexico are, under the new regulatory framework of the national energy re-form. Through the findings of this study, it is possible to elucidate how, in the name of the environment, these legal requirements go into regulating new and various aspects of the management of this kind of firms, such as the implementation of the so-called Industrial Security Administration System, Operational Safety and Environmental Protection (SA-SISOPA). These approaches, under the theoretical approach of the Deming cycle, make it possible to know the formulation and implementation of quality improvement projects for service stations and their functional relationship with obtaining external advice., Si bien el cuidado al medioambiente representa oportunidades para las entidades que se rigen bajo una conciencia ecológica, dicha transición hacia una gestión ambiental empresarial también plantea desafíos. Mediante un abordaje metodológico mixto, se proyecta una investigación documental y analítica, así como una encuesta a distintos actores involucrados, con el objetivo de analizar el proceso de configuración de un sistema de gestión ambiental por el cual están atravesando las estaciones de servicio de expendio al público de gasolina y diésel (gasolineras) en México, bajo el nuevo marco normativo de la reforma energética nacional. A través de los hallazgos del presente estudio, se logra dilucidar cómo, en nombre del medioambiente, dichos requerimientos legales se adentran en regular nuevos y diversos aspectos de la gestión de esta clase de firmas, tal como la implementación del llamado Sistema de Administración de Seguridad Industrial, Seguridad Operativa y Protección al Medio Ambiente (SASISOPA). Estas aproximaciones, bajo el enfoque teórico del ciclo de Deming, posibilitan conocer la formulación e instrumentación de proyectos de mejoramiento de la calidad para las estaciones de servicio y su relación funcional con la obtención de asesoría externa.

En las últimas décadas, empresas de la industria de la moda han adoptado principios y criterios de sostenibilidad ambiental y social. Las mas innovadoras los convierten en eje de negocios denominados de moda verde, moda sostenible, eco-moda, moda bio, moda ética, moda ambiental, ropa ecológica o “slow fashion”. ¿Se trata de una tendencia pasajera o de un cambio de carácter estructural? Se investiga el comportamiento medioambiental de los principales sectores sociales o stakeholders implicados en el funcionamiento de la industria de la moda; con metodología hipotético deductiva y aplicando el análisis bibliográfi co y estadístico y de casos publicados. Los resultados desvelan una tendencia de cambio estructural hacia la ecologización / greening de la industria de la moda, liderada por los países mas avanzados. Las administraciones públicas contribuyen con legislación medioambiental, comercial y de consumo; las ONGs internacionales con campañas de alerta que elevan la conciencia ambiental de los consumidores; los investigadores mostrando el riesgo químico y los diseñadores y empresas incorporando ecología y ética en tejidos y procesos de fabricación., In recent decades, companies in the clothing industry have adopted principles and criteria of environmental and social sustainability. The most innovative companies form a business hub called green fashion, sustainable fashion, ecofashion, bio-fashion, ethical fashion, environmental fashion, ecological clothing or “slow fashion”. So, is this a passing trend or a structural change? Using the hypothetico-deductive method, bibliographic and statistical analyses and studies of published cases, this study investigates the environmental behavior of the main social sectors or stakeholders involved in the operation of the fashion industry. The results reveal that the change toward the greening of the clothing industry is in fact structural and is led by the most advanced countries. Contributions to this structural change come from public administrations via environmental, commercial and consumer legislation, from international NGOs by means of alert campaigns that raise consumers’ environmental awareness, from researchers identifying chemical risks, and from designers and companies using ecologically friendly materials in fabrics and incorporating ethical practices in manufacturing processes.

The purpose of this study was to identify legal instruments as regulatory standards applicable to environmental management in the carpenter's industry. This study is cataloged as explanatory with a non-experimental-transectional or cross-sectional field design. The population consisted of thirty (30) managers of the branch subject to examination. The reliability of the instrument was calculated using the Cronbach method with a reliability of 0.948. The exposed results allowed us to conclude that there is a low use of the legal instruments applicable to the environmental management of the companies of the Carpenter branch because they must assume with responsibility the role that corresponds to the damages that they cause to the environment due to the deployment of their activities anthropic., El propósito de este estudio fue identificar los instrumentos legales como normas reguladoras aplicables a la gestión ambiental en el ramo carpintero. Este estudio se cataloga como explicativo con un diseño no experimental-transeccional o transversal de campo. La población estuvo conformada por treinta (30) gerentes del ramo sujeto a examen. La confiabilidad del instrumento fue calculada mediante el método de Cronbach con una confiabilidad del 0,948. Los resultados expuestos permitieron concluir que existe una baja utilización de los instrumentos legales aplicables a la gestión ambiental de las empresas del ramo Carpintero pues estas deben asumir con responsabilidad el rol que les corresponde ante los daños que ocasionan al medio ambiente por el despliegue de sus actividades antrópicas.

Although awareness of the environment represents opportunities for entities that are governed by an ecological conscience, such transition towards corporate environmental management also sets challenges. Through a mixed methodological approach, a docu-mentary and analytical investigation is projected, as well as a survey of different actors involved, with the objective of analysing the process of setting up an environmental management system through which the service stations of public gasoline and diesel (gas stations) in Mexico are, under the new regulatory framework of the national energy re-form. Through the findings of this study, it is possible to elucidate how, in the name of the environment, these legal requirements go into regulating new and various aspects of the management of this kind of firms, such as the implementation of the so-called Industrial Security Administration System, Operational Safety and Environmental Protection (SA-SISOPA). These approaches, under the theoretical approach of the Deming cycle, make it possible to know the formulation and implementation of quality improvement projects for service stations and their functional relationship with obtaining external advice., Si bien el cuidado al medioambiente representa oportunidades para las entidades que se rigen bajo una conciencia ecológica, dicha transición hacia una gestión ambiental empresarial también plantea desafíos. Mediante un abordaje metodológico mixto, se proyecta una investigación documental y analítica, así como una encuesta a distintos actores involucrados, con el objetivo de analizar el proceso de configuración de un sistema de gestión ambiental por el cual están atravesando las estaciones de servicio de expendio al público de gasolina y diésel (gasolineras) en México, bajo el nuevo marco normativo de la reforma energética nacional. A través de los hallazgos del presente estudio, se logra dilucidar cómo, en nombre del medioambiente, dichos requerimientos legales se adentran en regular nuevos y diversos aspectos de la gestión de esta clase de firmas, tal como la implementación del llamado Sistema de Administración de Seguridad Industrial, Seguridad Operativa y Protección al Medio Ambiente (SASISOPA). Estas aproximaciones, bajo el enfoque teórico del ciclo de Deming, posibilitan conocer la formulación e instrumentación de proyectos de mejoramiento de la calidad para las estaciones de servicio y su relación funcional con la obtención de asesoría externa.

The purpose of this study was to identify legal instruments as regulatory standards applicable to environmental management in the carpenter's industry. This study is cataloged as explanatory with a non-experimental-transectional or cross-sectional field design. The population consisted of thirty (30) managers of the branch subject to examination. The reliability of the instrument was calculated using the Cronbach method with a reliability of 0.948. The exposed results allowed us to conclude that there is a low use of the legal instruments applicable to the environmental management of the companies of the Carpenter branch because they must assume with responsibility the role that corresponds to the damages that they cause to the environment due to the deployment of their activities anthropic., El propósito de este estudio fue identificar los instrumentos legales como normas reguladoras aplicables a la gestión ambiental en el ramo carpintero. Este estudio se cataloga como explicativo con un diseño no experimental-transeccional o transversal de campo. La población estuvo conformada por treinta (30) gerentes del ramo sujeto a examen. La confiabilidad del instrumento fue calculada mediante el método de Cronbach con una confiabilidad del 0,948. Los resultados expuestos permitieron concluir que existe una baja utilización de los instrumentos legales aplicables a la gestión ambiental de las empresas del ramo Carpintero pues estas deben asumir con responsabilidad el rol que les corresponde ante los daños que ocasionan al medio ambiente por el despliegue de sus actividades antrópicas.

Los cambios en la situación ambiental global han impulsado a las compañías a desarrollar un fuerte interés por temas de sostenibilidad y economía circular. En particular en la empresa Bavaria se observa interés por buscar oportunidades de aprovechamiento y reincorporación de muchos de sus materiales de empaque, ya sea para usarlos en sus mismos productos o mediante su uso y aprovechamiento en la fabricación de productos alternativos. De manera específica, en el presente proyecto se analizará el material PET de las botellas ámbar, material que es utilizado actualmente para la producción de una parte del volumen de Pony Malta, y cuyo volumen tiene una participación de mercado significativa, razón por la cual el material adquiere importancia en los proyectos de economía circular. Por esta razón, se plantea la necesidad de establecer y evaluar diferentes alternativas que la compañía pueda ejecutar para poder darle opciones de reincorporación y aprovechamiento, con el fin de cumplir con su compromiso de sostenibilidad y responsabilidad con el medio ambiente. Para lograr esto se llevó a cabo un análisis cualitativo sustentado en entrevistas semiestructuradas a seis expertos, en donde se pretende conocer desde la experiencia de cada uno de ellos temas relacionados tanto con el contexto legal de uso de material plásticos en el sector de consumo masivo, y cómo este impacta el funcionamiento del mercado de botellas PET, sino con alternativas para el uso de botellas PET posconsumo, en donde es relevante identificar la mejor propuesta para este material, al igual que identificar aliados clave para garantizar que la estrategia planteada para Bavaria tenga éxito. Los resultados finales muestran que de todas las alternativas solo una de ellas pareciera ser la óptima, dado que es la única que garantizaría un uso significativo del material posconsumo de botellas PET, y, aunque esta no es la única alternativa, según los entrevistados es la más viable y sostenible. Sin embargo, con el, Changes in the global environmental situation have prompted companies to develop a strong interest in sustainability and circular economy issues. In particular, in the company Bavaria there is an interest in seeking opportunities for the use and re-incorporation of many of its packaging materials, whether they are trying to use them in their own products or through the use and exploitation in alternative products. Specifically, in the present project the PET material of the amber bottles will be analyzed, material that is currently used for the production of a part of the volume of Pony Malta, and whose volume has a significant market share, which is why the material acquire importance in circular economy projects. For this reason, there is a need to establish and evaluate different alternatives that the company can execute, in order to give options for reuse and exploitation in order to fulfill its sustainability and responsibility commitment towards the environment. To achieve this, a qualitative analysis was carried out supported by semi-structured interviews with six experts, where it is intended to know de the experience of each of them issues related not only to the legal context of use of plastic material in the massive consumption sector and how this impacts operations of PET bottles market, but also alternatives for use of PET bottles post-consumption where it is relevant to identify the best proposal for this material, as well as identifying key allies to identify the strategy proposed for Bavaria succeed. The final result showed that de all alternatives only one of them seemed to be the optimal, since it is the only one that would guarantee a significant use of the post-consumption material of PET bottles, and, although it is not the only alternative, according to the interviewees it is the most viable and sustainable. However, in order to execute, Bavaria must work on several aspects: first, together with the government, they must define whether PET bott

En las últimas décadas, empresas de la industria de la moda han adoptado principios y criterios de sostenibilidad ambiental y social. Las mas innovadoras los convierten en eje de negocios denominados de moda verde, moda sostenible, eco-moda, moda bio, moda ética, moda ambiental, ropa ecológica o “slow fashion”. ¿Se trata de una tendencia pasajera o de un cambio de carácter estructural? Se investiga el comportamiento medioambiental de los principales sectores sociales o stakeholders implicados en el funcionamiento de la industria de la moda; con metodología hipotético deductiva y aplicando el análisis bibliográfi co y estadístico y de casos publicados. Los resultados desvelan una tendencia de cambio estructural hacia la ecologización / greening de la industria de la moda, liderada por los países mas avanzados. Las administraciones públicas contribuyen con legislación medioambiental, comercial y de consumo; las ONGs internacionales con campañas de alerta que elevan la conciencia ambiental de los consumidores; los investigadores mostrando el riesgo químico y los diseñadores y empresas incorporando ecología y ética en tejidos y procesos de fabricación., In recent decades, companies in the clothing industry have adopted principles and criteria of environmental and social sustainability. The most innovative companies form a business hub called green fashion, sustainable fashion, ecofashion, bio-fashion, ethical fashion, environmental fashion, ecological clothing or “slow fashion”. So, is this a passing trend or a structural change? Using the hypothetico-deductive method, bibliographic and statistical analyses and studies of published cases, this study investigates the environmental behavior of the main social sectors or stakeholders involved in the operation of the fashion industry. The results reveal that the change toward the greening of the clothing industry is in fact structural and is led by the most advanced countries. Contributions to this structural change come from public administrations via environmental, commercial and consumer legislation, from international NGOs by means of alert campaigns that raise consumers’ environmental awareness, from researchers identifying chemical risks, and from designers and companies using ecologically friendly materials in fabrics and incorporating ethical practices in manufacturing processes.

En las últimas décadas, empresas de la industria de la moda han adoptado principios y criterios de sostenibilidad ambiental y social. Las mas innovadoras los convierten en eje de negocios denominados de moda verde, moda sostenible, eco-moda, moda bio, moda ética, moda ambiental, ropa ecológica o “slow fashion”. ¿Se trata de una tendencia pasajera o de un cambio de carácter estructural? Se investiga el comportamiento medioambiental de los principales sectores sociales o stakeholders implicados en el funcionamiento de la industria de la moda; con metodología hipotético deductiva y aplicando el análisis bibliográfi co y estadístico y de casos publicados. Los resultados desvelan una tendencia de cambio estructural hacia la ecologización / greening de la industria de la moda, liderada por los países mas avanzados. Las administraciones públicas contribuyen con legislación medioambiental, comercial y de consumo; las ONGs internacionales con campañas de alerta que elevan la conciencia ambiental de los consumidores; los investigadores mostrando el riesgo químico y los diseñadores y empresas incorporando ecología y ética en tejidos y procesos de fabricación., In recent decades, companies in the clothing industry have adopted principles and criteria of environmental and social sustainability. The most innovative companies form a business hub called green fashion, sustainable fashion, ecofashion, bio-fashion, ethical fashion, environmental fashion, ecological clothing or “slow fashion”. So, is this a passing trend or a structural change? Using the hypothetico-deductive method, bibliographic and statistical analyses and studies of published cases, this study investigates the environmental behavior of the main social sectors or stakeholders involved in the operation of the fashion industry. The results reveal that the change toward the greening of the clothing industry is in fact structural and is led by the most advanced countries. Contributions to this structural change come from public administrations via environmental, commercial and consumer legislation, from international NGOs by means of alert campaigns that raise consumers’ environmental awareness, from researchers identifying chemical risks, and from designers and companies using ecologically friendly materials in fabrics and incorporating ethical practices in manufacturing processes.

The integration of international, national and local regulations is one of the fundamental steps for preventing, controlling and managing biological invasions. The aim of the present study is to present and analyse, for the first time, the list of all non-native plant species that are regulated in Italy by the European, Italian and regional legislation in force. To date, there are 147 regulated non-native plant taxa. This number includes the 36 invasive alien plants of European Union concern and additional 111 taxa (95 species and 16 collective taxa) that have been listed at the regional level alone. A total of 19 plants of European Union concern and 95 regulated plants are present in the wild in at least one administrative region. The majority of the 95 species that are listed at the regional level alone are woody species (23 trees, 9 shrubs, 6 woody vines), followed by 29 herbs (19 annual herbs, 10 perennial herbs) and 11 aquatic plants. By presenting the regulated species and by identifying the most relevant species, the present study will provide an important tool to support plant invasion research and management and for the application of Regulation (EU) no. 1143/2014 on invasive alien species.

In recent decades, companies in the clothing industry have adopted principles and criteria of environmental and social sustainability. The most innovative companies form a business hub called green fashion, sustainable fashion, ecofashion, bio-fashion, ethical fashion, environmental fashion, ecological clothing or “slow fashion”. So, is this a passing trend or a structural change? Using the hypothetico-deductive method, bibliographic and statistical analyses and studies of published cases, this study investigates the environmental behavior of the main social sectors or stakeholders involved in the operation of the fashion industry. The results reveal that the change toward the greening of the clothing industry is in fact structural and is led by the most advanced countries. Contributions to this structural change come from public administrations via environmental, commercial and consumer legislation, from international NGOs by means of alert campaigns that raise consumers’ environmental awareness, from researchers identifying chemical risks, and from designers and companies using ecologically friendly materials in fabrics and incorporating ethical practices in manufacturing processes, En las últimas décadas, empresas de la industria de la moda han adoptado principios y criterios de sostenibilidad ambiental y social. Las mas innovadoras los convierten en eje de negocios denominados de moda verde, moda sostenible, eco-moda, moda bio, moda ética, moda ambiental, ropa ecológica o “slow fashion”. ¿Se trata de una tendencia pasajera o de un cambio de carácter estructural? Se investiga el comportamiento medioambiental de los principales sectores sociales o stakeholders implicados en el funcionamiento de la industria de la moda; con metodología hipotético deductiva y aplicando el análisis bibliográfi co y estadístico y de casos publicados. Los resultados desvelan una tendencia de cambio estructural hacia la ecologización / greening de la industria de la moda, liderada por los países mas avanzados. Las administraciones públicas contribuyen con legislación medioambiental, comercial y de consumo; las ONGs internacionales con campañas de alerta que elevan la conciencia ambiental de los consumidores; los investigadores mostrando el riesgo químico y los diseñadores y empresas incorporando ecología y ética en tejidos y procesos de fabricación

The state of the art of the legal framework for the protection of wetlands against climate change was constructed based on a bibliometric and network analysis using the Scopus® database as an instrument for the search of scientific documents. The most important subject areas come from environmental science. The most relevant research trends in this review regarding climate change were: a) the importance of wetlands and their impact; b) the environmental protection and conservation of wetlands and their effects on biodiversity; c) environmental management policies (restoration, conservation, protection of wetlands) and sustainable development. Other important aspects were identified, such as regional trends and territorial planning, carbon management, methane production, landscape indicators and effective participation as elements for environmental policies for the management, restoration, protection and conservation of these ecosystems., Se construyó el estado del arte del marco jurídico de protección de los humedales frente al cambio climático, con base en un análisis bibliométrico y de redes, utilizando como instrumento la búsqueda de documentos científicos en la base de datos Scopus®. Las áreas temáticas más importantes proceden de las ciencias ambientales. Las tendencias investigativas más relevantes de esta revisión frente al cambio climático fueron: a) la importancia de los humedales y sus impactos; b) la protección y conservación ambiental de los humedales, y sus efectos en la biodiversidad; c) las políticas ambientales de gestión (restauración, conservación, protección de humedales) y el desarrollo sostenible. Se identificaron otros aspectos de importancia como son las tendencias regionales y planificación territorial, la gestión del carbono, la producción de metano, indicadores paisajísticos y participación efectiva como elementos para las políticas ambientales de manejo, restauración, protección y conservación de estos ecosistemas.

The aim of the project was to make a detailed risk assessment using Swedish guidelines for a factory site in Kodaikanal, South India, and a nearby village called Vellagavi. The study areas were chosen due to previous records of mercury contamination on the factory site and a possible spread to Vellagavi. A comparison between Indian and Swedish guidelines for risk assessment of contaminated areas was performed. The purposes of comparing the two systems were to locate if there were any differences in the legislation, or guidelines, and to find ways of improving the processes. The project also included an evaluation of possible remedial actions that could reverse or prevent environmental damage that might be caused by the former factory. Methods used for the project were literature studies, semi-structured interviews and surveys. The results from the risk assessment were that the Swedish Computer Program for Calculation of Guideline Values (CPCGV), with some adjustments, could be used in order to calculate site specific guideline values for mercury concentrations on sites similar to Swedish conditions, such as climate. The site specific guideline values in soil rangedfrom 0.1-2.4 mg/kg. An Indian court decision had stated that a guideline value of 20 mg/kg should be used for remediation at the factory site. The result from the forward dose calculation showed that when a soil contains 20 mg/kg,the tolerable daily intake of mercury would be exceeded, and therefore pose a risk to human health. The comparison of legislation systems between India and Sweden showed several differences. India did not have any legislation relating directly to polluted soil. Risk assessments in India commonly relied on several different international standards even though the standards were not regulated by law. The results from the remedial evaluation showed that there were several possible remediation methods that could beused on the factory site. Limited remedial actions were suggested for V, Det övergripande målet med projektet var att genomföra en detaljerad riskbedömning för en fabriksplats i Kodaikanal, södra Indien, samt för en närliggande by, Vellagavi. Tidigare genomförda mätningar uppvisade förhöjda halter av kvicksilver i området, varför det ansågs vara ett lämpligt område för studien. Studien innehöll en jämförelse av riktlinjer för riskbedömningar för förorenad mark mellan Indien och Sverige där syftet var att identifiera skillnader i lagstiftning och riktlinjer samt lokalisera eventuella förbättringsmöjligheter. Studien innefattades även av en åtgärdsutredning för fabriksplatsen och Vellagavi, vars syfte var att utreda vilka åtgärder som skulle kunna minska risken för fortsatt miljöförstöring eller återställa området. Metoderna som användes i studien var litteraturstudier, semi-strukturerade intervjuer och en enkätundersökning. Resultatet från riskbedömningen visade att beräkningsverktyget för platsspecifika riktvärden från Naturvårdsverket kunde användas på platser som liknar Sverige klimatmässigt, efter att diverse justeringar hade gjorts. Beräkningsverktyget användes för att ta fram ett platsspecifikt gränsvärde för kvicksilverkoncentrationen i marken. Det framtagna platsspecifika gränsvärdet för koncentrationen kvicksilver i jord varierade mellan 0,1-2,4 mg/kg. Ett beslut utfärdat av indisk domstol angav att fabriksplatsen skulle saneras så att kvicksilverkoncentationen i marken inte skulle överskrida 20 mg/kg. Resultatet från den här studien visade att den nivån av förorening i marken skulle innebära att det tolerabla dagliga intaget av kvicksilver skulle överskridas. En jämförelse av de juridiska systemen som anknöt till förorenad jord i Indien respektive Sverige visade på flertalet skillnader mellan länderna. Indien hade ingen lagstiftning som speficikt reglerade förorenad jord medan det i Sverige reglerades av Miljöbalken. Riskbedömningar i Indien baserades ofta på internationella standarder, med det fanns ingen lagstifting som regler

Surface waters in Dutch agricultural and horticultural areas do not meet the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive for good chemical and ecological water quality. Emission of nutrients and plant protection products (PPPs) from agricultural activity contributes to this. The Dutch government issued emission standards for nitrogen, evolving to zero discharge in 2027 for all greenhouse crops. However, to reduce the leaching of PPPs to surface and ground waters on the short-term, additional legislation came into force January 1, 2018. This regulation obliges Dutch growers to use purification equipment for the removal of 95% plant protection products (PPPs) when discharging drain water to sewage or surface water. This stimulates growers to look critically at opportunities to reduce the amount of discharge water, thus lowering the investment and operational costs of purification equipment. In this article, we describe the implementation of the obligated purification for different types of cultivation systems, including the development of an approval protocol for purification equipment. Depending on the amount of discharged water and company size, growers will choose between either applying an installation at the company level or cleaning the water cooperatively with a group of locally located companies. Another option, especially suitable for infrequent small amounts of discharge water, is rental of a mobile purification unit. In any of these three cases, the growers must use an approved installation. The installation and the applied technical specifications (for example ozone dosage) need to be tested with so-called Standardised Water following a strict protocol. An installation is approved by a governmental committee if tested correctly with a purification efficacy of 95% for each of the 11 active ingredients of PPPs in Standardised Water.

Bakalářská práce je zaměřena na aplikaci legislativy životního prostředí na daný podnik. Nejdříve jsou teoreticky a detailně rozebrány některé okruhy legislativy životního prostředí. Následně je představen podnik, na který je aplikována legislativa životního prostředí. V práci se seznáme s tím, jaké povinnosti má firma z hlediska zákonu o obalech nebo ovzduší. V této části se také podíváme na to, jak firma nakládá s odpady a jaké odpady vznikají nebo jestli je povinna poskytovat informace., This bachelor thesis focuses on the application of the environmental legislation to the company. Firstly, there are detailed theoretical analyzations of some areas of the environmental legislation. After that a specific company is introduced and then, the environmental legislation is applied to it. In the thesis, we will get presented with the obligations of the company resulting from the packaging or air protection regulations. In this section, we will also take a look at the company?s management of its waste, the types of waste generated and information that is the company obliged to provide., Fakulta chemicko-technologická, Posluchačka seznámila komisi s obsahem své bakalářské práce a následně zodpověděla dotazy členů komise. Předpoklady pro míchání barev u jiné vybrané firmy, ventilace, rekuperace. Pojem ekologická újma. Vztah k firmě. Vztah firmy k výrobkům, otázka kontaminovaných obalů., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

This work deals with Law 16/2017, of August 1, on climate change in Catalonia and its situation three years after its enactment, in 2020. To do this, we start with the evident change of scenery involved in the climate and environmental emergency, the situation and context in which this regulation is framed. The main object of the work lies in the study of the evolution of this law after the Constitutional Court Judgment 87/2019 that resolves the appeal of unconstitutionality of competence filed against a large number of articles of the law. The focus of the work is placed on the articles that have been contested and on the legislative and regulatory development of the law, with the aim of elucidating whether the law continues to be applicable and whether it maintains its essence and the ambition that originally characterized it.

The present work seeks to give a look to one of the most important topics that from the environmental point of view are discussed at the present time, that is to say to the Environmental Education, specifically the Environmental Community Education, as well as its possible linking with other matters that contribute to the preservation of the biodiversity, the environmental legislation. We try to demonstrate the importance of a correct community environmental education that allows to rise in the inhabitants of a community the knowledge on the legislative existent system on environment, their implementation and as contributing to this, carrying out a brief diagnosis of the existent knowledge on the same one to propose actions for the sake of contributing to their execution., El presente trabajo pretende dar una mirada a uno de los temas más importantes que desde el punto de vista ambiental se discuten en la actualidad, o sea a la Educación Ambiental, específicamente la Educación ambiental Comunitaria, así como su posible vinculación con otras materias que contribuyen a la preservación de la biodiversidad, la legislación ambiental. Intentamos demostrar la importancia de una correcta educación ambiental comunitaria que nos permita elevar en los habitantes de una comunidad los conocimientos sobre el sistema legislativo existente sobre medio ambiente, su implementación y como contribuir a este, realizando un breve diagnóstico del conocimiento existente sobre el mismo para proponer acciones en aras de contribuir a su cumplimiento.

Побудова правової держави в Україні передбачає цивілізаційні підходи до правового регулювання захисту тваринного світу в Україні. За період формування української державності суспільство прийшло до розуміння того, що без утвердження верховенства права в суспільному житті, правових принципів справедливості і гуманізму; захисту прав і свобод людини, її честі і гідності не можливо без утвердження гуманного ставлення до тваринного світу. Тваринний світ є одним з компонентів навколишнього природного середовища, національним багатством України. Відповідно до ст. 6. Закону України «Про захист тварин від жорстокого поводження» підкреслює, що виховання гуманного ставлення до тварин передбачає формування високого рівня еколого-етичної свідомості та культури громадян., The construction of the rule of law in Ukraine involves civilizational approaches to legal regulation of protection of animal life in Ukraine. During the formation period Ukrainian statehood society has come to understand that without the establishment of the rule of law in public life, legal principles justice and humanism; protection of human rights and freedoms, its honor and dignity is not possibly without a humane attitude towards the animal world. The animal world is one of the components of the natural environment environment, national wealth of Ukraine. According to Art. 6. Law of Ukraine «On the Protection of Animals from Cruel Treatment» emphasizes that the upbringing of a humane attitude towards animals involves the formation of a high level ecological and ethical consciousness and culture of citizens., Построение правового государства в Украине предусматривает цивилизационные подходы к правовому регулированию защиты животного мира в Украине. За период формирования украинской государственности общество пришло к пониманию того, что без утверждения верховенства права в общественной жизни, правовых принципов справедливости и гуманизма; защиты прав и свобод человека, его чести и достоинства не возможно без утверждения гуманного отношения к животному миру. Животный мир является одним из компонентов окружающей природной среды, национальным богатством Украины. В соответствии со ст. 6. Закона Украины «О защите животных от жестокого обращения» подчеркивает, что воспитание гуманного отношения к животным предусматривает формирование высокого уровня эколого-этического сознания и культуры граждан.