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Smart farming is essential for a nation whose economy largely depends on agro products. In the last few years, rapid urbanization and deforestation have impacted farmers. Due to the lack of rainwater harvesting and changing weather patterns, many crop failure cases have been registered in the last few years. To prevent loss of annual crop production, many researchers propose the technology-driven smart farming method. Smart farming is a technology-driven control environment for monitoring and maintaining the crop. Smart farming increases crop production and provides an alternative source of income to small farmers. To promote smart farming in India, the government initiated many pilot projects for integrated aquaculture farming. However, the lack of technological intervention and skill-oriented process makes it difficult for most farmers to succeed in this business. In this paper, we have proposed an intelligent IoT-based freshwater recirculating aquaculture system. The proposed system has integrated sensors and actuators. The sensor system monitors the water parameters, and actuators maintain the aquaculture environment. An intelligent data analytics algorithm played a significant role in monitoring and maintaining the freshwater aquaculture environment. The analytics derived the relationship between the water parameters and identified the relative change. From the experimental evaluation, we have identified that the M5 model tree algorithm has the highest accuracy for monitoring the relative change in water parameters.

During the COVID pandemic of 2019, Sweden saw a huge increase in food prices, as many of the country's grocery chains import a large amount of all foods. This research is motivated by the Swedish Parliament's motion "Self-Sufficiency of Food in Sweden" and the need for innovative solutions to enhance Sweden's food supply. This study focuses on alternative urban agriculture methods, with a focus on aeroponics, aquaponics, hydroponics, and vertical farming, and their potential for self-sufficiency in Sweden. This study aims to fill the gap in Swedish research on soilless urban farming methods and contribute to the understanding and acceptance of the alternative methods above. The study seeks to determine whether the yield of alternative cultivation methods is comparable to traditional methods, soil-based and greenhouse-based farming, in terms of resources invested and to identify the alternative method with the highest yield. Resources in this thesis will be defined as the amount of water that is used. Our thesis aims to support businesses and local governance in decision-making regarding implementation of alternative urban farming in Sweden. A literature search was conducted using keywords such as hydroponic, vertical farming and sustainability. Statistical analysis of collected data indicates significant differences in yield and water usage among the collected examples which resulted in vertical hydroponic farming offering the highest yield in terms of space utilization, with significant statistical significance (p < 0.05). Additionally, hydroponic farming requires the least amount of water compared to other methods although this is not a certainty as there was no significant statistical difference between the different methods. The study demonstrates that hydroponic farming can achieve higher yields compared to traditional soil-based farming and other alternative farming methods. The study emphasizes organizational and governmental solutions to improve self-suff, Denna studie undersöker potentialen hos alternativa urbana odlingsmetoder för självförsörjning i Sverige. Den svenska riksdagen stödjer motion om "Självförsörjning av mat i Sverige" och behovet av innovativa lösningar för matförsörjning i landet. Denna forskning fyller en kunskapsbrist i den svenska litteraturen om jordlösa odlingssystem såsom aeroponiska, akvaponiska, hydroponiska och vertikala odlingar. Syftet med studien är att sammanfatta den befintliga kunskapen om dessa alternativa odlingsmetoder och klargöra deras fördelar i en urban miljö. Denna studie strävar att stödja företag och lokala myndigheter vid implementering av alternativa odlingsmetoder, genom att studera de alternativa odlingsmetodernas avkastning i förhållande till resursanvändning. Studien har samlat exempel från forskningsartiklar och företags-hemsidor som använde de ovan nämnda alternativa odlingsmetoder som sedan analyserats och jämfört deras avkastning med traditionella jordbaserade odlingar såsom åker odlingar och växthusbaserade odlingar. Med den statistisk analys som gjorts har vi funnit att vertikal hydroponisk odling visar den högsta avkastningen per yta jämfört med de andra alternativa odlingsmetoderna och traditionella odlingar. Vi har dessutom fastställt att hydroponiska odlingar använder minst vatten per kg skörd i jämförelse med andra metoder. Studien betonar vikten av att fokusera på organisatoriska och statliga lösningar för att öka självförsörjningsgraden på lokal och nationell nivå. Medan privatpersoner kan vara självförsörjande med grönsaker och frukt på en normalstor tomt, kan det vara svårt för alla privatpersoner att upprätthålla en egen grönsaksträdgård och undvika skador på marken och ekosystemtjänsterna i staden. Därmed riktar vi denna studie till kommunen och staten som ett stöd för att säkerställa självförsörjning på en lokal och regional nivå. För att uppnå hållbar samhällsutveckling och stödja självförsörjning av mat i Sverige, är integreringen av alternativa urba

From deepest of heart containing the warm pleasuring well wishes we are feeling very lucky and honoured to present you the thoroughly revised, willingly prepared and studied with high efforts, the first edition of.We hope the book will become helpful to all the readers of this book who have taken it as a source of knowledge what they seek for. The book is written with immense hard work; dedication and desperation. We have tried to put all the information available to me on these topics for the readers and tried to make it as easy as possible for the easy and correct understanding of the topics by readers. The book is written with dedicated practices of restless work with determination and passion for the writing of a book helpful on this subject. The book is containing the information mostly for the students but we believe that it can also be helpful for everyone.The book is consisting 7 Units al together in it. The unit 1 is focusing on the topic History of Development of Microbiology. The unit 2 is containing the about Diversity of Microorganisms. Unit 3 is filled with the Information about the Different types of Microscopy. The details on the Different types of sterilization technique is described in unit 4. Microbes in Human Health (Medical Microbiology and Immunology) & Environmental Microbiology is widely discussed in unit 5. The unit 6 contains about Industrial Microbiology or Microbes used in Industry. The Unit 7 is discussed about the Food and Dairy Microbiology.We are thankful to the publishers for the speedy and quality production. We shall welcome the constructive suggestion, if any, from the reader.

"Bridging Sustainable Solutions in a Multidisciplinary Approach" is our collective effort to bring together diverse perspectives, knowledge, and methods to tackle the complex issues of sustainability. This book is meant to be a guide and inspiration for researchers, practitioners, policymakers, and students who are passionate about creating innovative and lasting solutions for a sustainable future. Sustainability is a multifaceted goal that demands insights from environmental science, engineering, economics, social sciences, and more. This book stems from the understanding that isolated approaches are insufficient; we need a collaborative, multidisciplinary strategy to address the interconnected challenges we face. We have gathered contributions from leading experts around the world, each bringing unique insights into crucial areas such as renewable energy, sustainable urban development, resource management, social equity, and environmental policy. Through cutting-edge research and real-world case studies, this book showcases the potential for innovative solutions. The variety of perspectives and methods highlights the necessity of a holistic approach to sustainability. The chapters in this book balance theoretical foundations with practical applications, bridging the gap between academic research and real-world implementation. By presenting rigorous analysis and compelling stories, we emphasize the importance of systems thinking, interdisciplinary collaboration, and adaptive strategies in addressing 21st-century sustainability challenges. We hope this book will be a valuable resource for anyone committed to advancing sustainable practices and policies. Whether you're an experienced professional or new to the field, we aim to inspire and equip you to contribute effectively to global sustainability efforts. As we embark on this journey toward a more sustainable future, it is our hope that "Bridging Sustainable Solutions in a Multidisciplinary Approach" will both info

In the ever-evolving landscape of job markets and career opportunities, the importance of a successful interview cannot be overstated. Whether you are a seasoned professional seeking a new challenge, a recent graduate embarking on your career journey, or someone re-entering the workforce, the interview process remains a pivotal step toward securing your desired position. With competition at an all-time high, how can you ensure that you stand out from the crowd and leave a lasting impression on your potential employer? Welcome to "The Ultimate Countdown: Your 30-Day, 30-Hour, and 30-Minute Guide to Interview Success." This book is designed to be your comprehensive companion, offering a structured and strategic approach to interview preparation. Through this carefully crafted guide, you will embark on a journey that breaks down the daunting task of interview preparation into manageable, actionable steps spread over 30 days, 30 hours, and 30 minutes. The concept of this book is rooted in the belief that thorough preparation is the key to confidence and success. We understand that preparing for an interview can be overwhelming, especially when faced with the myriad of tasks involved—from researching the company to practicing your responses to common interview questions. Our goal is to demystify this process by providing you with a clear roadmap, ensuring that you are well-prepared, poised, and ready to impress. The 30-Day Countdown sets the foundation for your preparation. Over the course of four weeks, you will engage in activities designed to enhance your understanding of the industry, company, and role for which you are applying. This period will also focus on self-assessment, helping you identify your strengths, weaknesses, and unique selling points. By dedicating time each day to specific tasks, you will build a solid knowledge base and gain the confidence needed to articulate your fit for the role. The 30-Hour Countdown intensifies your preparation as the intervie

This paper explores to evaluate how Pakistan's agriculture is affected by climate change and to find techniques to mitigate and adapt to the changes. Pakistan's agriculture industry is drastically affected by climate change. The continuous inclination of temperature, shifting weather patterns, and more frequent climate change events are remarkably reducing crop yields, compromising food security and posing serious threats to rural livelihood. In order to evaluate the effects of climate change on agricultural output, water resources, and controlling pests, this study sought farmers in liable areas, reviewed a variety of literature in detail, and examined climate data. The paper also founds critical declines in crop yields, changes in developing seasons, and expanded irritation and sickness pressure. Farmers were observed using more groundwater, which resulted in a shortage of water and less fertile land. Pakistan needs to prioritize climate-resilient agricultural techniques, raise farmer awareness and capacity building, improve water management, and encourage crop variety to ensure agricultural sustainability.

In the wake of the 2021 national objective to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector, the Danish government agreed to aim for redesignating 100.000 ha of carbon rich low-lying soils by 2030. Positioned as a pivotal element in achieving up to 50% in emissions reduction from the agricultural sector, these lowland soils assume a paramount role in Denmark's green transition of the sector.Historically cultivated and drained by farmers to turn the lowland soils into fertile farming landscapes, the current transformative process of redesignation lowland soils is characterized by inherent conflicts in knowledge, practices, and perceptions. Tensions emerge notably between national policies, public authorities, and the local farmers intimately connected to these lands. This paper explores how negotiations and conflicts between epistemic authority and situated and embodied knowledge can be understood through the conceptual lens of disrupting, contradictory and conflicting care. Understanding care as an act of caring-with central to the socio-ecological production and reproduction of landscapes (e.g., Tronto 1993; Harcourt 2023), this paper advocates for a broadened perspective on care encompassing contradictory practices and knowledges. This approach illuminates the complexities inherent in repairing, maintaining, and remaking degraded agricultural landscapes, acknowledging both intentional and unintentional ignorance embedded in nature and landscape restoration efforts. The paper concludes by discussing how a focus on conflicting care practices both within the farm and beyond opens for new ways to reconceptualize and remake agricultural landscapes in times of ecosystem degradation, climate change and conflicts between forms of knowledge, matters of care and practices. This paper adds to the debate on how the historical practices and imaginaries of the future associated with agricultural lowland soils necessitate novel approaches to repairing and (re)kn

This study aimed to explore the stress among crop farmers, focusing on the causes and types of stress. Farming has always played a crucial role in Pakistan's economy. However, it can be a stressful occupation, with farmers facing various stressors. The data was collected from the crop farmers of the District Rawalpindi. The sample size consisted of 60 crop farmers with an age range of 35 to 55 years. All participants were male, owned some cultivated land and were personally involved in farming. Interviews were based on open-ended questions to check the prevalence of stress among crop farmers. The result of the study indicated that small-scale crop farmers faced more stress than large-scale crop farmers. The major stressor reported by crop farmers was inclement weather conditions, and they often used a talking coping strategy. The study suggests implementing stress management programs and revising agricultural support policies to reduce stress.

The spring of 2023 in Sweden was very dry, and the summer turned out to be exceptionally rainy and wet. This resulted in the worst harvest in 30 years in Sweden, severely impacting the Swedish farmers. Witnessing the challenges faced by the farmers inspired my master’s degree project; The Neolith Spear, an all-in-one data-gathering device designed to enhance sustainable farming and resilience to climate change.The Neolith Spear measures values both above and below ground, sending data to mobile devices to help farmers optimize their strategies. It can measure, for example, natural nitrogen levels, preventing overfertilization and unnecessary costs. The device can stay in the soil throughout the growing season to monitor crop and root health, and features an ergonomic handle attachment for taking multiple soil samples.To develop this concept, I conducted in-depth research through a field trip to Västergötland in Sweden, visiting Lantmännen´s Future Farms, a soil laboratory, and a soil sampling expert, as well as interviewing nitrogen experts from Yara. My goal was to design an iconic handheld farming tool by blending functionality and aesthetics into a cohesive design with a clear purpose, and with the hope of making the Neolith Spear an icon of future farming. During this project I received external tutoring from Propeller Design, and Lantmännen and Yara were two significant contributors in my research.

As described in many farmland birds of Europe, habitat loss is one of the main factors explaining the decline of the European turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur), a migratory columbid which breeds in the Western Palaearctic and winters in Africa. In the countries belonging to the western flyway (which host around 40–50% of the European breeding population), the species was hunted before the implementation of a moratorium in recent years, and it is known that habitat management is conducted to favour game and wildlife. Through a questionnaire we investigated the habitat management conducted in hunting grounds of France, Portugal and Spain (931 respondents), and the measures that may favour turtle doves. The vast majority of respondents were totally or partially in charge of game management (98%), but less than 50% were responsible for decisions regarding farming or forestry. The most frequent measures were supplementary food (73% of respondents), water provision (68%), forest management (50%) and agricultural management (47%). Land interventions were conducted in a high proportion of grounds, but at limited scale (<50 ha/hunting ground). In most cases, the management was self-funded by hunters and game managers. Habitat management measures were rarely targeted exclusively to the turtle dove; interventions were, in contrast, frequently part of management targeting various species simultaneously. Grounds with a tradition of higher number of hunted doves were those more likely to target the species in their management. The likelihood of implementing management tools was mainly linked to variations in hunting pressure rather than to perceptions of turtle dove population trends. As the turtle dove is favoured by the ecotone between woodland and farmland, it is crucial to promote and reward measures beyond food and water provision, involving agricultural and forest management, ideally accompanied by species’ monitoring in hunting grounds. As the current Adaptive Harvest Mana

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to analyze how promotional and advisory efforts address climate change mitigation in Norway and to learn how advisers navigate between governmental goals to address the common good and farmers’ private needs. Methodology: Empirical data was obtained through semi-structured in-depth interviews with eight agricultural advisers with the mandate of promoting climate-friendly farming, as well as through notes and presentations from a workshop involving advisers and agricultural schoolteachers. Data were analyzed qualitatively on the basis of meaning condensation and meaning categorization. Findings: Only the most enterprising farmers have proactively sought climate advice and attended climate courses–and primarily for farm-benefiting gains other than climate change mitigation. The advisers see it as essential to highlight the overall gains that derive from climate change mitigation and that benefit farms in the broader sense in order to motivate farmers, while the central communication around climate advice and courses more narrowly solely focuses on the opportunity to reduce emissions. Practical implications and value: It is important to create a suitable framing of climate change mitigation and its benefits both at the macro (policy and programme) and micro (farm-level advice) levels, in order to reach out to as many farmers as possible. Theoretical implications: Advice framing that puts greater emphasis on the private, non-climate-related benefits of climate change mitigation actions seems to stimulate greater support for these actions than a common-good framing focused on addressing climate change only.

European agri-food systems must overcome structural lock-ins to achieve more sustainable modes of production and consumption. Yet European regions are highly diverse, and we lack understanding of how different regional characteristics may enable or inhibit sustainability transitions. This hinders the development of context-tailored governance strategies. In this paper, we identify and apply sets of spatial indicators to map the regional potentials for agri-food transitions. We first analyse the strength of lock-in to the incumbent agro-industrial paradigm. We then map the enabling environments for two alternative agri-food networks—multifunctional value chains and civic food networks—that each embed distinct social–ecological qualities of agriculture and food. Results demonstrate a large spatial diversity in transition potential, with stronger lock-ins throughout North and Western Europe and stronger enabling environments for agri-food transitions in Italy, France, Switzerland, and Southwest Germany. We find that lock-ins are strongest in livestock-dominated regions and are associated with higher GHG emissions and excess nitrogen levels. Our study demonstrates the need for coordinated public policies that (1) leverage region-specific transition potentials and (2) enable complementary innovations in market-based and community-led networks.

Missoula, MT

This deliverable provides an overview of the methods and data used for developing the Farming System Archetypes (FSAs) in the five case studies - Humber, Mulde, SouthMoravia, Bačka and Catalonia. Additionally, it discusses limitations as well as problems and presents solutions. The FSAs are a generalized typology of farming systems that are assumed to have similar response to policy change. FSAs are a major component of the BESTMAP modelling architecture because they provide linkages between many aspects of the project, especially connecting the biophysical and agent-based modelling in the case studies (CS), based on local data (e.g. IACS/LPIS, for explanation see Methodology), with the modelling of policy effects at the EU level, based on FADN micro-data within the FADN regions. The FSA framework defines the main farm characteristics determined by two main dimensions: firstly farm specialization and secondly economic size, both calculated and mapped for each farm in the CSs. ‘Farmer agents’ who belong to the same FSA are then assumed to have similar decision patterns regarding the adoption of agri-environmental schemes, based on the relationships revealed in the CS agent-based models.

The transition towards a sustainable world requires immediate action on the part of individuals and communities. Developing countries find the task of incorporating climate change policies difficult for various reasons including the negative effects that the Covid-19 pandemic left behind on the economy. One way to address this issue would be to focus on the productive sector, for example the dairy farming sector. This segment, along with others of similar characteristics, plays an essential part in developing countries’ economies and is characterized by the presence of small and medium production facilities that, in general, do not consider the concept of a circular economy, and where proper waste and energy management is not a priority. Nevertheless, several types of dairy farms have a high potential for the incorporation of energy solutions under the concept of waste-to-energy by producing biogas, having the potential to cover a wide range of energy demands, including those for electricity, heat, refrigeration, and gas for cooking. This can allow energy self-sufficiency, promote enhanced organic waste management and reduce dependence on conventional energy services (mostly based on fossil fuels). Biogas production also results in the supply of bio-slurry, an organic fertilizer. In addition, a biogas-based energy solution can be combined with other renewable energy sources, thus promoting the exploitation of local energy resources. Under this scenario, these solutions can allow enhanced waste and energy management, while reducing GHG emissions along the lines of sustainability. This thesis explores these issues by considering biogas-based energy solutions applied on Bolivian dairy farms and, with a broader approach, on Latin American dairy farms. The energy solutions can supply electricity, hot water, refrigeration (by using absorption refrigeration systems), cooking gas and organic fertilizers. The first assessment was focused on evaluating the energy performance, Övergången till en hållbar värld kräver omedelbara åtgärder av individer och samhällen. Utvecklingsländerna har svårt att införliva klimatförändringspolitiken av olika skäl, bland annat på grund av de negativa effekter som Covid-19-pandemin lämnade efter sig på ekonomin. Ett sätt att ta itu med denna fråga kan vara att fokusera på den produktiva sektorn, till exempel mjölkproduktionssektorn. Detta segment, tillsammans med andra segment med liknande egenskaper, spelar en viktig roll i utvecklingsländernas ekonomier och kännetecknas av att det finns små och medelstora produktionsanläggningar som i allmänhet inte tar hänsyn till begreppet cirkulär ekonomi, och där korrekt avfalls- och energihantering inte prioriteras. Flera typer av mjölkgårdar har dock en stor potential för integrering av energilösningar inom ramen för konceptet avfall till energi genom produktion av biogas, som har potential att täcka ett brett spektrum av energibehov, bland annat för el, värme, kyla och gas för matlagning. Detta kan möjliggöra självförsörjning av energi, främja en förbättrad hantering av organiskt avfall och minska beroendet av konventionella energitjänster (oftast baserade på fossila bränslen). Biogasproduktion leder också till att man får tillgång till biogödsel, ett organiskt gödningsmedel. Dessutom kan en biogasbaserad energilösning kombineras med andra förnybara energikällor, vilket främjar utnyttjandet av lokala energiresurser. I ett sådant scenario kan dessa lösningar möjliggöra en förbättrad avfalls- och energihantering, samtidigt som växthusgasutsläppen minskas i enlighet med hållbarhetsprincipen. I denna avhandling undersöks dessa frågor genom att biogasbaserade energilösningar tillämpas på bolivianska mjölkgårdar och, med en bredare ansats, på latinamerikanska mjölkgårdar. Energilösningarna kan leverera el, varmvatten, kylning (med hjälp av absorptionskylsystem), matlagningsgas och organiska gödningsmedel. Den första utvärderingen inriktades på att utvärdera energiprestan, La transición hacia un mundo sostenible requiere una acción inmediata por parte de los individuos y las comunidades. Sin embargo, los países en desarrollo encuentran difícil la tarea de incorporar políticas de cambio climático por varias razones, entre ellas los efectos negativos que la pandemia de Covid-19 dejó en la economía. Una forma de abordar esta cuestión sería centrarse en el sector productivo, por ejemplo, el de la ganadería lechera. Este segmento, junto con otros de similares características, desempeña un papel esencial en las economías de los países en desarrollo y se caracteriza por la presencia de pequeñas y medianas unidades productivas que, en general, no tienen en cuenta el concepto de economía circular, y en las que la gestión adecuada de los residuos y la energía no es una prioridad. Sin embargo, varios tipos de granjas lecheras tienen un alto potencial para la incorporación de soluciones energéticas bajo el concepto de conversión de residuos en energía mediante la producción de biogás, teniendo el potencial de cubrir una amplia gama de demandas energéticas, incluyendo las de electricidad, calor, refrigeración y gas para cocinar. Esto puede permitir la autosuficiencia energética, promover una mejor gestión de los residuos orgánicos y reducir la dependencia de los servicios energéticos convencionales (basados en su mayoría en combustibles fósiles). La producción de biogás también da lugar al suministro de biol, un fertilizante orgánico. Además, una solución energética basada en el biogás puede combinarse con otras fuentes de energía renovables, promoviendo así la explotación de los recursos energéticos locales. En este escenario, estas soluciones permitirían una mejor gestión de los residuos y de la energía, mientras permiten reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en la línea de la sostenibilidad. Esta tesis explora estos aspectos considerando soluciones energéticas basadas en biogás y aplicadas en granjas lecheras bolivianas y

The last twenty years have seen an imbalance between population growth and food production, making agriculture an essential aspect of human survival in the present era. Technological advancements in farming have been crucial to this role. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) will be used in this project to identify probable plant illnesses associated with irrigation systems. The objective is to create a model that can correctly categories photos of plants as either healthy or ill and evaluate whether the irrigation system has any bearing on the progression of the disease. In order to do this, a dataset of photos of both healthy and diseased plants that have undergone varied watering conditions will be gathered and pre-processed. Utilizing a deep learning framework like TensorFlow or Flask, the CNN model will be created. Several convolutional layers will be used in the model to extract features from the input photos, and a number of fully connected layers will be used to categorize the images as either healthy or unhealthy. The model will then be trained using the training set by being fed batches of images and their associated labels, and the network's weights will be adjusted depending on the discrepancies between predicted and actual labels. The model will be evaluated on the testing set after training to determine how accurately it makes predictions. Worldwide, crops like tomatoes and paddy are important agricultural products, but because of supply and demand concerns, their prices frequently decline. In order to identify and treat leaf diseases, farmers might not be able to afford agricultural specialists. A low-cost technology that uses image processing can find leaf diseases in tomato and paddy plants to remedy this issue. Farmers can detect infections early and take the necessary action by taking pictures of diseased leaves and comparing them using the CNN algorithm. This technique stabilizes tomato and paddy prices and benefits both farmers and consumers beca

Broiler chicken farming is often considered a promising enterprise, but its successful operation requires farmers’ ability to manage feed allocation efficiently and effectively in order to minimize cost and increase income. This study aims to: (1) comprehend the management of broiler chicken feed distribution, and (2) ascertain the magnitude of net returns from broiler chicken farming. This research was conducted in Boro Boro Lameuru Village, West Ranomeeto Subdistrict, South Konawe District, in August 2022. The data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis to depict feed management, and cost and returns analysis to determine farmer earnings. Research findings reveal that feed management encompasses: a) feed quantity determination, b) feed restriction during the final phase of rearing, and c) the establishment of appropriate feeding schedules. The average net returns of broiler chicken farming per production cycle amounts to Rp 17,205,987, which is a notable indicator of the economic viability of broiler farming in the area. This result contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the interplay between feed management efficacy and the financial prospects of broiler farming.

The study aimed to (1) identify the factors influencing chili farming production, and (2) analyze the technical efficiency of chili farming. The study was carried in Biru village, Poleang Timur subdistrict, Bombana district, Southeast Sulawesi province. The sampling method employed a census approach, encompassing all chili farmers in the area, with a total of 30 individuals serving as respondents. Multiple linear regression analysis and the stochastic frontier production function were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that the significant determinants influencing chili production in the survey village were the land area and fertilizer use. Conversely, seeds, pesticides, and labor were not significantly impacting production. The technical efficiency level of chili farming in the mentioned area was found to be technically efficient, with an average technical efficiency value of 81% or 0.81. This suggests that chili farming is operating efficiently, yet there remains an opportunity to enhance production by approximately 19%.

Traditional methods of watering plants based on timers have been shown to be wasteful when compared to sensor based watering. While sensor based irrigation systems do exist, current implementations are both costly and needlessly complex. Our goal was to design an irrigation sensor system is cheap, easy to implement, and saves more water than traditional watering systems. Our approach was to create a sensor node network that is both reliable and cost effective when installing it. With this approach we were able to create a dependable tree like sensor network that could read moisture data from soil and have it visualized in an Android application. In regards to our Android application, we were able to implement features such as sensor calibration in order to obtain accurate readings. Our tree like network was also able to be consistent in being able to send data packets back and forth with each sensor having a reach of up to 100 meters and being able to have a total of 3125 radio modules in use. In conclusion we were able to create a reliable and cost effective irrigation system that could be used for both farms and home gardens. We were able to meet our initial goals which were to create an user friendly application that could be used to read and visualize data as well creating a sensor network that is low-power and is low cost.  Advisor: Professor Sitao Huang, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

This study aims to (1) identify the internal and external factors in the development of pineapple (Ananas comosus) farming, and (2) determine the strategies for pineapple development. The research was conducted in Kondoano Village, Mowila Subdistrict, South Konawe District, from May to December 2022. The analytical tool used was the SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats). Based on research findings, the coordinate for internal factors was 0.81, while the coordinate for external factors was 1.57. It is evident that pineapple farming is positioned in Quadrant I, indicating a highly favorable situation. Pineapple farming possesses both opportunities and strengths, enabling the utilization of existing strengths and the exploitation of available opportunities. The recommended strategy under these conditions is to support an aggressive growth policy. The appropriate strategy to be implemented is the Strength-Opportunities (SO) strategy, which entails (i) utilizing transportation and communication and information infrastructure and tools to expand the market area, (ii) optimizing land resources to enhance production, and (iii) improving the quality of human resources and adding value to the pineapple.

We investigated the influence of a farming environment on asthma at three time points from birth to 46 years using the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (n = 10,926). The prevalence of asthma was investigated by postal questionnaires at 14, 31 and 46 years of age. Exposure to a farming environment was assessed by a postal questionnaire at birth and at 31 and 46 years of age. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the prevalence of asthma were obtained from multinomial logistic regression, stratified by sex. Being born in a farmer family was potentially causally associated with lower risk of asthma in males at 31 years of age (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.37, 0.85) and in females at 46 years of age (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.44, 0.95). Working as a farmer was not associated with asthma. Exposure to a farming environment in childhood may have a lifelong impact on developing asthma from birth through young adulthood and until middle age, indicating that ‘immune deviation’ may persist throughout life.

The native kelp Ecklonia radiata is a target species for seaweed aquaculture in New Zealand because of its broad distribution and desirable biomass profile (e.g., alginate, fucoidan, and phlorotannins). However, commercial farming practices for E. radiata are not yet developed. The objective of this thesis was therefore to create foundations for sustainable seaweed aquaculture of E. radiata in New Zealand by filling key knowledge gaps regarding patterns of genetic structure (Chapter 2), spatial and temporal variation in biomass composition (Chapter 3), the development of high-throughput methods for biomass grading (Chapter 4), and marine farm design (Chapter 5). The development of specialised cultivars is central for optimising key commercial traits for seaweed aquaculture; however, the introduction of genotypes from significantly different genetic sub-populations can reduce genetic diversity and genetic structure of wild populations. Analysis of molecular variance in populations of E. radiata in the North Island of New Zealand revealed significant differences at all three hierarchical levels of genetic structure that were analysed. The highest regional differentiation occurred between Wellington and other regions and was supported by Bayesian and redundancy models showing a high degree of genetic clustering among regions. Furthermore, pairwise FST (genetic differentiation) revealed significant differences between most sites showing strong genetic structure and low connectivity also at a local level. These findings indicate that cultivars of E. radiata should not be translocated outside their area of origin, to prevent introducing genotypes from significantly different genetic sub-populations to wild sub-populations. Most analysed biomass components of E. radiata showed high spatial variation between sites, including alginate, glucose, and phlorotannins. However, there was no clear pattern in biomass composition among regions, indicating that these differences in bi

In the realm of rural agricultural development, the efficacy of institutions and partnerships is crucial. These entities not only facilitate resource sharing but also play a critical role in enhancing agricultural productivity and farmer welfare. This research aimed to explore the structures and dynamics of institutions and partnerships in the context of clove farming in Puulemo Village, Baula Sub-District, Kolaka District. With a focus on a population of 200 farmers, where 36 were selected through simple random sampling, the study employed interviews and observation to gather data. The study identifies the necessity for facilitating and service institutions to be more functional and observes that partnerships are still limited. It finds that farmer institutions primarily manifest as farmer groups and Village-Owned Enterprises, vital for encouraging farmer cooperation towards shared objectives. Institutional patterns include facilitating and service institutions, while the predominant partnership form involves small farmers, typically in a general trade pattern.

Agricultural enterprises are of great importance in a country’s economy, providing food and inputs to industries. Making decisions that allow better management of this type of activities represents a challenge, given the complex context of social, climatic or economic uncertainty or in which they are developed.Attentive to the relevance of this activity of the primary sector, this work deals with a methodological proposal of an academic research project that is in the initial stage, and aims to collect data tending to characterize the agricultural holdings of the central west of the province of Chaco (Argentina) and Measure the level of knowledge and use of management tools and informationsystems during the 2022-2023 production cycle.For this, a quantitative research with descriptive scope is proposed. It is planned to obtain the data through a survey with a structured questionnaire.In conclusion, it is expected that the information obtained on the particularities of the activity in the analyzed region will be useful to define future lines of research and also to promote public politics and / or socio-educational intervention strategies aimed at improving the training of producers in the sector in the search for greater sustainable profitability., Les entreprises agricoles sont d’une grande importance dans l’économie d’un pays, fournissant de la nourriture et des intrants aux industries.La prise de décision pour mieux gérer ces types d’activités représente un défi, compte tenu du contexte complexe d’incertitude sociale, climatique et économique dans lequel elles se déroulent.Conscient de la pertinence de cette activité dans le secteur primaire, cet article présente une proposition méthodologique pour un projet de recherche académique en phase initiale, et dont les objectifs sont de collecter des données tendant à caractériser les exploitations agricoles du centre ouest de la province du Chaco et mesurer le niveau de connaissance et d’utilisation des outils de gestion et des systèmes d’information au cours du cycle de production 2022-2023.Pour cela,une enquête quantitative à portée descriptive est proposée.Il est prévu d’obtenir les données par le biais d’une enquête avec un questionnaire structuré. En conclusion, on s’attend à ce que les informations obtenues sur les particularités de l’activité dans la région analysée soient utiles pour définir de futures lignes de recherche et aussi pour promouvoir des politiques publiques et/ou des stratégies d’intervention socio-éducative visant à améliorer la formation des producteurs de la filière à la recherche d’une plus grande rentabilité durable., As empresas agrícolas são de grande importância na economia de um país, fornecendo alimentos e insumos para as indústrias. Tomar decisões que permitam uma melhor gestão deste tipo de atividades representa um desafio, Revista del Instituto Internacional de Costos 22, 92-115 94 dado o complexo contexto de incerteza social, climática e económica emque ocorrem.Atento à relevância desta atividade do setor primário, este trabalho trata de uma proposta metodológica de um projeto de pesquisa acadêmica que está em fase inicial, e tem como objetivo coletar dados destinados a caracterizar as explorações agrícolas do centro-oeste da província do Chaco (Argentina) e medir o nível de conhecimento e uso de ferramentas de gestão e sistemasde informação durante o ciclo produtivo 2022-2023.Para isso, propõe-se uma pesquisa quantitativa com escopo descritivo. Prevê- se a obtenção dos dados através de uma sondagem com um questionário estruturado.Em conclusão, espera-se que as informações obtidas sobre as particularidades da atividade na região analisada sejam úteis para definir futuras linhas de pesquisa e também para promover políticas públicas e/ou estratégias de intervenção socioeducativa destinadas a melhorar a capacitação dos produtores do setor na busca por maior rentabilidade sustentável., Las empresas agropecuarias son de gran importancia en la economía de un país, proporcionando alimentos e insumos a industrias. La toma de decisiones que permita gestionar mejor este tipo de actividades representa un desafío, dado el complejo contexto de incertidumbre social, climático y económico en el que se desarrollan.Atento a la relevancia de esta actividad del sector primario, el presente trabajo, trata sobre una propuesta metodológica de un proyecto de investigación académico que se encuentra en la etapa inicial, y tiene como objetivos recolectar datos tendientes a caracterizar las explotaciones agropecuarias del centro oeste de la provincia del Chaco (Argentina) y medir el nivel deconocimiento y uso de herramientas de gestión y sistemas de información durante el ciclo productivo 2022-2023.Para ello se plantea una investigación cuantitativa con alcance descriptivo. Se prevé obtener los datos mediante una encuesta con un cuestionario estructurado.Como conclusión, se espera que la información obtenida sobre las particularidades de la actividad en la región analizada resulte de utilidad para definir futuras líneas de investigación y también para impulsar políticas públicas y/o estrategias de intervención socioeducativas destinadas a mejorar la formación de los productores del sector en la búsqueda de una mayor rentabilidadsustentable.

Jesetre spadaju u jednu od najvrjednijih skupina riba, kako zbog kavijara, tako i zbog kvalitetnog mesa koje ne sadrži kosti vec samo hrskavicu. Međutim, jesetre su među najugroženijim ribama zbog prekomjernog izlova, krivolova, gubitka staništa itd. Proizvodnja jesetri u akvakulturi započela je 1960-ih u bivšem Sovjetskom Savezu, dok je u Europi krenula 1980-ih. Ulaskom Kine u industriju akvakulture, ova zemlja sada trenutno čini oko 78% svjetske proizvodnje mesa jesetri. Proizvodnja jesetri u Srbiji je u povojima, a trenutno je službeno registrirano pet ribnjaka. Najčešće vrste koje se gaje u Srbiji su kečiga (Acipenser ruthenus) i sibirska jesetra (Acipenser baerit) i uzgajaju se uglavnom u recirkulacijskim akvatičnim sustavima (RAS). RAS, uz prostornu korist, ne zahtijeva veliku količinu vode, koja se tijekom proizvodnog procesa pročišćava bez gubitaka i ponovno koristi. Za kontrolu organske tvari i viška kisika u sustavu potrebno je osigurati odgovarajuće biofiltere. Također je važno osigurati mehaničke filtere i kolektore koji su zaduženi za prikupljanje dekompenzirane hrane i suspendiranih tvari. Osim dovoljne količine otopljenog kisika, ograničavajuci faktor proizvodnje i povoljnog zdravstvenog stanja riba je odgovarajuca koncentracija amonijevih iona i amonijaka u vodi, što zahtijeva kontinuirano praćenje navedenih parametara. Također treba voditi računa o sprječavanju ulaska i širenja zaraznih agenasa kao što su bakterije, virusi, gljivice i paraziti. RAS se mogu izraditi s malim kapacitetom, sto osigurava realan plasman ribe koja se može prodati tijekom cijele sezone i postići bolju cijenu od šarana. Pogodni su za početnike kao školski sustavi, tako da se njihov stvarni kapacitet može povećati s vremenom., Sturgeons belong to one of the most valuable groups of fish, both because of the caviar and the meat quality, fish do not contain bones but only cartilage. However, sturgeons are among the most threatened fish due to overfishing, poaching, habitat loss, etc. Sturgeon aquaculture production began in the 1960s in the former Soviet Union, while it took off in Europe in the 1980s. With China's entry into the aquaculture industry, this country now amount around 78% of the world's sturgeon meat production. Sturgeon production in Serbia is in its beginning, and five ponds are currently officially registered. The most common species cultivated in Serbia are starlet (Acipenser ruthenus) and Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerit), and they are cultivated mainly in recirculatory aquaculture systems (RAS). RAS, in addition to the spatial benefit, does not require a large amount of water, which is purified during the production process without loss and reused. To control organic matter and excess oxygen in the system, it is necessary to provide appropriate biofilters. It is also important to provide mechanical filters and collectors that are responsible for collecting decompensate food and suspended substances.In addition to a sufficient amount of dissolved oxygen, the limiting factor for production and the favorable health status of fish is the appropriate concentration of ammonium ions and ammonia in the water, which requires continuous monitoring.. Care should also be taken to prevent the entry and spread of infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. RAS can be made with a small capacity, which ensures a realistic placement of fish that can be sold throughout the season and reach a better price than carp. They are suitable for beginners as school systems, so their actual capacity can be increased over time.

The uniqueness of Wallachian settlement in the territories of Poland was that it extended beyond its natural mountain and submontane zone. This resulted in the emergence of settlements founded under Wallachian law, including the Sandomierz Forest area. The aim of the article is to examine the economic activity of the residents of these settlements, which was conditioned by the environmental situation. One important problem addressed in this work is the question of reasons for the colonisation backwardness in this region, manifested in the slow pace of the progress of urbanisation, the limited scope of the money economy, and the late development of manorial demesnes, among other factors. These delayed and poorly discernible processes were followed by the evolution of the profile of Wallachian-law settlements, evident in the 16th century. The permeation of elements of Wallachian customs into agricultural settlements was an important adaptation element that has not been properly examined in the literature., Specyfiką osadnictwa wołoskiego na ziemiach polskich było jego wyjście poza naturalną dla siebie strefę górską i podgórską. Skutkiem tego zjawiska było pojawienie się osad na prawie wołoskim na terenach nizinnych, w tym na obszarze Puszczy Sandomierskiej. Celem artykułu jest zbadanie aktywności gospodarczej mieszkańców tychże osad, uwarunkowanej realiami środowiskowymi. Istotnym problemem podjętym w rozważaniach jest także kwestia przyczyn zapóźnienia kolonizacyjnego tego regionu, manifestującego się chociażby w słabym tempie postępów urbanizacji, ograniczonym zasięgu gospodarki towarowo- pieniężnej i spóźnionym rozwoju folwarków. W ślad za tymi opóźnionymi i słabo widocznymi procesami podążała ewolucja profilu osad prawa wołoskiego, widoczna w XVI w. Ponadto w pracy przedstawiono słabo rozpoznane w literaturze przedmiotu zjawisko przenikania elementów obyczaju wołoskiego do osad rolniczych.

Objective: analyze the sustainability of Arabica coffee farming in the three districts of Ainaro, Ermera, and Liquisa.   Theoretical framework: This review examines tourism as a comprehensive, multidimensional activity involving travelers, local communities, governments, and entrepreneurs. Indonesia's Law No. 10 of 2009 underscores its pivotal role in economic growth, poverty reduction, cultural preservation, and international collaboration (Sharma et al., 2008; Frey & George, 2010; GhulamRabbany et al., 2013; Ibnou-Laaroussi et al., 2020; Raftopoulos, 2020).   Method/design/approach: This research was conducted in nine sub-districts which took place in three districts from January 2021 to January 2022. Sampling/respondents were taken randomly from as many as 180 farmers. The data obtained were analyzed using the Multi-dimensional Scaling (MDS) purposive sampling approach, namely the development of farming is less profitable for farmers because the income per month for arabica coffee is approximately U$. 140.98 and for Arabica coffee (stem) income per month is U$. 439,68, which is far below the Ermera district Timor Leste Minimum Wage (MW) of US$. 243.55 per month.   Results and conclusion: Development of natural and organic arabica coffee farming based on 6 (six) namely ecological dimension, economic dimension, socio-cultural dimension, clean energy technologies, unsustainable legal and institutional dimension.   Research implications: The implications of the above study highlight the challenges faced by farmers in the sub-districts and districts under examination during the period from January 2021 to January 2022. These findings indicate that agricultural development, particularly in the cultivation of arabica coffee, results in less profitable income for the farmers. As such, this research reveals the financial difficulties experienced by farmers in the context of arabica coffee cultivation. The implication is the need for strategies and

My project starts from the city Berlin. After visiting the site in Friedrichshain, I found that people who lived there were not satisfied with the food-eating space nearby throughout my interviews. They said that even though there were some restaurants, the community was lack of diverse food space, and they were willing to go to the West Berlin for food. To check if they were right, I made a food mapping of the community. I found that there are a few restaurants and supermarkets there, but not too many. And there was just one flexible exterior street market nearby, so basically they were right. Based on this, designing a food-eating space for the community came into my mind. To follow up on the locals’ idea, I went to the west of Berlin and found many diverse food-related activities. There are not just many restaurants in the West, but also many street markets, and an interesting Prinzessinnengarten where people can farm, make and cook inside. At the time, based on the topic of our project “Public Condenser”, I think if I condense many kinds of food-related activities(farming, making, shopping, and eating) into one building, it will provide more opportunities for people to encounter, which also suits my understanding towards the word “Common”, where people can make something together, and participate into activities constantly. Then food could be a good medium to connect people in Berlin from different backgrounds. Furthermore, facing the trend that eating become more private and people do not want to go out for food and feel lonely, a food condenser can take people out and solve these issues very well. From the food mapping, I consider the REWE supermarket as the best location to build. Because it sits in the street full of restaurants, they can work well together economically. And the site is also near the Warschauer Straße station, so it is accessible for the locals and outsiders. Finally, the original supermarket will be turned down, and a better new flexib, Alexander, C. (1977). A pattern language: towns, buildings, construction. Oxford university press. Anh-Linh Ngo et al. (eds.), An Atlas of • Commoning. Places of Collective Production. Barbara, A., & Perliss, A. (2006). Invisibile Architecure. Experiencing Places through the Sense of Smell. Skira. Beatley, T. (2011). Biophilic cities: integrating nature into urban design and planning. Island Press. Bellotti, G. (2018). Between birds and humans: the design of the encounter (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Boeri, S., & Xu, Y. (2015). Biodiversity Vertical Forest in Milan. Boie, G., De Vylder, J., Vinck, I., Taillieu, J., Roose, H., De Cauter, L., ... & Decroos, B. (2018). Unless Ever People . Flanders Architecture Institute; Antwerp. Braungart, M., & McDonough, W. (2009). Cradle to cradle. Random House. Cabannes, Y., & Marocchino, C. (Eds.). (2018). Integrating food into urban planning. UCL Press. Farr, D. (2011). Sustainable urbanism: Urban design with nature. John Wiley & Sons. Fisker, A. M., & Olsen, T. D. (2013). Food, architecture and experience design. NA, 20(1). Daniilidis, A. (2016). Urban drifting: an approach to city comprehension and mapping. Sociology Study, 6(7), 417-435. Gehl, J. (1987). Life between buildings (Vol. 23). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Gehl, J., & Svarre, B. (2013). How to study public life (Vol. 2). Washington, DC: Island press. Girardet, H. (2004). Cities, people, planet. In Globalization, Globalism, Environments, and Environmentalism. Oxford University Press. Graham, R. (2010). Feeding the city: From street market to liberal reform in Salvador, Brazil, 1780–1860. University of Texas Press. Gunnell, K., Williams, C., & Murphy, B. (2019). Design for biodiversity: A technical guide for new and existing buildings. Routledge. Hodgson, P. H., & Toyka, R. (Eds.). (2007). The architect, the cook and good taste. Walter de Gruyter. Hollyer, J., Castro, L., Salgado, C., Cox, L., Hodgson, A., Thom, W., ... & Kwok, Community centre, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Public Building

This study develops a roadmap to guide the integration of robotic technologies into Dutch agriculture in a responsible manner that benefits farmers and the environment. The Dutch agricultural sector faces challenges from climate change, labor shortages, and sustainability pressures. Robotics shows promise in addressing these issues through applications like precision farming and reducing physical demands. However, widespread adoption of these technologies has been limited due to barriers like high costs, reliability concerns, lack of awareness among farmers, and uncertainty. A more strategic and coordinated approach is needed to responsibly introduce robotics into Dutch agriculture in a way that benefits all stakeholders over the long run. An extensive literature review explored technology trends, agricultural challenges, and stakeholder perspectives. Insights informed the creation of a future vision and three-horizon roadmap using a strategic planning process combined with speculative design techniques. Validation gathered feedback from industry experts. The roadmap envisions autonomous agriculture empowering resilient food systems through three horizons of Raising Awareness, Community Building, and Fostering Wellbeing, towards the future vision: The future of agriculture is an automated and sustainable system which enables farmers to sustain the longevity and resilience of their farming business. By providing structured guidance, the roadmap aims to help stakeholders overcome adoption barriers and establish the Netherlands as a leader in sustainable and resilient farming. If adopted systematically, the roadmap could transform Dutch agriculture globally through robotics., Strategic Product Design

The UN sustainable development goals ask countries to advance sustainable production methods in agriculture. While the need for a transition to sustainable agricultural production is widely felt, there is little insight into local stakeholders' perceptions regarding agroecosystem (dis)services in areas with intensive production methods. The North China Plain is an agricultural production area with intensive production systems and simplified agricultural landscapes. We conducted a survey with 267 farmers in Quzhou county in the North China Plain in 2020 to measure the perceived level of agroecosystem (dis)services supply and the changes therein between 2015 and 2020. We analyzed which explanatory factors were associated with farmers’ perceptions. Provisioning services were at a high level, while the regulating and supporting ecosystem services were considered to be in low supply, as evidenced by low scores for the presence of natural enemies and earthworms, and for natural habitats such as hedgerows and windbreaks. Most of the participants did not perceive dis-services from agriculture. Differences in perception between villages with contrasting biophysical and socio-economic conditions highlight the relevance of contextualized policy development for agricultural landscape composition and configuration to manage ecosystem (dis)services.

As many farms in the European Union and within Sweden are family farms, farm inheritance becomes a relevant topic. Many children of farmers grow up in the agrarian world and stand to one day be farmers themselves. The aim of the thesis is to understand how children of farmers in Sweden are socialized into the role of farmers and how their gender impacts both their chance at being a successor and how they perceive the idea of succession. This thesis seeks to understand how the upbringing of children on farms involve gender-specific socialization into the role of farmer and how the gender of the children impacts their view of their ability to take over the operations. To answer these questions, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 participants. The participants had grown up in a family farm context and had reflected upon a possibility to inherit the farm. The analysis of the interviews showed that parents do not wish to pressure their child into becoming a farmer and adopts a silent policy regarding succession talk. The silent policy does not always result in less pressure. Young women have interacted with machinery in their childhood but still struggle to confidently operate and care for them, thus making them prone to desire a partner with whom they could share the workload with. Men, on the other hand, desire partnership with non-relationship related entities, such as neighbors or institutions. This research is of value when trying to understand the early stages of generation shift processes and how different genders perceive the opportunity to inherit a family farm.

We made some comments about María Josefa La Piedra (1775-1858), her contribution to Botany and her personal connection with Simón de Rojas Clemente and Mariano La Gasca, which led to dedicate the genus Lapiedra Lag to her (1816)., Realizamos algunos comentarios sobre María Josefa La Piedra (1775-1858), su contribución a la Botánica y su vinculación personal con Simón de Rojas Clemente y Mariano La Gasca, que llevó a este último a dedicarle el género Lapiedra Lag. (1816).

Objective: A contribution to a better understanding of Balinese subak farming rituals through symbolic and mythological analysis of the water breeding and preservation concept. The symbolism and mythology in the concept of water exhalation in subak ritual as a visual communication of humans, God, and the environment will be examined in this qualitative descriptive study with an ethnographic approach. Method: The implementation of THK philosophy as the foundation for a high spirit of cooperation, as well as the existence of ritual activities as a unifying element for members of the subak organization, has the potential to sustain the subak existence. Meanwhile, in the Balinese people's cosmos, natural, religious, and cultural attributes are interconnected through the traditional and Subak systems, and their properties are still fully functional. They have even lasted for thousands of years. Result: Farming rituals in Subak are forms of nonverbal communication that have manifested as tangible symbolic actions involving interpretations and perspectives on the lives of the Balinese agricultural community. Balinese farmers perform several rituals during one rice planting cycle. Conclusion: The mapag Toya ritual is part of religious practice as a concept of exaltation and preserving water as a source of life, a symbol of purity, a means of cleaning, a means of expelling disease, and a means of communication that connects humans with the Creator and ancestors.

Building operating emissions account for 28% of global greenhouse gas emissions while building components account for 11%. To mitigate these effects, we must reduce the carbon footprints of construction activities, building materials, and sequestering carbon dioxide in forests and farmland. Industrial hemp is a solution to all these challenges. Hemp is a carbon-negative crop, absorbing more carbon dioxide than trees, and thus represents a unique sequestration opportunity. By using hemp as a construction material, we can improve the thermal efficiency of our buildings, consequently reducing operational carbon. Finally, by substituting hempbrick, a mixture of hemp and various binders, for more carbon-intensive materials, we can reduce the embodied carbon of the built environment. This thesis proposes a productive hemp landscape that will be open to the public as an agritourism destination. The project will raise public awareness about hemp cultivation as an agricultural opportunity and demonstrate the potential of hemp as a construction material, highlighting its multiple possible contributions to tackling the climate crisis.

The problem that becomes an obstacle in the captive/breeding business has limited capital. The service implementation aims to provide knowledge and training related to the management of financial statements because it has not used a recording system that describes valid financial conditions for decision-making. The results of the activity were expected that participants could understand and know the importance of recording financial statements simply so that they can calculate the income earned in running a business and avoid the risks that will arise. These financial statements were recorded to motivate the public to improve their abilities and build large-scale businesses.

The present systematic review was undertaken to obtain a detailed understanding of how climate change perceptions and adaptation differ globally by gender and different intersections among the farmers. Findings from 41 studies selected following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol, mostly from Africa and Asia, suggest that climate change perceptions and adaptation are highly contextual and considerably varied by gender and different intersections. Existing gender role, farmers’ age, education, knowledge, marital status, intra-household power structure, religion, social status and ethnicity were intersecting with gender and climate change perception and adaptation. Apart from gender and intersectionality, access to resources, social network and local institutions are found to be important correlates of adaptation strategies by farmers. While agriculture being feminized, mere technological changes are not conclusive to climate change adaptation rather socio-cultural, structural and political changes in inevitable. Female farmers were tend to be more concerned and fatalistic about climate change which reminds us the urgency of culturally appropriate climate change communication to obtain informed decision regarding climate change. Future climate change research could be more gender transformative by exploring the existing inequalities lying in different intersections of gender rather than highlighting binary gender differences only.

Introduction. Aquaculture wastewater is an important resource that can be used for irrigation of agricultural land. Objective. To evaluate the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils with continuous irrigation of aquaculture wastewater and to identify the variables that provide more information in regarding their behavior under irrigation. Materials and methods. The treatments were three agricultural soils, located in the south of the state of Tlaxcala, Mexico, in 2018 soil sampling was performed at a depth of 0-30 cm and nine replicates to determine: pH, organic matter, electrical conductivity, nitrate, ammonium, total N, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, texture, apparent density, and microbial activity, with which a principal component analysis (PCA) was applied. Results. Irrigation with aquaculture wastewater increased the concentration of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, ammonium, and nitrates. Through linear correlation analysis and PCA, it was obtained that the first principal component explained 76 % of the total variance, associated with pH, organic matter, sand, total N, potassium, magnesium, and ammonium, while the second component explained 23 % of the total variance, linked to phosphorus and adsorption by the exchange complex provided by the clay. Conclusion. Irrigation with aquaculture wastewater improved soil fertility and with the principal component analysis (PCA) phosphorus, clay particle, and magnesium were identified as indicator variables that will support the management of soils irrigated with aquaculture wastewater., Introducción. Las aguas residuales de la acuicultura constituyen un recurso que se puede utilizar para la irrigación de suelos agrícolas. Objetivo. Evaluar las propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas de suelos con irrigación continua de aguas residuales de la acuicultura e identificar las variables que aporten mayor información con relación a su comportamiento por la irrigación. Materiales y métodos. Los tratamientos fueron tres suelos agrícolas, localizados al sur del estado de Tlaxcala, México, en el año 2018 se realizó el muestreo de suelo a una profundidad de 0-30 cm y nueve repeticiones para determinar: pH, materia orgánica, conductividad eléctrica, nitrato, amonio, N total, fósforo, potasio, calcio, magnesio, textura, densidad aparente y la actividad microbiana, con las cuales se aplicó un análisis de componentes principales (ACP). Resultados. La irrigación con aguas residuales de la acuicultura incrementó la concentración de fósforo, potasio, calcio, amonio y nitratos. A través del análisis de correlación lineal y el ACP, se obtuvo que el primer componente principal explicó el 76 % de la varianza total, asociado al pH, materia orgánica, arena, N total, potasio, magnesio y amonio; mientras que, el segundo componente explicó el 23 % de la varianza total, ligado al fósforo y a la adsorción por el complejo de cambio que aporta la arcilla. Conclusión. La irrigación con aguas residuales de la acuicultura mejoró la fertilidad del suelo y con el análisis de componentes principales (ACP) se identificaron como variables indicadoras al fósforo, la partícula arcilla y el magnesio, para la toma de decisiones sobre el manejo de los suelos irrigados con aguas residuales de la acuicultura.

The effects of stress factors associated with climate change and agricultural management practices on microorganisms are often studied separately, and it remains to be determined how these factors impact the soil microbiome and, subsequently, plant growth characteristics. The aim of this study was to understand how the historical climate and agriculture to which soil microbes have been exposed can influence the growth characteristics of wheat seedlings and their associated bacterial communities. We collected soil from organic and conventional fields with different histories of climate conditions to extract microbes to inoculate wheat seeds. The results showed a positive interaction between conventional farming practices and an ambient climate for faster and higher germination rates. We demonstrate that soil microbial extracts from organic farming with experience of the future climate significantly enhanced above-ground biomass along with bacterial diversity in the seedlings compared to the soil from conventional farming. Our data suggest that soil microbiomes selected by organic farming with a history of future climates can positively impact the aboveground biomass of wheat seedlings and their bacterial assemblages, emphasizing the potential benefits of organic farming practices under changing climate conditions.