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With the recent growing interest in improving fruit and vegetable intake for better health and limited research resources in many settings, simple-To-Administer and low-priced indicators are essential tools for monitoring fruit and vegetable intake at the population level. A potential candidate indicator is the fruit and vegetable component of the Global Dietary Recommendations score (FV-GDR) based on data collected using the Diet Quality Questionnaire (DQQ). We investigated the relative validity of FV-GDR collected with the DQQ to measure fruit and vegetable intake by comparison with a 24-hour recall (24hR) as a reference collected from 620 Vietnamese and 630 Nigerian adults in 2021. We found proportional differences in the prevalence of intake of vitamin A-rich vegetables, other vegetables, and other fruits in Vietnam, and all vegetable food groups in Nigeria. In both countries, we found a small difference in the total FV-GDR from DQQ compared to the 24hR, and the percentage of agreement between the two methods was quite high for the majority of the food groups. The FV-GDR calculated from the DQQ correlated with the actual intake, although less strongly than the FV-GDR from 24hR. The DQQ is a promising low-burden, low cost and simple tool to calculate FV-GDR and to monitor fruit and vegetable consumption at the population level. This provides the possibility of evaluating an important aspect of diet quality in low-resource settings.

Alcohol consumption is a modifiable risk factor for non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to characterize alcohol consumers at the nutritional, anthropometric, and sociodemographic levels. Data from 9218 participants from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela participating in “Latin American Health and Nutrition Study (ELANS)”, a multi-country, population-based study, were used. Dietary intake was collected through two, 24 h recalls. Participants were classified into consumers (n = 1073) and non-alcohol consumers (n = 8145) using a cut-off criterium of ≥15 g/day of alcohol consumption calculated from the estimation of their usual daily intake. Among alcohol consumers, the mean alcohol consumption was 69.22 ± 2.18 grams (4.6. beverages/day), contributing to 484.62 kcal, which corresponded to 16.86% of the total energy intake. We found that the risk of alcohol consumption was higher in young and middle-aged men from low and middle socioeconomic status. Argentine, Brazil, and Chile had the highest percentage of consumers, while Ecuador showed the highest alcohol consumption. Alcohol drinkers were characterized by having higher body weight and wider neck, waist, hips circumferences. Alcohol drinkers had a higher energy intake, with macronutrients providing relatively less energy at the expense of the energy derived from alcohol. Alcohol drinkers showed lower and higher consumptions of healthy and unhealthy food groups, respectively. In addition, adequacy ratios for all micronutrients assessed were lower in alcohol consumers. All these deleterious effects of alcohol on nutritional and anthropometric parameters increased with the number of alcoholic beverages consumed daily. Altogether, these findings suggest that limiting alcohol consumption can contribute to reducing the risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diet-related diseases., Universidad de Costa Rica, Revisión por pares

BACKGROUND: The family environment influences food consumption and behaviours, which impact adolescent's eating habits, diet and health. Young individuals who frequently eat family meals are less likely to develop risk- and behaviour-related outcomes as obesity. AIM: To assess the relationship between the family meal environment and food and macronutrient consumption in European adolescents. METHODS: 1,703 adolescents aged 12.5-17.5 years (46.5% male) from the European HELENA cross-sectional study were selected. Sociodemographic variables and dietary intake using two non-consecutive self-reported 24-hour dietary recalls were collected from all the included participants. The relationship between family meals' environment and food and macronutrient consumption was analized using analysis of covariance. RESULTS: Adolescents who used to take their main meals with their family were associated with high consumption of healthy foods and beverages (i.e. vegetables, fruit, milk, water) and low consumption of energy dense food and beverages as chocolate, savoury snacks, sugar or juices compared with those who used to eat alone, with friends or other people (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The company/people with whom adolescents consume their meal have an important influence on the adolescent's consumption of different types of food (especially at lunch). Family's environment during meals has been associated with a high consumption of healthy foods.

Background: School age is the foundation of human life. A healthy and balanced diet plays a major role in the proper growth development of the body as well as the mind. Only a balanced diet can provide all the macro and micronutrients. Covid 19 has impacted each and every human being in some or another manner. School-going children had to cope with new encounters involving online teaching-learning methodology and social distancing. As a result, these children have undergone mental and psychological trauma. This led them to follow faulty dietary habits, which would have long time impact on their health. Aim and Objectives: In the present survey, an attempt has been made to compile a report on the dietary intake of school-going children in the Roopnagar district of Punjab, India. Methodology: For the purpose sample of 100 students (7 to 12 years) was selected from four development blocks of district Roopnagar, and the cluster sampling method was adopted for data collection. A detailed pretested questionnaire on the dietary habits of children was used. Results: 59% of children were vegetarian, 32% were non-vegetarian, and 9% were eggetarian. Study findings showed that children preferred some of the items such as wheat, rice, sugar, rajma, black gram, green gram, potato, tomato, onion, apple, banana, and grapes over other food items in the same food group. Conclusion: Results showed that children do not consume a variety of food items, and some selected food items only resulting low dietary diversity and food variety.

Objective: To analyze the agroecosystem (farmland and backyard) contribution to the food security in the municipality of Mazatán, estate of Chiapas, during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methodology: Via Facebook®people exclusively living within the municipality were invited to answer a survey using a Google Forms® questionnaire with 35 items related to food security. Results: Respondents who own farmland and backyard counted for 23% but not using it for food and medicinal plants production, while 54% reported using it. From those, 7% produce food only and 93% produce both food and medicinal plants. The main food groups produced were: vegetables, fruits, meat, animal co-products, and cereals. A 69% of the respondents reported having difficulties for food access, meanwhile 52% of the re-spondents reported changes in their food consumption. Limitations: Due to the pandemic conditions,which reduced mobility, this information was gathered via internet. Conclusions: Even Covid-19 affected access, availability and consequently raise of food prices as reported by the respondents, the agroecosystem have a potential role for food production., Objetivo: analizar el aporte del agroecosistema (patio y parcela) en la seguridad alimentaria durante el Covid-19 en el Municipio de Mazatán, Chiapas. Metodología: se convocó a público en general, usuarios de Facebook®, a responder un cuestionario generado en la plataforma Google Forms® con 35 preguntas relacionadas a la Seguridad Alimentaria. Resultados: el 54% que respondió el cuestionario tiene patio y/o parcela; de estos, un 93% cose-chan tanto alimentos como plantas medicinales y solo el 7% producen alimentos de uno u otro sitio. Quienes reportan tener patio y/o parcela, pero no lo usan para la producción de alimentos suman un 23%. Los principales grupos alimenticios producidos en el agroecosistema fueron las verduras y hortalizas; frutas; carnes y otros derivados de animal, y cereales. En general el 69% de los encuestados mencionaron haber tenido problemas con el acceso y el 52% reportó cambios en el consumo de alimentos. Limitaciones: por motivos de restricciones de movilidad derivado de la pandemia Covid-19 el estudio se limitó a personas con acceso a internet. Conclusiones: existe un potencial importante del agroecosistema para la alimentación, aunque el Covid-19 generó problemas con el acceso, disponibilidad y aumento de los precios de alimentos.

The role of nutrition in health and disease is well established. However, more research on this topic is needed to fill gaps in our current knowledge. The Lifelines cohort study, a large Dutch prospective cohort study, was established as a resource for international researchers, aiming to obtain insight into the aetiology of healthy ageing. The study started with 167,729 participants, covering three generations, aiming to follow them for thirty years. This article describes the habitual dietary intake, assessed using the Flower Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), among Lifelines cohort study participants at baseline, stratified by sex and different categories of age, socioeconomic status (SES) and body mass index (BMI). A total of 59,982 adults (23,703 men and 36,279 women), who completed the Flower FFQ and reported plausible habitual dietary intake, were included in the analyses. Median daily energy intake was higher in men (2368 kcal) than in women (1848 kcal), as well as macronutrient intake. Energy and macronutrient intake decreased with increasing age and BMI categories; no differences were observed between SES categories. Intake of most micronutrients was higher in men than in women. Differences were observed between age categories, but not between SES and BMI categories. Food groups were consumed in different amounts by men and women; differences between age, SES and BMI categories were observed as well. The Lifelines cohort study provides extensive dietary intake data, which are generalisable to the general Dutch population. As such, highly valuable dietary intake data are available to study associations between dietary intake and the development of chronic diseases and healthy aging.

Food consumption in children with ASD, subclinical ASD and with typical development (TD), and their adequacy to dietary recommendations was studied. A school population sample of 77 children with ASD, 40 with subclinical ASD, and 333 with TD participated. Compared to children with TD, pre-schoolers with ASD consumed fewer raw vegetables and less fish and eggs, while primary school children consumed fewer legumes, raw vegetables, citrus fruits, cheese/yogurt and olive oil, and more meat. All groups consumed an excess of sugar but those with ASD consumed even a greater amount than their peers. The higher prevalence of obesity found in primary school children with ASD may be the consequence of a less healthy eating pattern sustained over time.

PURPOSE: The UK Biobank study collected detailed dietary data using a web-based self-administered 24 h assessment tool, the Oxford WebQ. We aimed to describe a comprehensive food grouping system for this questionnaire and to report dietary intakes and key sources of selected nutrients by sex and education. METHODS: Participants with at least one valid 24-h questionnaire were included (n = 208,200). Dietary data were grouped based on the presence of nutrients as well as culinary use, processing, and plant/animal origin. For each food group, we calculated the contribution to energy intake, key macronutrients, and micronutrients. We also identified the top contributors to energy intake, free sugars and saturated fat by sex and education. RESULTS: From the 93 food groups, the top five contributors to energy intake (in descending order) were: desserts/cakes/pastries; white bread; white pasta/rice; bananas/other fruit; semi-skimmed milk. Wine, beer, and fruit juices were the top beverage contributors to overall energy intake. Biscuits, and desserts/cakes/pastries were the highest contributors to free sugars, total fat, and saturated fat intakes, but also contributed to the calcium and iron intakes. Top contributors to energy, saturated fat, and free sugars were broadly similar by sex and education category, with small differences in average nutrient intakes across the population. CONCLUSION: This new food classification system will support the growing interest in the associations between food groups and health outcomes and the development of food-based dietary guidelines. Food group variables will be available to all users of the UK Biobank WebQ questionnaire., Funding Agencies:British Nutrition Foundation pump-priming award Cancer Research UK Population Research Fellowship C60192/A28516World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF UK), as part of the Word Cancer Research Fund International grant programme 2019/1953China Scholarship Council Oxford and Thames Valley NIHR Applied Research Centre National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) UK Research & Innovation (UKRI)Medical Research Council UK (MRC)European Commission British Heart Foundation CH/1996001/9454Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship, from the Health Research Council of New Zealand Correction to: Describing a new food group classification system for UK biobank: analysis of food groups and sources of macro- and micronutrients in 208,200 participants. Piernas C, Perez-Cornago A, Gao M, Young H, Pollard Z, Mulligan A, Lentjes M, Carter J, Bradbury K, Key TJ, Jebb SA. Eur J Nutr (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02591-3

Front of pack nutrition label (FOPNL) could be used to guide consumers to healthier choices. FOPNL were therefore used as a tool for consumers to give guidelines in choosing healthy food. The FOPNL Nordic Keyhole has the criteria low amount of sugar, low amount of salt, low amount of fat, and high amount of dietary fiber and whole grain in food products. The overarching aim of the study was to investigate if and how food business operators use the Nordic Keyhole symbol as a guideline when producing healthy food. The used methods were a survey, discussion with food business operators and literature study. Identified challenges which the Swedish Food Agency has to work further with, were advertising. It is important for consumers that Nordic Keyhole products are appealing but remain healthy. It seems like the criteria salt, fat and whole grain have some issues depending on food category compared to the criterion sugar for which there were no issues mentioned. To be able to produce healthy products which consumer wants to buy, it is important for product developers to put focus on a packaging which looks healthy. Advantages and disadvantages were described for some FOPNL in Europe. Overall, all the respondents agree that they want to continue working with the Nordic Keyhole in Sweden. Finally, some positive aspects of the Nordic Keyhole were mentioned. More than half of the food producers label with the Nordic Keyhole. Food business operators generally have a positive attitude to the Nordic Keyhole., En framsidmärkning på en förpackning (FOPNL) kan användas för att vägleda konsumenterna till hälsosammare val. FOPNL användes därför som ett verktyg för kunder för att tillhandahålla konsumentriktlinjer för val av hälsosam mat. Märkningen Nyckelhålet har kriterierna lågt innehåll av socker, salt, och fett, samt högt innehåll av kostfiber och fullkorn i livsmedelsprodukter. Det övergripande syftet med studien var att undersöka hur livsmedelsföretagare använder Nyckelhålet som en riktlinje vid produktion av hälsosam mat. Metoderna som användes var enkätundersökning, diskussion med livsmedelsföretagare och en litteraturstudie. Identifierade utmaningar som Livsmedelsverket behöver arbeta med ytterligare är reklam. Det är viktigt för konsumenterna att Nyckelhålet har tilltalande produkter som också är nyttiga. Det verkar som om kriterierna salt, fett och fullkorn är mer eller mindre problematiska beroende på livsmedelskategori, i jämförelse med kriteriet socker som det inte nämnts något problem för. För att producera hälsosamma produkter som konsumenten vill köpa är det viktigt för produktutvecklare att fokusera på en förpackning som ser hälsosam ut. Fördelar och nackdelar nämns för olika FOPNL i Europa, men totalt sett är alla respondenterna överens om att man vill fortsätta arbeta med Nyckelhålet i Sverige. Till sist nämndes några positiva aspekter med Nyckelhålet. Mer än hälften av livsmedelsproducenterna använder märkningen Nyckelhålet. Livsmedelsföretagare har i allmänhet en positiv inställning till Nyckelhålet.

At present, analysis of diet and bladder cancer (BC) is mostly based on the intake of individual foods. The examination of food combinations provides a scope to deal with the complexity and unpredictability of the diet and aims to overcome the limitations of the study of nutrients and foods in isolation. This article aims to demonstrate the usability of supervised data mining methods to extract the food groups related to BC. In order to derive key food groups associated with BC risk, we applied the data mining technique C5.0 with 10-fold cross-validation in the BLadder cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants study, including data from eighteen case-control and one nested case-cohort study, compromising 8320 BC cases out of 31 551 participants. Dietary data, on the eleven main food groups of the Eurocode 2 Core classification codebook, and relevant non-diet data (i.e. sex, age and smoking status) were available. Primarily, five key food groups were extracted; in order of importance, beverages (non-milk); grains and grain products; vegetables and vegetable products; fats, oils and their products; meats and meat products were associated with BC risk. Since these food groups are corresponded with previously proposed BC-related dietary factors, data mining seems to be a promising technique in the field of nutritional epidemiology and deserves further examination.

[EN] There is growing interest in the potential of grassroots innovations for the transition towards more just and sustainable societies. Nevertheless, there is lack of clear normative discussion regarding these processes. The paper strives to propose and test a framework that enables an analysis of how and in which sense specific grassroots innovation processes may be contributing to the construction of more just societies. To this end, we connect elements of the multi-level perspective on sociotechnical transitions (frequently used in the analysis of grassroots innovations) with elements of the capability approach, which offers a multi-dimensional perspective to justice. The framework is used to address two purposively selected empirical cases in two key sectors in Spain: an energy cooperative and a food purchasing group. We draw on the information of 25 individual interviews with members of these two cases, on observation, and on secondary sources. Information was processed by means of a qualitative content analysis. We draw on predefined categories from the framework, which was refined during the analysis. The paper illustrates that grassroots innovations may be contributing to justice in several aspects: they expand capabilities in different dimensions, improve public reasoning processes, and create better structural conditions for human flourishing. Nevertheless, these processes are not free of tensions and contradictions.

Early childhood education and care services are a significant feature of Australian family life, where nearly 1.4 million children attended a service in 2019. This paper reports on the cost of food provided to children in long day-care (LDC) services and extrapolates expenditure recommendations to support food provision compliance. A cross-sectional audit of LDC services in metropolitan Perth was conducted to determine food group provision by weighing raw ingredients of meal preparation—morning tea, lunch, and afternoon tea (MT, L, AT). Ingredients were costed at 2017 online metropolitan pricing from a large supermarket chain. Across participating services, 2 days of food expenditure per child/day ranged between $1.17 and $4.03 across MT, L, AT, and averaged $2.00 per child/day. Multivariable analysis suggests that an increase of $0.50 per child/day increases the odds of a LDC service meeting > 50% of Australian Dietary Guideline (ADG) recommendations across ≥ 4 core food groups by fourfold (p = 0.03). Given the fact that the literature regarding food expenditure at LDC services is limited, this study provides information about food expenditure variation that impacts planning and provision of nutritionally balanced menus recommended for children. An average increase of food expenditure of $0.50 per child/day would increase food provision compliance.

At present, analysis of diet and bladder cancer (BC) is mostly based on the intake of individual foods. The examination of food combinations provides a scope to deal with the complexity and unpredictability of the diet and aims to overcome the limitations of the study of nutrients and foods in isolation. This article aims to demonstrate the usability of supervised data mining methods to extract the food groups related to BC. In order to derive key food groups associated with BC risk, we applied the data mining technique C5.0 with 10-fold cross-validation in the BLadder cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants study, including data from eighteen case-control and one nested case-cohort study, compromising 8320 BC cases out of 31 551 participants. Dietary data, on the eleven main food groups of the Eurocode 2 Core classification codebook, and relevant non-diet data (i.e. sex, age and smoking status) were available. Primarily, five key food groups were extracted; in order of importance, beverages (non-milk); grains and grain products; vegetables and vegetable products; fats, oils and their products; meats and meat products were associated with BC risk. Since these food groups are corresponded with previously proposed BC-related dietary factors, data mining seems to be a promising technique in the field of nutritional epidemiology and deserves further examination.

At present, analysis of diet and bladder cancer (BC) is mostly based on the intake of individual foods. The examination of food combinations provides a scope to deal with the complexity and unpredictability of the diet and aims to overcome the limitations of the study of nutrients and foods in isolation. This article aims to demonstrate the usability of supervised data mining methods to extract the food groups related to BC. In order to derive key food groups associated with BC risk, we applied the data mining technique C5.0 with 10-fold cross-validation in the BLadder cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants study, including data from eighteen case-control and one nested case-cohort study, compromising 8320 BC cases out of 31 551 participants. Dietary data, on the eleven main food groups of the Eurocode 2 Core classification codebook, and relevant non-diet data (i.e. sex, age and smoking status) were available. Primarily, five key food groups were extracted; in order of importance, beverages (non-milk); grains and grain products; vegetables and vegetable products; fats, oils and their products; meats and meat products were associated with BC risk. Since these food groups are corresponded with previously proposed BC-related dietary factors, data mining seems to be a promising technique in the field of nutritional epidemiology and deserves further examination.

Few studies have evaluated the association between dietary free sugars intake (FSI) and obesity in adolescents. We examined the relation between FSI and their contributors from the main food groups and obesity in European adolescents. We included 843 adolescents (51.6% male) from the cross-sectional HELENA study with two completed 24 h recalls and anthropometric data. Linear mixed models were applied to investigate the relation between FSI and different anthropometric indices. Odds ratios for having a high body mass index (BMI) were also estimated by multilevel ordinal regression. Total FSI was higher in males than females (102.60 g and 87.58 g, respectively, p < 0.001). No effect was observed between free sugar from the main food groups and BMI. Consumers of FSI from “cakes, pies and biscuits” in males (odd ratio (OR) = 0.455; 95% Confidence interval (CI) 0.251, 0.824) and from “breakfast cereals” in females had a lower probability of having obesity (OR = 0.423; 95%CI 0.204, 0.878), whereas females consuming FSI from ‘fruit and vegetables juices’ had a higher probability of obesity (OR= 2.733; 95% CI 1.286, 5.810). This study provides no evidence that increased FSI is associated with obesity in adolescents. Further studies are needed to assess the longitudinal exposure to FSI and their effect on obesity development.

Copyright © The Author(s) 2019. Diet, physical activity, and other lifestyle factors have been implicated in the pathophysiology of several chronic diseases, but also in a lower total mortality and longer life expectancy. One of the mechanisms in which diet can reduce the risk of disease is with regard to its impact on telomeres. Telomere length (TL) is highly correlated to chronological age and metabolic status. Individuals with shorter telomeres are at higher risk of chronic diseases and mortality. Diet may influence TL by several mechanisms such as regulating oxidative stress and inflammation or modulating epigenetic reactions. The present systematic review aims to examine the results from epidemiologic and clinical trials conducted in humans evaluating the role of nutrients, food groups, and dietary patterns on TL. We also discuss the possible mechanisms of action that influence this process, with the perspective that TL could be a novel biomarker indicating the risk of metabolic disturbances and age-related diseases. The available evidence suggests that some antioxidant nutrients, the consumption of fruits and vegetables, and Mediterranean diet are mainly associated with longer telomeres. However, most of the evidence is based on high heterogenic observational studies and very few randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Therefore, the associations summarized in the present review need to be confirmed with larger prospective cohort studies and better-designed RCTs.

Current research on diets and health focuses on composite food patterns and their likely impact on health outcomes. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) have likewise adopted a more food group-based approach. By contrast, most nutrient profiling (NP) models continue to assess nutrient density of individual foods, based on a small number of individual nutrients. Nutrients to encourage have included protein, fiber, and a wide range of vitamins and minerals. Nutrients to limit are typically saturated fats, total or added sugars, and sodium. Because current NP models may not fully capture the healthfulness of foods, there is a case for advancing a hybrid NP approach that takes both nutrients and desirable food groups and food ingredients into account. Creating a nutrient- and food-based NP model may provide a more integrated way of assessing a foods nutrient density. Hybrid nutrient density scores will provide for a better alignment between NP models and the DGA, a chief instrument of food and nutrition policy in the United States. Such synergy may lead ultimately to improved dietary guidance, sound nutrition policy, and better public health.

Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and hepatic triglyceride content (HTGC) are major risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. Objective: We aimed to investigate the association of dietary intake of the main food groups with VAT and HTGC in middle-aged men and women. Methods: We used data from the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity study, a population-based study including 6671 participants aged 45-65 y at baseline. In this cross-sectional analysis, VAT and HTGC were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, respectively, as the primary outcomes. Habitual intake of main food groups (dairy, meat, fish, fruits and vegetables, sweet snacks, and fats and oils) was estimated through the use of a food-frequency questionnaire. We examined associations of intake of different food groups with VAT and HTGC by linear regression analysis stratified by sex and adjusted for age, smoking, education, ethnicity, physical activity, basal metabolic rate, energy-restricted diet, menopausal state, and total energy intake. Results: In women, a 100-g/d higher intake of dairy was associated with 2.0 cm2 less VAT (95% CI: -3.4, -0.7 cm2) and a 0.95-fold lower HTGC (95% CI: 0.90-, 0.99-fold). Moreover, a 100-g/d higher intake of fruit and vegetables was associated with 1.6 cm2 less VAT (95% CI: -2.9, -0.2 cm2) in women. Fruit and vegetables were negatively associated (0.95; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.00) with HTGC, and sweet snacks were positively associated (1.29; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.63). Patterns were weaker but similar in men. Fish intake was not associated with VAT or HTGC and plant-based fat and oil intake were only associated with VAT after adjustment for total body fat. Conclusions: Despite some variation in the strength of the associations between men and women, dietary intake of sweet snacks was positively associated with HTGC, and fruit and vegetable intake were negatively associated with visceral and liver fat content. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these results. The Neth

To update the European Association for the Study of Diabetes clinical practice guidelines for nutrition therapy, we conducted an umbrella review and updated systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) of prospective cohort studies of the association between dietary pulses with or without other legumes and cardiometabolic disease outcomes. We searched the PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases through March 2019. We included the most recent SRMAs of prospective cohort studies and new prospective cohort studies published after the census dates of the included SRMAs assessing the relation between dietary pulses with or without other legumes and incidence and mortality of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [including coronary heart disease (CHD), myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke], diabetes, hypertension, and/or obesity. Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Risk estimates were pooled using the generic inverse variance method and expressed as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs. The overall certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Six SRMAs were identified and updated to include 28 unique prospective cohort studies with the following number of cases for each outcome: CVD incidence, 10,261; CVD mortality, 16,168; CHD incidence, 7786; CHD mortality, 3331; MI incidence, 2585; stroke incidence, 8570; stroke mortality, 2384; diabetes incidence, 10,457; hypertension incidence, 83,284; obesity incidence, 8125. Comparing the highest with the lowest level of intake, dietary pulses with or without other legumes were associated with significant decreases in CVD (RR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.85, 0.99), CHD (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.99), hypertension (RR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.97), and obesity (RR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.94) incidence. Th

Low- and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS), intensely sweet compounds that virtually contain no calories, are used to replace added sugars in food and drinks. Knowledge about different LNCS data in Spanish foods and added sugar sources in Spain is limited, therefore our aim was to identify and compare their presence across main food groups consumed. Food and beverage products (n = 434) were obtained from the ANIBES Study (anthropometric data, macronutrients and micronutrients intake, practice of physical activity, socioeconomic data and lifestyles), a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of the Spanish population (9-75 years old; n = 2009) carried out in 2013. Food records were obtained from a three-day dietary record using a tablet device. Label data from 1,164 products of different brands were collected and reviewed for content of added sugars and LNCS. LNCS were present in diet soft drinks (100%), other sweets (89%), soya drinks (45%), and yogurt and fermented milks (18%). Added sugars were present mainly in sugar soft drinks (100%), energy drinks (96%), sports drinks (96%), bakery and pastry (100%), chocolates (100%), ice cream (100%), breakfast cereals/bars (96%) and jams (89%). Main LNCS were acesulfame K, aspartame, cyclamate and sucralose. Sucrose, dextrose, glucose-fructose syrup, caramel and honey were the main added sugars. Our results show the diversity of foods groups including these ingredients. These data are not compiled in food composition databases, which should be periodically updated to include LNCS and added sugars to facilitate their assessment and monitoring in nutritional surveys.

Objective: To determine the dietary diversity, the level of food security and its relationship with living conditions in families in Acajete, Veracruz. Materials and methods: Proportional stratified sampling, with 95% confidence, 5% error, and 50% response distribution. Household selection was made randomly, resulting in 211 dwellings as a sample. Results: Marginal food security with 40.3% (n = 85), followed by 32.7% of families with food security (n = 69). Regarding the nutritional status of surveyed people, the mode and median was normal weight (57.7%), overweight and obese 25.5% and underweight 16.8%. 33.6% of the people consume three food groups throughout the day, 27.5% four groups, 15.2% two groups, and the same percentage five food groups. There were significant differences (p=0.039) between the education level of the respondents in relation to their food security status, where 84.2% of the illiterate population has some degree of food insecurity, and 15.8% are in Food security. Conclusions: The housing characteristics considered in this study are not a determinant risk factor for Food Insecurity; no significant differences were found with overcrowding (p=0.239), housing ownership (p=0.987); and an unsafe source of drinking water (p = 0.973). The average scores of the Mexican Food Security Survey (EMSA) were statistically significant, therefore it is observed that lower food diversity results in lower food security. The inhabitants of Acajete who are in low or very low food security, only feed on two food groups: cereals or tubers; and legumes, nuts or seeds. When there is marginal food security add meat or fish., Objectif: Déterminer la diversité et le niveau de sécurité alimentaire, ainsi que leur relation avec les conditions de vie de familles résidant à Acajete, Veracruz. Matériaux et méthode: Échantillonnage stratifié proportionnel, avec un intervalle de confiance de 95%, une marge d’erreur de 5% et 50% de distribution des réponses. La sélection des ménages a été faite au hasard et a donné lieu à un échantillon de 211 logements. Résultats: 40.3% des familles (n=85) ont indiqué une insécurité alimentaire légère et 32.7% (n = 69) une sécurité alimentaire. En ce qui concerne l'état nutritionnel, 57% des personnes interrogées ont présenté un poids normal (valeur du mode et la médiane), 25,5% surpoids ou obésité 25,5% et 16,8% une insuffisance pondérale. 33,6% des personnes interrogées consomment trois groupes alimentaires dans la journée, 27,5% quatre groupes, 15,2% deux groupes, et 15,2% également cinq groupes. Des différences significatives (p = 0,039) de niveau d'éducation ont été trouvées en relation au statut de sécurité alimentaire: 84,2% des analphabètes expérimentent un certain degré d'insécurité alimentaire et 15,8% sont en sécurité alimentaire. Conclusions: Les caractéristiques du logement prises en compte dans cette étude ne sont pas un facteur de risque déterminant d'insécurité alimentaire. Aucune différence significative n'a été observée en fonction du surpeuplement (p = 0,239), de la propriété du logement (p = 0,987); et de l’existence d’une source non fiable d'eau pour boire (p = 0,973). Les valeurs moyennes de la Encuesta Mexicana para la Seguridad Alimentaria (EMSA) se sont révélés statistiquement significatifs ; on a ainsi observé qu’une moindre diversité alimentaire entraîne une insécurité alimentaire majeure. Les familles en situation d’insécurité alimentaire modérée ou sévère ne se nourrissent que de deux groupes d’aliments: céréales et tubercules, et légumineuses. Dans les cas d’insécurité alimentaire légère, à cela s’ajoute de la viande ou du poisson., Objetivo: Determinar a diversidade alimentar, o nível de segurança alimentar e sua relação com as condições de vida das famílias na cidade de Acajete, Veracruz. Materiais e métodos: Amostragem estratificada proporcional, com uma confiança de 95%, um erro de 5%, e distribuição de resposta de 50%. A selecção dos agregados foi realizada de forma aleatória, resultando invólucro 211, como mostrado. Resultados: Insegurança aliemtar leve, com 40,3% (n = 85), seguido por 32,7% das famílias com segurança alimentar (n = 69). Com relação ao estado nutricional dos entrevistados, moda e mediana foi de peso normal (57,7%) em sobrepeso e obesidade de 25,5% e 16,8% abaixo do peso. 33,6% dos encuestados consumem três grupos de alimentos ao longo do dia, quatro grupos de 27,5%, 15,2% dois grupos, e a mesma percentagem de cinco grupos de alimentos. Diferenças significativas (p = 0,039) entre o nível de escolaridade dos entrevistados sobre sua situação de segurança alimentar, onde 84,2% da população analfabeta apresenta com algum grau de insegurança alimentar foram encontrados, e 15,8% estão em segurança alimentar. Conclusões: As características da habitação que foram considerados neste estudo não são um factor determinante para o risco de segurança alimentar, não há diferenças significativas com a superlotação (p = 0,239), a posse (p = 0,987) que foram encontrados; e a fonte de água não potável (p = 0,973). Os escores médios do Inquérito de Segurança Alimentar mexicano foram estatisticamente significativos, portanto, mostra que menos diversidade de alimentos resulta em maior insegurança alimentar. Famílias insegura alimentar moderada ou grave, são alimentados apenas dois grupos de alimentos: cereais ou de tubérculos; e leguminosas. Quando há ligeira insegurança alimentar, eles adicionam carne ou peixe., Objetivo: Determinar la diversidad alimentaria, el nivel de la seguridad alimentaria y su relación con las condiciones de vida en familias en la localidad de Acajete, Veracruz. Materiales y métodos: Muestreo estratificado proporcional, con una confianza del 95%, un error del 5%, y un 50% de distribución de respuesta. La selección de los hogares se realizó de manera aleatoria, resultando 211 viviendas como muestra. Resultados: Inseguridad alimentaria leve con un 40.3% (n=85), seguido del 32.7% de las familias con seguridad alimentaria (n=69). Respecto al estado nutricio de las personas encuestadas, la moda y mediana fue de normopeso (57.7%), en sobrepeso y obesidad 25.5% y en bajo peso 16.8%. El 33.6% de los encuestados consume tres grupos de alimentos durante todo el día, 27.5% cuatro grupos, 15.2% dos grupos, y con el mismo porcentaje cinco grupos de alimentos. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p=0.039) entre el nivel de educación de los encuestados en relación con su estado de seguridad alimentaria, donde el 84.2% de la población analfabeta cursa con algún grado de inseguridad alimentaria, y el 15.8% se encuentra en seguridad alimentaria. Conclusiones: Las características de la vivienda que se consideraron en este estudio no son un factor de riesgo determinante para la Inseguridad Alimentaria, no se encontraron diferencias significativas con el hacinamiento (p=0.239), propiedad de la vivienda (p=0.987); y fuente insegura de agua para beber (p=0.973). Los puntajes promedio de la Encuesta Mexicana para la Seguridad Alimentaria resultaron estadísticamente significativos, por consiguiente se observa que una menor diversidad de alimentos resulta en mayor inseguridad alimentaria. Las familias en Inseguridad Alimentaria Moderada o Severa, se alimentan únicamente de dos grupos de alimentos: cereales o tubérculos; y de legumbres. Cuando hay inseguridad alimentaria leve agregan la carne o el pescado.

BACKGROUND: With increased focus on dietary intake among youth and risk of diseases later in life, it is of importance, prior to assessing diet-disease relationships, to examine the validity of the dietary assessment tool. This study's objective was to evaluate the relative validity of a self-administered web-based FFQ among Danish children aged 12 to 15 years.METHODS: From a nested sub-cohort within the Danish National Birth Cohort, 124 adolescents participated. Four weeks after completion of the FFQ, adolescents were invited to complete three telephone-based 24HRs; administered 4 weeks apart. Mean or median intakes of nutrients and food groups estimated from the FFQ were compared with the mean of 3x24HRs. To assess the level of ranking we calculated the proportion of correctly classified into the same quartile, and the proportion of misclassified (into the opposite quartile). Spearman's correlation coefficients and de-attenuated coefficients were calculated to assess agreement between the FFQ and 24HRs.RESULTS: The mean percentage of all food groups, for adolescents classified into the same and opposite quartile was 35 and 7.5%, respectively. Mean Spearman's correlation was 0.28 for food groups and 0.35 for nutrients, respectively. Adjustment for energy and within-person variation in the 24HRs had little effect on the magnitude of the correlations for food groups and nutrients. We found overestimation by the FFQ compared with the 24HRs for fish, fruits, vegetables, oils and dressing and underestimation by the FFQ for meat/poultry and sweets. Median intake of beverages, dairy, bread, cereals, the mean total energy and carbohydrate intake did not differ significantly between the two methods.CONCLUSION: The relative validity of the FFQ compared with the 3x24HRs showed that the ranking ability differed across food groups and nutrients with best ranking for estimated intake of dairy, fruits, and oils and dressing. Larger variation was observed f

Objectives Review the basic components of a healthy diet Review the ideal breakdown of calories in macronutrients Review some popular diets and the evidence behind them Review a few dietary supplements and the evidence behind them

With increased focus on dietary intake among youth and risk of diseases later in life, it is of importance, prior to assessing diet-disease relationships, to examine the validity of the dietary assessment tool. This study's objective was to evaluate the relative validity of a self-administered web-based FFQ among Danish children aged 12 to 15 years. From a nested sub-cohort within the Danish National Birth Cohort, 124 adolescents participated. Four weeks after completion of the FFQ, adolescents were invited to complete three telephone-based 24HRs; administered 4 weeks apart. Mean or median intakes of nutrients and food groups estimated from the FFQ were compared with the mean of 3x24HRs. To assess the level of ranking we calculated the proportion of correctly classified into the same quartile, and the proportion of misclassified (into the opposite quartile). Spearman's correlation coefficients and de-attenuated coefficients were calculated to assess agreement between the FFQ and 24HRs. The mean percentage of all food groups, for adolescents classified into the same and opposite quartile was 35 and 7.5%, respectively. Mean Spearman's correlation was 0.28 for food groups and 0.35 for nutrients, respectively. Adjustment for energy and within-person variation in the 24HRs had little effect on the magnitude of the correlations for food groups and nutrients. We found overestimation by the FFQ compared with the 24HRs for fish, fruits, vegetables, oils and dressing and underestimation by the FFQ for meat/poultry and sweets. Median intake of beverages, dairy, bread, cereals, the mean total energy and carbohydrate intake did not differ significantly between the two methods. The relative validity of the FFQ compared with the 3x24HRs showed that the ranking ability differed across food groups and nutrients with best ranking for estimated intake of dairy, fruits, and oils and dressing. Larger variation was observed for fish, sweets and vegetables. For nutrients, the ranking abil

Background: Dietary patterns play an important role in the control of body weight. Objective: The aim of this study was to verify whether changes in some dietary patterns over a 6-y follow-up period would be associated with weight changes. Design: A sample of 248 volunteers of the Québec Family Study were measured twice (visit 1: 1989–1994; visit 2: 1995–2000). Body weight, percentage body fat, subcutaneous skinfold thicknesses, and waist circumference measurements as well as 3-d dietary and physical activity records were obtained at each visit. At visit 2, all participants filled out a food-based questionnaire examining changes in the consumption of 10 food categories. To further investigate the relation between changes in food-group consumption and bodyweight changes, a total of 51 food subcategories were identified from dietary records. Results: A self-reported decrease in the consumption of food in the fat group or an increase in consumption in the fruit group from the food-based questionnaire predicted a lower increase in body weight and adiposity indicators over time. A more detailed examination of the change in food groups between diet records revealed that increases in the consumption of whole fruit as well as skimmed milk and partly skimmed milk were the 2 food patterns that negatively correlated with the changes of each body weight–related indicator. Conclusions:These results show that changes in the consumption of some specific food groups are associated with body-weight changes. Such specific eating patterns could help to improve obesity treatment and prevention.

Background: Dietary diversity is a key element of diet quality, but diets of women of reproductive age (WRA; aged 15-49 y) in resource-poor settings are often deficient in a range of micronutrients. Previous work showed associations between simple food-group diversity indicators (FGIs) and micronutrient adequacy among WRA. For operational and advocacy purposes, however, there is strong demand for a dichotomous indicator reflecting an acceptable level of dietary diversity. Objective: The aim of the study was to develop a dichotomous indicator of dietary diversity inWRA. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of 9 data sets containing quantitative dietary data from WRA in resource-poor settings (total n = 4166). From the raw dietary data, we calculated an individual "mean probability of adequacy" (MPA) across 11 micronutrients. Several candidate FGIs were constructed. Indicator performance in predicting an MPA > 0.60 was assessed within each data set by using receiver-operating characteristic analysis and sensitivity and specificity analysis at various FGI cutoffs. The analysis was performed separately for nonpregnant and nonlactating (NPNL) women and for lactating women. Results: We identified 2 "best candidate" dichotomous indicators on the basis of 9- or 10-point food-group scores (FGI-9 and FGI-10) with a cutoff of ≥ 5 food groups. Both were significantly correlated to MPA in each site (P < 0.001). Areas under the curve were moderate, ranging from 0.62 to 0.82 among NPNL women and from 0.56 to 0.90 among lactating women. Comparisons of results slightly favored FGI-10 for all women. Conclusions: When resource-intensive dietary methods are not feasible, a simple dichotomous indicator based on a cutoff of ≥ 5 of 10 defined food groups reflects "minimum dietary diversity for women of reproductive age." According to the conclusions of a consensus meeting of experts, this indicator is well suited for population-level assessment, advocacy, and possibly also for track

This article introduces the application of proteomics to food and nutrition studies. It contains a brief description of what proteomics is and the main laboratory requirements to perform the analyses followed by a technical part that includes the main applications of proteomics (protein identification and characterization, differential proteomics, and functional proteomics), the proteomic workflow, and mass spectrometric analysis. Then, proteomic studies applied to food groups are illustrated using cereals and fruits, dairy products, eggs, meat, seafood, and bioactive compounds as examples. Finally, the concept of systems biology and its application to nutritional studies is introduced to the reader

This thesis aims to advance the understanding of identities and roles of Alternative Food Networks (AFNs). It focusses on AFNs which operate in contexts where traditional aspects are still dominant within the local agrifood systems, and which act on both food provisioning and raising awareness about civic issues. This research examines the identities and roles of AFNs by shedding light on the dynamics of the organisation and implementation of their activities. For this, the thesis firstly adapts a theoretical and methodological framework – Interaction Ritual (IR) theory - for the investigation of social phenomena, starting by unveiling the functioning of their internal dynamics; secondly, it operationalises and applies the selected theoretical and methodological framework in order to analyse GAS M which is a case of an AFN. Namely it is a case of ‘Gruppo di Acquisto Solidale’ (Solidarity Purchasing Group - GAS).Below the main contributions and recommendations of this research are synthesised.1) This research contributes to the body of knowledge on AFNs by generating insight into the identity of an AFN which operates in a context of a traditional agrifood system, attributes to both consumers and consumer-based civil society organisations leading roles, and works on both food provisioning and activities of civic relevance. The research demonstrates that the identity of GAS M is not clearly defined. Instead, it is continuously re-shaped in response to the varying combination of material and civic activities and interests. The mentioned activities and interests attract different groups of people. It is especially the small group that manages GAS M that is interested in civic activities. Often people in this group choose the organisational arrangements that are in line with their interests so their interests override other people’s interests. GAS M is undergoing a process of ideological and material selection which, together with the pre-eminence of civic interests, has

The ADF EDucator's Guide to healthy Eating (ADF EDGE) was written largely for people who educate others about eating for good health within the Australian Defence Force (ADF). Additionally, this document provides information for catering in ADF messes. It also provides a conceptual framework for understanding the relationship between foods and nutrients. The ADF EDGE provides best-practice advice about food choices to promote health and well-being and reduce the risk of diet-related diseases within an ADF context. Furthermore, it provides written and diagrammatic guidance with design elements which can be adopted by the ADF to produce suitable education materials for use by individual service men and women, catering and health personnel. An example brochure and flyer for use as educational tools, are attached., Supporting documents are attached to the report as separate files (PDF portfolio).

This activity teaches students the five food groups of MyPlate and describes the different foods in each group, including healthier and unhealthier options.

This activity will teach students why different food groups and nutrients are important to maintain a healthy diet.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the validity and reproducibility of the NORBAGREEN food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). SUBJECTS/METHODS: In Finland, 125 subjects aged 25-64 years sampled from the five main regions of the FINDIET 2002 Study and in Lithuania, 99 citizens of Kaunas aged 19-75 years participated in the study. Reference methods for the FFQ were two 3-day FFQs in Finland and four 24-h recalls in Lithuania. The FFQ was repeated after 6-8 months in both countries. The outcome of the FFQ1 was correlated with the outcome of the reference methods and with the outcome of repeated FFQ2. Cross-classification of food intakes by FFQ1 and the reference methods was examined in tertiles. RESULTS: Validity correlations (FFQ vs the reference method, Spearman's correlation) were for vegetables, fruit and bread 0.50 (P<0.01), 0.53 (P<0.01) and 0.54 (P<0.01) in Finland; and 0.55 (P<0.01), 0.31 (P<0.01) and 0.51 (P<0.01) in Lithuania, respectively. Correlations were smaller for potatoes and fish. The overall proportion categorized in the same or adjacent intake tertiles with the two instruments was over 83% in both countries. Reproducibility correlations varied between 0.51 and 0.75 in the Finnish study, and between 0.51 and 0.83 in the Lithuanian study. CONCLUSIONS: The NORBAGREEN FFQ can be used to rank subjects according to vegetable, fruit and bread consumption. Questions on fish and potato consumption need to be developed further.

To develop a set of food groups for use in a self-administered, computer-assisted diet history interview for use in Australia by combining foods into groups so as to minimize database error in the macronutrient values for the groups. The program needs to appropriately balance the level of detail used with the load on respondents and errors associated with categorization of foods into groups.

Individual interviews were carried out with teachers of 1st to 4th grades in a sample of public and private schools in the Federal District, and point out the need to update food classification groups according to examples and function, alongside nutrition activities and the sources of information consulted by educators. Results showed the association of consumption of energetic and extra energetic food with inappropriate food intake, while certain foods are identified as prioritized in a daily food intake. School books were highlighted as the main information source and on a smaller scale technical handbooks on dietary habits and those for health professionals. It is concluded that educative actions in nutrition need to be scrutinised by educated and updated teachers, alongside the revision of the Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCNs) (National Curriculum Parameters) from the perspective of interdisciplinary and interdepartmental instruction in food and health in school., Com base na realização de entrevistas individuais com professores de 1ª a 4ª séries em uma amostra de escolas públicas e privadas no Distrito Federal, procurou-se apontar a atualização da classificação dos grupos alimentares segundo exemplos e funções, além da execução de atividades de nutrição e fontes de informação consultadas pelos educadores. Os resultados mostraram associação do consumo dos alimentos energéticos e energéticos extras com uma alimentação inadequada, ao passo que os alimentos construtores e reguladores são identificados como prioritários na alimentação diária. Os livros didáticos destacaram-se como a principal fonte de informação e, em menor destaque, os manuais técnicos de alimentação e profissionais de saúde. Conclui-se que as ações educativas em nutrição precisam ser subsidiadas por professores bem formados e atualizados, além da revisão dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCNs) na perspectiva de um ensino interdisciplinar e intersetorial em alimentação na escola.

Foods commonly consumed by 16 adults with diabetes were grouped according to macrinutrient value and type of fat to form 13 categories of which 10 would form the focus of dietary advice. Dietary modeling demonstrated that the food group pattern provided adequate nutrition and low variation in dietary targets. Idealised proportions of fat types were achieved only when daily servings of foods such as oils, nuts, oily fish and soy were included. The food groupings proved appropriate for dietary advice for diabetes.

We are pleased to present the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. This document is intended to be a primary source of dietary health information for policymakers, nutrition educators, and health providers. Based on the latest scientific evidence, the 2005 Dietary Guidelinesprovides information and advice for choosing a nutritious diet, maintaining a healthy weight, achieving adequate exercise, and “keeping foods safe” to avoid foodborne illness. This document is based on the recommendations put forward by the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. The Committee was composed of scientific experts who were responsible for reviewing and analyzing the most current dietary and nutritional information and incorporating this into a scientific evidence-based report. We want to thank them and the other public and private professionals who assisted in developing this document for their hard work and dedication.

Background: Dietary patterns play an important role in the control of body weight. Objective: The aim of this study was to verify whether changes in some dietary patterns over a 6-y follow-up period would be associated with weight changes. Design: A sample of 248 volunteers of the Québec Family Study were measured twice (visit 1: 1989–1994; visit 2: 1995–2000). Body weight, percentage body fat, subcutaneous skinfold thicknesses, and waist circumference measurements as well as 3-d dietary and physical activity records were obtained at each visit. At visit 2, all participants filled out a food-based questionnaire examining changes in the consumption of 10 food categories. To further investigate the relation between changes in food-group consumption and bodyweight changes, a total of 51 food subcategories were identified from dietary records. Results: A self-reported decrease in the consumption of food in the fat group or an increase in consumption in the fruit group from the food-based questionnaire predicted a lower increase in body weight and adiposity indicators over time. A more detailed examination of the change in food groups between diet records revealed that increases in the consumption of whole fruit as well as skimmed milk and partly skimmed milk were the 2 food patterns that negatively correlated with the changes of each body weight–related indicator. Conclusions:These results show that changes in the consumption of some specific food groups are associated with body-weight changes. Such specific eating patterns could help to improve obesity treatment and prevention.

Sambell, R., Wallace, R., Lo, J., Costello, L., & Devine, A. (2020). Increasing Food Expenditure in Long Day-care by an Extra $0.50 per Child/Day Would Improve Core Food Group Provision. Nutrients, 12(4), Article 968. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040968

Genoni, A., Lo, J., Lyons-Wall, P., Boyce, M. C., Christophersen, C. T., Bird, A., & Devine, A. (2019). A Paleolithic diet lowers resistant starch intake but does not affect serum trimethylamine-N-oxide concentrations in healthy women. British Journal of Nutrition, 121(3), 322-329. Available here