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Colombia por sus características geofísicas y ubicación en la zona tropical es propensa a fenómenos de inundación, que sumados a la vulnerabilidad de la red vial y la presencia permanente de población contiguamente a la vía, acrecientan la fragilidad social y económica en los corredores viales. Esta situación se evidencia cuando se presentan colapsos de transitabilidad por inundación, pues el país moviliza la mayoría de sus mercancías por tierra. El conocimiento y sistematización de las condiciones, sociales y económicas en el trazado vial nacional, y la incorporación de estos datos a un modelo espacial replicable, podría ser una alternativa para tomar decisiones orientadas a prevenir el riesgo. En este artículo se presenta el diseño conceptual y metodológico de una propuesta para involucrar los factores socio económicos requeridos en una evaluación del riesgo por inundación en vías utilizando herramientas de análisis espacial en el tramo piloto Ruta 6008 Chiquinquirá-Sáchica (36 km). Se cuantifica un índice global de aspectos socioeconómicos que se relaciona con la vulnerabilidad en tres niveles: local, zonal y regional. Como resultado principal se encuentra que el corredor vial presenta un nivel de vulnerabilidad media-alta, debido a los aspectos de exposición y fragilidad en las condiciones de vivienda y medios de vida., Due to its geophysical characteristics and location in a tropical zone, Colombia is prone to flooding phenomena, which, in addition to the vulnerability of the road network and the permanent presence of the population residing close to the roads, increase the social and economic fragility of the road corridors. This situation is evident when traffic collapses due to flooding, as the country mobilizes most of its goods by land. The knowledge and systematization of the social and economic conditions of the national road layout, and the incorporation of these data into a replicable spatial model, could be an alternative for making decisions aimed at risk prevention. This paper presents the conceptual and methodological design of a proposal of the socioeconomic factors required in a road flood risk assessment using spatial analysis tools in the pilot section Route 6008 Chiquinquirá-Sáchica (36 km). A global index of socioeconomic aspects related to vulnerability is quantified at three levels: local, zonal and regional. The main result is that the road corridor presents a medium-high level of vulnerability, due to the aspects of exposure and fragility in housing and livelihood conditions.

La diversidad de formas de representación de las lesiones en fachadas hace que exista una disparidad de criterios, por lo que este libro propone una unificación para facilitar su estudio, más aún cuando existe una creciente implantación de la metodología HBIM y es necesario una codificación y una forma de representación gráfica. Este libro es por tanto una guía para una fácil y mejor comprensión de la patología en fachadas de albañilería, con o sin revestimiento, y también de cantería.

The objective of this article was to establish mechanisms to raise awareness among the population living in risk areas about possible landslides, based on cartographic analysis shown later with virtual reality techniques, specifying that various geomorphological events in Mexico City (CDMX) and in certain parts of the Mexican Republic are becoming more frequent and harmful to the inhabitants. Methodologically, the visualization of a virtual reality model worked in Tinkercad from mapping obtained from Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was implemented, showing the possible affectations to the examined domicile. As a result, it is intended to implement new technologies such as virtual reality based on previous mapping results, which can be used to provide greater explanation to the inhabitants about the repercussions and effects in the event of a landslide, which will affect their homes and, therefore, the integrity of their families., El presente artículo tuvo el objetivo de establecer mecanismos de concientización en la población que vive en zonas de riesgo ante posibles deslizamientos de tierra, mediante la elaboración de análisis cartográfico mostrado posteriormente con técnicas de realidad virtual, precisando que diversos acontecimientos geomorfológicos en la Ciudad de México (CDMX) y en ciertas partes de la República Mexicana son cada vez más frecuentes y dañinos para los habitantes. Metodológicamente se implementó la visualización de un modelo de realidad virtual trabajado en Tinkercad a partir de cartografía obtenida de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG), mostrando las posibles afectaciones al domicilio examinado. Como resultado se pretende realizar la instauración de nuevas tecnologías como lo es la realidad virtual con base en resultados cartográficos previos; lo anterior, podrá ser utilizado para implantar mayor explicación a los habitantes sobre las repercusiones y afectaciones en caso de ocurrir algún deslizamiento de tierra, mismo que afectará su vivienda y, por ende, la integridad su familia.

SAR-Synthetic Aperture Radar- Sentinel-1 data complements the current possibilities offered by multispectral information, and it is mainly useful in areas of high cloudiness. This study presents the spatiotemporal dynamics of a tropical wetland system named Ciénaga Colombia from 2014 to 2021 through Sentinel-1 SAR data. The analysis is mainly done using Google Earth Engine -GEE- and boxplots were used to analyze SAR backscattering. Thresholds and SWIM-Surface Water Index Extraction Model- methods were used to calculate the surface water of the wetland system. This study also explored some possible relationships between the system surface water with precipitation and the ENSO–El Niño Southern Oscillation-. The results showed that 2015 and 2017 present the greater-lesser backscattering values (respectively), indicating mean surface water sizes of 110 ha and 334 ha. SWIM and thresholds values calculated for the lowest backscattering moment in 2017 differ almost double (384 ha and 657 ha). The consistency of the SAR data results was validated through NDWI values from Sentinel 2-1C images. Finally, this study recognizes the need to delve into different analyses to identify changes in the wetland system as a result of direct interventions on its drainage network., As imagens SAR (por suas siglas em inglês Synthetic Aperture Radar) do satélite Sentinel-1 complementam as possibilidades atuais oferecidas pelo sensoriamento remoto sobre informação multiespectral, sendo úteis principalmente em áreas com alta nebulosidade. Este estudo apresenta a descrição da dinâmica espaço-temporal de um sistema de zonas húmidas tropicais conhecido como Ciénaga Colômbia durante o período 2014-2021, através de imagens do sensor Sentinel-1. Os dados foram explorados no Google Earth Engine (GEE) e gráficos box-and-whisker foram usados para analisar a dispersão multitemporal do retroespalhamento SAR. A lâmina de água superficial do sistema de zonas úmidas foi calculada usando os métodos Umbrais e SWIM do inglês Surface Water Index Extraction Model; e explorou-se sua possível relação com a precipitação média anual e El Niño Oscilação Sul (ENOS). Os resultados indicam uma lâmina de água superficial média de 110 ha em 2015 e 334 ha em 2017. Os valores calculados para 2017 com Umbrais e SWIM são quase o dobro (384 ha e 657 há respectivamente). A consistência dos resultados obtidos através dos dados SAR foi validada com valores do NDWI (por suas siglas em inglês Normalized Difference Water Index) cuja fonte foram as imagens Sentinel 2-1C. Por fim, este estudo reconhece a necessidade de se aprofundar em análises diferenciadas para identificar alterações no sistema de zonas úmidas como resultado de intervenções diretas na rede de drenagem em que se encontra., Las imágenes Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) del sensor Sentinel-1 complementan las posibilidades actuales que brindan los sensores remotos de información multiespectral, siendo principalmente útiles en áreas de alta nubosidad. Este estudio presenta la descripción de la dinámica espaciotemporal de un sistema de humedales tropicales denominado Ciénaga Colombia durante el periodo 2014-2021 a través de imágenes del sensor SAR Sentinel-1. Los datos se procesaron en Google Earth Engine (GEE) y se emplearon gráficos de cajas y bigotes para analizar la dispersión multitemporal de la retrodispersión del SAR. La lámina de agua superficial del sistema de humedales se calculó mediante los métodos de Umbrales y el Surface Water Index Extraction Model (SWIM), y se exploró su posible relación con la precipitación media anual y el El Niño Osciliación del Sur (ENOS). Los resultados indican la media del tamaño de la lámina de agua superficial de 109,96 ha en el 2015 y de 334,79 ha en el 2017. Los valores calculados para el 2017 con el SWIM y el método de umbrales distan casi en el doble para el mínimo de retrodispersión —384 ha y 657 ha, respectivamente—, aunque para esa temporalidad hubo ausencia de datos SAR. La consistencia de los resultados obtenidos a través de datos SAR se validó con valores del Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) provenientes de imágenes Sentinel 2-1C, y muestran coherencia en lo calculado. Finalmente, desde este estudio se reconoce la necesidad de profundizar en diferentes análisis para identificar los cambios en el sistema de humedales producto de las intervenciones directas sobre la red de drenaje en el que se encuentra.

An assessment of the sensitivity to land degradation was carried out in the Murcia Region (SE Spain) by means of a modelling approach developed by the European Commission funded MEDALUS project (Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use). These areas are identified according to ESA index (Environmental Sensitive Areas index) that incorporates data on environmental quality (climate, vegetation, soil) together with management data. The obtained results were integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS), and maps of environmental sensitivity to degradation were created. The proposed methodology allows to identify different degrees of vulnerability to land degradation, and also to analyse specific factors affecting desertification. Results showed that the study area is mostly located in the critical desertification class. Based on the results, almost all the land is included in high-critical class (C3), showing that the whole region is at high desertification risk, Depto. de Mineralogía y Petrología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to evaluate intraoperative experience with newly developed high-spatial-resolution microelectrode grids composed of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), and those composed of platinum nanorods (PtNRs). METHODS: A cohort of patients who underwent craniotomy for pathological tissue resection and who had high-spatial-resolution microelectrode grids placed intraoperatively were evaluated. Patient demographic and baseline clinical variables as well as relevant microelectrode grid characteristic data were collected. The primary and secondary outcome measures of interest were successful microelectrode grid utilization with usable resting-state or task-related data, and grid-related adverse intraoperative events and/or grid dysfunction. RESULTS: Included in the analysis were 89 cases of patients who underwent a craniotomy for resection of neoplasms (n = 58) or epileptogenic tissue (n = 31). These cases accounted for 94 grids: 58 PEDOT:PSS and 36 PtNR grids. Of these 94 grids, 86 were functional and used successfully to obtain cortical recordings from 82 patients. The mean cortical grid recording duration was 15.3 ± 1.15 minutes. Most recordings in patients were obtained during experimental tasks (n = 52, 58.4%), involving language and sensorimotor testing paradigms, or were obtained passively during resting state (n = 32, 36.0%). There were no intraoperative adverse events related to grid placement. However, there were instances of PtNR grid dysfunction (n = 8) related to damage incurred by suboptimal preoperative sterilization (n = 7) and improper handling (n = 1); intraoperative recordings were not performed. Vaporized peroxide sterilization was the most optimal sterilization method for PtNR grids, providing a significantly greater number of usable channels poststerilization than did steam-based sterilization techniques (median 905.0 [IQR 650.8-935.5] vs 356.0 [IQR 18.0-597.8], p = 0.0031). CONCLUSIONS

A coordinated multi-year ocean exploration campaign on the Blake Plateau offshore of the southeastern U.S. has mapped what appears to be the most expansive cold-water coral (CWC) mound province thus far discovered. Nearly continuous CWC mound features span an area up to 500 km long and 110 km wide, with a core area of high-density mounds up to 254 km long by 42 km wide. This study synthesized bathymetric data from 31 multibeam sonar mapping surveys and generated a standardized geomorphic classification of the region in order to delineate and quantify CWC mound habitats and compare mound morphologies among subregions of the coral province. Based on the multibeam bathymetry, a total of 83,908 individual peak features were delineated, providing the first estimate of the overall number of potential CWC mounds mapped in the region to date. Five geomorphic landform classes were mapped and quantified: peaks (411 km2), valleys (3598 km2), ridges (3642 km2), slopes (23,082 km2), and flats (102,848 km2). The complex geomorphology of eight subregions was described qualitatively with geomorphic “fingerprints” (spatial patterns) and quantitatively by measurements of mound density and vertical relief. This study demonstrated the value of applying an objective automated terrain segmentation and classification approach to geomorphic characterization of a highly complex CWC mound province. Manual delineation of these features in a consistent repeatable way with a comparable level of detail would not have been possible.

This paper unfolds in three parts. In Part 1, I describe how I have contended with the fraught relationships among mapping, nationalism, and colonialism in my teaching and research. When writing my first book, Contesting Race and Citizenship, I had to reckon with the positivist impulse to enumerate and map Black Italianness—and, more broadly, with the politics of visibility at a time of increasingly virulent racial nationalisms, xenophobia, and outright anti‐Black violence. In Part 2, I describe the ways my own thinking about mapping has been pushed in new directions by insights from Black geographies. Drawing on Clyde Woods, Katherine McKittrick, and Édouard Glissant—as well as essays from the edited volume The Black Geographic—I argue that Black geographic counter‐cartographies foreground insurgent Black spatial knowledges and practices that have always exceeded racial‐spatial violence, and approach mapping as both a material and poetic process. In Part 3, I conclude by advancing some tentative ideas about what it might mean to map new or alternative geographies of abolitionist struggle that attend to the interconnections between Black Atlantic and Black Mediterranean histories of racial capitalism.

Traffic accidents often result in death and serious injury. This high number of deaths and injuries requires immediate action to reduce the negative impact. This study aims to identify and map the location of traffic black sites in the districts of Konda and Wolasi. This research was conducted on the main road in the South Konawe regency which had an accident on the Konda-Wolasi route. The research method used to determine accident-prone locations is the Z-Score method, while to find accident-prone maps, spatial analysis is used using geographic information systems through field surveys and plotting coordinates by GPS. In the Konda sub-district, 4 villages are accident-prone points, namely Ambololi, Lambusa, Puuosu Jaya, and Tanea villages, while in the Wolasi sub-district, there are Wolasi, Mata Wolasi, Amoito, and Leleka sub-district. Each accident-prone point caused damaged roads, narrow roads, bends, and intersections., Kecelakaan lalu lintas sering kali mengakibatkan kematian dan cedera serius. Tingginya angka kematian dan cedera ini memerlukan tindakan cepat untuk mengurangi dampak negatifnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan memetakan lokasi titik gelap lalu lintas di Kecamatan Konda dan Wolasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada jalan utama wilayah Kabupaten Konawe Selatan yang mengalami kecelakaan pada jalur Konda-Wolasi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk menentukan lokasi rawan kecelakaan yaitu metode Z-Score, sedangkan untuk mengetahui peta rawan kecelakaan digunakan analisis spasial dengan menggunakan sistem informasi geografis melalui survei lapangan dan plotting koordinat menggunakan GPS. Di Kecamatan Konda terdapat 4 desa yang menjadi titik rawan kecelakaan yaitu Desa Ambololi, Lambusa, Puuosu Jaya, dan Tanea, sedangkan di Kecamatan Wolasi berada di Desa Wolasi, Mata Wolasi, Amoito, dan Leleka. Setiap titik rawan kecelakaan disebabkan jalan rusak, jalan sempit, tikungan, dan persimpangan.

This project explores the application of the Apple iPad Pro and Apple iPhone equipped with LiDAR technology using free apps that utilize the LiDAR sensor in a more traditional Geomatics Engineering method. It relies heavily on the IMU (inertial measurement unit), the integrated camera, and the single frequency GNSS (global navigation satellite system) sensor for positioning of the device to control the resultant collected data sets. A terrestrial LiDAR scanner, Leica P20, is used to produce the base surface model for comparison.

Poor road conditions affect millions of drivers, and assessing the condition of paved surfaces is a critical step towards repairing them. This project explores the feasibility of using the Apple iPad Pro LiDAR sensor as a cost-effective tool for assessing the damage and condition of paved surfaces. Our research aims to provide accurate and precise measurements using readily available consumer devices and compare the results to state-of-the-art equipment. This investigation involved visual inspection, identification, and classification of pavement distresses, followed by a comparison of the iPad and iPhone LiDAR data with a survey-grade terrestrial laser scanner. The project revealed several limitations of the iPad Pro-based LiDAR approach. The level of detail captured in the scans was relatively low, with a best-case resolution of 1 cm and an inability to detect smaller cracks and shallow potholes. Longer scans (in terms of both time and distance) led to geometric anomalies in the surface models. Colorized scans provided some visual contrast, aiding in the identification of damage, particularly on moderately damaged concrete surfaces. The potential sources of error were identified, including the performance of the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), the limitations of the LiDAR sensor itself, and the opaque nature of onboard data processing within the 3D Scanner App. Suggestions for improvement included the use of gimbal stabilizers to enhance scan quality and the exploration of more intensive PC-based processing for raw data analysis. Hardware advancements by Apple and software enhancements by app developers were also highlighted as potential areas for future improvement. While the project revealed limitations and challenges, the authors acknowledge the possibility of future hardware upgrades, augmented reality advancements, and improvements in sensor accuracy and processing. However, based on this project’s findings, the iPad Pro LiDAR approach currently falls short

The purpose of this study was to enhance our understanding of reuse by analyzing the entire life cycle of textiles − from purchase, use, to end-of-life waste treatment in Sweden. Our goal was to identify where the greatest losses and potentials lie within our society. We focused on identifying the main challenges, losses, and opportunities by examining overall patterns and trends rather than striving for precise data accuracy. The study is delimited by data from our Swedish project partners, including municipalities and charitable organizations. When necessary, this data was supplemented with Swedish national data or literature studies to address data deficiencies or understand the level of uncertainty., Syftet med denna studie var att öka kunskapen om återanvändning genom att samla in och analysera data om det totala flödet av textilier från inköp, användning till slutlig avfallshantering för att identifiera var de största förlusterna och potentialen ligger i vårt samhälle. Vi strävade efter att identifiera de viktigaste utmaningarna, förlusterna och möjligheterna, med fokus på att förstå övergripande mönster och trender snarare än att uppnå precision i datan. Studien är unik då den är den första i sitt slag som utforskar och jämför återanvändningens roll i förhållande till det totala flödet av konsumtion, användning och avfall.Kartläggning baseras på data från våra samarbetspartners i projektet, inklusive kommuner och välgörenhetsorganisationer. Vid behov kompletterades detta med nationella data eller litteraturstudier för att hantera brist på data eller förstå osäkerhetsgraden.

This article seeks to open a dialogue on encouraging creative possibility in architectural education, with particular focus on the architecture studio. Although discussed through the practice of design, I present experimental methods that are adaptable across creative and speculative disciplines. Rooted in the conceptual difference between possible and probable thinking as identified by philosophers Didier Debaise and Isabelle Stengers, this article positions the role of the architect as being interstitially located in multiple temporalities (as well as occupying the liminal space between the real and the imagined) in such a way that this difference between possible and probable is seen to be potentially critical to the future of the built environment. Focusing on non-linear time (investigated through temporal mapping), situating the imagined architecture in the dynamic conditions of site (site studies/development of architecture), and through the introduction of an interloper (chance/event), this article acts as a framework for examining potential methods for nurturing and sustaining possibility in the space of the architecture studio.

In this letter, we present an innovative, tightly-coupled LiDAR-Visual-Inertial Odometry and Mapping framework, termed LVIO-Fusion, which achives robust and precise state estimation and map construction in environments characterized by LiDAR-degenerated and texture-less. The LVIO-Fusion is comprised of two subsystems: a LiDAR-inertial odometry (LIO) and visual-inertial odometry (VIO). The LIO subsystem employs a dynamic voxel mapping method by utilizing a Hash table and octrees for building and updating point cloud map directly and efficiently. The map points are directly projected to images to build the optical flow matching, which couples LiDAR and camera measurements in a deeper level. Then, the VIO subsystem proposes a coarse-to-fine state estimation that minimizes the frame-to-frame reprojection errors and photometric errors to align images. Furthermore, the VIO subsystem leverages online photometric calibration to acquire the true radiometric information from the environment, consequently refining the precision of the system. We extensively evaluate our method in challenge environments. The results validate the high accuracy and robustness of our method when compared to other state-of-the-art methods in LiDAR-degenerated and texture-less scenarios.

We introduce an integrated precise LiDAR, Inertial, and Visual (LIV) multimodal sensor fused mapping system that builds on the differentiable Gaussians to improve the mapping fidelity, quality, and structural accuracy. Notably, this is also a novel form of tightly coupled map for LiDARvisual- inertial sensor fusion. This system leverages the complementary characteristics of LiDAR and visual data to capture the geometric structures of large-scale 3D scenes and restore their visual surface information with high fidelity. The initialization for the scene's surface Gaussians and the sensor's poses of each frame are obtained using a LiDAR-inertial system with the feature of size-adaptive voxels. Then, we optimized and refined the Gaussians using visual-derived photometric gradients to optimize their quality and density. Our method is compatible with various types of LiDAR, including solid-state and mechanical LiDAR, supporting both repetitive and non-repetitive scanning modes. Bolstering structure construction through LiDAR and facilitating real-time generation of photorealistic renderings across diverse LIV datasets. It showcases notable resilience and versatility in generating real-time photorealistic scenes potentially for digital twins and virtual reality, while also holding potential applicability in real-time SLAM and robotics domains. We release our software and hardware and self-collected datasets on Github1 to benefit the community. IEEE

It is widely accepted that road traffic safety is a significant public health issue. One of the effective ways to improve road traffic safety is analyzing crash data to understand where traffic accidents occur, identify associated spatial and temporal patterns, and determine causation. In the State of New Mexico, locations of traffic accidents are currently visualized using a variety of static maps. Although these statics maps are easier to create and producers can control how users view the data, they are not able to visualize crash density information because users cannot zoom in or zoom out, and hence cannot identify any associated spatial and temporal patterns. To solve the problems inherent with the current static maps, this research project focused on exploring the utility of dynamic and interactive web mapping and visualization techniques to visualize and analyze traffic crash data with the aim of helping transportation professionals determine the causes of traffic crashes and identify high-crash locations and other associated spatial and temporal patterns, and ultimately, achieving improved safety, enhanced resiliency, and increased efficiency for road users. This was achieved exclusively with open source tools and the implementation of well-known geospatial statistical analysis tools proven effective in traffic safety analysis.

This article addresses the experiences of the territory from the perspective of young people who are part of Latin American migrant families and attend secondary school in the Buenos Aires suburbs (Argentina). It is the product of a collaborative investigation that set out to subvert the place of enunciation, addressing youth ways of inhabiting, traveling and producing territories that unfold from the streets and the neighborhood where their school is located to their hometowns and towns, and the multiple routes traveled throughout their life. In this exercise of inquiry, we give centrality to the production of their own cartographies, to the creation of their own maps, illustrations and stories. In this way, we seek to support a biographical and generational perspective, understanding the latter as an indispensable condition for the appropriation and production of knowledge that manages to challenge the constitutive asymmetries of the production of geographical knowledge today., Este artículo aborda las experiencias del territorio desde la perspectiva de jóvenes que forman parte de familias migrantes latinoamericanas y asisten a la escuela secundaria en el conurbano bonaerense (Argentina). Es el producto de una investigación colaborativa que se propuso subvertir el lugar de enunciación, abordando las formas juveniles de habitar, recorrer y producir territorios que se despliegan desde las calles y el barrio donde su escuela está ubicada hasta sus ciudades y pueblos natales, y los múltiples recorridos transitados a lo largo de su vida. En este ejercicio de indagación, otorgamos centralidad a la producción de cartografías propias, a la creación de sus propios mapas, ilustraciones y relatos. De este modo, buscamos abonar a una perspectiva biográfica y generacional, entendiendo esto último como condición indispensable para la apropiación y producción de saberes que logren desafiar las asimetrías constitutivas de la producción de conocimiento geográfico en la actualidad. &nbsp

Företag har alltmer blivit medvetna om sin miljöpåverkan på grund av den växande efterfrågan på miljövänliga produkter och tjänster. Effektiv resursanvändning i produktionen är avgörande för att uppnå miljömål. På AstraZeneca används lean-verktyget Environmental Value Stream Mapping (E-VSM) frekvent för att uppnå företagets hållbarhetsmål inom miljöskydd. Denna studie genomfördes på AstraZenecas Site Respiratory med särskilt fokus på produkten Symbicort. Huvudsyftet med detta examensarbete är att med hjälp av E-VSM kartlägga och analysera resursanvändningen vid produktionen av Symbicort för att identifiera miljöslöserier i varje produktionssteg. För att uppnå detta syfte genomfördes en nulägesanalys som inkluderade observationer och granskning av interna dokument för att få en djupare förståelse av produktionsprocesserna på Site Respiratory. Dessutom mättes el- och vattenförbrukning samt mängden avfall som genereras av produktionsprocesserna. Resultaten visar att E-VSM är ett kraftfullt verktyg för att synliggöra miljöslöserier och prioritera åtgärder för en mer resurseffektiv produktion. Metoden kräver dock noggrann datainsamling och tolkning för att vara effektiv. Studien identifierade förbättringsåtgärder inom områdena elektricitet, vatten och avfall, trots utmaningar med strikta krav på renhet och kvalitet inom läkemedelsindustrin. Resultaten ger värdefulla insikter i resursanvändningen och föreslår konkreta åtgärdsförslag för att förbättra resurseffektiviteten på Site Respiratory. Examensarbetet bidrar till en ökad förståelse av resursanvändningen på Site Respiratory genom att identifiera de faktorer som påverkar denna användning. Vidare framgår det att produkten Symbicort har en högre resursanvändning jämfört med andra produkter. Site Respiratory rekommenderas att fortsätta arbetet med E-VSM genom att skapa en framtida E-VSM och formulera en detaljerad handlingsplan för att möjliggöra övergången från nuvarande tillstånd till önskat framtida tillstånd. E-VSM bö, Companies have increasingly become aware of their environmental impact due to the growing demand for environmentally friendly products and services. Efficient resource use in production is crucial to achieving environmental goals. At AstraZeneca, the lean tool Environmental Value Stream Mapping (E-VSM) is frequently used to achieve the company's sustainability goals in environmental protection. This study was conducted at AstraZeneca's Site Respiratory with a particular focus on the product Symbicort. The main purpose of this thesis is to use E-VSM to map and analyze resource usage in the production of Symbicort to identify environmental waste in each production step. To achieve this purpose, a current state analysis was conducted, including observations and reviews of internal documents to gain a deeper understanding of the production processes at Site Respiratory. Additionally, electricity and water consumption as well as the amount of waste generated by the production processes were measured. The results show that E-VSM is a powerful tool for visualizing environmental waste and prioritizing actions for more resource-efficient production. However, the method requires careful data collection and interpretation to be effective. The study identified improvement measures in the areas of electricity, water, and waste, despite challenges with strict cleanliness and quality requirements within the pharmaceutical industry. The results provide valuable insights into resource usage and suggest concrete action proposals to improve resource efficiency at Site Respiratory. The thesis contributes to an increased understanding of resource usage at Site Respiratory by identifying the factors that affect this usage. Furthermore, it was found that the product Symbicort has higher resource usage compared to other products. Site Respiratory is recommended to continue the work with E-VSM by creating a future E-VSM and formulating a detailed action plan to enable the transition from th

Global supply chains are facing significant challenges due to the changes in supply and demand. This will increase the need for flexible and sustainable management. Lean production is a widely adopted methodology that companies use to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and shorten lead times by optimizing internal logistics systems. Mapping and visualization tools are essential for understanding and improving transportation processes within companies while minimizing waste.The objective of this study is to provide companies with clearer insights into theirinternal transport flows through lean production and facility planning. By mappingtheir structures, companies can enhance their decision-making processes. This studyaims to achieve an understanding of the need for internal transport flow mappingthrough various methods and analyses. It also seeks to increase knowledge ofdifferent tools within lean production and facility planning to visualize the currentstate of internal transportation between buildings.The study was conducted through interviews, observations, and GPS measurements to map the transport processes at Xylem. Data were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively to ensure high scientific quality. The results and current state analysiswere based on these methods, leading to reliable conclusions about Xylem's current state.By using various lean tools and facility planning techniques, it is possible to create a mapping that provides companies with insights into their current situation. Several improvement suggestions for the current structure and work methods can potentially create faster flows with fewer misunderstandings in the work process. The study concludes that flow mapping functions as a tool to create a simplified simulation model. By interviewing and observing drivers and using diagrams to show utilization and time distribution, it is possible to analyze and examine internal transport planning and identify unnecessary waste.

The research aims to investigate the lack of cohesive workflow of production lines within a company, exploring the factors and dynamics at play. It also seeks to analyze the identified issues, focusing on their root causes and potential impacts on operational efficiency. An important aspect of the research is the consideration of value stream mapping (VSM). The methodology is based on a literature review and a single-case study. The literature review, including a systematic review, was conducted to identify existing practices. To explore the research objectives, a case study was performed, examining the industrial implementation and challenges of using the VSM tool. The current state VSM was designed and analyzed, identifying various types of waste within the workflow. Based on this analysis, a future state VSM was recommended to address the inefficiencies. The field of study is well-researched but has a notable gap regarding the application of VSM in complex industrial settings. The research identified inadequacies for using and implementing VSM in organizations, aiming to fill this gap. The research concluded that while there are several benefits to using VSM, there are also challenges that need to be addressed. To bridge these challenges and support decision-making in the improvement process, the study proposes specific recommendations. The study faced limitations, particularly in data collection due to time constraints and validity concerns. The data collection period was limited to less than two months. Additionally, the complexity of the data led to generalizations in the creation of the VSM. This "good enough" approach, however, is not deemed to significantly affect the study's overall validity or reliability. By providing a systematic way of mapping, the research enhances operational efficiency by more efficient use of resources, reduced cycle times, improving process flow, and facilitating better decision-making. These efforts lead to improved overall perfo

Körsång har långa anor i Sverige. Idag utövas körverksamhet regelbundet i både sakrala och sekulära former som gemensamt antas inberäkna cirka sex procent (600 000 individer) av Sveriges befolkning. Dessa körverksamheter är utbredda och täcker idag hela Sveriges geografiska yta. Körverksamheter kan således inte ses som marginell vare sig i relation till befolkning eller yta. Paradoxalt nog, trots dess omfattning och utbredning, har körverksamhet enbart knapphändigt studerats i Sverige. Avhandlingens syfte är ge ett kulturgeografiskt bidrag genom att belysa och skapa förståelse för relationen mellan körverksamhet och geografi. Plats, urbant – ruralt samt sakralt – sekulärt utgör centrala delar i denna avhandling. Det empiriska underlaget utgörs av primärdata insamlade via enkäter och sekundärdata i form av officiell statistik. I den bemärkelsen lämnar avhandlingen ett kunskapsbidrag till kulturgeografisk forskning om körverksamhet i Sverige och i en vidare bemärkelse även andra kontexter. Avhandlingen har kommit fram till att körverksamhet har en stark relation till plats i Sverige. Denna avhandling presenterar en kartläggning av körverksamheten i Sverige. Avhandlingen problematiserar gängse binära uppfattningar: ruralt – sakralt och urbant – sekulärt. Avhandlingens resultat pekar på att denna binära uppfattning bör nyanseras relaterat till körverksamhet. Fram träder att körverksamhet i Sverige bör belysas ur ett postsekulärt perspektiv., Körsång har långa anor i Sverige. Idag utövas körverksamhet regelbundet i både sakrala och sekulära former av cirka sex procent (600 000 individer) av Sveriges befolkning. Körverksamheterna täcker idag hela Sveriges geografiska yta och kan således inte ses som marginell vare sig i relation till befolkning eller yta. Paradoxalt nog, trots dess omfattning och utbredning, har körverksamhet enbart knapphändigt studerats i Sverige. Syftet är att belysa och skapa förståelse för relationen mellan körverksamhet och geografi. Plats, urbant – ruralt samt sakralt – sekulärt utgör centrala delar i avhandlingen. Empirin utgörs av enkätdata och officiell statistik. Avhandlingen ger ett kunskapsbidrag till kulturgeografisk forskning om körverksamhet i Sverige. Avhandlingen har kommit fram till att körverksamhet har en stark relation till plats i Sverige. Avhandlingen presenterar en kartläggning av körverksamheten i Sverige. Avhandlingen problematiserar gängse binära uppfattningar: ruralt – sakralt och urbant – sekulärt. Resultatet pekar på att denna binära uppfattning bör nyanseras relaterat till körverksamhet. Fram träder att körverksamhet i Sverige bör belysas ur ett postsekulärt perspektiv., Choral singing has a long history in Sweden. Today, choral singing is regularly practised in both sacred and secular organisational forms, involving an estimated six percent (600.000 individuals) of Sweden's population. These choral organisations are widespread and currently cover the entire geographical area of Sweden. Choral organisations can thus not be seen as marginal either in relation to population or area. Paradoxically, despite the number of participants and their distribution, research on choir activities has only been scarcely studied in Sweden. The aim of this thesis is to make a contribution to Human Geography by illuminating and creating an understanding of the relationship between choral organisations and geography. Place, Urban – Rural and Sacred – Secular are central elements in this thesis. The empirical basis consists of primary data collected through questionnaires and secondary data in the form of official statistics. In this sense, the thesis makes a contribution to human geography research on choral organisations in Sweden and, more broadly, other contexts. The thesis concludes that choral organisations have a strong relationship to place in Sweden. The thesis presents a mapping of choir organisations in Sweden. The thesis then problematises the common binary perceptions of Rural – Sacred and Urban – Secular. The results indicate that these binaries should be nuanced in relation to choral organisations. The thesis also concludes that choral organisations in Sweden should be interpreted from a post-secular perspective.

[ES] Durante los distintos puntos de este recorrido de exploración visual, se abordan diferentes conceptos relacionados con el camino y la práctica artística. Apelando al título del TFM, se materializan las coordenadas rastreadas desde un punto de vista gráfico. Con el fin de tratar las distintas ubicaciones geográficas que se tomarán como punto de partida, se utiliza el método de la práctica de campo. Esta metodología contribuye en todo momento a la investigación y la producción gráfica. Este TFM se compone por distintas etapas de investigación. Se plantea el concepto de caminar, entendiendo el camino como espacio donde contemplar. Además, se describe el término de la naturaleza y su simplificación hacia la abstracción. Siguiendo el transcurso del proyecto, se aborda la gráfica entendiéndose en otros ámbitos de expresión artística y experimentación técnica. Por último, se plasma la producción artística, donde se encuentran cada uno de los proyectos relacionados con el mapeo. Para sintetizar, se plantea un fin de carácter expositivo, donde se recoge el trabajo gráfico realizado en torno a la naturaleza observada. El propósito de esta exposición final, es cerrar el círculo del camino y la exploración gráfica., [EN] During the different points of this visual exploration journey, different concepts related to the path and artistic practice are addressed. Appealing to the title of the TFM, the tracked coordinates are materialized from a graphic point of view. In order to deal with the different geographical locations that will be taken as a starting point, the field practice method is used. This methodology contributes at all times to research and graphic production. This TFM is made up of different stages of research. The concept of walking is proposed, understanding the path as a space in which to contemplate. In addition, the term of nature and its simplification towards abstraction is described. Following the course of the project, graphics are addressed, understanding other areas of artistic expression and technical experimentation. Finally, the artistic production is reflected, where each of the projects related to mapping are found. To summarize, an exhibition purpose is proposed, where the graphic work carried out around the observed nature is collected. The purpose of this final exhibition is to close the circle of the path and graphic exploration.

A large scale demolition project, funded by the state, is currently taking place in Bräcke, Jämtland. Due to depopulation and the closure of large industries, the municipality is in a state of economic distress and buildings are demolished in order to lower the municipality's operating costs. Focusing on the three most central buildings being demolished, the project investigates how a community is affected when central buildings are demolished and what social values risk being lost. Convinced that buildings are socially imbued, we have through drawing, model and film explored ways to convey the social aspects of space. Rather than doing a proposal for reuse or a new building, we have through qualitative interdisciplinary methods created an inventory of the buildings' social values and a mapping of how these relate to the social on different levels, ranging from Bräckes societal development to peoples' memories and relations to the buildings. Rather than offering solutions, the project evoke new questions regarding the ontology of buildings, the future of rural Sweden and what place there is today for towns no longer generating profit.

Aufgrund von neuen Erkenntnissen der letzten Jahre in den östlichen,- zentralen,- und westlichen Nördlichen Kalkalpen, wurde ein Teil eines lang und kontrovers diskutierten Gebiets im Wettersteingebirge neu kartiert. Basierend auf diesen Kartierungen konnten neue, lang übersehene Strukturen entdeckt und interpretiert werden. Diese ermöglichen es die ehemaligen Ablagerungsbedingungen und Prozesse in ein neues Licht zu rücken. Dabei handelt es sich um roll-over Strukturen und Winkeldiskordanzen, zwischen normalerweise subhorizontal abgelagertem lagunärem Wettersteinkalk und den Raibler Schichten. Welche Prozesse hinter deren Genese stecken können, werden in dieser Arbeit diskutiert., Due to recent advancements in geological understanding, particularly in the eastern, central, and western Northern Calcareous Alps, a segment of the Wetterstein Mountains, which has long been subject to debate, has undergone new geological mapping efforts. This updated survey has unveiled previously overlooked geological features, providing fresh insights into the region's depositional history and tectonic evolution. Among the newly identified features are roll-over structures and angular unconformities observed between the typically sub-horizontal deposited lagoonal Wettersteinkalk and the Raibler Schichten. These structural anomalies suggest complex geological processes that likely occurred during the deposition of the Mesozoic lithologies in the investigated area. The processes behind the genesis of these structures are discussed in this work., Michael Ignaz Grübler, B.Sc., in englischer Sprache, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2024

The force driving Anahit Behrooz’s Mapping Middle-earth is a desire todemonstrate that J. R. R. Tolkien’s work deserves to be taken (more) seriouslyin the field of literary studies. The author argues this case by relating maps,mapping, and cartography – within and outside the story world – to a handfulof critical perspectives that currently enjoy certain appeal both within themainstream and among fantasy scholars. And should the book fail to convincesome hobbitophobic critics out there, the fault does not seem to lie either withTolkien’s work or Behrooz discussions of it but with the fact that fantasy(including Tolkien) require more of its analytical tools than some mainstreamcritical perspectives offer when taken off the rack.

Context: Rainer and Wohlin showed that case studies are not well understood by reviewers and authors and thus they say that a given research is a case study when it is not. Objective: Rainer and Wohlin proposed a smell indicator (inspired by code smells) to identify case studies based on the frequency of occurrences of words, which performed better than human classifiers. With the emergence of ChatGPT, we evaluate ChatGPT to assess its performance in accurately identifying case studies. We also reflect on the results’ implications for mapping studies, specifically data extraction. Method: We used ChatGPT with the model GPT-4 to identify case studies and compared the result with the smell indicator for precision, recall, and accuracy. Results: GPT-4 and the smell indicator perform similarly, with GPT-4 performing slightly better in some instances and the smell indicator (SI) in others. The advantage of GPT-4 is that it is based on the definition of case studies and provides traceability on how it reaches its conclusions. Conclusion: As GPT-4 performed well on the task and provides traceability, we should use and, with that, evaluate it on data extraction tasks, supporting us as authors. © 2024 The Author(s)

This research addresses the challenge of estimating bathymetry from imaging sonars where the state-of-the-art works have primarily relied on either supervised learning with ground-truth labels or surface rendering based on the Lambertian assumption. In this letter, we propose a novel, self-supervised framework based on volume rendering for reconstructing bathymetry using forward-looking sonar (FLS) data collected during standard surveys. We represent the seafloor as a neural heightmap encapsulated with a parametric multi-resolution hash encoding scheme and model the sonar measurements with a differentiable renderer using sonar volumetric rendering employed with hierarchical sampling techniques. Additionally, we model the horizontal and vertical beam patterns and estimate them jointly with the bathymetry. We evaluate the proposed method quantitatively on simulation and field data collected by remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) during low-altitude surveys. Results show that the proposed method outperforms the current state-of-the-art approaches that use imaging sonars for seabed mapping. We also demonstrate that the proposed approach can potentially be used to increase the resolution of a low-resolution prior map with FLS data from low-altitude surveys., QC 20240905

Kartieren ist eine Methode, die seit einigen Jahren in europäischen Städten – insbesondere in vielen deutschen Städten – Konjunktur hat als Medium der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung kolonial geprägter Orte und trägt damit zu einer Diskursverschiebung postkolonialer Erinnerung bei. Die produzierten Karten machen auf die Vielfalt verdrängter oder vergessener Spuren des Kolonialismus im öffentlichen Raum aufmerksam. Sie machen außerdem Orte des Erinnerns an koloniale Gewaltverhältnisse, rassistische Ausbeutung und antikolonialen Widerstand sichtbar. Die Methode des Kartierens bezeichnen viele Autor*innen dieser Karten explizit als Praxis der Gegenerzählung zur eurozentrischen Kolonialgeschichte sowie als eine kollektive und partizipative Praxis herrschaftskritischer Wissensproduktion. Der Beitrag zeigt, in welcher Weise Kartierungsprojekte einerseits Argumente Kritischen Kartierens und andererseits Ansätze dekolonialer Erinnerungspolitik berücksichtigen. Dafür haben wir alle auffindbaren analogen und digitalen postkolonialen Karten deutscher Städte sowie zehn Karten weiterer europäischer Städte vergleichend analysiert und nach der jeweils angewandten Kartierungspraxis typisiert. Für drei identifizierte Kartentypen – Karten mit punktuellen Informationen, Karten mit Informationen zu räumlichen Verflechtungen und Karten mit Visualisierungen multiperspektivischer Erfahrungen – stellen wir jeweils Beispielkarten vor. Wir untersuchen die Umsetzung von Perspektiven kritischer Kartographie sowie postkolonialer Geographie und diskutieren die dekolonialen Potenziale des Kartierens., Mapping is a method that has been booming for a number of years in many European cities – and especially in many German cities – as a medium of public perception of places characterized by colonialism, which contributes to a shift in the discourse of post-colonial memory. The maps produced draw attention to the variety of suppressed or forgotten traces of colonialism in public spaces. They also visualize places of remembrance of colonial violence, racist exploitation and anti-colonial resistance. Many authors of these maps explicitly describe the method of mapping as a practice of counter-narration to Eurocentric colonial history and as a collective as well as participatory practice of critical knowledge production. The article shows how mapping projects take into account arguments of critical mapping on the one hand and approaches of decolonial politics of memory on the other. To this end, we have comparatively analyzed all available analogue and digital postcolonial maps of German cities as well as ten maps of other European cities and typified them according to the mapping practices applied. For three identified map types – maps with punctual information, maps with information on spatial entanglements, maps with visualizations of multi-perspective experiences – we present exemplary maps. We examine the implementation of perspectives of critical cartography and postcolonial geography and discuss the decolonial potentials of mapping.

Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka det specialpedagogiska arbetet kring elever som visar indikation eller befaras att inte nå kriterier för bedömning av kunskaper i grundskolans årskurs 3, utifrån kartläggningsmaterialet Hitta matematiken på höstterminen i förskoleklass. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med specialpedagoger undersökte vi hur arbetet med tidiga stödinsatser i matematik genomfördes efter kartläggningen, stödinsatsernas innehåll och vilka ramar som styrde detta arbete. Vi ville också undersöka hur de centrala begreppen visar indikation och befara tolkades av specialpedagogen. Vi valde att inrikta oss på Hitta matematiken, den matematiska delen i kartläggningen, då vi hade uppfattat tendenser att matematiken kom i skymundan av läs- och skrivinsatserna i skolan. Förskoleklassen, tillika kartläggningsmaterialet, har varit obligatoriska sedan 2019 och vår uppfattning var att trots att det nu gått fem år sedan införandet samt att riktlinjerna och styrdokumenten påvisar tydlighet så skiljer sig arbetet åt samt tolkas olika ute på skolorna i Sverige. Vår studie visade att på många skolor saknas tydliga rutiner kring tidiga insatser i matematik med samråd, analys och uppföljning tillsammans med personal med specialpedagogisk kompetens och att tid inte avsätts till detta från ledningshåll. Detta leder till att läraren lämnas ensam i det vidare arbetet efter kartläggningen vilket kan leda till ”vänta-och-se” i stället för tidiga insatser som skulle skapa förutsättningar att höja kunskapsnivån i den svenska skolan. Bristen på rutiner och återkommande möten kring tidiga insatser leder också till att det inte finns ett gemensamt yrkesspråk och en osäkerhet i hur viktiga begrepp tolkas. Utifrån vår studie kunde vi sammanfattningsvis konstatera att den matematiska kartläggningen i förskoleklass fortfarande inte bidrar till tidiga insatser och att det inte skett några större förbättringar organisatoriskt kring det särskilda stödet och de specialpedagogiska in

Restaurangbranschen är en hårt ansatt bransch med många utmaningar och egenheter, och har i praktiken sällan stöd av HR. Det lyder en konsensus i hur HR inte har en plats i branschen vilket väcker frågan om varför så är fallet. De utmaningar som identifierats för branschen har en koppling till just HR vilket ställer frågan om huruvida HR-aktiviteter kan råda bot på utmaningarna. Den forskning som finns sedan tidigare kring branschen är knapphänt och kunskap kring hur HR- aktiviteter ser ut inom branschen är icke befintlig. Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga HR-aktiviteter för att tolka om de kan agera värdeskapande i restaurangbranschen, ur ett krögar- och medarbetarperspektiv. Studien utgår från en induktiv ansats. Kartläggning har genomförts via en kvalitativ fallstudie, i vilken fallet är hela branschen i en avgränsad region. Empiri samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med en delad målgrupp bestående av dels krögare, dels medarbetare. Datan analyserades sedan tematiskt via tre teman och teorier. Studiens slutsats är att det finns ett värde av HR-aktiviteter i restaurangbranschen, vilket stöds av både krögarna och medarbetarna. I dagsläget utförs flera typiska HR-aktiviteter till stor del, trots en okunskap kring HR som ämne, vilket också stärker argumentet att HR-aktiviteter är nödvändiga i branschen. Studien identifierade fem aktiviteter som målgrupperna fann extra viktiga, och den fann även tre utvecklingsområden som branschen kan förbättras inom., The restaurant business is a tough and unique business with many challenges, and rarely has any support from HR. There is a consensus regarding that HR does not belong in the restaurant business, which raises a question regarding why that is. The challenges that has been identified for the business have a connection to HR, which also raises a question regarding if HR-practices can help solve them. The existing research about the subject is slim and knowledge about how HR-practices are performed within the business is non-existent. The purpose of this research is to map out HR-activities and interpret if they can add value in the restaurant business, from a managers-perspective and a workers-perspective. The study has an inductive approach. The mapping has been done by a qualitative case study, in which the case is the entire business in a limited area. The data was collected using semi-structured interviews with a split target group, consisting of managers and workers. The data was analyzed thematically with three themes and theories. The conclusion of this study is that there is a value in HR-practices in the restaurant business, which is supported by both the managers and the workers. Today, several typical HR-practices are performed, despite lacking knowledge about HR as a subject, which also strengthens the argument that HR-practices are necessary in the business. The study identified five activities that both target groups found were extra important, and three areas that the business can develop further.

The essay explores memory, tacit knowledge, and time in relation to place. It aims to uncover insights into working with place and proposes a method of rupture and pause as a conceptual technique for addressing personal and collective narratives of trauma. Following a folkloric tradition of place and landscape as an embodiment of collective sadness, the essay seeks to find an intuitively driven framework for mapping of memory within imaginary spatial objects and sites. The essay utilises the ground plane as a metaphor for the present and the tangible, treating the act of ‘the dig’ as poetic instrument for the imaginary and temporal implementation within the essay. The ground is an essential dependency of metaphysics, and the text plays on this in a literal and material sense, using motifs of bogs, mires and unstable terrain. The subject of the essay is situated predominately within an Irish context of folklore and recent history. The essay is a testimony to the joy and the pain of working with place and how one is embroiled into the process subconsciously.

Combining inertial measurements with LiDAR measurements for odometry and mapping is ubiquitous, but low-cost inertial measurement units are often noisy sensors, and it is suspected that naive integration of the measurements will result in deteriorated performance. The project explores under which circumstances integration of inertial measurements is beneficial for the robustness and accuracy of LiDAR odometry and mapping. It is already known that inertial measurements have the potential to improve performance, but when and how are rarely the main topics of study in existing literature. This project analyzes one way inertial measurements are used to compensate for motion while registering points from a spinning LiDAR, and compares this to a similar method that does not use inertial measurements. It is found that integration of inertial measurements is beneficial in cases of fast rotations of the sensor and that in other cases, it does not make a significant difference. The results can be explained with existing theory, and hence provide confidence in the theory for predicting behavior in similar systems., Att kombinera tröghetsmätningar med LiDAR-mätningar för odometri och kartläggning är vanligt förekommande, men lågkostnadströghetsmätare är ofta brusiga sensorer och därmed misstänks att en naiv integrering av mätningarna skulle resultera i försämrad prestanda. Projektet utforskar i vilka fall det är gynnsamt att integrera tröghetsmätningar för LiDAR-odometri och kartläggning. Det är redan känt att tröghetsmätningar har potential att förbättra prestandan, men när och hur är sällan ett huvudområde i den befintliga litteraturen. Detta projekt undersöker ett sätt som tröghetsmätningar används på för att kompensera för rörelse i samband med registrering av punkter från en roterande LiDAR, och jämför detta med en liknande metod som inte använder tröghetsmätningar. Resultaten pekar på att integrering av tröghetsmätningar är gynnsamt i fall med hastiga rotationer av sensorn, i övriga fall observeras ingen avsevärd skillnad. Resultaten kan förklaras med befintlig teori, vilket styrker teorin och gör det möjligt att med högre tillit använda den för att förutse beteendet hos liknande system.

In an era increasingly shaped by artificial intelligence (AI), the necessity for unbiased decision-making from AI systems intensifies. Recognizing the inherent biases in humandecision-making is evident through various psychological theories. Prospect Theory, prominently featured among them, utilizes a probability weighing function (PWF) to gain insights into human decision processes. This observation prompts an intriguing question: Can this framework be extended to comprehend AI decision-making? This study employs a systematic Gibbs sampler method to measure probability weighing function of AI and validate this methodology against a dataset comprising 1 million distinct AI decision strategies. Subsequently, exemplification of its application on Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is seen. This allows us to discern the nuanced shapes of the Probability Weighting Functions (PWFs) inherent in ANN and RNN, thereby facilitating informed speculation on the potential presence of “probability bias” within AI. In conclusion, this research serves as a foundational step in the exploration of "probability bias" in AI decision-making. The demonstrated reliability of the systematic Gibbs sampler method significantly contributes to ongoing research, primarily by enabling the extraction of Probability Weighting Functions (PWFs). The emphasis here lies in laying the groundwork –obtaining the PWFs from AI decision processes. The subsequent phases, involving in-depth understanding and deductive conclusions about the implications of these PWFs, fall outside the current scope of this study. With the ability to discern the shapes of PWFs for AI, this research paves the way for future investigations and various tests to unravel the deeper meaning of probability bias in AI decision-making.