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Low-cost production of nanocellulose from diverse lignocellulosic feedstocks has become an important topic for developing sustainable nanomaterials. The available feedstocks include both woody and non-woody plants, where the latter are relatively underutilized. Interestingly, the porous structure and low lignin content in most non-woody plants, such as agricultural residues and natural fibers, also makes them ideal sources for lower energy nanocellulose production using simpler methods than those required to process woody plants. To enhance the goal of circularity, this review first provides an overview of the nanocellulose conversion from cellulose and then comprehensively discusses the use of non-woody feedstocks for nanocellulose production. Specifically, the availability of suitable non-woody feedstocks and the use of low-cost processes for pulping and cellulose oxidation treatments, including alkaline, solvent pulping, and nitrogen-oxidation treatments, are discussed. The information in this review can lead to new opportunities to achieve greater sustainability in biobased economies. Additionally, demonstrations of nanocellulose-based water purification technologies using agricultural residues derived remediation materials are highlighted at the end of this review., QC 20240125

“Totora” is a natural fiber traditionally used by the native communities around the Titicaca Lake, in the Andean region of Southern Peru. Every year, many areas of “totorales” are burnt, due to the current surplus of unused totora. This research proposes the use and standardization of totora as a thermal insulating material with low embodied energy to extend its use to the cold high-altitude Andean region. A study of the totora characteristics and how the Lake communities work with it was conducted via a technological exchange with the local people. From this experience and with basic laboratory tests, the modular panel was designed: double totora mats with horizontal and vertical crossed fibers. The heat transfer of the panel was tested in a laboratory. A dwelling prototype was built with the envelope made only of totora panels supported by a timber structure. Its thermal and construction performance were monitored for three months. The results showed a better thermal performance than a traditional high altitude Andean cottage. The proposed totora panel kept its shape, rigidity and insulating characteristics, demonstrating its potential as a natural building material with low environmental impact during its transformation process., La “Totora” es una fibra natural disponible en el lago Titicaca, al sur del Perú, y de uso tradicional entre las comunidades circundantes. Actualmente existe un importante excedente, por lo que anualmente se quema una gran cantidad de totorales. Este estudio plantea el uso y la estandarización de la totora como material aislante térmico y de baja energía incorporada, para extender su uso a edificaciones en la fría región altoandina. Se realizó la exploración en campo de esta fibra natural y de cómo la trabajan las comunidades del lago, a través del intercambio tecnológico con pobladores locales. A partir de esta experiencia, y a través de pruebas básicas en gabinete, se desarrolló el panel doble cruzado y modular de totora. La transmisión térmica del panel se comprobó con pruebas de laboratorio. Se construyó un prototipo de vivienda con cerramiento de paneles de totora y estructura de madera, monitoreando su desempeño constructivo y térmico por tres meses. El resultado térmico fue mejor que el de una cabaña tradicional alto-andina. El panel de totora propuesto mantuvo su forma, rigidez y características aislantes, demostrando su potencial como material constructivo natural y de bajo impacto ambiental en su procesamiento.

La “Totora” es una fibra natural disponible en el lago Titicaca, al sur del Perú, y de uso tradicional entre las comunidades circundantes. Actualmente existe un importante excedente, por lo que anualmente se quema una gran cantidad de totorales. Este estudio plantea el uso y la estandarización de la totora como material aislante térmico y de baja energía incorporada, para extender su uso a edificaciones en la fría región altoandina. Se realizó la exploración en campo de esta fibra natural y de cómo la trabajan las comunidades del lago, a través del intercambio tecnológico con pobladores locales. A partir de esta experiencia, y a través de pruebas básicas en gabinete, se desarrolló el panel doble cruzado y modular de totora. La transmisión térmica del panel se comprobó con pruebas de laboratorio. Se construyó un prototipo de vivienda con cerramiento de paneles de totora y estructura de madera, monitoreando su desempeño constructivo y térmico por tres meses. El resultado térmico fue mejor que el de una cabaña tradicional alto-andina. El panel de totora propuesto mantuvo su forma, rigidez y características aislantes, demostrando su potencial como material constructivo natural y de bajo impacto ambiental en su procesamiento., “Totora” is a natural fiber traditionally used by the native communities around the Titicaca Lake, in the Andean region of Southern Peru. Every year, many areas of “totorales” are burnt, due to the current surplus of unused totora. This research proposes the use and standardization of totora as a thermal insulating material with low embodied energy to extend its use to the cold high-altitude Andean region. A study of the totora characteristics and how the Lake communities work with it was conducted via a technological exchange with the local people. From this experience and with basic laboratory tests, the modular panel was designed: double totora mats with horizontal and vertical crossed fibers. The heat transfer of the panel was tested in a laboratory. A dwelling prototype was built with the envelope made only of totora panels supported by a timber structure. Its thermal and construction performance were monitored for three months. The results showed a better thermal performance than a traditional high altitude Andean cottage. The proposed totora panel kept its shape, rigidity and insulating characteristics, demonstrating its potential as a natural building material with low environmental impact during its transformation process.

The incorporation of minor hollow natural fibers (HNF) can significantly accelerate the CO2 diffusion in reactive magnesia cement (RMC). The CO2 diffusivity in HNF is highly related to its internal moisture content (IMC), which subsequently affects the carbonation process of HNF-RMC, but this is outside the scope of the existing studies. Therefore, this work investigates the effect of IMC on carbonation, strength, and microstructure of HNF-RMC composites. HNF-RMC mortar specimens are dried to different levels of nominal IMC (0–100%), and cured under high CO2 concentration for carbonation. Following the curing, the matrix composition was characterized with varying techniques (QXRD, TGA, FTIR, and acid digestion) for quantifying the CO2 sequestration; the compressive strength at different depths was determined with uniaxial compressive test; the microstructure was examined with SEM/ESEM. The results show that the carbonation depth is increased by three to four times by reducing the IMC to 0%. The effects of varying IMC on local carbonation and strength are distinct in the shallow (0–20 mm) and middle/deep region (20–100 mm). In the shallow region, inadequate CO2 dissolution is the limiting factor, these performances decreased with the increasing desiccation. In the deeper regions, moisture absorption by HNF decreased the CO2 diffusivity, hence the CO2 availability is the limiting factor, and these performances increased with the desiccation. These observations suggest that the understanding that carbonation maximizes at a medium moisture level is not valid in HNF-RMC–controlling the moisture can be important for improving the CO2 sequestration and consequent mechanical strength.

With the population expected to grow dramatically in the future. The existing state of the ecosystem appears to be worse in the future. One of the key culprits that has been wreaking havoc on the ecosystem is the use of plastic that is used to produce composites. Composites, because to its versatility, has applications in all areas, and as the population grows, so will the demand for them. This can be reduced by using biodegradable and natural materials. The study is done in collaboration with the company Trifilon. The raw materials of the mixture are compared, and the best polymer, fibers, and additives are chosen. Composites made from synthetic raw materials are being replaced by bio-composites, which contain one natural component. The material selected are polypropylene as the polymer, maleic anhydride as compatibilizer and glass fiber for composite while hemp fiber for Bio-composite. To achieve optimal mechanical qualities, the mixture is created using varied amounts of essential components. The mechanical properties aid in defining the industries in which the material can be employed. There are various combinations of raw materials available with varying fiber content, from which the best proportion of the fiber is chosen. For composites and Bio-composites, the fiber content in the mixture is 10% to generate the best material with the appropriate adaptability and flexibility, allowing the material to be used and have applications in several industries. A comparative life cycle evaluation is used to compare the environmental impact of both materials' production procedures. The assessment model was created with the help of a literature review to generate the optimal recipe for composite and bio-composite materials. In most impact categories, bio-composite materials were found to be more sustainable than composite materials. The usage of Polypropylene as a raw material has the greatest influence on global warming, with glass fiber contributing more to global warmi, Med befolkningen som förväntas växa dramatiskt i framtiden. Ekosystemets befintliga tillstånd verkar vara sämre i framtiden. En av de viktigaste bovarna som har orsakat förödelse på ekosystemet är användningen av plast som används för att producera kompositer. Kompositer har, på grund av sin mångsidighet, tillämpningar inom alla områden, och när befolkningen växer kommer efterfrågan på dem att öka. Detta kan minskas genom att använda biologiskt nedbrytbara och naturliga material. Studien görs i samarbete med företaget Trifilon. Blandningens råmaterial jämförs och den bästa polymeren, fibrerna och tillsatserna väljs. Kompositer tillverkade av syntetiska råvaror ersätts av biokompositer som innehåller en naturlig komponent. Materialet som väljs är polypropen som polymer, maleinsyraanhydrid som kompatibiliseringsmedel och glasfiber för komposit medan hampafiber för biokomposit. För att uppnå optimala mekaniska egenskaper skapas blandningen med olika mängder väsentliga komponenter. De mekaniska egenskaperna hjälper till att definiera de branscher där materialet kan användas. Det finns olika kombinationer av råvaror med varierande fiberhalt, från vilka den bästa andelen av fibern väljs. För kompositer och biokompositer är fiberinnehållet i blandningen 10 % för att generera det bästa materialet med lämplig anpassningsförmåga och flexibilitet, vilket gör att materialet kan användas och ha tillämpningar inom flera industrier. En jämförande livscykelutvärdering används för att jämföra miljöpåverkan från båda materialens produktionsprocedurer. Bedömningsmodellen skapades med hjälp av en litteraturöversikt för att generera det optimala receptet för komposit- och biokompositmaterial. I de flesta påverkanskategorier visade sig biokompositmaterial vara mer hållbara än kompositmaterial. Användningen av polypropen som råvara har störst inflytande på den globala uppvärmningen, med glasfiber som bidrar mer till den globala uppvärmningen än hampafiber. Framtida studier kan innefatta a

This article reviews the slipstraw ceiling technology known in the Aymara language as “caruna.” The study was made in Aymara homes at more than 4,000 meters above sea level in the town of Tacora, in the region of Arica and Parinacota, Chile, as part of project 49204, financed by the National Cultural Heritage Service. It aims to recover this vernacular technique as an alternative to industrialized materials that have modified Andean housing and the quality of life in extreme climates over the last 25 years. Samples of materials used in this technique, reproduced by a local craftsman, were collected and analyzed in the laboratory to determine their thermal properties and workability. The energy performance of three homes in Tacora was also monitored to compare the results obtained with those of the laboratories. The findings revealed that the mud mold used in this ceiling technique is predominantly made from clay with medium compressibility and low thermal conductivity, which makes it apt for insulation in cold desert climates. Lightened clay and straw ceilings stand out in the local culture thanks to the availability of material resources and ease of installation. This study highlights the importance of preserving traditional knowledge, respecting ancestral knowledge, and improving the thermal performance of homes in the northern mountain range of Chile, Peru, and Bolivia, highlighting its relevance for developing sustainable and culturally relevant housing solutions., Este artigo trata da caracterização da tecnologia de um teto feito de palha e barro, conhecido na língua aimará como “caruna”. O estudo foi realizado em habitações aimarás a mais de 4.000 metros acima do nível do mar na cidade de Tacora, na região de Arica e Parinacota, Chile. O estudo faz parte do projeto 49204, financiado pelo Serviço Nacional de Patrimônio Cultural. Seu objetivo é resgatar essa técnica vernacular como uma alternativa aos materiais industrializados que modificaram as moradias andinas e a qualidade de vida em climas extremos nos últimos 25 anos. Amostras dos materiais usados nessa técnica, que foi reproduzida por um cultor local, foram coletadas e analisadas em laboratório para determinar suas propriedades térmicas e de trabalhabilidade. Além disso, o desempenho energético de três casas no vilarejo de Tacora foi monitorado para comparar os resultados obtidos com os dos laboratórios. As descobertas revelaram que a matriz de barro usada nessa técnica é predominantemente argilosa, com compressibilidade média e baixa condutividade térmica, o que faz com que seja adequada como isolante em climas desérticos frios. O telhado de palha e barro destacou-se por sua presença na cultura local, pela disponibilidade de recursos materiais e pela facilidade de instalação. Este estudo ressalta a importância de preservar o conhecimento tradicional, respeitar o conhecimento ancestral e melhorar o desempenho térmico das habitações na cordilheira norte do Chile, Peru e Bolívia, destacando sua relevância para o desenvolvimento de soluções habitacionais sustentáveis e culturalmente relevantes., Este artículo trata acerca de la caracterización de la tecnología de un cielo raso de paja y barro denominada en lengua aymara como “caruna”. El estudio se realizó en viviendas Aymaras a más de 4.000 metros sobre el nivel del mar en la localidad de Tacora, en la región de Arica y Parinacota, Chile. El estudio forma parte del proyecto 49204 financiado por el Servicio Nacional del Patrimonio Cultural. Su objetivo es rescatar esta técnica vernácula como alternativa a los materiales industrializados que han modificado la vivienda andina y la calidad de vida en climas extremos durante los últimos 25 años. Se recogieron muestras de los materiales utilizados en esta técnica, reproducida por un cultor local, y se analizaron en laboratorio para determinar sus propiedades térmicas y de trabajabilidad. Además, se monitoreó el desempeño energético de tres viviendas en el poblado de Tacora para comparar los resultados obtenidos con los de los laboratorios. Los hallazgos revelaron que la matriz de barro utilizada en esta técnica de encielado es predominantemente arcillosa con mediana compresibilidad y baja conductividad térmica, lo que la hace adecuada como aislante en climas desérticos fríos. El cielo de barro y paja alivianado se destacó por su presencia en la cultura local, la disponibilidad de recursos materiales y su facilidad de instalación. Este estudio subraya la importancia de preservar el conocimiento tradicional, respetando los saberes ancestrales y mejorando el desempeño térmico de las viviendas en la cordillera norte de Chile, Perú y Bolivia, destacando su relevancia para el desarrollo de soluciones habitacionales sostenibles y culturalmente pertinentes.

The present research work is nothing more than the result of addressing a problematic situation at an international, national and local level regarding pollution produced by plastics in nature and the need to generate pedagogical strategies that allow teachers to learn, teach of environmental education and sustainable development. The research process was developed in the following stages: a) The types of natural fibers that, by their nature, are malleable, resistant and affordable to replace plastic, were identified, evaluating their environmental impact b) Traditional manufacturing techniques from the El Palmar indigenous reservation were appropriated, in the use of natural elements that replace plastic, and c) An interactive environmental blog was developed that promotes the care, conservation and use of natural fibers as elements that replace the use of plastic. The investigative approach was based on a qualitative methodology where two instruments were directly used to collect information, such as the field diary and the interview. The results determined that; The identification and appropriation of artisanal manufacturing of natural fibers in the El Palmar indigenous reservation helps mitigate the environmental impact produced by the use of plastic, and the use of technological and didactic means allows another way of teaching and learning through interactive means., El presente trabajo de investigación, no es más que el resultado del abordaje de una situación problemática a nivel internacional, nacional y local sobre contaminación que producen los plásticos en la naturaleza y la necesidad de generar estrategias pedagógicas que permitan a los docentes el aprendizaje, enseñanza de la Educación ambiental y el desarrollo sostenible. El proceso investigativo se desarrolló en las siguientes etapas: a) Se identifico los tipos de fibras naturales que, por su naturaleza, maleables, resistentes y asequibles para la sustitución del plástico, evaluando el impacto ambiental de los mismos. b) Se apropió de técnicas de manufacturación tradicionales del resguardo indígena el Palmar, en el uso de elementos naturales que reemplazan el plástico, y c) Se elaboró un blog interactivo ambiental que promocione el cuidado, conservación y aprovechamientos de las fibras naturales como elementos que reemplace el uso del plástico. El enfoque investigativo se fundamentó en una metodología cualitativa donde se utilizaron de manera directa dos instrumentos para la recolección de la información, como, el diario de campo y la entrevista. Los resultados determinaron que; la identificación y apropiación de manufacturación artesanal de fibras naturales en el resguardo indígena El Palmar, ayuda a mitigar el impacto ambiental producido por el uso del plástico, y que la utilización de medios tecnológicos y didácticos permite otra forma de enseñar y aprender por medios interactivos.

Las empresas textiles de Colombia han implementado buenas prácticas de manufactura para los procesos de prelavado, basados en producción más limpia (FUNDES). Las anteriores incluyen la aplicación de estrategias ambientales preventivas integradas a los procesos, productos y servicios, con la finalidad de mejorar la ecoeficiencia y reducir los riesgos en humanos y en el medio ambiente. De acuerdo a lo anterior, este trabajo de investigación tuvo como finalidad el planteamiento de acciones de sostenibilidad para la mitigación del impacto ambiental que produce la industria textil en Colombia, en el desarrollo se realizó la descripción de los programas de control ambiental actual en la industria textil en Colombia, también se revisaron los antecedentes sobre el reciclaje textil.

The increasing frequency of oil spills has raised concerns for environmental pollution and has prompted the need for effective oil spill control measures. In this study, we propose a novel natural fiber oil spill absorbent mat that is environmentally friendly, low-cost, and efficient. The proposed mat is made of natural fibers and can absorb oil spills effectively. The mat was tested with different types of oils, including crude oil, vegetable oil, and motor oil. The results indicate that the proposed mat can absorb up to 10 times its weight in oil, making it an effective solution for oil spill control.

For modern high-tech flexible energy storage devices, it becomes important to synthesize micro-/nanostructures as per the required shape and morphology with superior physical and electro-active characteristics. This work shares the fabrication and characterization of ZnSn(OH)(6) (Zinc hydroxystannate [ZHS]) prepared by facile microwave-assisted technique and furthermore converted into flexible sheets by employing lignocelluloses (LC) known as natural fibers, collected from Carica papaya leaf petiole as a substrate to provide the flexible matrix. X-ray diffraction measurements confirm the successful crystalline structure of ZHS. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed the solid spherical structure of ZHS microspheres. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the composite formation of ZHS and LC-based composite sheets (ZHS/LC sheets). Electrochemical measurements that is, cyclic voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance (EIS) spectroscopy revealed the electroactive behavior of ZHS/LC paper sheets as working electrode for energy storage applications. CV measurements revealed the specific capacitance of 100 F/g and EIS measurements confirmed the decrease in the resistance of LC fiber after the growth of ZHS microspheres. Presented flexible ZHS based paper sheets will be highly feasible for the modern bendable/flexible/disposable energy storage applications.

This review provides an overview of use of natural fibers and potential use of rice straw fibers as reinforcement in composite. As it is known that after china, India is the second largest country in the world producing rice as food grains. As a result of producing more amount of rice a large amount of rice straw is left as a residue, some of which is used for fodder feeding and a large amount of which is just burned by the farmers .This burning off practice is very common in the country because it is the cheapest way in which farmers can rid of the waste material, It can be seen that every year our national capital gets into a cover of smog because of burning of parali (rice straw). Scientists have understood the potential of using rice straw natural fiber in place of wood fiber in various uses, hence many experimental labs and commercial research is being conducted in this field and a lot of startups are also being initiated on this. Various composites are being made and their properties are being tested in various parts of the world. These composites are mainly termed as green composites. These green composite have great potential in preventing our environment, giving sustainable replacement towards use of plastic, wood and all other materials in industrial use.

Crop protection residual plastic films are a growing environmental problem which requires efficient solutions. Their suitability as matrices for obtaining sustainable eco-composites reinforced with industrially-sourced residual natural fibers was investigated in order to boost their recovery and prevent waste generation. The analysis of the studied residual agricultural plastics revealed that they are low density polyethylene still containing significant amounts of ethylene-vinyl acetate (2.5-4.5 wt%). A pilot-plant extrusion-compounding technology was applied to a selected recycled plastic from residual agricultural films and the residual cellulose fibers for obtaining the eco-composites. The effects of cellulose-fiber content and a selected maleic anhydride-modified polyethylene coupling agent on the properties and interfacial adhesion of the eco-composites were investigated. By using micromechanical models, scientific data of the intrinsic modulus and strength of the Eucalyptus Globulus residual fibers, hitherto scarcely available in literature, were found to be 16.4 GPa and 180 MPa, respectively, thus revealing their suitability as cost-effective reinforcement. Tensile modulus and strength of the eco-composites were up to 667% and 70% greater than those of the neat agricultural recycled plastic, the latter due to the enhanced compatibility provided by the ethylene-vinyl acetate found. When the coupling agent was added, tensile and flexural strengths increased up to a maximum of 20.26 MPa and 23.96 MPa, respectively. Property variations were found to be due to the fiber length reduction and the interfacial adhesion improvement caused by the coupling agent as well as to its plasticizing effect. The properties achieved revealed the suitability of the eco-composites for their immediate application in the production of numerous environmentally sustainable and cost-effective end-products from the aforementioned wastes., Plan Nacional R&D, Secretaría para la Prevención de la Polución y el Cambio Climático del Departamento de Protección Medioambiental de España, Gobierno del Principado de Asturias, Sección Deptal. de Química Orgánica (Óptica y Optometría), Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

Polylactic acid (PLA) is aliphatic thermoplastic polyester. Composites based on PLA are biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic, which are the main advantages of using such composites. Based on the research results described in this paper, it was concluded that by adding natural fibers to the composite, certain characteristics can be significantly improved. This paper describes some of composite material characteristics based on PLA, modification of PLA, advantages and disadvantages of using PLA in composite materials, composition and methods of obtaining PLA-based composites, as well as the advantages of using wood plastic composites (WPC) based on PLA., Polilaktidna kiselina (PLA) je alifatični termoplastični poliester. Kompoziti na bazi PLA su biokompatibilni, biorazgradivi i netoksični, što čini glavne prednosti upotrebe ovakvih kompozita. Na osnovu rezultata istraživanja opisanih u ovom radu, došlo se do zaključka da se dodavanjem prirodnih vlakana kompozitu mogu znatno poboljšati pojedine karakteristike kompozita. U radu su opisana neke karakteristike kompozitnih materijala na bazi PLA, modifikacija PLA, prednosti i nedostaci upotrebe PLA u kompozitnim materijalima, sastav i metode dobijanja kompozita na bazi PLA, kao i prednosti upotrebe WPC kompozita na bazi PLA.

Unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) is one of the first commercialized polymer matrices for composites reinforced with glass fibers, but has remained popular to this day. To reduce their environmental impact, natural fibers have been used as reinforcements. Researchers all over the world are still interested in these composites, and numerous papers have been published in the last four decades. Using bibliometric analysis, this work provides compiled, structured, and relevant information about the evolution and current state of these materials. This first study on UPR biocomposites based on bibliometric analysis examined 531 published papers identified in the Scopus database from 1982 to July 2022. An analysis of the most active states, leading institutions, and leading authors is followed by the identification of key areas such as the most common natural fibers used as reinforcements, fiber treatments, and composite design parameters such as processing techniques; recently, composite testing; and technological applications. The findings emphasize the importance of staying active in this global field and provide information on novel promising topics for future research.

In recent years, there has been a growing concern regarding the reduction of extraction of non-renewable raw materials through the utilization of alternative and eco-efficient materials such as waste, pozzolans, and natural fibers. Thus, the study aims to investigate the feasibility of reducing the cement content in composites without compromising their physic-mechanical properties. The composite was manufactured with 45% cement, 50% metakaolin, and 5% construction and demolition waste, utilizing hornified jute and mallow fibers measuring 20 mm in length as reinforcement. The water-to-solid ratio was set at 0.4, with the inclusion of a superplasticizer additive at a concentration of 0.8%. Cubic samples were molded and subjected to an initial cure of 48 hours. Subsequently, the samples were divided into two groups. Group I underwent thermal curing for duration of five days, while Group II was subjected to an accelerated carbonation process lasting 9 h. The physic-mechanical properties were analyzed. The results demonstrate that the accelerated carbonation process led to a reduction in water absorption and apparent porosity of the fiber cement, also increasing the compressive strength by 7%. Overall, it was observed that the accelerated carbonation process during the early stages contributed to the enhancement of the physic-mechanical properties of the fiber cement.

Los sustitutos del cuero han ganado gran relevancia a través del tiempo, ejemplo de esto se tiene la cuerina o cuero sintético y la tela, que podrían ser de los más representativos entre los sustitutos, debido a que se usan en una gran cantidad de aplicaciones en las que se utiliza el cuero; recientemente se ha investigado sobre otro sustituto, el cual consiste en la realización de una cuerina o cuero vegano a partir de fibras obtenidas de fuentes vegetales (como el bambú, fique, algunas frutas, etc.), al cual se le denomina cuero vegetal, este se fabrica a partir de una mezcla de resinas, colorantes y/o aglutinantes que se depositan sobre las fibras naturales obteniendo así el sustituto deseado, este proceso se ha llevado a cabo y comercializado por empresas como Piñatex que lo realiza a partir de fibras de piña, Fiquetex que lo realiza a partir de fibras de fique, o Desserto que lo realiza a través de fibras de nopal, entre otras empresas. El presente proyecto de investigación tuvo como finalidad el diseño teórico de un proceso de producción de un sustituto del cuero a base de fibras naturales derivadas de la caña de azúcar. El cual consistió en la caracterización teórica del cuero, con el fin de conocer las propiedades idóneas que debe tener el sustituto propuesto a partir de fibras de caña de azúcar, también se realizó una caracterización teórica de la caña de azúcar, para conocer las propiedades que tienen las fibras antes del proceso, por último se hizo un procedimiento teórico en donde se describió cada proceso realizado para obtener el sustituto, lo que permitió saber el pre-tratamiento de las fibras para que estas sean aptas para el proceso, los equipos utilizados, las condiciones de operación de cada equipo (temperatura, tiempo, entre otras), las proporciones de mezcla de resinas y colorantes, para una planta piloto.

Plant fibres composites (PFCs) have lately gained significant interest due to their environment friendly aspects and enhanced physical and mechanical performances. A subcategory of PFCs that uses thermoplastics has become widespread with the advent of the additive manufacturing industry. This work is focused on the investigation of the thermoformability of PFCs made using two techniques: hot-press thermoforming and 3D printing. The hot-press technique is widely used by researchers and industrials, whereas 3D printing is celebrated as a technique that can produce very complex shapes in a relatively facile manner. The main goal of the work here is to explore the ability of each technique to produce PFC objects without requiring elaborate setups. Another objective is to assess their integration, alongside the use of other assistive techniques and tools like a vacuum bagging and oven. These assessments have been aimed at achieving better manufacturing outcomes, such as a lower fabrication time. In the part related to the optimization of the hot-press technique, flax and polypropylene (flax/PP) laminates have been fabricated and examined, mechanically and aesthetically, for their sensitivity towards five fabrication parameters and two post-processing variables. The produced Flax/PP laminate has shown potential use as a replacement to its glass counterparts, due to their advantageous specific stiffness. Regarding the 3D printing technique, a fused filament fabrication (FFF) printer and Polylactic Acid (PLA) filament have been used to prototype auxetic cellular structures. The study begun by looking at the effect of the filament colour and the printer deposition angle on the mechanical performance of the prints. Afterward, auxetic cellular structures were printed and examined. Flat-shaped honeycombs Poisson's ratio (PR) and dome-shaped honeycombs indentation and drop impact properties have been investigated. Dome-shaped honeycombs, in particular, show an interesting so

Fibers are used in many forms in engineering applications–one of the most common being used as reinforcement. Due to its renewable short natural growth cycle and abundance of bamboo resources, bamboo fiber has attracted attention over other natural fibers. Bamboo fiber has a complex natural structure but offers excellent mechanical properties, which are utilized in the textile, papermaking, construction, and composites industry. However, bamboo fibers can easily absorb moisture and are prone to corrosion limiting their use in engineering applications. Therefore, a better understanding of bamboo fiber is particularly important. This paper reviews all existing research on the mechanical characterization of bamboo fiber with an emphasis on the extraction and treatment techniques, and their effect on relevant properties. The chemical composition of bamboo fibers has also been thoroughly investigated and presented herein. Current applications and future opportunities for bamboo fibers in various fields have been presented with a focus on research needs. This work can serve as a reference for future research on bamboo fiber.

The radical-induced cationic frontal photopolymerization (RICFP) of fully biobased epoxy composites is successfully demonstrated. This curing strategy considerably reduces the curing time and improves the efficiency of the composite fabrication. Two different natural fiber fabrics made of cellulose and flax fibers are embedded in two epoxy matrices, one derived from vanillin (diglycidylether of vanillyl alcohol-DGEVA) and the other from petroleum (3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3,4-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate-CE). After RICFP the composites are characterized by means of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and tensile tests. The mechanical properties improved with increasing fiber content, confirming a strong adhesion between the matrix and the reinforcing fiber fabrics, which is further evidenced by scanning electron microscopy analyses of the fracture surfaces. Furthermore, these fully bio-based composites possess comparable or even higher mechanical strength compared with the corresponding epoxy composites fabricated with conventional CE resin. A promising facile route to high-performing natural fiber-biobased epoxy resin composites is presented., QC 20220921

This study aims to present various forms of cellulose, whose shape depends on the source of origin, and to demonstrate the differences in the influence on the properties of materials produced with its participation. For this purpose, composites with various plant additives have been designed and obtained. Some of them have undergone chemical and pyrolytic modifications. The results of the mechanical, physicochemical and microscopic tests showed differences in cellulose structure, even in the case of very similar sources, and its diversified influence on the characteristics of the obtained materials. The research shows the effect of the use of natural additives and their modified versions on the mechanical properties of the composite based on epoxy resin. It turns out that cellulose modifiers are not only fillers that reduce the price of the final product but can also increase some mechanical properties, e.g., compressive strength, which is an additional advantage and a reason for wider use. The potential of natural resources is not yet fully understood. Relatively recently, people have started to be interested in cellulose on a nanometric scale, as it turns out that it can exist in several different forms with interesting properties.

In the quest to develop sustainable and environmentally friendly materials, cellulose is a promising alternative to synthetic polymers. However, native cellulose, in contrast to many synthetic polymers, cannot be melt-processed with traditional techniques because, upon heating, it degrades before it melts. One way to improve the thermoplasticity of cellulose, in the form of cellulose fibers, is through chemical modification, for example, to dialcohol cellulose fibers. To better understand the importance of molecular interactions during melt processing of such modified fibers, we undertook a molecular dynamics study of dialcohol cellulose nanocrystals with different degrees of modification. We investigated the structure of the nanocrystals as well as their interactions with a neighboring nanocrystal during mechanical shearing, Our simulations showed that the stress, interfacial stiffness, hydrogen-bond network, and cellulose conformations during shearing are highly dependent on the degree of modification, water layers between the crystals, and temperature. The melt processing of dialcohol cellulose with different degrees of modification and/or water content in the samples was investigated experimentally by fiber extrusion with water used as a plasticizer. The melt processing was easier when increasing the degree of modification and/or water content in the samples, which was in agreement with the conclusions derived from the molecular modeling. The measured friction between the two crystals after the modification of native cellulose to dialcohol cellulose, in some cases, halved (compared to native cellulose) and is also reduced with increasing temperature. Our results demonstrate that molecular modeling of modified nanocellulose fibers can provide fundamental information on the structure-property relationships of these materials and thus is valuable for the development of new cellulose-based biomaterials., QC 20230607

The production of polymeric materials worldwide in a wide range of applications represented an estimated consumption volume of 359 million tons last year. Polymers, due to their versatility of production and application in various fields of industry, are currently generating an environmental problem due to the large amounts of waste generated for their final disposal. To find environmentally friendly applications, different types of materials have been developed, such as biopolymers, which can be used to manufacture polymeric matrix composite materials with some type of organic filler such as natural fibers to produce products for the food, construction, and automotive sectors, among others. Biodegradable polymers have become a good option to be used as a substitute material that can mitigate to a certain extent the environmental impact generated by conventional polymers. This bibliographic review shows the application trend of polymeric matrix biopolymers with a natural fiber. For this purpose, a search for relevant information on the trends of these materials, as well as their different applications in various sectors of the industry worldwide, was made to provide a clear understanding of the new trends for future developments and research., La producción de materiales poliméricos a nivel mundial representa un consumo estimado en volumen de 359 millones de toneladas en el último año. Los polímeros, por su versatilidad de producción y aplicación en diversos campos de la industria, hoy en día están generando un problema ambiental por las grandes cantidades de residuos que se generan para su disposición final. Con el objetivo de encontrar aplicaciones amigables con el medio ambiente, se han venido desarrollando diferentes tipos de materiales como son los biopolímeros, que se pueden utilizar para fabricar materiales compuestos de matriz polimérica con algún tipo de carga de origen orgánico como las fibras naturales, para elaborar productos para el sector alimenticio, de construcción y automotriz, entre otros. Los polímeros biodegradables se han convertido en una buena opción para ser empleados como material sustituto que puedan mitigar en cierta proporción el impacto ambiental generado por los polímeros convencionales. El presente trabajo reporta una revisión bibliográfica que muestra la tendencia de aplicación de los biopolímeros de matriz polimérica con fibra natural. Para este propósito, se generó una búsqueda de información relevante sobre las tendencias de estos materiales, como también de sus diferentes aplicaciones en diversos sectores de la industria a nivel mundial, que permitan dar un conocimiento claro de las nuevas tendencias de la investigación para futuros desarrollos e investigaciones.

El polipropilè és un termoplàstic que exhibeix bones propietats mecàniques similars a les del polietilè. La principal diferència entre aquests dos polímers és la presència d'un grup metil adjuntat als àtoms alterns de carboni que pot modificar les propietats del polipropilè de diverses maneres, les quals seran descrites en més detall. L'ús de fibres naturals en combinació amb aquesta matriu de polímer per crear materials biocomposites ha estat una tendència prominent en investigació en l'última dècada. Això es deu principalment al seu potencial reducció del 80% en pes i consum d’energia. No obstant això, les diferències químiques estructurals, que es poden observar en el caràcter hidrofòbic/hidrofílic de les fibres i la matriu termoplàstica respectivament, és el major inconvenient per generar una bona interacció entre les fibres i la matriu. Com que l’adhesió entre la matriu i les fibres determina les propietats mecàniques dels biocomposites, s’utilitza la modificació química i física per promoure l’adhesió fibra/matriu, resultant en una millora d’aquesta. Un exemple d'això seria l'agent d’acoblament Polipropilè injectat amb Anhídrid Maleic (MAPP). En aquest estudi, biocomposites reforçats amb fibres de pinya incrustades dins d’una matriu de polipropilè amb petits percentatges de MAPP seran desenvolupats per extrusió i injecció. Seguidament, aquests biocomposites seran testats mecànicament amb l’objectiu d’avaluar l’efecte del MAPP a les seves propietats mecàniques finals. El mateix experiment es durà a terme amb materials compostos fets només de polipropilè amb percentatges creixents de MAPP. L’addició de MAPP mostra tenir un impacte positiu en la interacció fibra/matriu, ja que la majoria de les propietats mecàniques obtingudes per a aquests biocomposites milloren. Tot i així, cal fer més recerca en aquest tema perquè el seu efecte no actua sempre en la mateixa direcció. D’altra banda, l’addició de MAPP als compostos de polipropilè no mostra un efecte positiu en t, El polipropileno es un termoplástico que exhibe buenas propiedades mecánicas, similares a las del polietileno. La principal diferencia entre estos dos polímeros es la presencia de un grupo metilo adjuntado a los átomos alternos de carbono que puede modificar las propiedades del polipropileno de distintas formas, las cuales serán descritas en mayor detalle. El uso de fibras naturales en combinación con esta matriz de polímero para crear materiales biocomposties ha sido una tendencia prominente en investigación en la última década. Esto se debe principalmente a su potencial reducción del 80% en peso y consumo de energía. Sin embargo, las diferencias químicas estructurales que pueden observarse en el carácter hidrofóbico/hidrofílico de las fibras y la matriz termoplástica respectivamente, son el mayor inconveniente para generar una buena interacción entre las fibras y la matriz. Dado que la adhesión entre las fibras y la matriz determina las propiedades mecánicas del biocomposite, se utiliza la modificación química y física para promover la adhesión fibra/matriz, resultando en una mejora de la misma. Un ejemplo de ello sería el agente de acoplamiento Polipropileno inyectado con Anhídrido Maleico (MAPP). En este estudio, biocomposites reforzados con fibras de piña incrustadas dentro de una matriz de polipropileno con pequeños porcentajes de MAPP serán desarrollados por extrusión e inyección. Seguidamente, estos biocomposites serán testados mecánicamente con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto del MAPP en sus propiedades mecánicas finales. El mismo experimento se llevará a cabo con materiales compuestos hechos solamente de polipropileno con porcentajes crecientes de MAPP. La adición de MAPP muestra tener un impacto positivo en la interacción fibra/matriz, ya que la mayoría de las propiedades mecánicas obtenidas para estos biocomposites mejoraron. Aun así, se necesita realizar más investigación sobre este tema porque su efecto no actúa siempre en la misma dirección. Por otro, Polypropylene is a thermoplastic which exhibits good mechanical properties similar to those of polyethylene. The main difference between these two polymers is the presence of a methyl group attached to the alternate carbon atoms which can modify the properties of polypropylene in diverse ways, which will be later discussed in more detail. The use of natural fibers in combination with this polymer matrix to create biocomposite materials has been a prominent trend in research over the last decade. This is mainly due to their potential reduction of 80% in weight and energy consumption. Nonetheless, chemical structural differences, which may be seen in the marked hydrophilic/hydrophobic character of the fibers and the thermoplastic matrix, respectively, are a major drawback for generating robust fiber/matrix interactions. Because adhesion between the matrix and the fibers determines the mechanical properties of biocomposites, chemical and physical modification approaches are utilized to promote fiber/matrix adhesion, resulting in an enhance of them. An example of this would be the coupling agent Maleic Anhydride-grafted Polypropylene (MAPP). In this study, pinecone reinforcement embedded in a polypropylene matrix with small percentages of MAPP biocomposites will be developed by extrusion and injection. Furthermore, these biocomposites will be mechanically tested with the objective of evaluating the MAPP effect on their final mechanical properties. The same experiment was carried out on composites made of only polypropylene with increasing percentages of MAPP. The addition of MAPP shows to have a positive impact on the fiber/matrix interaction, as most of the obtained mechanical properties of these biocomposites improved. Even tough, more research needs to be done on this topic because its effect is not acting always in the same direction. On the other hand, the addition of MAPP to polypropylene composites does not show a positive effect in terms of final mechanical prop, Outgoing, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima

Projecte sorgit de la preocupació per la preservació del medi ambient i la contribució a reduir les emissions de CO2 produïdes en la fabricació, utilització i posterior reciclat dels materials compostos reforçats amb fibra de vidre. Es decideix plantejar objectivament la vertadera viabilitat de substituir les fibres de vidre per una fibra natural que garanteixi un comportament mecànic similar a l’obtingut utilitzant fibres de vidre com a reforç en materials compostos. Es fabriquen uns compostos només diferenciats pel tipus de reforç i caracteritzats a partir d'assajos de tracció i flexió. Gràcies als resultats dels assajos s'avaluen les diferències entre compostos i es determina el potencial de les fibres naturals. Posteriorment, s'avalua a través de simulacions i anàlisis d'esforços, si és factible aplicar aquests compostos en la fabricació de la cúpula de la moto elèctrica de l'equip de competició UPC Vilanova E3 Team. Per acabar, es detallen totes les consideracions de reciclabilitat i sostenibilitat que objectivament cal tenir en compte en tractar amb aquests materials., Proyecto surgido de la preocupación por la preservación del medio ambiente y la contribución a reducir las emisiones de CO₂ producidas en la fabricación, utilización y posterior reciclado de los materiales compuestos reforzados con fibra de vidrio. En este trabajo se plantea objetivamente la verdadera viabilidad de sustituir las fibras de vidrio por una fibra natural que garantice un comportamiento mecánico similar al obtenido utilizando fibras de vidrio como refuerzo en materiales compuestos. Se fabrican unos compuestos solo diferenciados por el tipo de refuerzo y caracterizados a partir de ensayos de tracción y flexión. A partir de los resultados de los ensayos se evalúan las diferencias entre compuestos y se determina el potencial de las fibras naturales. Posteriormente, se evalúa mediante simulaciones y análisis de esfuerzos si es factible aplicar estos compuestos en la fabricación de la cúpula de la moto eléctrica del equipo de competición UPC Vilanova E3 Team. Para finalizar, se detallan todas las consideraciones de reciclaje y sostenibilidad que objetivamente se deben tener en cuenta al tratar con estos materiales., This project stems from concern for preserving the environment and contributing to reduce carbon emissions produced in the manufacture, use and recycling of fibre-reinforced composite materials. It is decided to objectively establish the proper feasibility of replacing glass fibres with a natural fibre that ensures similar mechanical behaviour to that of glass fibres. The manufacture of composites is differentiated only by the type of reinforcement and is characterised by tensile and flexural testing. The results of the tests allow us to evaluate the differences between compounds and the potential of natural fibres is determined. In addition, simulations and effort analysis were conducted to evaluate whether these compounds were feasible for use in the manufacture of electric motorcycle domes for the UPC Vilanova E3 Team competition team. To conclude, all considerations of recyclability and sustainability that must be objectively taken into account are made.

One of the most common load modes is flexure. The paper measures and models the flexural strength and modulus of a bio-polyethylene reinforced with thermos-mechanical fibers from corn stover. Moreover, the authors use modified rules of mixtures to evaluate the contribution of the reinforcements to the properties of the composite. It was found a high impact of coupling agent content on the strength of the composites, and materials with a 6% of such agent and 50% of reinforcement increased 181% the strength of the matrix, and 464% its modulus. The obtained values are noticeable higher than polypropylene and some of its composites. Micromechanics analysis shows that the effect of natural fiber reinforcement on the flexural properties of a bio-based PE is similar to the effects on a polyolefin. Thus, the use of fully bio-based composites can be proposed as a substitute for some oil-based polymers, partially bio-based materials, and their composites, Postprint (author's final draft)

При производстве рабочей одежды используются натуральные, синтетические и смесовые ткани. Натуральные ткани хорошо пропускают воздух, гигиеничные, не вызывают раздражения, не накапливают статическое электричество, но уступают синтетике по износостойкости, прочности и устойчивости к загрязнениям. Синтетические ткани эластичны, долговечны, легко стираются, но у них есть свои недостатки - они плохо пропускают воздух, не комфортные при высокой температуре, могут вызывать раздражение кожи. Самые популярные ткани для изготовления спецодежды - смесовые. Материал нужно выбирать для определенных условий. Материал, который отвечает всем требованиям, предъявляемым к спецодежде сварщика является базальтовая ткань, которая не воспламеняется, не горит, не подвергается коррозии, виброустойчива, обладает высокой химической стойкостью к щелочным и кислотным средам, рабочий диапазон температур от -250 °С до +700 °С, а также обладает долговечностью, высокой стойкостью к разложению и механическому износу., In the production of workwear, natural, synthetic and blended fabrics are used. Natural fabrics well pass air, hygienic, do not cause irritation, do not accumulate static electricity, but are inferior to synthetics in terms of wear resistance, strength and resistance to pollution. Synthetic fabrics are elastic, durable, easy to wash, but they have their drawbacks - they are poorly breathable, not comfortable at high temperatures, and can cause skin irritation. The most popular fabrics for the manufacture of workwear are blended. The material must be selected for certain conditions. The material that meets all the requirements for the workwear of the welder is basalt fabric, which is not ignited, does not burn, does not undergo corrosion, is vibration resistant, has high chemical resistance to alkaline and acidic media, operating temperature range from -250 °C to +700 °C, and also has durability, high resistance to decomposition and mechanical wear.

I find several compelling parallels between the human and plant realms, particularly in relation to place and identity. Refreshing insights, questions, and perspectives have arisen for me in my reflections on the history and ecosystems of Hawaiʻi, my own identity, and my work. I am interested in how we construct and deconstruct individual identities within the context of a larger society. As human beings, we shift, adapt, resist, or embrace the various influences within the social, cultural and natural ecosystems in which we live. We invent and reorganize ourselves continuously as we move through time and space. I associate this journey of finding and fitting the pieces of ourselves together with patchwork — articulating and finding meaning in the patterns, textures, and salvageable pieces of our identities. Like plants, we live in transformation. I use a variety of natural fibers in my work, including wool, silk, and wauke (Broussonetia papyrifera). While I honor traditions from the past (harvesting and beating bark and hand-felting wool are among the oldest of fiber craft forms), I also experiment with new methods as a way of expressing my own, authentic voice. My current work straddles the lines between craft and fine art, representation and abstraction, and conceptual vocabularies that merge artistic traditions related to my biological origins: African American patchwork quilting and Finnish felting with tapa (bark cloth) and artistic traditions from Hawaiʻi.

[ES] En las últimas décadas, el consumo de polímeros empleados en el día a día ha ido aumentando considerablemente y con ello también la necesidad tanto de obtener la materia prima necesaria, así como gestionar adecuadamente los residuos generados. Es por ello que el interés en encontrar métodos que disminuyan la cantidad de materia prima necesaria, así como de poder alargar la vida útil de los polímeros se ha incrementado de manera notable. Debido a esto, la investigación y el estudio de composites formados por una matriz polimérica y refuerzos de fibras naturales lleva generando un gran interés desde años atrás, así como los procesos de deformación micromecánica que puedan producirse durante su empleo; sin olvidar el cómo afecta el reciclaje de estos composites a sus propiedades mecánicas. Este trabajo presenta el estudio de composites formados por polipropileno H649 (PP) y fibra de bagazo de caña de azúcar (SF). Se realizan diferentes muestras de composite variando tanto la cantidad de SF como la inclusión de un agente enlazante. Se realizará en primer lugar la extrusión de la materia prima para la formación del composite, así como una segunda extrusión para obtener las probetas para los ensayos, de las cuales se utilizarán entre 18 y 20 y el resto se triturarán para reciclar el composite. Se realizan los ensayos para obtener las propiedades mecánicas como el esfuerzo a la tensión, el módulo de Young, la resistencia al impacto. Simultáneamente al ensayo de tensión, los procesos de deformación locales se detectan mediante el empleo de la técnica de emisión acústica (AE). Los procesos de triturado del material se repiten dos veces con el fin de simular el proceso de reciclaje y estudiar el efecto de los procesos de deformación micromecánicos y las propiedades mecánicas macroscópicas., [EN] In the last few decades, the consumption of polymers used on a daily basis has been increasing tremendously, and so with that, the necessity of obtaining the necessary raw materials, as well as the management of the generated waste. For this reason, the interest on finding new methods for decreasing the raw material quantity needed, as well as increasing the useful life of the polymers has increased significantly. Accordingly, the investigation and research of composites based on a polymeric matrix and natural fiber reinforcements have been generating a great interest since years ago, as well as the micromechanical deformation processes which occur during their use; without forgetting how the recycling processes affect to their mechanical properties. This project presents the research of recycled polypropylene (PP)/sugarcane bagasse fiber (SCB). Different samples of composites were prepared, variating the SCB proportion and the application of a coupling agent. In first place, the extrusion of the raw materials was carried out for composite preparation, then injection molding was used to obtain dogbone specimens, from which 18-20 pieces were used and the rest was ground for recycling the composite. Mechanical properties like Young’s modulus, yield stress, tensile strength and corresponding deformations, as well as impact resistance were determined. Simultaneously with the tensile testing, local deformation processes were detected using the acoustic emission (AE) technique. The grinding steps of the materials were repeated twice in order to model the recycling process and to study its effect on the micromechanical deformation processes and on the macroscopic mechanical properties.

[ES] La evolución de la tendencia del pensamiento de la gente en los últimos años ha cambiado, llevándonos a adquirir nuevos valores enfocados en la sostenibilidad de los recursos naturales y el respeto hacia el medio ambiente. Con ello, la perspectiva de producto se ha visto afectada en todos los sectores, incluido el sector de la automoción. La aparición de nuevas normas medioambientales han establecido obligaciones sobre los fabricantes de vehículos respecto a la reducción de consumo y emisiones contaminantes por lo que cada vez es más habitual identificar materiales ligeros en vehículos de uso cotidiano con la finalidad de mejorar la eficiencia energética a partir de la reducción de masa. El presente estudio pretende avanzar un paso más en la utilización de materiales compuestos centrando su temática en el desarrollo de nuevos materiales para la fabricación de componentes estructurales de vehículos que permitan la reducción de consumos desde un punto de vista sostenible. Para ello se plantea la aplicación de nuevos materiales compuestos basados en la utilización de fibras naturales, que sustituyan a los materiales utilizados tradicionalmente. En el estudio se plantea la utilización de una única matriz (epoxi) común a todos los tejidos naturales ensayados que permita realizar un estudio comparativo centrado en los tejidos, para obtener un material compuesto eficiente en su fabricación, uso y reciclaje buscando el equilibrio entre densidad, coste, resistencia y reciclabilidad. El estudio ha consistido en la realización de ensayos de tracción, compresión, flexión, impacto, dureza, cortadura y fatiga, a partir de los cuales se han podido extraer las propiedades mecánicas necesarias para realizar un modelo MEF uniaxial en el software ANSYS ACP, comparando resultados con distintas orientaciones de fibras. Tras esto, se ha dimensionado un componente utilizando el modelo MEF uniaxial para un estudio multiaxial. Este componente ha sido fabricado y posteriormente ensayado, [CA] L'evolució de la tendència del pensament de la gent als últims anys ha canviat, portant-nos a adquirir nous valors enfocats a la sostenibilitat dels recursos naturals i al respecte cap al medi ambient. A causa d'això, la perspectiva de producte s'ha vist afectada en tots els sectors, inclòs al sector de l'automoció. L'aparició de noves normes mediambientals han establit obligacions sobre els fabricants de vehicles respecte a la reducció de consum i emissions contaminants pel que cada vegada és més habitual identificar materials lleugers en vehicles d'ús quotidià amb la finalitat de millorar l'eficiència energètica a partir de la reducció de massa. El present estudi pretén avançar un pas més en la utilització de materials compostos centrant la seua temàtica en el desenvolupament de nous materials per a la fabricació de components de vehicles que permeten la reducció de consums des d'un punt de vista sostenible. Per a això es planteja l'aplicabilitat de nous materials compostos basats en la utilització de fibres naturals, que substituïsquen els materials emprats tradicionalment. En l'estudi es planteja la utilització d'una única matriu (epoxi) comú a tots els teixits naturals assajats que permeta realitzar un estudi comparatiu centrat en els teixits per obtindre un material compost eficient en la seua fabricació, ús i reciclatge, buscant l'equilibri entre densitat, cost, resistència i reciclabilitat. L'estudi ha consistit en la realització d'assajos de tracció, compressió, flexió, impacte, duresa, tallant i fatiga, a partir dels quals s'han pogut extraure les propietats mecàniques necessàries per a realitzar un model MEF uniaxial al programa ANSYS ACP, comparant resultats amb diferents orientacions de fibres. Després d'això, s'ha dimensionat un component utilitzant el model MEF uniaxial per a un estudi multiaxial. Aquest component s'ha fabricat i posteriorment s'ha assajat en un banc de fatiga amb la finalitat de contrastar els resultats del programa amb els obti, [EN] The evolution of the trend of people's thinking in recent years has changed, leading us to acquire new values focused on the sustainability of natural resources and respect for the environment. As a result, the product outlook has been affected in all sectors, including the automotive. The imposition of new environmental regulations has established obligations for vehicle manufacturers in terms of fuel consumption and polluting emissions, which is why it is increasingly common to identify lightweight materials in everyday vehicles, in order to improve energy efficiency through from mass reduction. This study seeks to advance the use of composite materials, focusing its theme on the development of new materials for the manufacture of structural vehicle components. For this, it is proposed the development of new composite materials based on the use of natural fibers is proposed to replace the materials traditionally used. In the work is proposed a comparative study focused on fabrics, using a single matrix (epoxy) common to all the test specimens, to obtain an efficient composite material in its manufacture, use and recycling, seeking the balance between density, cost, resistance and recyclability. During the development of the research, it has been necessary to perform tensile, compression, bending, impact, hardness, shear and fatigue tests to extract the mechanical properties necessary to make a uniaxial MEF model in the ANSYS ACP software, comparing results with different orientations fibers. After this, a component has been dimensioned using the uniaxial FEM model for a multiaxial study. This component has been manufactured and subsequently tested in a fatigue bench in order to compare the results of the software with those obtained empirically, and in turn validate the application.

This article examines the technological origins and changes of the Colombian fique (henequen) industry throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It argues that the industry was established and reached significant levels of growth, in part due to the input of Colombian intellectuals, entrepreneurs, and scientists who examined global developments, disseminated useful knowledge, and sought to adapt suitable crops, practices, and technologies to Colombia's particular needs, settings, and social traits. These individuals looked mainly at Mexico. This history challenges the traditional assumption that Latin American countries generally developed a technological dependence on the North Atlantic nations. Mid-nineteenth-century Mexican inventions turned out to be particularly useful to Colombians seeking to foster small productive units in rural areas. The Colombian fique industry developed initially as "patrimonio de los pobres" ("heritage of the poor"). Attempts to introduce sophisticated, expensive technologies proved futile.

[EN] This study focuses on the potential uses in textiles of fibers of soy protein (SP) and chitin, which are naturally occurring polymers that can be obtained from agricultural and food processing by-products and wastes. The as-received natural fibers were first subjected to a three-step manufacturing process to develop yarns that were, thereafter, converted into fabrics by weft knitting. Different characterizations in terms of physical properties and comfort parameters were carried out on the natural fibers and compared to waste derived fibers of coir and also conventional cotton and cotton-based fibers, which are widely used in the textile industry. The evaluation of the geometry and mechanical properties revealed that both SP and chitin fibers showed similar fineness and tenacity values than cotton, whereas coir did not achieve the expected properties to develop fabrics. In relation to the moisture content, it was found that the SP fibers outperformed the other natural fibers, which could successfully avoid variations in the mechanical performance of their fabrics as well as impair the growth of microorganisms. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of the natural fibers was assessed against different bacteria and fungi that are typically found on the skin. The obtained results indicated that the fibers of chitin and also SP, being the latter functionalized with biocides during the fiber-formation process, showed a high antimicrobial activity. In particular, reductions of up to 100% and 60% were attained for the bacteria and fungi strains, respectively. Finally, textile comfort was evaluated on the weft-knitted fabrics of the chitin and SP fibers by means of thermal and tactile tests. The comfort analysis indicated that the thermal resistance of both fabrics was similar to that of cotton, whereas their air permeability was higher, particularly for chitin due to its higher fineness, which makes these natural fibers very promising for summer clothes. Both the SP

Hydroelectric power is a leading source of renewable energy where large turbines convert the kinetic energy of water into electricity. In order to not exceed the capacity limit of the turbine, excess water in the dams needs to be diverted away through spillways. In order to do in-house testing of the water flow, a 1:30 scale tunnel manufactured by an external supplier is used. The production of the tunnels is however preferred to be done in-house. In this thesis different material options and methods for the tunnel modeling production are examined. This has been achieved by a thorough literature study following practical experiments. Polymers are known for their strength and stiffness to weight ratio as well as low cost and availability. To further enhance its material properties for given applications, polymers can be reinforced with different fibers creating a composite. Several fibers were considered, however in order to support the set strategy of Vattenfall AB regarding environmental and sustainability goals, natural fibers, specifically hemp and flax deemed to be a good fit using epoxy as the matrix material. Based on the material properties tested for the composites, flax with epoxy was the resulting material used to model the tunnels. The final method for the production process using said material was based on three different methods that were tested. The conclusion was that using a flax-epoxy composite with a hand lay-up method using a negative mold made of Styrofoam gave the best results. It should, however, be noted that a definite production process for the tunnel could not be determined due to time limitations. A theoretical production process for tunnel modeling was nevertheless composed.

Bioinspiration in nature’s design strategies aligned with digital fabrication, have great relevance for problem solving with a focus on the systematic application of biologi-cal information for the emulation of natural elements. Currently, the possibilities are giv-en by the latest technologies, production systems and the development of new structures and materials. This research explores the investigation of biology, the use of parametric computing and digital fabrication, including experiments with sustainable materials as inseparable dimensions of bioinspired design. Agave Sisalana fibers have excellent light-ness and resistance properties provided by the structural pattern of cell walls and their material properties. Being presented as a natural system of biomimetic inspiration and bio-inspired material experimentation., A bioinspiração nas estratégias de design da natureza alinhadas com a fabri-cação digital, tem grande relevância para a solução de problemas com foco na aplicação sistemática de informações biológicas para a emulação de elementos naturais. Atualmen-te, as possibilidades são dadas pelas mais recentes tecnologias, sistemas de produção e o desenvolvimento de novas estruturas e materiais. Esta pesquisa explora a investigação da biologia, o uso da computação paramétrica e a fabricação digital, incluindo experimentos com materiais sustentáveis como dimensões inseparáveis do design bioinspirado. As fibras do Agave Sisalana apresentam excelentes propriedades de leveza e resistência proporcio-nadas pelo padrão estrutural das paredes celulares e suas propriedades materiais. Sendo apresentado como um sistema natural de inspiração biomimética e experimentação de materiais bioinspirados., La bioinspiración en las estrategias de diseño de la naturaleza alineadas con la fabricación digital, tienen gran relevancia para la resolución de problemas con un enfoque en la aplicación sistemática de información biológica para la emulación de elementos naturales. Actualmente, las posibilidades están dadas por las últimas tecnologías, sistemas de producción y el desarrollo de nuevas estructuras y materiales. Esta investigación explora la investigación de la biología, el uso de la computación paramétrica y la fabricación digital, incluyendo experimentos con materiales sostenibles como dimensiones inseparables del diseño bioinspirado. Las fibras de Agave Sisalana tienen excelentes propiedades de ligereza y resistencia proporcionadas por el patrón estructural de las paredes celulares y sus propiedades materiales. Presentarse como un sistema natural de inspiración biomimética y experimentación de materiales bioinspirados.

This feasibility study investigates the mechanical properties of novel hybrid biocomposites for lightweight applications, which include high content of components based on renewable feedstock and at the same time show high mechanical performance. In contrast to established synthetic hybrid composites containing different types of synthetic fibers in a one composite, this is a combination of synthetic high-performance fibers with natural fibers in one reinforcing textile manufactured using a weaving technique. The investigated bio-hybrid woven textiles contain a combination of flax with glass or carbon fibers. In this study the bending properties of the bio-hybrid textile composites are evaluated in comparison with biocomposites containing merely flax textiles. The biocomposites are manufactured by embedding the hybrid fabrics into a bio-based epoxy matrix. The results show that the use of the hybrid woven textiles with a mass fraction of natural fibers corresponding to 50% enables manufacture of biocomposites with significantly higher bending properties compared with flax fiber-reinforced biocomposites. Furthermore, the achieved values are comparable with those of the sandwich-structured hybrid biocomposites.

[EN] Research on sound-absorbing materials made of natural fibers is an emerging area in sustainable materials. In this communication, the use of raw esparto grass as an environmentally friendly sound-absorbing material is explored. Measurements of the normal-incidence sound-absorption coefficient and airflow resistivity of three different types of esparto from different countries are presented. In addition, the best-fit coefficients for reasonable prediction of the sound-absorption performance by means of simple empirical formulae are reported. These formulae require only knowledge of the airflow resistivity of the fibrous material. The results presented in this paper are an addition to the characterization of available natural fibers to be used as alternatives to synthetic ones in the manufacturing of sound-absorbing materials.

In this study, the back calculated compressive properties of flax fibers utilizing the Impregnated Fiber Bundle Test (IFBT) were investigated. The back calculated stress-strain response can be described by the Ramberg-Osgood model. The compressive modulus of the fiber is similar to its tensile modulus. The compressive strength of the fiber is approximately 45 % of its tensile strength. Considering the presence of local fiber kinking within the elementary fibers as well as global fiber kinking due to fiber misalignments and plastic shear deformation in the matrix material, this is a remarkably high value for the compressive strength. Our results indicate that local fiber kinking precedes global fiber kinking. We show that IFBT is a promising method for determining the compressive properties of flax fibers and provides necessary input data for finite element analysis of the compressive failure mechanisms in unidirectional flax fiber reinforced composites., QC 20220215

Nowadays, the recycling potential of wood waste is still limited and in a resource cascading approach,recycling wood waste in cement composite materials, such as wood wool cement board (WWCB) appears as a promising solution. The quality of the wood waste is the main factor leading to the instability of the final product which can affect the mechanical properties or the wood cement compatibility. However, the possibility to recycle wood waste as a spruce replacement for WWCB manufacture needs more investigation in order to assess the impact of wood waste on the mechanical performances of the final product,but also to characterize the behavior of hazardous substances embodied in a cement matrix. This paper addresses the characterization of two types of wood waste, from pallets and demolition waste and their influence on the manufacturing process, mechanical properties and chemical compatibility when used in WWCB. A comprehensive approach is provided to define the influence of wood waste on the hydration reaction of the cement and the chemical and physical properties of the composite are assessed by isothermal calorimetry, leaching measurement and microscopy. Finally, the mechanical properties of WWCB are tested for different wood waste content in order to define the best wood/wood waste ratio and thereby confirming the possibility to reuse the wood waste in fiber/cement composite for building application.

La construcción con tierra puede encontrarse en innumerables civilizaciones, desde el comienzo de lo que se conoce como el desarrollo de la arquitectura, siendo un material natural, de fácil obtención y manipulación. Con el paso del tiempo y la búsqueda de los mejores materiales, se empieza a optar por otro tipo de construcciones más usuales actualmente, dejando olvidada esta técnica. No obstante, el mundo de la construcción está cambiando y, con ello, los materiales. Siendo este ámbito uno de los más contaminantes del planeta, no es extraño que, en los últimos años, haya aparecido un interés por una arquitectura respetuosa con el medio ambiente. De este modo, vuelve la construcción con tierra pero, esta vez, con un punto de vista más innovador. Se están desarrollando investigaciones y nuevas técnicas con el fin de optimizar los compuestos con tierra para su normalización en los proyectos de arquitectura. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo el análisis y la realización de un material de construcción de suelo estabilizado mediante fibras para conseguir una mejora de sus propiedades. El estudio, en primera instancia, se centra en la comparativas, tanto de propiedades físicas como ambientales, de la utilización en suelo de dos fibras de naturaleza diferente, unas de origen natural y otras sintéticas. Además, se discuten varios temas críticos que ponen en evidencia el papel de los materiales sostenibles a través de su puesta en valor para la mejora de materiales de construcción. Se recogen los resultados de estudios e investigaciones realizadas con el fin de contrastar qué fibra es la más idónea teniendo en cuenta diversos factores. Mediante un proceso de mezclado, se añaden las fibras distribuidas al azar, en diversas cantidades, junto con otros componentes, creando así un nuevo compuesto. El resultado final propuesto de suelo estabilizado con fibras es una prueba más de las ventajas que puede presentar la incorporación de materiales naturales a la construcción., From all the senses that people possess, one of the most important is sight; we know the world through our gazes, managing to move from the depths of the sea to the heights of the sky. However, this could not be done until a few years ago, the zenithal gaze of the earth is the most used today, and thanks to it you can know the territory and move in it. This look offers multiple utilities, among them tosee the nature and to discover elements that would not have been obtained otherwise. This research is developed around zenitha lviews that are capable of generating ideas for the development of architectural projects. To this end, we will talk about the greatest zenithal view that human beings possess, Google Earth, as well as learning about the element that allowed access to it, the airplane; continuing with the exhibition and description of different projects generated through zenithal views. Finally, a bank of aerial photographs will be prepared, classified according to the inspiration they can generate. This work originates from the exploration of a new form of architectural ideation, while at the same time it seeks to encourage imagination and creativity through zenithal gazes.

The research toward environmentally friendly materials has devoted a great effort on composites based on natural fiber-reinforced biopolymers. These materials have shown noticeable mechanical properties, mainly tensile and flexural strengths, as a consequence of increasingly strong interfaces. Previous studies have shown a good interface between natural fibers and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) when these fibers present a low lignin content in their surface chemical composition (bleached fibers). Nonetheless, one of the main drawbacks of these materials is the hydrophilicity of the reinforcements in front of the mineral ones like glass fiber. Meanwhile, the behavior of such materials under impact is also of importance to evaluate its usefulness. This research evaluates the water uptake behavior and the impact strength of bleached Kraft softwood-reinforced PLA composites that have been reported to show noticeable tensile and flexural properties. The paper explores the differences between these bio-based materials and commodity composites like glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

In this article, with the aim of promoting sustainability, contributing to the circular economy and the fight against climate change, the production of composite materials from Bio-polyethylene reinforced with corn stover fibers has been studied. The behavior of the materials obtained has been studied experimentally and by mathematical models of micromechanics. The composite materials were produced by extrusion and then injection with from 10 to 50 wt.% of fibers. The creation of a good fiber-matrix interface was studied by the incorporation of coupling agent between (0–8 wt.%). Increase of 131.2% on tensile strength for 40wt.% reinforcement was achieved by adding 6 wt.% of coupling agent. The correct interface was demonstrated by a correlation of 0.99 between the experimental results and the results of the mathematical models used, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Usage of natural fiber hybrid composites is increasing in the present days because of its eco-friendly and biodegradable nature. Coir fibers were extracted from the plant bark and Luffa Cylindrical were extracted from the vegetable fruit. Later both the fibers were treated with alkaline (5% NaoH) solution to remove the greasy nature over the surface. Â In the present study, composites were fabricated by using Coir and Luffa Cylindrica along with CaCo3 natural fiber hybrid composites. Each composite is tested for tensile, flexural and impact tests as per the ASTM standards. The composite specimens were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA). SEM illustrated a good bonding between matrix and fibers. TGA illustrated the amount of residue leftover in the composite. FTIR illustrated which compounds are present in the composite.

This paper investigates biochemical, morphological and mechanical properties of a large range of plant fibres explored with the same methods. Biochemical results clearly exhibit strong differences between gelatinous, i.e. flax and hemp, and xylan type, i.e. jute and kenaf, cell walls. These differences into parietal composition have an impact on cell wall stiffness, highlighted through nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy measurements, but also on fibre individualisation, due to variations into fibre bundles cohesion. In addition, the morphology and particularly the lumen size induces apparent density differences. Moreover, the influence of fibre morphology and properties is demonstrated on UD materials. Finally, longitudinal Young’s modulus of each plant fibre batches is back-calculated from UD stiffness by an inverse method; the results obtained are in accordance with the values in the literature values, proving the interest of this method to estimate longitudinal Young’s modulus of short plant fibres.

[EN] Wood-like plastic composites were manufactured with a thermoplastic matrix polymer from renewable resources, i.e. high-density poly(ethylene) from bioethanol and a lignocellulosic filler obtained as a byproduct of the industrial distillation of thyme. The potential manufacturing of these composites by injection molding was studied. For this purpose, an in depth study of the effects of the lignocellulosic loading (comprised between 10 and 50 wt%) on the rheological properties of these composites was carried out by using capillary rheometry and model fitting with the Cross-WLF rheological model. In addition, a side by side comparison of the experimental results and those obtained by simulations with MoldFlow® was provided. In addition, the values of the pressure in the cavity and in the sprue were measured and collected by two selectively mounted pressure sensors and the results were compared with those predicted by MoldFlow® with the inputs provided by the Cross-WLF fitting model. The results showed a remarkable increase in viscosity with increasing lignocellulosic filler content, which has a negative effect on overall processability. This phenomenon specifically intense at low shear rates. However, this phenomenon could be potentially minimized using high shear rates because of the shear thinning effect of pseudoplastic fluids. Both the experimental and simulated results suggest the need of higher pressures to fill the cavity with these WPC, specifically for those with high filler content of up to 50 wt%. The results of the study indicate that melt viscosity is highly linked to the cavity pressure which is the dominant factor determining the quality of the final product in plastic injection molding.

[ES] El presente trabajo de final de grado va a consistir en el diseño y su posterior análisis de un alerón trasero de un vehículo destinado a competición, consiguiendo a su vez, una mejora aerodinámica. Para ello, mediante el software SolidWorks se realizará el diseño del alerón trasero y posteriormente se ejecutarán estudios aerodinámicos para observar la forma en la que se comporta el objeto de estudio. Por otra parte, también se realizará un estudio de materiales compuestos de fibras naturales y se escogerá el más adecuado, puesto que el material elegido será utilizado para la fabricación de dicho alerón, de manera que se añada el mínimo peso adicional al vehículo y cumpla con las necesidades requeridas. Para ello, mediante los software eLamX y SolidWorks, se obtendrán los propiedades de los materiales y se realizarán estudios resistentes para comprobar que el alerón trasero resiste las tensiones ocasionadas y se deforme lo menos posible., [EN] This end-of-grade work will consist of the design and subsequent analysis of a rear spoiler of a vehicle intended for competition, getting in turn an aerodynamic improvement. To do this, the SolidWorks software will design the rear spoiler and then aerodynamic studies will be carried out to observe how it behaves the object of study. On the other hand, a study of materials composed of natural fibers will also be carried out and the most suitable, since the chosen material will be used for the manufacture of said spoiler, so that the mínimum additional weight is added to the vehicle and meets the required needs. To do this, using the eLamX and SolidWorks software, the properties of the materials will be obtained and robust studies will be carried out to check that the rear spoiler resists the stress caused and deforms as Little as possible.

Newspapers have a limited lifespan, and therefore represent a focus of used and disposed paper. While these refuses have a considerable value and can be easily recycled, a considerable fraction ends in landfill. The authors show the possibility of adding value to used newspaper and enlarge its value chain. Old newspaper incorporates a high amount of wood fibers able to be used as reinforcement. On the other hand, this material also incorporates inks and other components inherent to newspaper production. In this work, the authors disintegrate old newspaper to recover and individualize wood fibers. A morphological analysis showed that the recovered fibers had aspect ratios higher than 10, revealing, a priori, their strengthening capabilities. Thereupon, these fibers were compounded with polypropylene at different contents, ranging from 20% to 50% w/w. It is well known that wood fibers are hydrophilic, while polyolefin are hydrophobic. This is a drawback to obtaining strong interfaces. Thus, two sets of composites were produced, with and without a coupling agent. The results showed that uncoupled composites increased the flexural strength of the matrix but reached an equilibrium point from which adding more reinforcement did not changer the flexural strength. On the other hand, the coupled composites showed a linear increase of the flexural strength against the reinforcement content. The flexural moduli of the coupled and uncoupled composites were very similar and evolved linearly with the reinforcement content., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Totora (Schoenoplectus californicus (C.A. Mey.) Soják) is a sedge that grows in lakes and marshes in America and some of the Pacific Islands. The hypothesis tested was that the rind and pith of totora stems have different chemical characteristics. A higher ash content on the pith (7.81% vs. 6.36%) may indicate strategies of the plant to reinforce the aerenchyma tissue and clarify the storage mechanism of compounds by bio mineralization. Almost double acid-insoluble lignin content in the rind (16.42% vs. 8.90%) may indicate the potential optimization of industrial procedures such as paper production by using specific tissues of the plant.

More effective construction technologies are needed nowadays in order to reduce construction energy consumption during the life-cycle of buildings. Besides which, it is necessary to consider the economic feasibility and associated costs within the framework of these alternative technologies so as to favouring their practical implementation in the construction sector. In this sense, this paper presents an economic and environmental comparison of a new non-bearing façade construction solution based on the extruded unfired stabilized clay panels as opposed to three traditional solutions with similar physical, thermal, and aesthetic characteristics in terms of the exterior cladding. The proposed panels are a sandwich type configuration with an intermediate insulating material and two exterior pieces manufactured by extrusion with raw earth stabilized with alginate and animal wool fibers. In this paper, details of the constructive technology of the system are provided. From the results obtained, it is possible to conclude that the solution is a valid alternative from the environmental point of view, considerably reducing the GlobalWarming Potential and the Cumulative Energy Demand. And although the environmental improvement of the system can be considered the primary objective of this investigation, on the other hand, once executed, it will also be a competitive constructive technology from the perspective of the system’s final costs.