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Early identification of hearing loss through newborn hearing screening followed by an early start of intervention has proven to be effective in promoting speech and language development in children with hearing loss. During the COVID-19 pandemic, newborn hearing screening was postponed for a group of newborns in the Netherlands. Therefore, meeting the guidelines for early identification was at risk. In this study, we examine parental attitudes, beliefs, and experiences concerning the hearing screening during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results indicated that parents (n = 1053) were very positive about newborn hearing screening and their experiences with the screening, even during the COVID-19 pandemic. Parents’ beliefs on the information provision around newborn hearing screening were more inconsistent. The results showed that parents with a postponed hearing screening felt less informed about the hearing screening than parents without a postponed screening. Furthermore, child and family characteristics affected how parents experienced newborn hearing screening. Parents with a premature child were more worried about the hearing abilities of their child before the screening took place. The results also indicate that deafness in the family might lead to parental worries around newborn hearing screening.

Currently, the neonatal hearing screening program in our country is of great relevance for the early detection of hearing disorders in newborns and can be performed from the first hours of life in the nursery, providing the mother with information about the hearing status of her little newborn and in case of hearing loss, carry out an early diagnosis that allows the specialist to provide specific treatment and / or auditory rehabilitation to the pediatric patient for the acquisition and development of oral language that will allow him to integrate into the world of listeners. From 2007 to 2021, a total of 3,496 neonates have been evaluated at the «Federico Gómez» Children’s Hospital of Mexico (HIMFG) within the Neonatal Hearing Screening program. In the present study, a retrospective and descriptive review of the results obtained in the screened patients from 2019 to 2021 was carried out, which demonstrates the relevance of implementing neonatal hearing screening and early intervention (TANIT) programs in all the institutions of first, second and third level of attention to maternal and child health, that allows to channel the neonate with the specialist doctor Audiologist reducing the time to carry out an early diagnosis and a treatment and/or auditory rehabilitation of patients with hearing loss., En la actualidad, el programa de tamiz auditivo neonatal es de gran relevancia en nuestro país para la detección temprana de alteraciones auditivas en los recién nacidos y puede realizarse desde las primeras horas de vida en el cunero, proporcionándole a la madre información sobre el estado de la audición de su pequeño recién nacido y en caso de presentar hipoacusia, llevar a cabo un diagnóstico temprano que permita al especialista proporcionarle el tratamiento específico y/o la rehabilitación auditiva al paciente pediátrico para la adquisición y desarrollo del lenguaje oral que le permitirá integrarse al mundo de oyentes. Desde 2007 hasta 2021, en el Hospital Infantil de México «Federico Gómez» (HIMFG) se han evaluado un total de 3,496 neonatos dentro del programa de Tamiz Auditivo Neonatal. En el presente estudio se realizó una revisión retrospectiva y descriptiva de los resultados obtenidos en los pacientes tamizados de 2019 a 2021, en donde se demuestra la relevancia de implementar programas de tamiz auditivo neonatal e intervención temprana (TANIT) en todas las instituciones de primer, segundo y tercer nivel de atención a la salud materna y del niño, que permita canalizar al neonato con el médico especialista Audiólogo reduciendo los tiempos para llevar a cabo un diagnóstico temprano y un tratamiento y/o rehabilitación auditiva de los pacientes con hipoacusia.

Introduction: In Costa Rica, approximately half of the children born annually have risk factors for hearing loss, generating hearing loss of various etiologies that can manifest before, during or after birth. This leads to altered results in neonatal hearing screening tests, such as otoacoustic emissions and automated auditory evoked potentials. Objective: it was proposed to determine the relationship between risk factors for hearing loss and hearing disorders in neonates, based on ICU admission references and the TANU database, between 2018 and 2019, at the Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia. Methodology: the research adopted a quantitative approach. Measures of central tendency and dispersion, tests of independence and Pearson's correlation, and a logistic regression model were performed. Results: there is a relationship between risk factors for hearing loss and auditory alterations in screening. Significant factors were found such as anoxia, intrauterine infections, syndromes, malformations associated with hearing loss, ototoxics, stay in the ICU greater than five days, weight less than 1500 g, age in days and intrauterine infections, which predict results of "refer" in screening tests. Conclusions: on the one hand, to carry out an audiological follow-up to neonates who present risk factors for hearing loss, and, on the other hand, to implement improvements in regard to the management of antecedents and hearing tests performed on neonates., Introducción: en Costa Rica, aproximadamente la mitad de los niños nacidos por año presenta factores de riesgo para hipoacusia, esto ocasiona pérdidas auditivas de diversa etiología que pueden manifestarse antes, durante o después del nacimiento. Lo anterior da lugar a resultados alterados en pruebas de tamizaje auditivo neonatal, tales como las emisiones otoacústicas y los potenciales evocados auditivos automatizados. Objetivo: se propuso determinar la relación entre los factores de riesgo para hipoacusia y las alteraciones auditivas en neonatos, a partir de referencias de ingreso a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) y de la base de datos del TANU, entre los años 2018 y 2019, en el Hospital Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia. Metodología: la investigación adoptó un enfoque cuantitativo. Se realizaron medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión, pruebas de independencia y correlación de Pearson, y un modelo de regresión logística. Resultados: existe una relación entre los factores de riesgo para hipoacusia y las alteraciones auditivas en el tamizaje. Se encontraron elementos significativos como anoxia, infecciones intrauterinas, síndromes, malformaciones asociadas a hipoacusia, ototóxicos, estadía en UCI mayor a cinco días, peso menor a 1500 g, edad en días e infecciones intrauterinas, los cuales predicen resultados de refiere en las pruebas de tamizaje. Conclusiones: es necesario llevar a cabo un seguimiento audiológico a los neonatos que presenten factores de riesgo para hipoacusia e implementar mejoras en cuanto al manejo de antecedentes y pruebas auditivas aplicadas.

Background: Few studies report prevalence rates of hearing loss in newborns for nationwide populations. The Dutch well-baby newborn hearing screening covers almost all eligible children and has high participation rates for follow-up screening rounds and diagnosis. This allows calculating reliable prevalence rates of permanent neonatal hearing loss specified by severity. Methods: Results from the well-baby newborn hearing screening program and diagnostic follow-up of referred children from 2015 to 2019 were included in calculating prevalence rates. Hearing loss was classified according to the degree of severity. Results: A total of 99.7% of 833,318 children eligible for screening were included. A total of 0.3% were referred for audiological diagnostics. Permanent bilateral hearing loss of ≥40 dB was diagnosed in 23.7% of them and unilateral hearing loss in 14.4%. A prevalence rate of 1.23 per 1000 children was found, 0.46 for unilateral hearing loss and 0.76 for bilateral hearing loss. Moderate hearing loss is most common in children with bilateral hearing loss (0.47), followed by profound (0.21) and severe (0.06) hearing loss. In children with unilateral hearing loss, prevalence rates are the highest for profound hearing loss (0.21), followed by moderate (0.16) and severe (0.09) hearing loss. A total of 87.5% of the children were diagnosed within the age of 3 months. Conclusions: Because of the high quality of the Dutch well-baby hearing screening program, reported results approximate true prevalence rates of permanent hearing loss by severity.

Objective: To investigate the variance in reported prevalence rates of permanent neonatal hearing impairment (HI) worldwide. Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed on reported prevalence rates of sensorineural and permanent conductive or mixed HI worse than 40 dB in neonates, detected as a result of a screening programme or audiometric study. Study sample: For meta-analysis, 35 articles were selected, 25 from high-income countries and 10 from middle-income countries according to the world bank classification system. Results: The prevalence rate of permanent uni- and bilateral HI worse than 40 dB in neonates varied from 1 to 6 per 1000, the overall prevalence was 2.21 per 1000 [1.71, 2.8]. In NICU populations the prevalence rate was higher with a larger fraction of bilateral cases. Although not significant, prevalence rates were slightly higher in Asia compared to Europe and the number of infants lost to follow-up appeared higher in countries with lower gross national income. Conclusion: Substantial variations exist in prevalence rates of neonatal permanent HI across countries and regions. There is a strong need for more data from low-income countries to identify demographic factors that account for this variability in reported prevalence rates. Reporting these data in a uniform way is advocated.

The objective of this study has been to select the tests that allow us to study in the best possible way - from a formal point of view - the different aspects of the language of the child with hearing loss. Although there is not a consensus, we consider that in the case of a child with hearing loss, it is essential to analyze all aspects of the language. This will provide us a deep knowledge of their language development, which it is not homogenous in all areas. The language tests that we chose and analyzed were: PPVT-III Peabody. Test de Vocabulario en Imágenes; Evaluación fonológica del habla infantil (L. Bosch); Registro Fonológico Inducido (M. Monfort); Evaluación de la Discriminación Auditiva y Fonológica (EDAF); Escala Magallanes de Lectura y Escritura (EMLE-TALE-2000); Prueba de Lenguaje Oral de Navarra-Revisado (PLON-R); Batería de Lenguaje Objetiva y Criterial Screening-Revisado (BLOC S-R); Test de Comprensión de Estructuras Gramaticales (CEG), y el Subtest de Vocabulario del WISC-IV. This assessment is complemented by a questionnaire addressed to those who perform tests and the opinion of expert speech therapists in the practical field. In general terms, all the tests have been appropriate depending on their purpose. The tests that are corrected better are EDAF, PPVT-III Peabody and BLOC-SR. The test that is corrected worse is the phonological record of Laura Bosch. For us, the procedure of application of PPVT-III Peabody and PLON-R is ideal for children with hearing loss, presenting major difficulties the EDAF and BLOC-SR and being very difficult to implement, the phonological record of Laura Bosch and the EMLE-TALE-2000. We believe that the selected tests are enough to evaluate the development of the language in the child with hearing impairment, when we apply them correctly according to the age of development and take into account the specific modifications that we adopt in this population., El objetivo de este estudio ha consistido en seleccionar aquellas pruebas que mejor permitieran estudiar desde un punto de vista formal, el lenguaje del niño/a con hipoacusia. Aunque no hay un consenso general, consideramos que es fundamental analizar todos los aspectos del lenguaje, para tener un conocimiento más completo del desarrollo lingüístico, porque no es paralelo en todos sus ámbitos. Las pruebas escogidas han sido: el test PEABODY; el registro fonológico de Laura Bosch; EDAF; EMLE-TALE 2000; PLON-R y BLOC-SR. Esta evaluación se complementa con un cuestionario dirigido a quienes aplican los test y con la opinión de expertos logopedas en el terreno práctico. En términos generales todas las pruebas han resultado adecuadas en función de su finalidad. Las que mejor se corrigen son EDAF, PEABODY y BLOC-SR y la que peor, el registro fonológico de Laura Bosch. Para nosotros, el procedimiento de aplicación de PEABODY y PLON-R es ideal para niños con hipoacusia, presentando mayores dificultades el EDAF y BLOC-SR y siendo muy difíciles de aplicar, el registro fonológico de Laura Bosch y el EMLE. Consideramos que la selección realizada para evaluar el desarrollo del lenguaje en el niño/a con discapacidad auditiva es adecuada, siempre y cuando tengamos en cuenta la edad de desarrollo y las modificaciones específicas que debemos adoptar en esta población.

The objective of this study has been to select the tests that allow us to study in the best possible way - from a formal point of view - the different aspects of the language of the child with hearing loss. Although there is not a consensus, we consider that in the case of a child with hearing loss, it is essential to analyze all aspects of the language. This will provide us a deep knowledge of their language development, which it is not homogenous in all areas. The language tests that we chose and analyzed were: PPVT-III Peabody. Test de Vocabulario en Imágenes; Evaluación fonológica del habla infantil (L. Bosch); Registro Fonológico Inducido (M. Monfort); Evaluación de la Discriminación Auditiva y Fonológica (EDAF); Escala Magallanes de Lectura y Escritura (EMLE-TALE-2000); Prueba de Lenguaje Oral de Navarra-Revisado (PLON-R); Batería de Lenguaje Objetiva y Criterial Screening-Revisado (BLOC S-R); Test de Comprensión de Estructuras Gramaticales (CEG), y el Subtest de Vocabulario del WISC-IV. This assessment is complemented by a questionnaire addressed to those who perform tests and the opinion of expert speech therapists in the practical field. In general terms, all the tests have been appropriate depending on their purpose. The tests that are corrected better are EDAF, PPVT-III Peabody and BLOC-SR. The test that is corrected worse is the phonological record of Laura Bosch. For us, the procedure of application of PPVT-III Peabody and PLON-R is ideal for children with hearing loss, presenting major difficulties the EDAF and BLOC-SR and being very difficult to implement, the phonological record of Laura Bosch and the EMLE-TALE-2000. We believe that the selected tests are enough to evaluate the development of the language in the child with hearing impairment, when we apply them correctly according to the age of development and take into account the specific modifications that we adopt in this population, El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en seleccionar aquellas pruebas que mejor permitan examinar, desde un punto de vista formal, el lenguaje del niño con hipoacusia. Dado que el desarrollo lingüístico de las personas con discapacidad auditiva no avanza de forma homogénea en todas sus dimensiones, consideramos fundamental analizar todos los aspectos del lenguaje. Las pruebas escogidas, según criterios fijados en nuestro estudio, han sido: PPVT-III Peabody. Test de Vocabulario en Imágenes; Evaluación fonológica del habla infantil (L. Bosch); Registro Fonológico Inducido (M. Monfort); Evaluación de la Discriminación Auditiva y Fonológica (EDAF); Escala Magallanes de Lectura y Escritura (EMLE-TALE-2000); Prueba de Lenguaje Oral de Navarra-Revisado (PLON-R); Batería de Lenguaje Objetiva y Criterial Screening-Revisado (BLOC S-R); Test de Comprensión de Estructuras Gramaticales (CEG), y el Subtest de Vocabulario del WISC-IV. Esta evaluación se complementa con un cuestionario dirigido a quienes aplican los test y con la opinión de expertos logopedas en el terreno práctico. Como resultados, en general, todas las pruebas se han mostrado adecuadas según su finalidad. Las que mejor se corrigen son EDAF, PPVT-III Peabody y BLOC-SR y la que peor, la Evaluación fonológica del habla infantil de Laura Bosch. Para nosotros, el procedimiento de aplicación de PPVT-III Peabody y PLON-R es ideal para niños con hipoacusia, presentando mayores dificultades el EDAF y BLOC-SR y siendo más difíciles de aplicar, el Registro fonológico de Laura Bosch y el EMLE-TALE-2000. Consideramos que esta selección de pruebas es adecuada, siempre y cuando tengamos en cuenta la edad de desarrollo del niño con discapacidad auditiva y las modificaciones específicas que debemos adoptar en esta población

The objective of this study has been to select the tests that allow us to study in the best possible way - from a formal point of view - the different aspects of the language of the child with hearing loss. Although there is not a consensus, we consider that in the case of a child with hearing loss, it is essential to analyze all aspects of the language. This will provide us a deep knowledge of their language development, which it is not homogenous in all areas. The language tests that we chose and analyzed were: PPVT-III Peabody. Test de Vocabulario en Imágenes; Evaluación fonológica del habla infantil (L. Bosch); Registro Fonológico Inducido (M. Monfort); Evaluación de la Discriminación Auditiva y Fonológica (EDAF); Escala Magallanes de Lectura y Escritura (EMLE-TALE-2000); Prueba de Lenguaje Oral de Navarra-Revisado (PLON-R); Batería de Lenguaje Objetiva y Criterial Screening-Revisado (BLOC S-R); Test de Comprensión de Estructuras Gramaticales (CEG), y el Subtest de Vocabulario del WISC-IV. This assessment is complemented by a questionnaire addressed to those who perform tests and the opinion of expert speech therapists in the practical field. In general terms, all the tests have been appropriate depending on their purpose. The tests that are corrected better are EDAF, PPVT-III Peabody and BLOC-SR. The test that is corrected worse is the phonological record of Laura Bosch. For us, the procedure of application of PPVT-III Peabody and PLON-R is ideal for children with hearing loss, presenting major difficulties the EDAF and BLOC-SR and being very difficult to implement, the phonological record of Laura Bosch and the EMLE-TALE-2000. We believe that the selected tests are enough to evaluate the development of the language in the child with hearing impairment, when we apply them correctly according to the age of development and take into account the specific modifications that we adopt in this population., El objetivo de este estudio ha consistido en seleccionar aquellas pruebas que mejor permitieran estudiar desde un punto de vista formal, el lenguaje del niño/a con hipoacusia. Aunque no hay un consenso general, consideramos que es fundamental analizar todos los aspectos del lenguaje, para tener un conocimiento más completo del desarrollo lingüístico, porque no es paralelo en todos sus ámbitos. Las pruebas escogidas han sido: el test PEABODY; el registro fonológico de Laura Bosch; EDAF; EMLE-TALE 2000; PLON-R y BLOC-SR. Esta evaluación se complementa con un cuestionario dirigido a quienes aplican los test y con la opinión de expertos logopedas en el terreno práctico. En términos generales todas las pruebas han resultado adecuadas en función de su finalidad. Las que mejor se corrigen son EDAF, PEABODY y BLOC-SR y la que peor, el registro fonológico de Laura Bosch. Para nosotros, el procedimiento de aplicación de PEABODY y PLON-R es ideal para niños con hipoacusia, presentando mayores dificultades el EDAF y BLOC-SR y siendo muy difíciles de aplicar, el registro fonológico de Laura Bosch y el EMLE. Consideramos que la selección realizada para evaluar el desarrollo del lenguaje en el niño/a con discapacidad auditiva es adecuada, siempre y cuando tengamos en cuenta la edad de desarrollo y las modificaciones específicas que debemos adoptar en esta población.

According to the World Health Organization, the incidence of hearing impairment in newborn population is 1-3 per 1000 (WHO, 2012). Apart from that, many authors have found that the incidence of hearing impairment is twenty times higher, 2-4%, in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Thus, a congenital hearing loss is the most frequent sensory or motor deficit that could be diagnosed immediately upon birth. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of risk factors for hearing impairment in the population of preterm babies. We were especially interested in the impact of gestational age at birth on the incidence of risk factors for hearing loss. A cohort of 150 preterm babies was enrolled in the study. They were hospitalized in the Institute for Neonatology in Belgrade during 2014 and 2015 and the data were obtained from their medical files. The results of this study indicate high incidence of risk factors for hearing impairment in this population of babies. Gestational age at birth had a strong, statistically significant, correlation with risk factor incidence in lower gestational age and vice versa. High incidence of risk factors and their interaction could account for twenty times higher occurrence of congenital and early acquired hearing loss in population of preterm babies compared to term neonates. These results imply the need for systematic audiological surveillance of prematurely born babies at least until 12 months of corrected age., Svetska zdravstvena organizacija navodi podatak da je incidenca značajnih oštećenja sluha u populaciji novorođene dece 1-3%0 (WHO, 2012). Međutim, pojedini autori ističu da 2-4 deteta iz jedinica intenzivne neonatalne nege na stotinu novorođene dece ima oštećenje sluha, što je čak 20 puta više. Stoga, oštećenje sluha predstavlja najčešći kongenitalni senzorni deficit koji je moguće registrovati odmah po rođenju. Zajednički komitet za dečji sluh izdvojio je deset najčešćih faktora rizika koji mogu dovesti do urođenog ili rano stečenog oštećenja sluha. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se utvrdi učestalost najčešćih faktora rizika za nastanak oštećenja sluha u populaciji prevremeno rođene dece. Poseban cilj bio je da se proveri da li gestaciona nedelja rođenja utiče na povećanu učestalost riziko fatora. Uzorak u istraživanju činilo je sto pedesetoro prevremeno rođeno dece, hospitalizovanih na Institutu za neonatologiju u Beogradu tokom 2014. i 2015. godine, a podaci su preuzeti iz njihove medicinske dokumentacije. Rezultati upućuju na visoku učestalost faktora rizika za nastanak oštećenja sluha u ovoj populaciji dece. Gestaciona nedelja rođenja bebe pokazuje visoku, statistički značajnu korelaciju saučestalošću faktora rizika - što je prematuritet raniji broj faktora rizika sepovećava, i obrnuto. Visoka učestalost i udruženost faktora rizika dovode do gotovo dvadeset puta veće incidencije urođenih i rano stečenih oštećenja sluha u populaciji prevremeno rođene dece. Ovakvi rezultati upućuju na neophodnost sistematskog audiološkog praćenja do navršenih godinu dana korigovanog uzrasta ove dece.

According to the World Health Organization, the incidence of hearing impairment in newborn population is 1-3 per 1000 (WHO, 2012). Apart from that, many authors have found that the incidence of hearing impairment is twenty times higher, 2-4%, in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Thus, a congenital hearing loss is the most frequent sensory or motor deficit that could be diagnosed immediately upon birth. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of risk factors for hearing impairment in the population of preterm babies. We were especially interested in the impact of gestational age at birth on the incidence of risk factors for hearing loss. A cohort of 150 preterm babies was enrolled in the study. They were hospitalized in the Institute for Neonatology in Belgrade during 2014 and 2015 and the data were obtained from their medical files. The results of this study indicate high incidence of risk factors for hearing impairment in this population of babies. Gestational age at birth had a strong, statistically significant, correlation with risk factor incidence in lower gestational age and vice versa. High incidence of risk factors and their interaction could account for twenty times higher occurrence of congenital and early acquired hearing loss in population of preterm babies compared to term neonates. These results imply the need for systematic audiological surveillance of prematurely born babies at least until 12 months of corrected age., Svetska zdravstvena organizacija navodi podatak da je incidenca značajnih oštećenja sluha u populaciji novorođene dece 1-3%0 (WHO, 2012). Međutim, pojedini autori ističu da 2-4 deteta iz jedinica intenzivne neonatalne nege na stotinu novorođene dece ima oštećenje sluha, što je čak 20 puta više. Stoga, oštećenje sluha predstavlja najčešći kongenitalni senzorni deficit koji je moguće registrovati odmah po rođenju. Zajednički komitet za dečji sluh izdvojio je deset najčešćih faktora rizika koji mogu dovesti do urođenog ili rano stečenog oštećenja sluha. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se utvrdi učestalost najčešćih faktora rizika za nastanak oštećenja sluha u populaciji prevremeno rođene dece. Poseban cilj bio je da se proveri da li gestaciona nedelja rođenja utiče na povećanu učestalost riziko fatora. Uzorak u istraživanju činilo je sto pedesetoro prevremeno rođeno dece, hospitalizovanih na Institutu za neonatologiju u Beogradu tokom 2014. i 2015. godine, a podaci su preuzeti iz njihove medicinske dokumentacije. Rezultati upućuju na visoku učestalost faktora rizika za nastanak oštećenja sluha u ovoj populaciji dece. Gestaciona nedelja rođenja bebe pokazuje visoku, statistički značajnu korelaciju saučestalošću faktora rizika - što je prematuritet raniji broj faktora rizika sepovećava, i obrnuto. Visoka učestalost i udruženost faktora rizika dovode do gotovo dvadeset puta veće incidencije urođenih i rano stečenih oštećenja sluha u populaciji prevremeno rođene dece. Ovakvi rezultati upućuju na neophodnost sistematskog audiološkog praćenja do navršenih godinu dana korigovanog uzrasta ove dece.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá novorozeneckým screeningovým vyšetřením sluchu v souvislosti s rizikovými faktory. Teoretická část je zaměřena na anatomické struktury sluchového orgánu, na diagnostiku a léčbu sluchových vad a na novorozenecký screening. Podrobně se věnujeme sluchovému screeningu u novorozenců, roli porodní asistentky v této oblasti a rizikovým faktorům, které mohou ovlivnit sluch dítěte. Ve výzkumné části jsou prezentovány výsledky našeho šetření v Nemocnici Pardubice. Uvádíme zde vyhodnocení výzkumných otázek a stanovených hypotéz. Též hodnotíme námi získaná data s výsledky jiných odborných publikací a šetření., This thesis deals with newborn hearing screening examination in connection with risk factors. The theoretical part is focused on the anatomical structures of the auditory organ, also on the diagnostics and treatment of hearing disorders and on newborn screening. In detail, we deal with hearing screening in newborns, with the role of midwife in this area and with risk factors that may affect children's hearing. In the research section are presented the results of our research in the Hospital of Pardubice. There we give the evaluation of research questions and hypotheses. Also we evaluate the data with the results of other publications and investigations., Fakulta zdravotnických studií, Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou