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Throughout the present investigation we approach the study and interpretation of the residual spaces that are part of the so-called “third landscape”, of a territory, which is framed and forms the so-called municipality of Yepes, in the Castilian-La Mancha province of Toledo (Spain). Its territorial configuration shows us how the integrating elements of the landscape, in the environment on which they settle, can be framed or delimited in a triple dimension: volumes and areas, lines and plots (with double dimension). The primary characteristics that are perceived when assessing and interpreting the landscape are the so-called “visual”, given the scenic nature of the territory, determining or defining its attractiveness. Likewise, the humanized space and its “stage setting” in the territory itself, highlight the observer's eagerness to discover the roots of its people, the evolution of their lives, the reason for their existence and living. All of this without forgetting that the not always positive externalities generated by planning have consequences; Serve as an example, private initiatives in the hands of leisure, which generate constructions of little urban value that, after the passing of the years, and the cessation of activity, are reduced to residual spaces. In this way, if the urban spaces or the suburbs of the cities, of the towns,..., collect the traces of the past, processes that can be measured and have defined and perceptible limits (they generate discontinuous spaces, in principle, closed, static, they can form serial compositions). The so-called “anti-spaces” also appear; shapeless, continuous territories, devoid of perceptible formal borders. As a consequence, the residual spaces end up generating realities, little or not at all aesthetic, of dubious ethics, especially important in the case of Yepes., A lo largo de la presente investigación nos aproximamos al estudio e interpretación de los espacios residuales integrantes del denominado “tercer paisaje”, de un territorio, el que se enmarca y conforma el denominado municipio de Yepes, en la provincia castellano-manchega de Toledo (España). Su configuración territorial nos muestra cómo los elementos integradores del paisaje, en el entorno sobre el que se asientan, se pueden encuadrar o delimitar en una triple dimensión: los volúmenes y áreas, las líneas y las tramas (con doble dimensión). Las características primigenias que se perciben a la hora de valorar e interpretar el paisaje son las denominadas “visuales”, dado el carácter escénico del territorio, determinando o definiendo el atractivo del mismo. Igualmente, el espacio humanizado y su “puesta en escena” en el propio territorio, remarcan el afán del observador por descubrir el arraigo de sus gentes, el devenir de sus vidas, la razón de su existir y vivir. Todo ello sin olvidar que, las no siempre positivas externalidades generadas por el planeamiento, tienen consecuencias; sirvan como ejemplo, las iniciativas privadas de la mano del ocio, las cuales generan construcciones de poco valor urbanístico que, tras el paso de los años, y el cese de actividad, quedan reducidas a espacios residuales. De esta forma si los espacios urbanos o los suburbios de las ciudades, de los pueblos,…, recogen las huellas del pasado, procesos que pueden medirse y tienen límites definidos y perceptibles (generan espacios discontinuos, en principio, cerrados, estáticos, pueden forman composiciones seriales). Aparecen, igualmente, los denominados “antiespacios”; territorios informes, continuos, carentes de bordes formales perceptibles. Como consecuencia, los espacios residuales acaban generando unas realidades, poco o nada estéticas, de dudosa ética, especialmente importantes en el caso de Yepes., Tout au long de la présente enquête, nous abordons l'étude et l'interprétation des espaces résiduels qui font partie du soi-disant “tiers paysage”, d'un territoire, qui est encadré et forme la soi-disant municipalité de Yepes, dans la province de Castille-La Manche de Tolède (Espagne). Sa configuration territoriale nous montre comment les éléments intégrateurs du paysage, dans l'environnement sur lequel ils s'installent, peuvent être encadrés ou délimités dans une triple dimension: les volumes et les surfaces, les lignes et les parcelles (à double dimension). Les principales caractéristiques qui sont perçues lors de l'évaluation et de l'interprétation du paysage sont les caractéristiques dites “visuelles”, compte tenu de la nature paysagère du territoire, déterminant ou définissant son attractivité. De même, l'espace humanisé et sa “mise en scène” dans le territoire lui-même, soulignent l'empressement de l'observateur à découvrir les racines de ses habitants, l'évolution de leur vie, la raison de leur existence et de leur vie. Tout cela sans oublier que les externalités pas toujours positives générées par la planification ont des conséquences; Servir d'exemple, les initiatives privées aux mains des loisirs, qui génèrent des constructions de faible valeur urbaine qui, après le passage des années et la cessation de l'activité, sont réduites à des espaces résiduels. Ainsi, si les espaces urbains ou les faubourgs des villes, des bourgs,..., recueillent les traces du passé, des processus mesurables et aux limites définies et perceptibles (ils génèrent des espaces discontinus, en principe, fermés, statiques, ils peuvent former des compositions sérielles). Les soi-disant “anti-espaces” apparaissent également ; des territoires informes, continus, dépourvus de frontières formelles perceptibles. En conséquence, les espaces résiduels finissent par générer des réalités, peu ou pas du tout esthétiques, d'éthique douteuse, particulièrement importantes dans le cas de Yepes.

El present treball consisteix en una preparació succinta d'una assignatura optativa, d'un trimestre i mig de durada, destinada a quart de la ESO, i aplicant les modificacions curriculars previstes en la Llei d'Educació de Catalunya. Els continguts estan relacionats amb els currículums tant de Geografia i Història com de Tecnologia i Digitalització, però centrats en determinats invents i avenços de la ciència i la tècnica al llarg de les edats. Es dona una notable importància al treball autònom de l'alumnat i la seva capacitat per buscar informació que li permeti construir de manera sòlida i fonamentada els seus coneixements. Així mateix també són aspectes a remarcar el paper destacat del treball en grup i l'avaluació contínua. Finalment, les activitats han estat pensades per poder ser traslladables o adaptables a centres diversos i que puguin ser complementàries d'altres matèries.

Water governance processes are linked to four dimensions in the territory: social, economic, environmental and political. In this article, the components are superimposed on two antagonistic scenarios: the páramo as a mountainous ecosystem of the Cusiana river in the municipality of Aquitania (Boyacá), altered by the agricultural processes of onion and potato, and the municipality of Maní (Casanare), located at the end of the Cusiana river basin, with an ecosystem of cattle plains, high oil extraction and agro-industrial processes for African palm and rice crops. Some actors and their influence in the territory, expressed in their relationship with economic activities linked to extractivism and productivism, are recognized; Planning tools such as Territorial Development and Planning Plans (EOTs and POMCA) are analyzed considering water governance and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)., Les processus de gouvernance de l'eau sont liés à quatre dimensions sur le territoire: sociale, économique, environnementale et politique. Dans cet article, les composants sont superposés sur deux scénarios antagonistes : le páramo, en tant qu'écosystème montagneux de la rivière Cusiana dans la municipalité d'Aquitania (Boyacá), altéré par les processus agricoles de l'oignon et de la pomme de terre, et la municipalité de Maní (Casanare), située à l'extrémité du bassin du fleuve Cusiana, avec un écosystème de plaines à bétail, une forte extraction d'huile et des processus agro-industriels pour la culture de la palme et du riz en Afrique. Certains acteurs et leur influence sur le territoire, exprimée dans leur rapport aux activités économiques liées à l'extractivisme et au productivisme, sont reconnus ; les outils de planification tels que les Schémas d'Aménagement et de Développement Territorial (EOT et POMCA) sont analysés à la lumière de la gouvernance de l'eau et des Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD)., Os processos de governança da água estão vinculados a quatro dimensões no território: social, econômica, ambiental e política. Neste artigo, os componentes se sobrepõem a dois cenários antagónicos: o páramo como ecossistema montanhoso do rio Cusiana no município de Aquitania (Boyacá), alterado pelos processos agrícolas de cebola e batata, e o município de Maní (Casanare) , localizado no final da bacia do rio Cusiana, com um ecossistema de planícies de gado, alta extração de óleo e processos agroindustriais para cultivos de palma africana e arroz. Reconhecem-se alguns atores e sua influência no territorio, expressa em sua relação com atividades econômicas ligadas ao extrativismo e ao produtivismo; Ferramentas de planejamento como Planos de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Territorial (EOTs e POMCA) são analisadas à luz da governança da água e dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS)., Los procesos de gobernanza del agua están ligados a cuatro dimensiones en el territorio: social, económica, ambiental y política. En este artículo los componentes se superponen sobre dos escenarios antagónicos: el páramo como ecosistema montañoso del río Cusiana en el municipio de Aquitania (Boyacá), alterado por los procesos agrícolas de la cebolla y la papa, y el municipio de Maní (Casanare), ubicado al final de la cuenca del río Cusiana, con un ecosistema de llanuras ganaderas, alta extracción de petróleo y procesos agroindustriales para cultivos de palma africana y arroz. Se reconocen algunos actores y su influencia en el territorio, expresada en su relación con las actividades económicas ligadas al extractivismo y al productivismo; se analizan herramientas de planificación como Planes de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial (EOTs y POMCA), a la luz de la gobernanza del agua y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS).

This article aims to make a pedagogical contribution for teaching planning, alerting about its neoliberal tendency. The objective is to identify the issues at stake in the teaching of urbanism and planning from a multi-situated and feminist perspective. First, through a critique using neoextractivism and the role of megaprojects in a semicolonial and imperialist economy as a conceptual framework. Secondly, the pedagogical methodology of two teaching innovation experiences that engage the student to investigate and reflect about territorial conflicts to identify marginalized voices, apply theory, and incorporate the gender perspective to deconstruct the discourses of neoliberal planning are presented. The results are comparative urbanism experiences, we are tagging in global atlas of extractivist conflicts and social resistance. It is concluded that is necessary to transform the discipline from its teaching, placing the social dimension as a priority and analyzing the impact’s megaprojects. New areas of research should be promoted that are committed to the ethical dimension and care. Licencia, Cet article vise à apporter une contribution pédagogique à l'enseignement de l'urbanisme, en mettant en garde contre sa dérive néolibérale. L'objectif est d'identifier les défis de l'enseignement de l'urbanisme et de la planification dans une perspective sociale et féministe. Tout d'abord, par une critique du néo-extractivisme et du rôle des mégaprojets dans l’économie néolibérale et impérialiste. Deuxièmement, la méthodologie et le travail pédagogique de deux expériences d'enseignement innovantes qui engagent les étudiants dans la recherche et la réflexion sur les conflits territoriaux, afin d'identifier les voix marginalisées, d'appliquer la théorie et d'incorporer une perspective de genre pour déconstruire les discours de la planification néolibérale. En partant des expériences de l'urbanisme comparatif, nous annotons dans un atlas global les conflits extractivistes et les résistances qu'ils provoquent. Nous concluons sur la nécessaire transformation de la discipline à partir de son enseignement, en plaçant la dimension sociale comme une priorité et en analysant l'impact des mégaprojets. Il est essentiel de promouvoir de nouvelles lignes de recherche engagées dans la dimension éthique et de soins., Este artigo visa dar uma contribuição pedagógica ao ensino do urbanismo, alertando para a sua deriva neoliberal. O objectivo é identificar os desafios no ensino do urbanismo e planeamento a partir de uma perspectiva multi-situada e feminista. Em primeiro lugar, através de uma crítica utilizando o neo-extractivismo e o papel dos megaprojectos numa economia imperialista e semi-colonialista como quadro conceptual. Em segundo lugar, são apresentadas a metodologia e o trabalho pedagógico de duas experiências pedagógicas inovadoras que envolvem os estudantes na investigação e reflexão sobre conflitos territoriais, a fim de identificar vozes marginalizadas, aplicar a teoria e incorporar uma perspectiva de género para desconstruir os discursos do planeamento neoliberal. Com base nas experiências de urbanismo comparativo, elaborámos um atlas global de conflitos extrativistas e a resistência que estes provocam. Conclui-se que é necessário transformar a disciplina do seu ensino, dando prioridade à dimensão social e analisando o impacto dos projectos. Devem ser promovidas novas linhas de investigação comprometidas com a dimensão ética e de cuidado., Este artículo pretende un aporte pedagógico a la enseñanza del urbanismo, alertando sobre su deriva neoliberal. El objetivo es identificar los retos en la enseñanza del urbanismo y la planificación desde una perspectiva social y feminista. En primer lugar, se propone una crítica del neoextractivismo y el papel de los megaproyectos en la economía neoliberal e imperialista. En segundo lugar, se expone la metodología y el trabajo pedagógico de dos experiencias de innovación docente que comprometen al estudiante a investigar y reflexionar sobre conflictos territoriales, para identificar las voces marginadas, aplicar la teoría e incorporar la perspectiva de género con el objetivo de deconstruir los discursos de la planificación neoliberal. Partiendo de las experiencias del urbanismo comparado, anotamos en un atlas global los conflictos extractivistas y las resistencias que provocan. Concluimos en la necesaria transformación de la disciplina desde su enseñanza, priorizamos la dimensión social y analizamos el impacto de los megaproyectos. Se evidencia lo imprescindible de impulsar nuevas líneas de investigación comprometidas con la dimensión ética y de los cuidados.

Collaborative writing tasks constitute an adequate framework for the study of the cognitive processes of writing. This descriptive and qualitative study uses data from collaborative writing to learn about the way planning and revising processes are carried out by primary students. More specifically, it looks at when students carry out those processes and which typical operations within those processes they pay attention to. To this end, we recorded and analyzed the oral interactions of nine pairs of students writing fables collaboratively in Spanish L1. Results show that planning is basically devoted to generating ideas for the text and that this process mainly takes place during writing. As for revision, students review different writing aspects during textualization, but only two pairs carry out a final revision of the text, paying attention to spelling only. This research offers a diagnosis of primary students’ writing behavior in collaborative tasks. It also serves as an orientation for teaching and learning writing focusing less on the product and more on the students’ needs., Las tareas de producción textual colaborativa constituyen un marco adecuado para el estudio de los procesos cognitivos de escritura. Este trabajo, de tipo descriptivo y cualitativo, utiliza datos provenientes de la escritura colaborativa para averiguar el modo como el alumnado de primaria lleva a cabo los procesos de planificación y de revisión textuales, en concreto, cuándo lo hace y a qué operaciones propias de estos procesos presta atención. Para ello, se grabaron y analizaron las interacciones orales de nueve parejas de estudiantes de primaria que escribieron fábulas colaborativamente en español L1. Los resultados muestran que la planificación está fundamentalmente dirigida a la generación de ideas y que esta se produce principalmente durante la escritura. En cuanto a la revisión, se observa que el alumnado revisa diversos aspectos de la escritura durante la textualización, pero solo dos parejas realizan una revisión final, la cual se centra exclusivamente en aspectos ortográficos. Esta investigación muestra el comportamiento del alumnado durante la escritura colaborativa y puede orientar la enseñanza-aprendizaje de la escritura menos centrada en el producto y más acorde con las necesidades del alumnado., Les tâches collaboratives de production textuelle constituent un cadre adéquat pour l'étude des processus cognitifs d'écriture. Ce travail, descriptif et qualitatif, utilise des données issues de l'écriture collaborative pour tester comment les élèves du primaire réalisent des processus de planification et de révision textuelles, plus précisément, quand ils le font et à quelles opérations ils prêtent attention. Pour ce faire, les interactions orales de neuf paires d'élèves du primaire qui ont écrit en collaboration des fables en espagnol L1 ont été enregistrées et analysées. Les résultats montrent que la planification vise fondamentalement à générer des idées et que cela se produit principalement lors de l'écriture. En ce qui concerne la révision, on observe que les élèves révisent divers aspects de l'écriture lors de la textualisation, mais seulement deux binômes effectuent une révision finale, portant exclusivement sur les aspects orthographiques. Cette recherche montre le comportement des élèves lors de l'écriture collaborative et peut orienter l'enseignement-apprentissage d'une écriture moins centrée sur le produit et plus en adéquation avec leurs besoins.

This article analyzes the recent Government Administration’s measures for the Spanish policy of international development cooperation, to renew the commitments and the action framework of the 2030 Agenda and the Aid for Development policy.These could just be a mirage in case the resources and a sufficient legal-institutional framework aren’t obtained to face the assumed commitments and upcoming challenges., Este artículo analiza las recientes medidas tomadas en la política española de cooperación internacional al desarrollo por el nuevo Gobierno, para renovar los compromisos y el marco de acción en la Agenda 2030 y la política de Ayuda al Desarrollo.Un espejismo, si los recursos y marco jurídico-institucional no permiten afrontar los compromisos asumidos y próximos desafíos., Cet article analyse les mesures prises récemment par le nouveau gouvernement dans le cadre de la politique espagnole de coopération internationale pour le développement, visant à renouveler les engagements et le cadre d’action de l’Agenda 2030 et la politique d’aide au développement.Un mirage si les ressources et le cadre juridico-institutionnel ne permettent pas de faire face aux engagements assumés et aux défis dans un avenir proche.

Ecological restoration is essential to curb the decline of biodiversity and ecosystems worldwide. Since the resources available for restoration are limited, restoration efforts must be cost-effective to achieve conservation outcomes. Although decision support tools are available to aid in the design of protected areas, little progress has been made to provide such tools for restoration efforts. Here, we introduce the restoptr R package, a decision support tool designed to identify priority areas for ecological restoration. It uses constraint programming—an artificial intelligence technique—to identify optimal plans given ecological and socioeconomic constraints. Critically, it can identify strategic locations to enhance connectivity and reduce fragmentation across a broader landscape using complex landscape metrics. We illustrate its usage with a case study in New Caledonia. By applying this tool, we identified priority areas for restoration that could reverse forest fragmentation induced by mining activities in a specific area. We also found that relatively small investments could deliver large returns to restore connectivity.

Le vélo est un mode de transport durable qui connaît actuellement une renaissance dans de nombreuses villes à travers le monde. Les bénéfices individuels et collectifs de la pratique du vélo sont multiples : augmentation du niveau d’activité physique, amélioration de la santé physique et mentale, faible coût, aucune émission de pollution atmosphérique et sonore à l’utilisation, réduction de la congestion, réduction des coûts de santé, etc. Il n’est donc pas surprenant que les planificateur.rice.s et aménageur.e.s s’y intéressent et cherchent à favoriser son utilisation en ville. Cependant, les cyclistes constituent une population particulièrement vulnérable aux pollutions atmosphérique et sonore. En effet, l’absence de carlingue pour les protéger, la proximité avec le trafic routier et leurs plus hauts niveaux de ventilation les placent dans une situation de surexposition à des pollutions qu’ils contribuent pourtant à réduire. Il convient alors de se pencher sur cette problématique, car elle constitue un cas flagrant d’injustice en transport, mais également un frein potentiel à l’adoption du vélo par de nouveaux usager.ère.s. Dans de nombreuses villes des Suds, cette situation est d’autant plus problématique que les niveaux de pollutions atmosphérique et sonore sont bien plus élevés et qu’une part importante des cyclistes sont pauvres et captifs de ce mode de transport. La thèse de doctorat comprend quatre articles. Le premier est une revue systématique de la littérature sur l’exposition des cyclistes aux pollutions atmosphérique et sonore. Elle identifie les principaux courants propres à cette littérature, leurs limites et propose une discussion transversale de leurs conclusions. Il en ressort notamment que l’exposition à ces pollutions dans les villes des Suds est largement sous-étudiée. À cela, s’ajoute le faible nombre d’études répliquant leurs résultats sur plusieurs terrains et une très forte disparité méthodologique des études tentant de modéliser l’expositio

Recent developments in supply chain planning have emerged from the field of agent technology and distributed decision making. Although several attempts have been made to exploit agent technology to design supply chain simulation tools, the integration of simulation with distributed supply chain planning tools is still a challenge. This paper aims at investigating this aspect of supply chain planning simulation through the use of theoretical contributions found in the field of simulation, systems theory, distributed decision making and agent-based software engineering. More specifically, this paper first proposes a conceptual framework for modeling “distributed agent-based Advanced Planning and Scheduling” (d-APS). Next, derived from this framework, it proposes some specific methods for understanding and modeling simulation problems at the initial phase of the modeling effort. This early phase is critical because it considerably influences the whole development process and the resulting simulation environment, but it is usually neglected in the concerned literature. Finally, a theoretical illustrative case is presented in the lumber supply chain.

In order to work efficiently, supply chain partners must coordinate their actions. When planning is distributed instead of being centralized (as in most cases), it is necessary to use specific coordination protocols between partners in order to act in a coherent manner. On many occasions, partners negotiate in order to act mutually to satisfy their needs. Negotiation is used as a coordination mechanism to find an acceptable agreement between partners or to collectively search for a coordination solution. Agent-based supply chain planning systems can integrate automated negotiation in order to implement negotiation capabilities. While various negotiation mechanisms (or behaviours) can be used in many situations, planning agents using case-based reasoning abilities can learn which to select under specific conditions. This paper proposes to study the performance of the use of a variety of negotiation behaviours and to compare this strategy to the use of a single one. A review of automated negotiation in general and specifically adapted to supply chain planning is first presented, followed by an empirical analysis from simulations of one-to-one collaborative negotiation behaviours. Partners have equivalent negotiation powers and are fully cooperative. These heuristic-based negotiation behaviours are implemented in an agent-based supply chain planning platform, using Multi-behaviour planning agents. Simulations are based on a study case from the lumber supply chain.

In this research project, we developed a framework for describing different wood supply chains (WSC) in a generic way and assessing their agility and tailoring capabilities. The studied WSC comprises the planning and execution, at the operational level, of all activities, from selling agreements to delivery of forest products at the mill yard. required by the environment’s uncertainties are compared and discussed. Finally, tailoring capabilities were assessed, based on the location of the decoupling points and their respective order fulfilment cycle time. Two processes were identified, where most of the product differentiation activities along a WSC occur: harvesting with the CTL method and merchandising at a roadside landing using the FT method. The capabilities to tailor product specifications are superior before rather than after one of these processes. Moreover, a typology of assortments according to the level of tailoring is provided and the financial incentive to produce a basket of assortments with a higher level of tailoring is discussed. Finally, when comparing the location of the decoupling point, the agility capabilities and the average order fulfilment cycle time, it was possible to reinforce the results from the literature, which state that supply chain agility is linked to shorter leadtime. The framework is useful to organisations interested in describing their WSC and assessing their agility and tailoring capabilities. By assessing the tailoring and agility capabilities of a WSC, the framework can support an organisation in an exercise of selfdiagnosis that leads to the identification of improvement opportunities to work on. Moreover, by assessing different scenarios for its WSC (e.g. the introduction of new technology, the addition of a new value proposition for a customer), an organisation can anticipate the impacts of changes. Finally, the framework introduced a common vocabulary to be used by researchers and practitioners in different disciplines

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In today’ industrial context competitiveness is closely associated to supply chain performance. Coordiantion between production partners is essential in supply chains to deliver products on time to final clients. As perturbations occur all the time, production centers have to react quickly correct deviances and create new plans, while coordinating changes with partners. Agent-based technology provides a natural approach to model supply chain networks and describe specialized planning agents. To coordinate and optimize their production plan, agents ue specify the heuristic parameters a priori, at the time of their design and prior to their use. The solution proposed here is to give agents the opportunity to change these parameters, modifying their planning behaviors following the environmental conditions met. Using simulation, agents can identify optimal team behaviors for the supply chain in different situations. This paper explains the methodology followed to experiment multi-behavior agents and presents results from an application to the lumber supply chain.

Un réseau de création de valeurs (supply chain) est généralement constitué d’un ensemble d’unités d’affaires (fournisseurs, transporteurs, unités de production, etc.) qui coopèrent selon un schéma relationnel. Dans cet article, on propose un modèle de planification intégrant les objectifs et les contraintes liées à l’optimisation de la planification des unités d’affaires d’un réseau de création de valeur dans l’industrie du meuble, spécifiquement de la forêt jusqu’à l’usine de meubles, les décisions concernent les processus d’approvisionnement, les niveaux de stock et les relations d’affaires entres les unités. Le modèle est formulé sous la forme d’un programme linéaire mixte. Les résultats des tests du modèle, développé sous l’environnement OPL Studio et résolu avec le logiciel CPLEX 9.0, sont présentés., 0

This chapter examines the short term production, transportation and inventory planning problems encountered in the fine-paper industry. After positioning the problems in the context of a general supply chain planning system for the pulp and paper industry, a comprehensive synchronized production-distribution model is gradually developed. First, a model for the dynamic lot-sizing of intermediate products on a single paper machine with a predetermined production cycle is proposed. The model also plans the production and inventory of finished products. Then, we consider the lot-sizing of intermediate products on multiple parallel paper machines with a predetermined production sequence. Finally, simultaneous production and distribution planning for a single mill multiple distribution centers network is studied by considering different transportation modes between the mill and its Distribution Centers (DCs).

Agent-based simulation is considered a promising approach for supply chain (SC) planning, configuration and design. Although there have been many important advances on how to specify, design, and implement agent-based simulation, the concerned literature does not properly addresses the analysis phase. In this early phase, SC stakeholders decide what kind of simulation experiments should be performed and their requirements, which considerably influence the whole development process and the resulting simulation environment. This work proposes an agent-based simulation framework for modeling SC systems in the analysis phase. In addition, it proposes a formal method for converting the analysis model into specification and design models. The proposed framework is being validated by means of an agent-based simulation platform developed in the context of the lumber industry., 0

Ces travaux proposent l’intégration d’un système avancé de planification pour l’industrie du sciage de bois résineux dans une simulation multi-agent. L’objectif visé est de permettre la simulation de différences conditions du marché afin de d’évaluer et de comparer l’impact économique de stratégies de pilotage ou de gestion de la demande dans un réseau de création de valeur. Dans cet article, un simulateur à base d’agents est présenté de même qu’un agent simulant le comportement des clients. Un cas d’étude (Virtual Lumber Case) est présenté afin d’illustrer le potentiel d’utilisation du simulateur. Ce cas représente une entreprise canadienne de production de bois d’œuvre, de taille moyenne. Le développement du cas VLC constitue un maillon clé dans le développement de cette recherche; il facilite la création de scénarios de simulation et l’étude de différentes stratégies propres à l’industrie des produits forestiers.

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Le présent article introduit une évaluation du risque dans la planification des systèmes manufacturiers, impliquant différents acteurs travaillant séquentiellement pour réaliser un produit. Nous considérons ici un environnement dynamique virtuel, où différentes firmes soumissionnent pour des taches précises. L’approche traditionnelle est d’assigner des firmes à des taches pour minimiser les coûts d’utilisation de la chaîne. Cette approche néglige ainsi la notion de fiabilité et de risque. L’objectif de cet article est de proposer une façon d’incorporer la notion de risque au processus de planification de la chaîne. Nous avons identifié le risque comme une combinaison de trois principaux intrants, et nous l’évaluons grâce à une approche dérivée de la logique floue. Nous décrivons comment fonctionne notre programme, et comment le risque évalué est utilisé pour établir quelles firmes choisir afin d’optimiser le compromis coût-risque., This paper introduces elements of risk into supply-chain manufacturing systems that involve various actors acting sequentially to achieve an end-result. We consider a virtual dynamic environment, where different firms bid on sequential tasks. The traditional approach has been to assign tasks to firms, in order to realize production as cost-effective chains of activities. This approach neglects elements of risk, which we show how to incorporate. We have identified risk as a combination of three inputs, using a fuzzy logic approach. We show how a fuzzy controller can measure the risk involved in a supply-chain, which is constructed on an order-contract basis. We use this measure of risk to build a decision support environment that helps isolate alternative supply-chains that are potentially interesting from a cost perspective and compares them from a risk minimization stand point., 0

The wood fibre based product industry is one of the most important for countries such as Sweden, Finland, Russia and Canada., 0

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In this paper we propose a generic planning model for the pulp and paper supply chain. We first review the different business units of the supply chain and the material flows. We then propose a supply chain and paper industry. We further extend the discussion by adressing the difficult problem of distributed planning, even in a hierarchically organized system. To conclude, we propose a multi-agent framework to simulate different configurations of supply chain and anticipate the impact of the different decision models used by the different business units of the supply chain.

La visée de cette contribution, qui s’inscrit dans l’axe 1 du colloque, est de questionner l’agir évaluatif du formateur dans le contexte d’alternance de la formation des enseignants (Nitonde & Paquay, 2011). Son objectif est de présenter les résultats d’une recherche qui aborde l’avant-stage comme un moment important dans le développement professionnel du futur enseignant, riche d’indices sur sa professionnalisation (Charles, 2014). La compétence à planifier est souvent laissée-pour-compte ou mesurée en se référant à la trace écrite qui n’est qu’un reflet imparfait du processus réflexif qui s’y opère (Scheepers, 2014). Or, planifier est une tâche du métier (Charlier, 1989) apparentée à la résolution de problèmes (Leplat, 2006) et nécessitant toute une série des décisions qui participent à l’élaboration des plans détaillés (Portelance & D’Amours, 2020). L’appréhender dans sa complexité permettrait de déceler à la fois la capacité du stagiaire à se responsabiliser pour transférer les savoirs appris dans la pratique (Caron & Portelance, 2017) et sa compréhension du contexte de stage qui l’amène à apporter des régulations au pilotage didactique (Allal, 2007). Nous avons suivi douze étudiants durant leur trois années de formation d’instituteurs primaires. A partir des photos prises pour illustrer tout ce qu’ils font quand ils préparent une leçon, nous avons mené des entretiens de remise en situation sur la base de traces matérielles pour mettre au jour leur démarche. Quatre profils planificateurs ont émergé des analyses qualitatives et questionnent les indices pertinents à récolter, dès l’avant-stage, pour accompagner – voire évaluer – le développement des compétences d’un stagiaire.

This article aims to make a pedagogical contribution for teaching planning, alerting about its neoliberal tendency. The objective is to identify the issues at stake in the teaching of urbanism and planning from a multi-situated and feminist perspective. First, through a critique using neoextractivism and the role of megaprojects in a semicolonial and imperialist economy as a conceptual framework. Secondly, the pedagogical methodology of two teaching innovation experiences that engage the student to investigate and reflect about territorial conflicts to identify marginalized voices, apply theory, and incorporate the gender perspective to deconstruct the discourses of neoliberal planning are presented. The results are comparative urbanism experiences, we are tagging in global atlas of extractivist conflicts and social resistance. It is concluded that is necessary to transform the discipline from its teaching, placing the social dimension as a priority and analyzing the impact’s megaprojects. New areas of research should be promoted that are committed to the ethical dimension and care., Este artículo pretende un aporte pedagógico a la enseñanza del urbanismo, alertando sobre su deriva neoliberal. El objetivo es identificar los retos en la enseñanza del urbanismo y la planificación desde una perspectiva social y feminista. En primer lugar, se propone una crítica del neoextractivismo y el papel de los megaproyectos en la economía neoliberal e imperialista. En segundo lugar, se expone la metodología y el trabajo pedagógico de dos experiencias de innovación docente que comprometen al estudiante a investigar y reflexionar sobre conflictos territoriales, para identificar las voces marginadas, aplicar la teoría e incorporar la perspectiva de género con el objetivo de deconstruir los discursos de la planificación neoliberal. Partiendo de las experiencias del urbanismo comparado, anotamos en un atlas global los conflictos extractivistas y las resistencias que provocan. Concluimos en la necesaria transformación de la disciplina desde su enseñanza, priorizamos la dimensión social y analizamos el impacto de los megaproyectos. Se evidencia lo imprescindible de impulsar nuevas líneas de investigación comprometidas con la dimensión ética y de los cuidados., Cet article vise à apporter une contribution pédagogique à l'enseignement de l'urbanisme, en mettant en garde contre sa dérive néolibérale. L'objectif est d'identifier les défis de l'enseignement de l'urbanisme et de la planification dans une perspective sociale et féministe. Tout d'abord, par une critique du néo-extractivisme et du rôle des mégaprojets dans l’économie néolibérale et impérialiste. Deuxièmement, la méthodologie et le travail pédagogique de deux expériences d'enseignement innovantes qui engagent les étudiants dans la recherche et la réflexion sur les conflits territoriaux, afin d'identifier les voix marginalisées, d'appliquer la théorie et d'incorporer une perspective de genre pour déconstruire les discours de la planification néolibérale. En partant des expériences de l'urbanisme comparatif, nous annotons dans un atlas global les conflits extractivistes et les résistances qu'ils provoquent. Nous concluons sur la nécessaire transformation de la discipline à partir de son enseignement, en plaçant la dimension sociale comme une priorité et en analysant l'impact des mégaprojets. Il est essentiel de promouvoir de nouvelles lignes de recherche engagées dans la dimension éthique et de soins., Este artigo visa dar uma contribuição pedagógica ao ensino do urbanismo, alertando para a sua deriva neoliberal. O objectivo é identificar os desafios no ensino do urbanismo e planeamento a partir de uma perspectiva multi-situada e feminista. Em primeiro lugar, através de uma crítica utilizando o neo-extractivismo e o papel dos megaprojectos numa economia imperialista e semi-colonialista como quadro conceptual. Em segundo lugar, são apresentadas a metodologia e o trabalho pedagógico de duas experiências pedagógicas inovadoras que envolvem os estudantes na investigação e reflexão sobre conflitos territoriais, a fim de identificar vozes marginalizadas, aplicar a teoria e incorporar uma perspectiva de género para desconstruir os discursos do planeamento neoliberal. Com base nas experiências de urbanismo comparativo, elaborámos um atlas global de conflitos extrativistas e a resistência que estes provocam. Conclui-se que é necessário transformar a disciplina do seu ensino, dando prioridade à dimensão social e analisando o impacto dos projectos. Devem ser promovidas novas linhas de investigação comprometidas com a dimensão ética e de cuidado.

Water governance processes are linked to four dimensions in the territory: social, economic, environmental and political. In this article, the components are superimposed on two antagonistic scenarios: the páramo as a mountainous ecosystem of the Cusiana river in the municipality of Aquitania (Boyacá), altered by the agricultural processes of onion and potato, and the municipality of Maní (Casanare), located at the end of the Cusiana river basin, with an ecosystem of cattle plains, high oil extraction and agro-industrial processes for African palm and rice crops. Some actors and their influence in the territory, expressed in their relationship with economic activities linked to extractivism and productivism, are recognized; Planning tools such as Territorial Development and Planning Plans (EOTs and POMCA) are analyzed considering water governance and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)., Los procesos de gobernanza del agua están ligados a cuatro dimensiones en el territorio: social, económica, ambiental y política. En este artículo los componentes se superponen sobre dos escenarios antagónicos: el páramo como ecosistema montañoso del río Cusiana en el municipio de Aquitania (Boyacá), alterado por los procesos agrícolas de la cebolla y la papa, y el municipio de Maní (Casanare), ubicado al final de la cuenca del río Cusiana, con un ecosistema de llanuras ganaderas, alta extracción de petróleo y procesos agroindustriales para cultivos de palma africana y arroz. Se reconocen algunos actores y su influencia en el territorio, expresada en su relación con las actividades económicas ligadas al extractivismo y al productivismo; se analizan herramientas de planificación como Planes de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial (EOTs y POMCA), a la luz de la gobernanza del agua y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS)., Les processus de gouvernance de l'eau sont liés à quatre dimensions sur le territoire: sociale, économique, environnementale et politique. Dans cet article, les composants sont superposés sur deux scénarios antagonistes : le páramo, en tant qu'écosystème montagneux de la rivière Cusiana dans la municipalité d'Aquitania (Boyacá), altéré par les processus agricoles de l'oignon et de la pomme de terre, et la municipalité de Maní (Casanare), située à l'extrémité du bassin du fleuve Cusiana, avec un écosystème de plaines à bétail, une forte extraction d'huile et des processus agro-industriels pour la culture de la palme et du riz en Afrique. Certains acteurs et leur influence sur le territoire, exprimée dans leur rapport aux activités économiques liées à l'extractivisme et au productivisme, sont reconnus ; les outils de planification tels que les Schémas d'Aménagement et de Développement Territorial (EOT et POMCA) sont analysés à la lumière de la gouvernance de l'eau et des Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD)., Os processos de governança da água estão vinculados a quatro dimensões no território: social, econômica, ambiental e política. Neste artigo, os componentes se sobrepõem a dois cenários antagónicos: o páramo como ecossistema montanhoso do rio Cusiana no município de Aquitania (Boyacá), alterado pelos processos agrícolas de cebola e batata, e o município de Maní (Casanare) , localizado no final da bacia do rio Cusiana, com um ecossistema de planícies de gado, alta extração de óleo e processos agroindustriais para cultivos de palma africana e arroz. Reconhecem-se alguns atores e sua influência no territorio, expressa em sua relação com atividades econômicas ligadas ao extrativismo e ao produtivismo; Ferramentas de planejamento como Planos de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Territorial (EOTs e POMCA) são analisadas à luz da governança da água e dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS).

The wood fibre based product industry is one of the most important for countries such as Sweden, Finland, Russia and Canada., 0

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Virtual Environments have transformed over the years the way software is built and distributed. The recent growth of services such as Amazon EC2 or Google Cloud is representative of this trend and encourages developers to build software intended for virtual environments like virtual machines or containers. Despite all the benefits that virtualization brings (isolation, security, energy efficiency, stability, portability, etc.), the extra layer of software between the virtual environment and the hardware, called the hypervisor, increases the complexity of a system and the interpretation of its metrics. In this paper, we explore the situation of software performing latency measurements from a virtual environment. This is an example of a use-case where latency from the hypervisor could lead to measurable noise on the virtual environment if the hypervisor makes our environment wait for resources for milliseconds. To solve this problem, we propose an algorithm that will filter out this noise from computed metrics from the virtual environment. This algorithm was developed studying correlation between those metrics and hypervisor-induced latency spikes. We also try to be hypervisor agnostic which means that this work stays relevant whether a virtual environment is deployed locally or on a Cloud Service with different (and constantly evolving) hypervisor technologies. This research gives an overview of hypervisor technologies and how latency can appear when executing processes on virtual environments. As we will see, computing the metric and running the algorithm make network quality measurements from virtual environments more reliable and can explain unexpected latencies., Virtuella miljöer(virtual environments) har under åren förändrat hur mjukvara(software) byggs och distribueras. Den senaste tidens tillväxt av tjänster som Amazon EC2 eller Google Cloud är representativ för denna trend och uppmuntrar utvecklare att bygga programvara avsedd för virtuella miljöer som virtuella maskiner eller behållare. Trots alla fördelar som virtualisering ger (isolering, säkerhet, energieffektivitet, stabilitet, portabilitet, etc.), ökar det extra lagret av mjukvara mellan den virtuella miljön och hårdvaran, kallad hypervisor, komplexiteten hos ett system och tolkning av dessa måtvärden. I denna artikel utforskar vi situationen för programvara som utför latensmätningar från en virtuell miljö. Detta är ett exempel på ett användningsfall där latens från hypervisorn kan leda till mätbart brus i den virtuella miljön om hypervisorn får vår miljö att vänta på resurser i millisekunder. För att lösa detta problem föreslår vi en algoritm som kommer att filtrera bort detta brus från beräknade mätvärden från den virtuella miljön. Denna algoritm utvecklades för att studera korrelationen mellan dessa mätvärden och hypervisor-inducerade latensspikar. Vi försöker också vara hypervisoragnostiska vilket innebär att detta arbete förblir relevant oavsett om en virtuell miljö distribueras lokalt eller på en molntjänst med olika (och ständigt utvecklande) hypervisorteknologier. Denna forskning ger en översikt över hypervisorteknologier och hur latens kan uppstå när processer körs i virtuella miljöer. Som vi kommer att se gör beräkning av måtten och körning av algoritmen mätningar av nätverkskvalitet från virtuella miljöer mer tillförlitliga och kan förklara oväntade latenser., Les environments virtuels transforment depuis des années la manière de développer et distribuer du logiciel. La récente croissance de services comme Amazon EC2 ou Google Cloud reflète bien cette tendance et encourage les développeurs à construire du logiciel déployable sur des environnements virtuels comme des machines virtuels ou des conteneurs. Malgré tous les bénéfices que la virtualisation apporte (isolation, sécurité, efficacité énergétique, stabilité, portabilité, etc.), la couche logiciel supplémentaire entre l’environnement virtuel et le hardware, appelée hyperviseur, augmente la complexité d’un système et l’interprétation de ces métriques. Dans ce mémoire de projet de fin d’études, nous explorons la situation où un logiciel effectue des tests de latence depuis un envirronnement virtuel. Cette situation est un exemple d’un cas d’utilisation où la latence introduite par un hyperviseur peut mener à un bruit mesurable si l’hyperviseur fait attendre notre environnement dans l’ordre de grandeur de la milliseconde. Pour résoudre ce problème, nous proposons un algorithme qui filtre ce bruit à partir de métriques calculées directement depuis l’environnement virtuel. Cet algorithme est dévelopé en étudiant la corrélation entre nos métriques et une latence dite "hypervisor-induced". Cette approche permet donc une grande flexibilité dans la technologie sous-jacente de l’hôte puisque celui-ci peut utiliser des hyperviseurs différents ou même faire partie d’un service Cloud sans que notre solution en soit impactée. Ce mémoire donne aussi un aperçu de la technologie derrière un hyperviseur et comment de la latence peut s’introduire dans l’exécution d’un processus dans un environnement virtuel.

A generic framework for designing decision theaters (DTs) is proposed. The implementation of this framework is illustrated on community forest management in the province of Québec. In particular, we develop the conceptual design of an integrated Forest Community Decision Support System (FC-DSS). FC-DSS aims at supporting complex forest management planning that involves governmental planners and multiple forest users.

Despite the extensive use of the agent technology in the Supply Chain Management field, its integration with Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) tools still represents a promising field with several open research questions. Specifically, the literature falls short in providing an integrated framework to analyze, specify, design and implement simulation experiments covering the whole simulation cycle. Thus, this paper proposes an agent-based strategy to convert the 'analysis' models into 'specification' and 'design' models combining two existing methodologies proposed in the literature. The first one is a recent and unique approach dedicated to the 'analysis' of agent-based APS systems. The second one is a well-established methodological framework to 'specify' and 'design' agent-based supply chain systems. The proposed conversion strategy is original and is the first one allowing simulation analysts to integrate the whole simulation development process in the domain of distributed APS.

Over the years, Operational Research (OR) has been used extensively to support the forest products industry and public forestry organizations (e.g., governments, environmental protection groups) in their respective planning activities concerning the flow of wood fiber from the forest to the customer. The applications deal with a wide range of problems, ranging from long-term strategic problems related to forest management or company development to very short-term operational problems, such as planning for real-time log/chip transportation or cutting. This paper presents an overview of the different planning problems and reviews the past contributions in the field of forestry, with a focus on applications and problem descriptions. In the context of the 50th anniversary of the Canadian Operational Research Society, this paper also recognizes the contributions of many Canadian researchers to the field of forestry management.

Forest products value chains (FPVC) are complex networks of units incorporating different goals and beliefs. These units need to work toCJ gether to generate the different elements of value. To study these value chains, a common representation and understanding of the different components of a value chain must be obtained. This will permit the evaluation of forest and industry strategies, supply chain configurations, and planning approaches using simulations. Agent-based modelling (ABM) is favoured to facilitate the assessment of different scenarios; however, information and knowledge sharing (IKS) in a collaborative modelling context remains an issue. This paper discusses the need for collaborative modelling and simulation of the FPVC and surveys the literature about the most significant standardization initiatives for IKS and ABM platforms, with focus on the FPVC. Then the key findings are explained, and a road map leading to defining a standard for value chain modelling is proposed.

This paper is based on wood supply chain (WSC) data collected in six countries (Canada, Chile, France, Poland, Sweden, and USA) where a total of 94 local actors and experts were consulted. For each WSC studied, processes for operational plan-ning and execution of the procurement activities were mapped. Descriptions of the information, material and financial flows were also completed. Three basic designs of planning systems were identified, and for each design, a decision matrix was de-vised. WSC agility capabilities were assessed according to a four dimensions refer-ence model and compared with those theoretically required by the environment's uncertainties. When comparing location of the decoupling point, agility capabilities, and average order fulfilment cycle time of each WSC, it was possible to reinforce results found in the literature which state that supply chain agility is linked to shorter order fulfilment cycle time. Finally, the personalisation capabilities of each WSC were assessed and two key processes were identified where most of the product differen-tiation activities along a WSC occur.

Recent economic and international threats to western industries have encouraged companies to increase their performance in all ways possible. Many look to deal quickly with disturbances, reduce inventory, and exchange information promptly throughout the supply chain. In other words they want to become more agile. To reach this objective it is critical for planning systems to present planning strategies adapted to the different contexts, to attain better performances. Due to consolidation, the development of integrated supply chains and the use of inter-organizational information systems have increased business interdependencies and in turn the need for increased collaboration to deal with disturbance in a synchronized way. Thus, agility and synchronization in supply chains are critical to maintain overall performance. In order to develop tools to increase the agility of the supply chain and to promote the collaborative management of such disturbances, agent-based technology takes advantage of the ability of agents to make autonomous decisions in a distributed network through the use of advanced collaboration mechanisms. Moreover, because of the highly instable and dynamic environment of today's supply chains, planning agents must handle multiple problem solving approaches. This paper proposes a Multi-behavior planning agent model using different planning strategies when decisions are supported by a distributed planning system. The implementation of this solution is realized through the FOR@C experimental agent-based platform, dedicated to supply chain planning for the lumber industry.

This paper explores past and current developments and applications of decision theaters and discusses their potential benefits for participatory planning in the forest sector in Québec. A participatory mechanism involving the users of forest resources and the territory is illustrated through three regional cases studies. We identify the main challenges and discuss how decision theaters can contribute in addressing them. The next steps of our research are finally presented.

Recent developments in supply chain planning have emerged from the field of agent technology and distributed decision making. Although several attempts have been made to exploit agent technology to design supply chain simulation tools, the integration of simulation with distributed supply chain planning tools is still a challenge. This paper aims at investigating this aspect of supply chain planning simulation through the use of theoretical contributions found in the field of simulation, systems theory, distributed decision making and agent-based software engineering. More specifically, this paper first proposes a conceptual framework for modeling “distributed agent-based Advanced Planning and Scheduling” (d-APS). Next, derived from this framework, it proposes some specific methods for understanding and modeling simulation problems at the initial phase of the modeling effort. This early phase is critical because it considerably influences the whole development process and the resulting simulation environment, but it is usually neglected in the concerned literature. Finally, a theoretical illustrative case is presented in the lumber supply chain.

The pulp and paper industry depends on a long and integrated supply chain. Forest products start in forest harvest areas as trees and end up as multiple products used in the dayto-day life of all people. The lead time from the first step to the last is long and involves many steps operated by several companies and organizations. In this overview paper we describe the supply chain in its entirety, its participants and the planning problems arising along the chain. We divide the planning problems into strategic, tactical and operative in a supply chain matrix, describe their characteristics and provide applications as illustrations. We discuss the need for information and decision support for planners in each of these areas. This relates to planning within a single company as well as integrated planning across several. A number of tailor-made systems have been developed and published in the literature and we describe these tools/systems together with their characteristics and results. We conclude with a discussion of current issues and outline future research areas.

This paper examines the flow synchronization problem between a manufacturing location and multiple destinations. Multiple products can be shipped from the manufacturing location to different locations via multiple transportation modes. These transportation modes may have different transportation lead times. The transportation costs structure of the different transportation modes offer economies of scale and can be represented by general piecewise linear functions. The production system at the manufacturing location is a serial process with a bottleneck stage. At the bottleneck stage, a predetermined production sequence must be maintained as is the case in some process-based industries. We propose a tight mixed integer programming model for integrated planning of production and distribution in the network. We show that by adding simple valid inequalities and special 0-1 variables, major computational improvements can be achieved when solving this problem with commercial solvers such as Cplex. We also propose a sequential solution approach, based on the independent, but synchronized, solutions of the production and distribution sub-problems. Finally, the solution methods proposed are tested experimentally for realistic problems and the advantage of integrated planning over independent but synchronized planning is assessed.

Shermag Inc. is a vertically integrated furniture company with business units across the supply chain from the forest to the final customer. During the last decade, Shermag has been losing market share to low-cost Asian manufacturers. To reduce the procurement and other significant costs of Shermag's raw material (wood), which constitute a major component of its total furniture cost, we developed a tool to optimize the tactical planning of the company's wood supply chain. We propose an optimization-based approach for coordinating operations at each echelon of the wood supply chain. However, the problem size caused computer-related issues, such as long processing times and computer crashes. In our proposed solution approach, we use decomposition to overcome these issues. Our implementation uses C++, CPLEX (optimization software), and Microsoft Access. In this paper, we present a comparative study of traditional decision making versus optimal decision making. Using Shermag data for 2004 and 2005, we show that our solution reduces total operations costs by more than 22 percent. For any set of parameters, the tool can generate a good, feasible solution. These results convinced Shermag to use our tool for future configurations of its supply chain network.

This article investigates the robustness of different tactical planning and control policies for a softwood supply chain using an agent-based environment that simulates a distributed advanced planning and scheduling system and its corresponding supply chain operations. Simulations were modelled using a novel agent-based methodology combined with a robust experimental design approach and an industrial data set obtained from two companies in Eastern Canada. Experimental results provide insights about the dynamic relations among factors related to control levels, planning methods and planning horizon lengths. Results indicate that supply chain control levels play a relevant role in defining robust service levels, while the planning horizon and the planning method have lower impact in this context. In addition, from the supply chain inventory level point of view, we verified that the three investigated tactical rules have to be configured together if one desires to maximise their contribution for a robust supply chain system capable of coping with uncertainties from the business environment. When these rules are evaluated individually, it is not possible to make the most of their potential due to interactions between them. The article concludes by proposing an optimum robust configuration of the tactical rules to minimise the impact of supply chain uncertainties

In today's industrial context, competitiveness is closely associated to supply chain performance. Coordination between business units is essential to increase this performance, in order to produce and deliver products on time to customers, at a competitive price. While planning systems usually follow a single straightforward production planning process, this paper proposes that partners adapt together their local planning process (i.e. planning behaviours) to the different situations met in the supply chain environment. Because each partner can choose different behaviour and all behaviours will have an impact on the overall performance, it is difficult to know which is preferable for each partner to increase their performance. Using agent-based technology, simulation experiments have been undertaken to verify if multi-behaviour planning agents who can change planning behaviours to adapt to their environment can increase supply chain performance. These agents have been implemented in an agent-based planning platform, using a case study illustrating a lumber supply chain. The performance analysis shows that advanced planning systems can take advantage of using multiple planning processes, because of the dynamic context of supply chains.

Many research initiatives carried out in production management consider process planning and operations scheduling as two separate and sequential functions. However, in certain contexts, the two functions must be better integrated. This is the case in divergent production systems with co-production (i.e. production of different products at the same time from a single product input) when alternative production processes are available. This paper studies such a context and focuses on the case of drying and finishing operations in a softwood lumber facility. The situation is addressed using a single model that simultaneously performs process planning and scheduling. We evaluate two alternative formulations. The first one is based on mixed integer programming (MIP) and the second on constraint programming (CP). We also propose a search procedure to improve the performance of the CP approach. Both approaches are compared with respect to their capacity to generate good solutions in short computation time.

The new economic challenges and recent trends in globalization have made it very difficult for Canadian forest product companies to improve their financial position without the coordinated involvement of the entire company, including their supply chains (distributed facilities, company offices, industrial customers, and distributors). Such a new level of efficiency involves their distributed facilities and offices spread around the world, and their customers. One consequence of this new reality is that forest products companies are now facing the need to re-engineer their organizational processes and business practices with their partners. To do this they must adopt new technologies to support the coordination of their planning and control efforts in a customer-centered environment. This paper first proposes a generic software architecture for development of an experimentation environment to design and test distributed advanced planning and scheduling systems. This architecture enables combination of agent-based technology and operations research-based tools in order to first take advantage of the ability of agent technology to integrate distributed decision problems, and, second, to take advantage of the ability of operations research to develop and exploit specific normative decision models. Next, this paper describes how this architecture has been configured into an advanced planning and scheduling tool for the lumber industry. Finally, we present how an application of this advanced planning tool is currently being validated and tested in a real manufacturing setting.

Sales and operations planning (S&OP) has become a widely recognized process of supply chain planning. However, until the present time, the evaluation of its benefits has been conducted mainly through post implementation case studies. This paper explores the fundamentals of the S&OP process and presents a modelling approach to evaluate its impact before implementation. Three MIP-based models are formulated representing, respectively, a multi-site supply-chain-based S&OP (SC-S&OP), that integrates the cross functional planning of sales, production, distribution, and procurement centrally; a multi-site sales–production planning-based S&OP (SP-S&OP), in which the joint sales and production planning is carried out centrally while the distribution and procurement are planned separately in each site; and a decoupled planning (DP), in which the sales planning is carried out centrally while the production, distribution, and procurement planning are performed separately and locally. The models are developed for an alternative multi-site manufacturing system that has different suppliers, produces different products and serves different customers on a make-to-order (MTO) basis where backlogs are allowed. The benefit of SC-S&OP is evaluated by comparing its financial performance over that of SP-S&OP and DP under deterministic seasonal demand and market price conditions. To illustrate the methodology, the models are applied to an Oriented Strand Board (OSB) manufacturing company in Quebec, Canada.

This study shows an exhaustive review of different investigations that have been analyzed and evaluated and that present how planning and innovation processes have been generated in the management of educational institutions. The state of the art is made up of three fundamental elements: in the first place, some fundamentals or criteria will be taken into account for the selection of the antecedents or state of the art, for which the variability, reliability and validity of the articles will be taken into account. That composes. be required; then, the bibliographic search and review of the antecedents is carried out with the full purpose that there is an integral indication that manages to generate arguments for the development of the initial document; Finally, the general conclusions will be established through a discussion of the results found. To comply with this, a qualitative method was used according to the descriptive, argumentative and interpretive approach, all of which allowed the collection of information and data that support the analysis that covers the national and international scope, classifying, organizing, describing, coding and protocolizing the background. or state of the art identified and analyzed. With all that has been done, it can be concluded that the design and execution of new research strengthens the generation of planning and innovation processes in the management of educational institutions, from all the different aspects that have emerged as an effect of an increasingly globalized world., Cette étude présente un examen exhaustif de différentes enquêtes qui ont été analysées et évaluées et qui présentent comment les processus de planification et d'innovation ont été générés dans la gestion des établissements d'enseignement. L'état de l'art est composé de trois éléments fondamentaux : premièrement, certains fondements ou critères seront pris en compte pour la sélection du contexte ou de l'état de l'art, pour lesquels la variabilité, la fiabilité et la validité des articles qui le composent sont obligatoire; ensuite, la recherche bibliographique et l'examen de l'arrière-plan sont effectués dans le but qu'il existe une indication intégrale qui parvient à générer des arguments pour l'élaboration du document initial ; Enfin, les conclusions générales seront établies à travers une discussion des résultats trouvés. Pour s'y conformer, une méthode qualitative a été utilisée selon l'approche descriptive, argumentative et interprétative, ce qui a permis de recueillir des informations et des données qui appuient l'analyse qui inclut la portée nationale et internationale, classant, organisant, décrivant, codant et formaliser le contexte ou l'état de l'art identifié et analysé. Avec tout ce qui a été fait, on peut conclure que la conception et l'exécution de nouvelles recherches renforcent la génération de processus de planification et d'innovation dans la gestion des établissements d'enseignement, sous tous les aspects qui ont émergé sous l'effet d'un monde de plus en plus globalisé., Este estudo apresenta uma revisão exaustiva de diferentes investigações que foram analisadas e avaliadas e que apresentam como os processos de planejamento e inovação têm sido gerados na gestão de instituições educacionais. O estado da arte é composto por três elementos fundamentais: primeiro, alguns fundamentos ou critérios serão levados em conta para a seleção do background ou estado da arte, para o qual variabilidade, confiabilidade e validade dos artigos que o compõem são requeridos; em seguida, realiza-se a busca bibliográfica e a revisão dos antecedentes com o objetivo de que haja uma indicação integral que consiga gerar argumentos para o desenvolvimento do documento inicial; Por fim, as conclusões gerais serão estabelecidas através da discussão dos resultados encontrados. Para tal, foi utilizado um método qualitativo de abordagem descritiva, argumentativa e interpretativa, o que permitiu recolher informação e dados que suportam a análise que abrange o âmbito nacional e internacional, classificando, organizando, descrevendo, codificando e protocolar os antecedentes ou estado da técnica identificados e analisados. Com tudo o que foi feito, pode-se concluir que o desenho e a execução de novas pesquisas fortalecem a geração de processos de planejamento e inovação na gestão de instituições educacionais, de todos os aspectos que surgiram como efeito de um mundo cada vez mais globalizado., El presente estudio muestra una revisión exhaustiva de diferentes investigaciones que han sido analizadas y evaluadas y que presentan cómo se han generado procesos de planeación e innovación en la gestión de instituciones educativas. El estado del arte se compone de tres elementos fundamentales: primero, se tendrán en cuenta algunos fundamentos o criterios para la selección de los antecedentes o estado del arte, para lo cual se requiere variabilidad, fiabilidad y validez de los artículos que lo compongan; luego, se realiza la búsqueda bibliográfica y revisión de los antecedentes con el pleno propósito de que haya un indicio integral que logre generar argumentos para el desarrollo del documento inicial; por último, se establecerán las conclusiones generales a través de una discusión de los resultados encontrados. Para cumplir con ello, fue utilizado un método cualitativo de acuerdo con el enfoque descriptivo, argumentativo e interpretativo, todo ello permitió la recolección de información y datos que fundamentan el análisis que recoge el ámbito nacional e internacional, clasificando, organizando, describiendo, codificando y protocolizando los antecedentes o estado del arte identificado y analizado. Con todo lo realizado, puede concluirse que el diseño y ejecución de nuevas investigaciones fortalece la generación de procesos de planeación e innovación en la gestión de instituciones educativas, a partir de todas las distintas vertientes que han emergido como efecto de un mundo cada día más globalizado.

Costs are an essential part of accounting, since they generate valuable measurable information in monetary terms, presenting it in an orderly and systematic way to reflect the operations carried out by a company, they also represent a fundamental link to achieve high levels of efficiency and effectiveness through the use of relevant techniques and methods. The objective of this scientific research article is to characterize the current state of the planning process and cost analysis of the Base Business Unit (UEB) Natural and Traditional Medicine Factory, Pinar del Río, Cuba, to determine the possible deficiencies that exist in this process. The diagnosis was made through analyzing primary and secondary sources of information, where it was found that the directors of the UEB do not carry out actions aimed at perfecting the current cost system, where the existing models to record costs are insufficient., Les coûts conforment une partie indispensable de la comptabilité car ils fournissent une information très importante mesurable en termes monétaires en la présentant d’une manière ordonnée et systématique afin de refléter les opérations effectuées par une entreprise et constituent de même un chaînon fundamental afin d’atteindre un fort niveau d’efficience et d’efficacité par le biais de techniques et méthodes importantes. Cet article de recherche scientifique a pour but de: caractériser l’état actuel du processus de planification et de l’analyse des coûts de l’Unité Entrepreuneuriale de Base (UEB) Usine de Médecine Naturelle et Traditionnelle, Pinar del Río, Cuba, afin de déterminer les déficiences possibles existant dans ce processus. Le diagnostic s’est effectué en analysant des sources d’information primaires et secondaires où il a été possible que constater que la Direction de l’UEB n’a pas réalisé des actions permettant de perfectionner le système de coût actuel, où les modèles existants pour évaluer les coûts se sont avérés insuffisants., Los costos constituyen una parte imprescindible de la contabilidad, puesto que generan una valiosa información medible en términos monetarios, presentándola en forma ordenada y sistemática para reflejar las operaciones que realiza una empresa, además representan un eslabón fundamental para alcanzar altos niveles de eficiencia y eficacia mediante el uso de técnicas y métodos relevantes. El presente artículo de investigación científica tiene como objetivo: caracterizar el estado actual del proceso de planificación y análisis del costo de la Unidad Empresarial de Base (UEB) Fábrica de Medicina Natural y Tradicional, Pinar del Río, Cuba, para determinar las posibles deficiencias que existen en dicho proceso. El diagnóstico se efectuó a través de analizar fuentes de información primarias y secundarias, donde se pudo constatar que los directivos de la UEB no realizan acciones encaminadas a perfeccionar el sistema de costo actual, donde los modelos existentes para registrar los costos son insuficientes., Os custos são parte essencial da contabilidade, pois geram informações valiosas mensuráveis em termos monetários, apresentando-as de forma ordenada e sistemática para refletir as operações realizadas por uma empresa, também representam um passo fundamental para alcançar altos níveis de eficiência e eficácia através do uso de técnicas e métodos relevantes. O objetivo deste artigo de pesquisa científica é caracterizar o estado atual do processo de planejamento e análise de custos da Unidade de Negócios Básicos (UEB) “Fábrica de Medicina Natural e Tradicional, Pinar del Río, Cuba”, para determinar as possíveis deficiências existentes nesse processo. O diagnóstico foi feito por meio da análise de fontes primárias e secundárias de informação, onde constatou-se que os gestores da UEB não realizam ações voltadas para a melhoria do atual sistema de custos, onde os modelos existentes para registrar custos são insuficientes.

This article studies the evolution of trade policies applied in Central America, from 1990, when an aggressive trade opening process began, until 2018. Theoretically, it starts from two conceptual approaches: trade policy and instruments, economic integration and new regionalism. About the methodological design, a qualitative study was carried out, based on the technique of bibliographic review and content analysis, through the analysis of the National Development Plans and Trade Policy Reviews of the WTO for each country. Considering the central findings, despite the discrepancies between countries, the region taken two lines of work: a) gradual opening and promotion of productive diversification; b) integration dynamics through strategic actions. In conclusion, the trade policies applied from 1990 to 2018 have allowed international participation with a focus on trade openness and that, with different strategies and moments, which involved a change in the export structure of the countries under study, with results differentiated by country., En el presente artículo se estudia la evolución de las políticas comerciales aplicadas en Centroamérica, de 1990, cuando inician los procesos de apertura de comercial más agresivos de la región, hasta el 2018. Teóricamente se parte de dos abordajes conceptuales: política comercial e instrumentos e integración económica e integración profunda. En cuanto al diseño metodológico, se realizó un estudio de tipo cualitativo, sustentando en la técnica de revisión bibliográfica a profundidad y análisis de contenido de los planes de Planes de Desarrollo Nacional y Exámenes de Políticas Comerciales de la OMC de cada país. Sobre los hallazgos centrales se encuentra que la región, pese a sus discrepancias, ha tomado dos líneas de trabajo: a) apertura paulatina y fomento a la diversificación productiva; b) dinámica de integración por acciones estratégicas. Se concluye que las políticas comerciales aplicadas de 1990 al 2018, han permitido la participación internacional con enfoque hacia la apertura comercial, los cuales, con diferentes instrumentos y momentos, han permitido un cambio en la estructura exportadora de los países en estudio, con resultados diferenciados por país