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Nontyphoidal salmonellosis is an important foodborne and zoonotic infection that causes significant global public health concern. Diverse serovars are multidrug-resistant and encode several virulence indicators; however, little is known on the role prophages play in driving these traits. Here, we extracted prophages from seventy-five Salmonella genomes which represent the fifteen important serovars in the United Kingdom. We analyzed the intact prophages for the presence of virulence genes and established their genomic relationships. We identified 615 prophages from the Salmonella strains, from which 195 prophages are intact, 332 are incomplete, while 88 are questionable. The average prophage carriage was found to be ‘extreme’ in S. Heidelberg, S. Inverness, and S. Newport (10.2–11.6 prophages/strain), ‘high’ in S. Infantis, S. Stanley, S. Typhimurium, and S. Virchow (8.2–9.0 prophages/strain), ‘moderate’ in S. Agona, S. Braenderup, S. Bovismorbificans, S. Choleraesuis, S. Dublin, and S. Java (6.0–7.8 prophages/strain), and ‘low’ in S. Javiana and S. Enteritidis (5.8 prophages/strain). Cumulatively, 61 virulence genes (1500 gene copies) were detected from representative intact prophages and linked to Salmonella delivery/secretion system (42.62%), adherence (32.7%), magnesium uptake (3.88%), regulation (5%), stress/survival (1.6%), toxins (10%), and antivirulence (1.6%). Diverse clusters were formed among the intact prophages and with bacteriophages of other enterobacteria, suggesting different lineages and associations. Our work provides a strong body of data to support the contributions diverse prophages make to the pathogenicity of Salmonella, including thirteen previously unexplored serovars.

Salmonella is an important pathogen as a causative agent of gastroenteric diseases by consumption of contaminated food. To determine the genetic similarity of Salmonella serovars, 340 samples of feces and ileum tissue were collected from pigs of different ages and physiological stages from two farms located in the central zone of the of State of Sinaloa; ileum samples were collected from FIT slaughterhouses. Gene similarity of serovars was performed by digestion with the restriction enzyme XbaI and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Salmonella and serovars Anatum, Seftenberg, Untipable, Javiana, Tokoin, Newport, Typhimurium, Weltevreden, Serrakunda, Muenchen, Group C2, Group E1 (E2-E4), Group E1, Group C1 and Group F were isolated from 32 of the samples analyzed. The most frequently isolated serovar Anatum had a genetic similarity of 87.5 - 100%, Group E1 87.5 -100%, Serrekunda 88.9 -100%, Muenchen 100%, Senftenberg 96.6% and Newport 75.9%; these had a Jaccard coefficient greater than 0.75 in the PFGE analysis and were therefore considered bacterial clones. In conclusion, the percentage of genetic similarity observed was high, indicating a possible source of cross-contamination in the swine production units analyzed., Salmonella es un patógeno importante como agente causal de enfermedades gastroentéricas por consumo de alimentos contaminados. Para determinar la similitud genética de serovares de Salmonella, 340 muestras de heces y tejido del íleon fueron tomadas de cerdos de diferentes edades y etapas fisiológicas de dos granjas ubicadas en la zona centro del Estado de Sinaloa; las muestras del íleon fueron tomadas en rastro TIF. La similitud génica de los serovares se realizó mediante digestión con la enzima de restricción XbaI y electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado (PFGE). En 32 de las muestras analizadas se aisló Salmonella y los serovares Anatum, Seftenberg, Untipable, Javiana, Tokoin, Newport, Typhimurium, Weltevreden, Serrakunda, Muenchen, Grupo C2, Grupo E1 (E2-E4), Grupo E1, Grupo C1 y Grupo F. El serovar Anatum, que se aisló con mayor frecuencia, tuvo una similitud genética de 87.5 – 100%, el Grupo E1 del 87.5 -100%, Serrekunda del 88.9 -100%, Muenchen del 100%, Senftenberg 96.6% y Newport 75.9%; éstos presentaron un coeficiente de Jaccard mayor a 0.75 en el análisis de PFGE, por lo que se consideraron clonas bacterianas. En conclusión, el porcentaje de similitud genética observado fue alto, lo que indica una posible fuente de contaminación cruzada en las unidades de producción porcina analizadas.

Salmonele predstavljaju veoma važne patogene mikroorganizme ljudi i životinja koji su odgovorni za 93,8 miliona infekcija i 155.000 smrtnih slučajeva ljudi godišnje u svetu. Uzročnik vedine slučajeva salmoneloze ljudi je hrana, ali su i brojne infekcije posledica direktnog ili indirektnog kontakta sa životinjama. Gmizavci predstavljaju značajni rezervoar velikog broja podvrsta i serovarijeteta Salmonella spp., a brojni radovi potvrđuju mogudnost prenošenja ovih bakterija sa gmizavaca na ljude. Cilj ove disertacije je bio da se ustanovi prisustvo i raširenost serovarijeteta Salmonella spp. i njihove rezistencije prema antimikrobnim sredstvima. Od aprila 2012. do aprila 2016. godine bakteriološki su ispitivani brisevi i feces 317 gmizavaca i vodozemaca, slobodnih u prirodi, držanih u zoološkom vrtu ili gajenih kao kudni ljubimci (152 kornjače, 76 guštera, 73 zmije i 16 žaba) poreklom od 42 različite vrste i izolovano je ukupno 57 sojeva Salmonella enterica (18,93%) od 301 gmizavca, za razliku od vodozemaca gde su svi uzorci bili negativni. Salmonella enterica je izolovana kod 24 kornjače (15,79%,), 14 guštera (18,42%) i 19 zmija (26,03%), a nakon serotipizacije 41 soj je identifikovan kao S. enterica subsp. enterica (I) i 16 kao S. enterica subsp. diarizonae (IIIb). Ukupno je serotipizacijom utvrđeno prisustvo 24 različita serovarijeteta Salmonella enterica, od kojih po prvi put u Srbiji 10 serovarijeteta, a jedan determinisani serovarijetet se ne nalazi u White-Kauffmann-Le Minor tabeli. Kod sojeva Salmonella nije utvrđena rezistencija prema ispitivanim antimikrobnim sredstvima. Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Hadar i Salmonella Thompson koje su otkrivene kod gmizavaca spadaju u serovarijetete Salmonella koje dovode do infekcija ljudi. Dobijeni rezultati nedvosmisleno ukazuju da gmizavci, kako slobodni u prirodi tako i u zoološkom vrtu ili držani kao kudni ljubimci, mogu predstavljati rezervoar Salmonella spp., što je od velikog epidemiološkog značaja usled zoonoz

dos Santos C.S., Guedes Júnior D. da S., Pereira R. de C.G., dos Santos C. de C.A., Castro V. & de Jesus V.L.T. [serological survey of equine leptospirosis at the Microregion of Itaguaí in the State of Rio de Janeiro]. Inquérito sorológico da ocorrência de leptospirose em equídeos da microrregião de Itaguaí no estado do Rio de Janeiro-RJ. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 34(2):96-100, 2012. Curso de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. BR-465 km 7, Seropédica, 23890-000, RJ. Brasil. E-mail: carolinespitz@yahoo.com.br A survey of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in animal from a horse breeding establishment located at the microregion of Itaguaí in the State of Rio de Janeiro was conducted. One hundred and thirty-nine blood samples from horses were collected and subjected to microscopic agglutination test (MAT). A total of 71.9% (100) of the samples had agglutinating antibodies against one or more serovars, with the predominance of Bratislava (29.2%), followed by Pomona (19.8%), Copenhagen (17.5%) and Hardjo prajitno (12.7%) Serovars. The reactivity rate between males (63.6%) and females (78.57%) showed no significant difference (p = 0.11). The group of animals younger than two years of age differed significantly from the others (p=0.0003). The results demonstrate that the animals of this micro-region have a high exposure to different Leptospira. serovars., Um levantamento sobre a presença de anticorpos anti-Leptospira em equideos de um haras localizado na microrregião de Itaguaí, estado do Rio de Janeiro foi feito. Centro e trinta e nove amostras de sangue de equídeos foram coletadas e submetidas a técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica (MAT). Das amostras avaliadas 71,9% foram reagentes ao teste. Os sorovares predominantes foram Bratislava (29,2%), Pomona (19,8%), Copenhageni (17,5%) e Hardjo prajitno (12,7%). Não houve diferença significativa entre sexos (p= 0,11), sendo observados 78,5 e 63,6% de positividade para as fêmeas e machos respectivamente. De acordo com a idade, animais menores que dois anos diferiram significativamente dos demais grupos de idade (p=0,0003). Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo demonstram uma exposição elevada a diversos sorovares de Leptospira em equídeos da microrregião de Itaguaí.

Prevention of Salmonella contamination of poultry products requires detailed knowledge of the main sources associated with its presence in the production system. The aims of this study were to determine the main sources of Salmonella contamination in broiler production during growing, to assess the risk factors for Salmonella contamination at the end of the rearing period and to determine the main serovars involved in broiler production systems in Eastern Spain. A total of 65 different broiler houses from different farms were sampled. Each house was sampled at different times during the rearing period. First, when the previous flock was taken to the slaughterhouse, samples of dust, surfaces and previous flock faeces were collected. After cleaning and disinfection (C&D), samples of dust and surfaces were also taken. On the first day of rearing, samples of water, bedding, farming boots, meconiums, delivery-box liners and feed were collected. During rearing, feed samples were taken directly from the truck and from feeders. On slaughter day, samples of dust, surfaces, water, feed and faeces were also collected. Finally, two days after slaughter, carriers (rodents, flies and beetles) were trapped. All samples collected were analysed according to ISO 6579:2002 (Annex D) and positive samples were serotyped in accordance with Kauffman-White-Le-Minor technique. Our results showed that all different types of samples collected were contaminated with Salmonella (prevalence ranged between 1.5% and 38.6%). The most contaminated samples related with poultry production were: delivery-box liners (32.0%), faeces samples (31.2%), dust samples (25.0%), farming boots (19.7%) and feed from feeders (16.0%). However, the most important risk factors for Salmonella contamination of the flocks at the end of the rearing period were Salmonella status of the house after cleaning and disinfection, Salmonella status of day-old chick flocks and feed from feeders. Twenty-one different serovars were

The seroprevalence of leptospirosis was determined in a canine population in the rural area of the municipality of Monteria, Cordoba (Colombia). Blood samples were taken in 200 dogs of 28 townships, which were processed in the laboratory of the Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA) by microscopic agglutination technique (MAT). A seroprevalence of 12 % was determined and the seropositivity distributed among the serovars: canicola 7 %, icterohaemorrhagiae and grippotyphosa 2 %, bratislava 1 % and no seroreactivity for serogroups hardjo and pomona. A title greater than 1: 20 was not found for any of the strains. It was demonstrated that the canines of the rural municipality of Monteria are or have been in contact with strains of Leptospira spp, which constitutes a risk factor for the spread of the etiologic agent., En una población canina de las áreas rurales del municipio de Montería Córdoba (Colombia), se determinó la seroprevalencia de leptospirosis, para lo cual se tomaron muestras de sangre en 200 caninos procedentes de los 28 corregimientos; estas se procesaron en el laboratorio del Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA) mediante técnica de microaglutinación lisis (MAT). Se determinó una seroprevalencia del 12 %, distribuyéndose la seropositividad entre los serovares: canicola 7 %, icterohaemorragiae y grippotyphosa 2 %, bratislava 1 %, no hubo seroreactividad para los servoraes hardjo y pomona. Sólo para el serovar canicola, se obtuvo un titulo de 1: 200. Se demostró, que los caninos de las áreas rurales del municipio de Montería están o han estado en contacto con cepas de Leptospira spp; constituyendo en un factor de riesgo para la diseminación del agente etiológico.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that is caused by species of genus Leptospira (Order Spirochaetales, Family Leptospiraceae). This is very important on a global level, due to its widespread distribution and diversity of serogroups and serovars that affect an extensive group of animal species. Canines are one of the most affected species, where this bacterium generates an acute renal or hepatic infection. Chronic kidney disease is a common consequence of the infection and miscarriage can also happen in pregnant females. During the past few years, Leptospirosis has been catalogued as one of the most common differential diagnostics for dogs with acute renal and hepatic disease symptoms. Thirty (30) dogs with renal disease were evaluated during this project, undergoing serological testing for Leptospirosis: the Microscopy Agglutination Test (MAT) for six Leptospira interrogans serovars and a diagnostic urine test through Dot–ELISA for serovars canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona and grippotyphosa. The results of both tests came out positive for Leptospira as the cause of the renal disease in ten (10) dogs (33.3%), which showed titles on MAT mainly in serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola and grippotyphosa. Dot–ELISA was positive in 9 of the 10 dogs, with a homogeneous distribution in the 4 serovars. The remaining 20 dogs (66.7%) came out negative. The association between the Dot–ELISA test and the MAT test was highly significant (P < 0.01)., La leptospirosis es una enfermedad zoonótica, causada por especies del género Leptospira (orden Spirochaetales, familia Leptospiraceae), de gran importancia mundial, debido a su amplia distribución y diversidad de serogrupos y serovares que afectan a varias especies. Una de las especies más afectada por esta bacteria es la canina, en la cual esta bacteria desencadena una infección renal o hepática aguda. La falla renal crónica es una consecuencia común de la infección y los abortos pueden ocurrir en hembras preñadas. En los últimos años, la leptospirosis se ha catalogado como uno de los posibles diagnósticos diferenciales más comunes para perros que presentan signos de enfermedad renal aguda o hepática. En el presente trabajo se estudiaron treinta caninos con enfermedad renal, a los cuales se les realizó una prueba de diagnóstico serológico para leptospirosis: la técnica de aglutinación microscópica (MAT) para seis serovares de Leptospira interrogans, y una prueba de diagnóstico en orina por medio de la prueba Dot-Elisa para los serovares canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona y grippotyphosa. Se diagnosticaron como positivos a Leptospira, como causa de la enfermedad renal, utilizando los resultados de las dos pruebas, diez caninos (33,3%), los cuales presentaron títulos a MAT para los serovares icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola y grippotyphosa principalmente. Nueve de los diez perros fueron positivos a Dot-Elisa con una distribución homogénea en los cuatro serovares que se manejaron. Los veinte perros restantes (66,7%) fueron negativos. La asociación entre la prueba Dot-Elisa y la prueba MAT fue altamente significativa (P < 0,01).

Objective. To determe leptospirosis seroprevalence and dominant serovars in canine population of three municipalities of Tolima department of Colombia. Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out (subjects being selected by sampling in 62 districts). Samples from 900 dogs during June, July and August 2007 were collected and processed using Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). Five serovars: hardjo, pomona, grippotyphosa, canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae and bratislava were tested. The MAT was considered positive when 50% or more leptospiras were agglutinated with one or more serovars in a serum dilution of 1:100. Results. At least one serovar showed evidence of infection in 21.4 % of the canines. The most dominant serovars were grippotyphosa (82.4%) and pomona (8.2%). It was evident the decrease in the frequency of reactivity of canicola and icterohaemorrhagiae serovars (0.5 and 2.2% respectively). Co-agglutinations were presented in 4.3% canine sera samples. The sera-reactivity showed statistically significant differences when was compared for sex and age (p=0.038). Conclusions. These findings suggested that dogs are potential reservoirs of Leptospira in the three municipalities evaluated. It is necessary to conduct studies that permit the isolation and characterization of the serovars prevalent in endemic areas to guide preventive measures to avoid the risk of disease transmission to human., Objetivo. Determinar la seroprevalencia de Leptospira spp. y los serovares dominantes, en caninos de tres municipios del departamento del Tolima, Colombia. Materiales y metodos. Se realizo un estudio epidemiologico trasversal con 900 caninos localizados en 62 barrios de los tres municipios, de los cuales se obtuvieron muestras de sangre durante los meses de junio, julio y agosto de 2007, que fueron procesadas utilizando la prueba de microaglutinacion (MAT). En la prueba se incluyeron 5 serovares: hardjo, pomona, grippotyphosa, canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae y bratislava. La prueba se interpreto como positiva por la presencia de una aglutinacion .50 % de las leptospiras con uno o mas serovares, en una dilucion del suero .100. Resultados. La seroprevalencia de leptospirosis en la poblacion canina fue del 20.2%. La mayor dominancia fue para los serovares grippotyphosa (82.4%) y pomona (8.2%), observandose una baja reactividad ante canicola e icterohaemorrhagiae, 0.5 y 2.2% respectivamente. Se presentaron coaglutinaciones en el 4.3% de los sueros. La seropositividad presento diferencias estadisticamente significativas cuando se compararon los resultados por sexo y edad (p=0.038). Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren que los caninos pueden ser posibles reservorios de la leptospirosis en los tres municipios evaluados, siendo necesario realizar estudios que permitan el aislamiento y tipificacion de los serovares prevalentes en las zonas endemicas para orientar las medidas de prevencion que eviten el riesgo de transmision de la enfermedad a la poblacion humana.

The following article is the result of a study of the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in people at high risk occupational and stray dogs in the city of Tunja in the period between March to May 2007 and to correlate the different serotypes serologically detected both people and dogs in order to define whether it is presenting the disease as zoonosis. We studied the prevalence of occupational risk 82 people and 51 stray dogs were roaming the streets and were picked at random by the secretary of social protection in order to find and identify leptospirosis serovars involved. It is a study which found epidemiological variables and seroprevalence. The serovar most found in the sera was Icterohaemorrhagiae Conclusions: The seroprevalence of infection is representative both in humans and dogs, there is a considerable irrigation for public health in the city of Tunja., El siguiente artículo es el resultado de un estudio que buscó determinar la seroprevalencia de leptospirosis en personas de alto riesgo ocupacional y en perros callejeros de la ciudad de Tunja (Boyacá), en el periodo comprendido entre marzo a mayo de 2007, y correlacionar los distintos serotipos detectados serológicamente tanto en personas, como en perros, con el fin de definir si se está presentando la enfermedad como zoonosis. Se estudió la prevalencia en 82 personas de riesgo ocupacional, y en 51 perros callejeros que se encontraban deambulando por las calles y fueron recogidos al azar por la Secretaria de Protección Social, con el fin de encontrar leptospirosis e identificar los serovares implicados. Es un estudio descriptivo en el cual se hallaron variables epidemiológicas y la seroprevalencia. El serovar encontrado con mayor frecuencia en los sueros analizados fue Icterohaemorrhagiae Conclusiones: La seroprevalencia de infección es representativa tanto en personas como en perros. Existe un riego considerable para la salud pública en la ciudad de Tunja.

The following article is the result of a study of the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in people at high risk occupational and stray dogs in the city of Tunja in the period between March to May 2007 and to correlate the different serotypes serologically detected both people and dogs in order to define whether it is presenting the disease as zoonosis. We studied the prevalence of occupational risk 82 people and 51 stray dogs were roaming the streets and were picked at random by the secretary of social protection in order to find and identify leptospirosis serovars involved. It is a study which found epidemiological variables and seroprevalence. The serovar most found in the sera was Icterohaemorrhagiae Conclusions: The seroprevalence of infection is representative both in humans and dogs, there is a considerable irrigation for public health in the city of Tunja., El siguiente artículo es el resultado de un estudio que buscó determinar la seroprevalencia de leptospirosis en personas de alto riesgo ocupacional y en perros callejeros de la ciudad de Tunja (Boyacá), en el periodo comprendido entre marzo a mayo de 2007, y correlacionar los distintos serotipos detectados serológicamente tanto en personas, como en perros, con el fin de definir si se está presentando la enfermedad como zoonosis. Se estudió la prevalencia en 82 personas de riesgo ocupacional, y en 51 perros callejeros que se encontraban deambulando por las calles y fueron recogidos al azar por la Secretaria de Protección Social, con el fin de encontrar leptospirosis e identificar los serovares implicados. Es un estudio descriptivo en el cual se hallaron variables epidemiológicas y la seroprevalencia. El serovar encontrado con mayor frecuencia en los sueros analizados fue Icterohaemorrhagiae Conclusiones: La seroprevalencia de infección es representativa tanto en personas como en perros. Existe un riego considerable para la salud pública en la ciudad de Tunja.

Objective. To determe leptospirosis seroprevalence and dominant serovars in canine population of three municipalities of Tolima department of Colombia. Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out (subjects being selected by sampling in 62 districts). Samples from 900 dogs during June, July and August 2007 were collected and processed using Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). Five serovars: hardjo, pomona, grippotyphosa, canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae and bratislava were tested. The MAT was considered positive when 50% or more leptospiras were agglutinated with one or more serovars in a serum dilution of 1:100. Results. At least one serovar showed evidence of infection in 21.4 % of the canines. The most dominant serovars were grippotyphosa (82.4%) and pomona (8.2%). It was evident the decrease in the frequency of reactivity of canicola and icterohaemorrhagiae serovars (0.5 and 2.2% respectively). Co-agglutinations were presented in 4.3% canine sera samples. The sera-reactivity showed statistically significant differences when was compared for sex and age (p=0.038). Conclusions. These findings suggested that dogs are potential reservoirs of Leptospira in the three municipalities evaluated. It is necessary to conduct studies that permit the isolation and characterization of the serovars prevalent in endemic areas to guide preventive measures to avoid the risk of disease transmission to human., Objetivo. Determinar la seroprevalencia de Leptospira spp. y los serovares dominantes, en caninos de tres municipios del departamento del Tolima, Colombia. Materiales y metodos. Se realizo un estudio epidemiologico trasversal con 900 caninos localizados en 62 barrios de los tres municipios, de los cuales se obtuvieron muestras de sangre durante los meses de junio, julio y agosto de 2007, que fueron procesadas utilizando la prueba de microaglutinacion (MAT). En la prueba se incluyeron 5 serovares: hardjo, pomona, grippotyphosa, canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae y bratislava. La prueba se interpreto como positiva por la presencia de una aglutinacion .50 % de las leptospiras con uno o mas serovares, en una dilucion del suero .100. Resultados. La seroprevalencia de leptospirosis en la poblacion canina fue del 20.2%. La mayor dominancia fue para los serovares grippotyphosa (82.4%) y pomona (8.2%), observandose una baja reactividad ante canicola e icterohaemorrhagiae, 0.5 y 2.2% respectivamente. Se presentaron coaglutinaciones en el 4.3% de los sueros. La seropositividad presento diferencias estadisticamente significativas cuando se compararon los resultados por sexo y edad (p=0.038). Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren que los caninos pueden ser posibles reservorios de la leptospirosis en los tres municipios evaluados, siendo necesario realizar estudios que permitan el aislamiento y tipificacion de los serovares prevalentes en las zonas endemicas para orientar las medidas de prevencion que eviten el riesgo de transmision de la enfermedad a la poblacion humana.