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International students constitute a large proportion of Australia’s university student population and are an important source of revenue and skilled migration. International students’ welfare has recently received increasing attention as evidence has emerged that many international students face significant challenges beyond the classroom that threaten their wellbeing. Housing is one area of concern, with problems such as crowding, unaffordability and exploitation reported across Australia. However, to date there has been little evidence about these problematic housing outcomes and why international students experience them.This thesis begins to fill these gaps through an original conceptual framework analysing international students’ housing trajectories and their influence on housing outcomes and wellbeing. It focuses on Australia’s largest city, Sydney, and on Chinese international students at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) as a case study group. Primary data was obtained from eleven interviews with a range of stakeholders working with international students across Sydney, an online survey of 393 Chinese students at UNSW, and two focus groups comprising a total of nineteen Chinese students.The research found that a number of problematic housing outcomes were common and could adversely affect international students’ wellbeing. Analysis using the housing trajectories framework developed for this thesis demonstrated that a number of structural factors, resources and constraints influenced students’ housing context and housing options, and students were found to actively make strategies to negotiate these circumstances. Together, structural factors, resources, constraints and strategies were shown to influence international students’ housing outcomes and wellbeing.The findings presented in this thesis provide evidence of the nature, extent and implications of problematic housing outcomes among Chinese international students at UNSW and original insights int

The development and implementation of the feudal regime in the territory of the kingdom of Leon during the Middle Age was conditioned by several factors, based on the process of repopulation and the charters granted by the kings, which shaped and adapted this process to the existing established structures. In that context, the new power of feudal lords had to adapt to a territory which was completely delimited and distributed and to rural communities that were fully identified with the council (concejo) system and enjoyed full legal capacity for their own administration and management of their economic resources. However, feudal aristocracy tried to modify the situation and impose the full weight of their jurisdictional power, specially increasing their rule on land and other production means. In the context of the struggle between village councils (concejos) and jurisdictional lords, is where we find the "fueros concejiles leoneses "( charters of council from Leon) that is to say, the feudal rent that several councils had to pay jointly to a lord as an acknowledgement of his rule as lord, as well as of his alleged rule on land and territory. This rent, that taxed men as vassals, was exercised on a territory or land that did not belong to the lord, therefore, it was considered a censo de frutos (payment in kind) and later as a "foro enfitéutico" (tenancy rights) by which a given community had to pay the lord one fourth or one fifth of the annual cereal harvest of their land. However, the contradiction and nature of this feudal burden was constantly contested in court by the councils, even though in most cases judges found for the lords., El desarrollo e implantación del régimen señorial en los territorios del Reino de León durante la Edad Media se vio condicionado por toda una serie de factores, que sobre la base del proceso repoblador y de los fueros otorgados por los reyes, lo condicionaron y adaptaron a las propias estructuras dominantes. En aquel contexto el nuevo poder señorial hubo de adaptarse a un territorio plenamente ordenado y repartido y a unas comunidades rurales plenamente identificadas con el régimen concejil y con plena capacidad jurídica para administrarse y administrar sus recursos económicos. Pero, pese a ello, la nobleza señorial intentó modificar la situación e imponer en toda su dimensión su poder jurisdiccional y de forma especial ampliar su dominio sobre la tierra y sobre otros bienes de producción. En esta pugna entre el poder concejil de los pueblos y el de los señores jurisdiccionales se enmarca la problemática de los denominados como fueros concejiles leoneses, es decir, la renta feudal que determinados concejos se vieron obligados a pagar de forma mancomunada a determinados señores en concepto tanto de reconocimiento del señorío como de su pretendido dominio solariego y territorial. Esta renta, que gravaba a los hombres como vasallos, se situaba sobre un territorio o tierra que en modo alguno pertenecía a los señores. De ahí que fuera considerada como un censo de frutos y posteriormente como un foro enfitéutico por el cual cada comunidad concejil pagaba anualmente al señor el cuarto o el quinto de la cosecha de cereal recogida en las tierras. Pero, la contradicción y naturaleza de esta carga feudal recibió una constante contestación judicial por parte de los concejos, pese a que las sentencias judiciales en la mayoría de los casos fueron favorables a los señores.

The development and implementation of the feudal regime in the territory of the kingdom of Leon during the Middle Age was conditioned by several factors, based on the process of repopulation and the charters granted by the kings, which shaped and adapted this process to the existing established structures. In that context, the new power of feudal lords had to adapt to a territory which was completely delimited and distributed and to rural communities that were fully identified with the council (concejo) system and enjoyed full legal capacity for their own administration and management of their economic resources. However, feudal aristocracy tried to modify the situation and impose the full weight of their jurisdictional power, specially increasing their rule on land and other production means. In the context of the struggle between village councils (concejos) and jurisdictional lords, is where we find the "fueros concejiles leoneses "( charters of council from Leon) that is to say, the feudal rent that several councils had to pay jointly to a lord as an acknowledgement of his rule as lord, as well as of his alleged rule on land and territory. This rent, that taxed men as vassals, was exercised on a territory or land that did not belong to the lord, therefore, it was considered a censo de frutos (payment in kind) and later as a "foro enfitéutico" (tenancy rights) by which a given community had to pay the lord one fourth or one fifth of the annual cereal harvest of their land. However, the contradiction and nature of this feudal burden was constantly contested in court by the councils, even though in most cases judges found for the lords., El desarrollo e implantación del régimen señorial en los territorios del Reino de León durante la Edad Media se vio condicionado por toda una serie de factores, que sobre la base del proceso repoblador y de los fueros otorgados por los reyes, lo condicionaron y adaptaron a las propias estructuras dominantes. En aquel contexto el nuevo poder señorial hubo de adaptarse a un territorio plenamente ordenado y repartido y a unas comunidades rurales plenamente identificadas con el régimen concejil y con plena capacidad jurídica para administrarse y administrar sus recursos económicos. Pero, pese a ello, la nobleza señorial intentó modificar la situación e imponer en toda su dimensión su poder jurisdiccional y de forma especial ampliar su dominio sobre la tierra y sobre otros bienes de producción. En esta pugna entre el poder concejil de los pueblos y el de los señores jurisdiccionales se enmarca la problemática de los denominados como fueros concejiles leoneses, es decir, la renta feudal que determinados concejos se vieron obligados a pagar de forma mancomunada a determinados señores en concepto tanto de reconocimiento del señorío como de su pretendido dominio solariego y territorial. Esta renta, que gravaba a los hombres como vasallos, se situaba sobre un territorio o tierra que en modo alguno pertenecía a los señores. De ahí que fuera considerada como un censo de frutos y posteriormente como un foro enfitéutico por el cual cada comunidad concejil pagaba anualmente al señor el cuarto o el quinto de la cosecha de cereal recogida en las tierras. Pero, la contradicción y naturaleza de esta carga feudal recibió una constante contestación judicial por parte de los concejos, pese a que las sentencias judiciales en la mayoría de los casos fueron favorables a los señores.