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It is estimated that more than half of city dwellers in sub-Saharan Africa currently live in deprived urban areas, often called slums or informal settlements, although these terms cover different urban realities. While the first target of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 is “to ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums,” there is a huge gap in timely spatial data to support evidence-based policies and monitor progress toward that objective. In this study, we document the potential of Earth Observation (EO) for mapping and characterizing deprived urban areas (DUAs) to narrow this gap. First, we provide a synthesis of user requirements that can be met without resorting to ancillary sources such as censuses and socioeconomic surveys, and we propose a list of cost criteria that should be minimized in EO workflows. Next, we present the city-scale and DUA-scale workflows that we developed based on three case studies and an assessment of their suitability for supporting pro-poor policies, in light of the cost criteria. We also share the main lessons learned and propose some avenues for future research.

Global megacities are rapidly transforming through slum redevelopment and alternative resettlements of evicted poor. Resettlement is broadly seen as enabling, a basis of improved housing and even a pathway towards urban citizenship. This article offers an alternative perspective on urban resettlement, whereby the urban poor are subjected to life-threatening housing interventions. It builds on Mbembe’s (2003) ‘necropolitics’ through an ethnographic study of Mumbai’s Mahul case to theorise state powers in unleashing life-threatening housing circumstances. In doing so, this article introduces the concept of necrosettlements to account for the particularity of necropolitical-economy, material reality, unfolding subjectivities, and political possibility of life-threatening settlements. First, it theorises a political economy that extracts economic surplus and creates urban growth from poor-exclusive housing in uninhabitable places and with a life-compromising built environment against general residential developments. Second, the material details of life-threatening housing comprises of place-based, local biosphere, township’s architecture, infrastructural and constrained dwelling, and their cumulative effects. Third, subjectivities of living included physiological suffering, compromised survival, socioeconomic and political vulnerability, comorbidity and death. Fourth, and finally, rather than representing absolute sovereign domination, however, these settlements also emerged as potential sites for residents to invoke their right to life, question extractive urbanism and demand settlement justice.

Introduction: This thesis focuses on the housing situation and sustainability in Manila, the capital of the Philippines. According to a report by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, approximately 25% of Manila's population resides in substandard living conditions and informal settlements. The thesis is based on a case study conducted on the Estero De San Miguel pilot project, where a Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) study was carried out on the housing project. The findings revealed that relocating people from slums to the housing project and providing them with a home led to an improvement in the quality of life and sustainability in the project area. The aim of the study was to conduct a POE and assess the quality of life and identify areas for improvement in future low-budget projects. Method: The research methods are based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Interviews were conducted with architects and other key individuals involved in the project. Surveys were administered to residents, and personal observations were made regarding the quality of life. Plan analysis and area analysis were also conducted. Results: The case study resulted in answers obtained through surveys administered to the residents in the area and interviews with key personnel involved in the project, providing responses to the research questions. Analysis: The Estero De San Miguel Pilot Project (EDSM) has made a significant impact on improving the quality of life and sustainability within the project area. Previously, informal settlements were typically reconstructed outside the city center, resulting in limited access to employment, education, and social services. The residents lived in poverty within these informal settlements, with their needs neglected by both society and the government. Since relocating to the EDSM housing project, 72% of the residents have experienced notable improvements in their lives. This project has provided them with an

In this article we discuss results of research carried out in a secondary school in a neighborhood of the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires characterized by the presence of multiple garbage dumps. From the analytical series "la quema-te re-quema" we try to problematize some of the multiple conditions of becoming a teacher in contexts of urban poverty and environmental degradation. We propose that the teaching task in these spaces is configured, on the one hand, by the transfer of responsibilities to individuals and institutions, typical of the managerial logics that characterize current societies and, on the other, by the interconnections that are established daily in a precarious materiality, typical of neighborhoods located between dumps. It is from this affection that we try to approach the understanding of how urban and school inequality is expressed on a daily basis., Neste artigo discutimos os resultados da pesquisa realizada em uma escola secundária localizada em um bairro da Região Metropolitana de Buenos Aires caracterizado pela presença de múltiplos lixões. A partir da série analítica "la quema-te re-quema" procuramos problematizar algumas das múltiplas condições de tornar-se professor em contextos de pobreza urbana e degradação ambiental. Propomos que a tarefa docente nesses espaços se configura, por um lado, pela transferência de responsabilidades para indivíduos e instituições, típicas das lógicas gerenciais que caracterizam as sociedades atuais e, por outro, pelas interconexões que se estabelecem cotidianamente nas uma materialidade precária, típica de bairros localizados entre lixões. É a partir desse afeto que tentamos abordar a compreensão de como a desigualdade urbana e escolar se expressa no cotidiano., En este artículo discutimos resultados de investigación realizada en una escuela secundaria ubicada en un barrio del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires caracterizado por la presencia de múltiples basurales. A partir de la serie analítica “la quema-te re-quema” procuramos problematizar algunas de las múltiples afecciones del devenir docente en contextos de pobreza urbana y degradación ambiental. Proponemos que la tarea docente en estos espacios se configura, por un lado, por el traslado de responsabilidades a los individuos e instituciones propio de las lógicas manageriales que caracterizan las sociedades actuales y por el otro, por las interconexiones que se establecen a diario en una materialidad precaria, propia de los barrios situados entre basurales. Es desde esa afección desde dónde procuramos aproximarnos a la comprensión de cómo se expresa cotidianamente la desigualdad urbana y escolar.

Golden Horn, the centrally located inlet of Bosphorus, Istanbul, used to occupy a substantial position for the industry and was perceived as a poor-quality area regarding the emergence of slum neighborhoods and the environmental pollution caused by industrialization. The 1980s marked a turning point with the deindustrialization process, where the urban regeneration of the Golden Horn waterfront was seen as a major opportunity for representing the globalizing Istanbul through culture-led attraction zones and privatization of industrial heritage facilities. Such an approach failed to establish a context with their broader urban environment and promoted gentrification and segregation and Istanbul’s identity evolved exclusively towards culture and its government to a profit-based agent of the private market through the adopted neoliberal economic policies. Rather than a structural economic change and organized urban renewal, the culture-led urban transformations through the heritage industry overshadowed the current urban urgencies such as urban poverty and limited the accessibility of the locals to heritage values. In this direction, the research aim promotes a challenge on how the transformation of industrial heritage areas can extend beyond their cultural and historical values by (re)establishing a broader urban context while providing an emphasis on the shifting role of heritage management in urban transformation strategies. The integration with the broader urban context aims for a productive linkage with present-day values and place identity, and the anticipated urban transformation prioritizes the urgent needs of locals for socio-economic development. Through the analysis of the Golden Horn, the thesis emphasizes the transformation of the urban fabric in relation to the waterfront area, to understand the dynamics of the urban morphology and the place identity as delineated by (and with) post-industrial areas. Driven by the multi-layered study on Golden Ho, Design of the Urban Fabric, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Urbanism

This handbook is a deep dive on the causes of urban poverty in Burundi (Africa) guided by the results of an extensive research carried out by the author, Doctor in Theology and expert in Urban Ministry and Missiology. The analysis Thierry Bahizi offers here arises from a holistic viewpoint, including not only the variable of physical, also called material, poverty, but also its spiritual side. Along its pages, the reader is going to find a complete relation of the multiple faces of poverty in the urban nuclei of Burundi, how the local Churches and Parishes can and, in fact, do tackle the situation, and the essential conclusion on the importance of the spiritual work for pauperized collectives.

In this article, we describe updates on research which takes place in poor neighborhoods located in the Metropolitan region of Buenos Aires. We are concerned about the presence of waste and the multiple relationships that the inhabitants usually establish in these areas, crossed by contamination and urban poverty. Using narrations and photographs obtained during extended stays in the field and taking the inputs of the new materialisms, we describe how the day-to-day paths of neighborhoods located in dumps take form, paying particular attention to the relationship between bodies and milieus. This means the multiple relationships established between neighbors and waste, between human and non-human factors and its mutual interactions. As a hypothesis, we propose that garbage is not presented in a unique direction in these contexts. We find a multiple and diverse presence instead, making it a problem, a work resource and a means of livelihood for the neighborhoods’ inhabitants., Neste artigo apresentamos avances de uma pesquisa desenvolvida em bairros pobres localizados na Região Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Questionamo-nos sobre a presença de resíduos e as múltiplas relações estabelecidas diariamente pelos habitantes de espaços atravessados pela poluição e pobreza urbana. A partir do trabalho com histórias e fotografias obtidas durante longas estadias em campo e tomando as contribuições dos novos materialismos, procuramos descrever como se configura o cotidiano nos bairros situados entre lixões, dando atenção especial às relações entre corpos e ambientes. Ou seja, às múltiplas relações estabelecidas entre vizinhos e resíduos, entre fatores humanos e não humanos e seus efeitos mútuos. Como hipótese, propomos que nesses contextos os resíduos não aparecem em uma única direção, mas que encontramos uma presença múltipla e diversificada, tornando-se simultaneamente um problema, uma fonte de ingressos e um meio de subsistência para os habitantes da área bairro., En este artículo presentamos avances de una investigación desarrollada en barrios empobrecidos ubicados en la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Nos preguntamos por la presencia de los residuos y las múltiples relaciones que establecen cotidianamente los/as habitantes de los espacios atravesados por la contaminación y la pobreza urbana. A partir del trabajo con relatos y fotografías obtenidas durante largas estancias en terreno y tomando los aportes de los nuevos materialismos, procuramos describir cómo se configura el devenir diario en los barrios ubicados entre basurales, atendiendo especialmente a las relaciones entre cuerpos y entornos. Esto es, a las múltiples relaciones que se establecen entre los/as vecinos/as y los residuos, entre los factores humanos y no humanos y sus afectaciones mutuas. A modo de hipótesis, proponemos que en estos contextos los residuos no se presentan en una única dirección, sino que nos encontramos con una presencia múltiple y diversa, volviéndose simultáneamente, un problema, un elemento de trabajo y un medio de subsistencia para los habitantes del barrio.

As part of the larger urban context, informal settlements belong to the realm of formal urban governance while simultaneously possessing governance systems of their own. In the Mexican context, a shift in urban governance has facilitated elements of a networks approach, which places community participation as central to upgrading interventions, to coexist with a historically dominant hierarchical approach. Community participation involves dwellers in the process and is a means for community empowerment, but its validity is put into question as expert-driven and technocratic approaches persist. Therefore, informal settlement upgrading finds itself at a crossroads at which the formal and informal governance systems and hierarchical and networks governance approaches converge. This thesis focuses on identifying factors of government-led upgrading programmes that enable community participation to promote a process of empowerment; taking the Campana-Altamira Initiative in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon as a case study. In this research, community participation covers a broad range of activities and is seen as a means for community empowerment, defined as the ability to gain access to resources, democratically participate and gain a critical awareness of reality. The methodology used to conduct the research was a literature review, followed by empirical research focusing on the Contextual, Socio-Spatial, Planning, and Stakeholder dimensions. The data was collected through document analysis of socio-urban diagnostics and planning instruments of the case study, as well as interviews and focus groups with public, private, civil society, and expert groups. Through the review of planning documents, analysis of stakeholder relations, and power dynamics, seven factors are identified and presented, namely the Planning Process and Policy, Transparency and Reliability, Networks and Support, Leadership, Stakeholder Collaboration, Community Collectivity, and Contextual Implications. In ad, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Management in the Built Environment

The COVID-19 pandemic produced important changes in the lifestyles of the population, including the ways in which the daily reproduction of families takes place. In this article we describe the changes that the pandemic produced in the development of subsistence strategies of the population that lives in contexts of extreme urban poverty in the Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires. Through long-term field work and digital data collection, we investigate how new circuits were developed in the most impoverished neighborhoods for the development of subsistence activities in the digital world, and how urban life in these spaces moved to the space of virtuality. In this article, through Verónica, a resident of one of those neighborhoods, we delve into the dynamics of neighborhood life and its daily reproduction, associated with the collection and recycling of waste, consumption and sale at popular fairs. Then we take care of the digital development of these processes in 2020, as the quarantine dismantled face-to-face dynamics., La pandemia del COVID-19 produjo importantes cambios en los modos de vida de la población, entre ellos las formas en que se desarrolla la reproducción diaria de las familias. En este artículo describimos los cambios que produjo la pandemia en el desarrollo de estrategias de subsistencia de la población que habita en contextos de extrema pobreza urbana en la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. A través de trabajo en campo de largo plazo y de la obtención de datos de modo digital, nos ocupamos de indagar cómo en los barrios más empobrecidos se desarrollaron nuevos circuitos para el desarrollo de las actividades de subsistencia en el mundo digital, y cómo la vida urbana en estos espacios se mudó al espacio de la virtualidad. En el presente artículo, a través de Verónica, vecina de uno de esos barrios, nos adentramos en las dinámicas de la vida barrial y en su reproducción diaria, asociada a la recolección y reciclaje de residuos, el consumo y la venta en ferias populares. Después nos ocupamos del desarrollo digital de estos procesos en 2020, a medida que la cuarentena desarticulaba las dinámicas presenciales., La pandémie de COVID-19 a produit d'importants changements dans les modes de vie de la population, parmi lesquels, la manière dont se déroule la reproduction quotidienne des familles. Dans cet article, nous décrivons les changements que la pandémie a produits dans le développement des stratégies de subsistance de la population qui vit dans des contextes d'extrême pauvreté urbaine dans la région métropolitaine de Buenos Aires. Grâce à un travail de terrain de longue haleine et à la collecte de données numériques, nous étudions comment de nouveaux circuits se sont développés dans les quartiers les plus pauvres pour le développement d'activités de subsistance dans le monde numérique, et comment la vie urbaine dans ces espaces s’est déplacée vers l’espace de la virtualité. Dans cet article, à travers Verónica, une habitante de l’un de ces quartiers, nous plongeons dans la dynamique de la vie de quartier et sa reproduction quotidienne, associée à la collecte et au recyclage des déchets, à la consommation et à la vente lors de foires populaires. Ensuite, nous nous occupons du développement numérique de ces processus en 2020, alors que la quarantaine a démantelé la dynamique des face-à-face., A pandemia da COVID-19 produziu mudanças importantes nos modos de vida da população, dentre elas, as formas como se dá a reprodução cotidiana das famílias. Neste artigo descrevemos as mudanças que a pandemia produziu no desenvolvimento de estratégias de subsistência da população que vive em contextos de extrema pobreza urbana na Região Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Por meio de trabalho de campo de longa duração e coleta de dados digitais, investigamos como novos circuitos foram desenvolvidos nos bairros mais pobres para o desenvolvimento de atividades de subsistência no mundo digital, e como a vida urbana nesses espaços mudou para o espaço da virtualidade. Neste artigo, através de Verónica, moradora de um desses bairros, aprofundamos a dinâmica da vida do bairro e sua reprodução cotidiana, associada à coleta e reciclagem de resíduos, consumo e venda em feiras populares. Então cuidamos do desenvolvimento digital desses processos em 2020, já que a quarentena desmantelou a dinâmica presencial.

The COVID-19 pandemic produced important changes in the lifestyles of the population, including the ways in which the daily reproduction of families takes place. In this article we describe the changes that the pandemic produced in the development of subsistence strategies of the population that lives in contexts of extreme urban poverty in the Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires. Through long-term field work and digital data collection, we investigate how new circuits were developed in the most impoverished neighborhoods for the development of subsistence activities in the digital world, and how urban life in these spaces moved to the space of virtuality. In this article, through Verónica, a resident of one of those neighborhoods, we delve into the dynamics of neighborhood life and its daily reproduction, associated with the collection and recycling of waste, consumption and sale at popular fairs. Then we take care of the digital development of these processes in 2020, as the quarantine dismantled face-to-face dynamics., La pandémie de COVID-19 a produit d'importants changements dans les modes de vie de la population, parmi lesquels, la manière dont se déroule la reproduction quotidienne des familles. Dans cet article, nous décrivons les changements que la pandémie a produits dans le développement des stratégies de subsistance de la population qui vit dans des contextes d'extrême pauvreté urbaine dans la région métropolitaine de Buenos Aires. Grâce à un travail de terrain de longue haleine et à la collecte de données numériques, nous étudions comment de nouveaux circuits se sont développés dans les quartiers les plus pauvres pour le développement d'activités de subsistance dans le monde numérique, et comment la vie urbaine dans ces espaces s’est déplacée vers l’espace de la virtualité. Dans cet article, à travers Verónica, une habitante de l’un de ces quartiers, nous plongeons dans la dynamique de la vie de quartier et sa reproduction quotidienne, associée à la collecte et au recyclage des déchets, à la consommation et à la vente lors de foires populaires. Ensuite, nous nous occupons du développement numérique de ces processus en 2020, alors que la quarantaine a démantelé la dynamique des face-à-face., A pandemia da COVID-19 produziu mudanças importantes nos modos de vida da população, dentre elas, as formas como se dá a reprodução cotidiana das famílias. Neste artigo descrevemos as mudanças que a pandemia produziu no desenvolvimento de estratégias de subsistência da população que vive em contextos de extrema pobreza urbana na Região Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Por meio de trabalho de campo de longa duração e coleta de dados digitais, investigamos como novos circuitos foram desenvolvidos nos bairros mais pobres para o desenvolvimento de atividades de subsistência no mundo digital, e como a vida urbana nesses espaços mudou para o espaço da virtualidade. Neste artigo, através de Verónica, moradora de um desses bairros, aprofundamos a dinâmica da vida do bairro e sua reprodução cotidiana, associada à coleta e reciclagem de resíduos, consumo e venda em feiras populares. Então cuidamos do desenvolvimento digital desses processos em 2020, já que a quarentena desmantelou a dinâmica presencial., La pandemia del COVID-19 produjo importantes cambios en los modos de vida de la población, entre ellos las formas en que se desarrolla la reproducción diaria de las familias. En este artículo describimos los cambios que produjo la pandemia en el desarrollo de estrategias de subsistencia de la población que habita en contextos de extrema pobreza urbana en la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. A través de trabajo en campo de largo plazo y de la obtención de datos de modo digital, nos ocupamos de indagar cómo en los barrios más empobrecidos se desarrollaron nuevos circuitos para el desarrollo de las actividades de subsistencia en el mundo digital, y cómo la vida urbana en estos espacios se mudó al espacio de la virtualidad. En el presente artículo, a través de Verónica, vecina de uno de esos barrios, nos adentramos en las dinámicas de la vida barrial y en su reproducción diaria, asociada a la recolección y reciclaje de residuos, el consumo y la venta en ferias populares. Después nos ocupamos del desarrollo digital de estos procesos en 2020, a medida que la cuarentena desarticulaba las dinámicas presenciales.

The doctrine of sustainable development has its origins in the realm of international environmental law. This article considers its potential usefulness for the purposes of alleviating urban poverty in South Africa. Urban poverty is an endemic and persistent phenomenon in South African cities, which lack economic and social integration. In the realm of international sustainable development discourse, it has come to be acknowledged in more recent years that sustainable development is intertwined with issues of poverty. South African legislation and case law acknowledge sustainable development but do not consider its possible usefulness as an underpinning doctrine for urban poverty alleviation. The potential of the doctrine for this purpose has been justifiably questioned on several grounds. However, it is possible to conceptualise ways in which it can be deployed as a theoretical basis for initiatives towards such alleviation. It is argued in this article that all three branches of government in South Africa should play a role in achieving this.

In this research, we will seek to examine the impact of neighborhood effects on the socio-economic integration of the populations of five shanty-towns located in Salvador, Brazil. Based on interviews, we show that, in the case of the three shanty-towns embedded in affluent areas, the individuals' access to opportunity structures is conditioned upon the surrounding neighborhoods' functional use of space, the shared use of urban services, the gated communities' spatial isolation, and the impact of crime. In the peripheral São João do Cabrito, the encapsulation of the individuals' networks produces their social isolation, whereas the socioeconomic heterogeneity of the population of Fazenda Grande II/Jaguaripe I fosters the lower echelons' economic integration. Three mechanisms might account for neighborhood effect variability: changes in the support structures, the impact of crime and the populations' stigmatization. The study pledges for the use of explanatory models which take into consideration the causal interrelatedness of the micro, meso and macro-social dimensions., Examina-se o impacto do efeito-território na integração socioeconômica dos moradores de cinco bairros populares de Salvador, Brasil. À base de entrevistas, comprova-se que nos três bairros inseridas em regiões da classe alta, o acesso a estruturas de oportunidades se atrela ao padrão de uso do solo dos bairros vizinhos, ao uso compartilhado dos serviços urbanos, ao isolamento espacial dos condomínios e ao impacto do crime. No bairro periférico São João do Cabrito, o encapsulamento das redes produz o isolamento social do indivíduo, enquanto em Fazenda Grande II/Jaguaripe I, a maior heterogeneidade socioeconômica da população favorece a integração econômica dos indivíduos pobres. Três mecanismos explicam a variabilidade do efeito-território, quais sejam: as alterações no sistema de suporte, o impacto do crime e a estigmatização da população. Pleiteia-se pela utilização de modelos explicativos multidimensionais que atentam às imbricações causais entre as esfera micro, meso e macro-social.

In this research, we shall inquire under what conditions neighborhood effects can be mitigated by the proximity of disadvantaged populations to affluent gated communities. Inferring from interview-based qualitative research conducted in the central shantytown of Calabar and in the peripheral shantytown of Vila Verde, Salvador - Brazil, we can attest the existence of mechanisms that either constrain individuals’ living conditions, such as the influence of drug trafficking, or entail positive effects on their lives, like the community’s collective mobilization. The relationships between socially distant groups have undergone important transformations. The study evinces that the relationship between spatial proximity and socioeconomic integration is conditioned by the existence of public spaces, by the neighborhood's functional autonomy and by the influence of crime. We concluded that, unlike Calabar, the recent construction of the upper-class gated community Alphaville II neither widened the opportunities of socio-economic integration of the poor inhabitants of Vila Verde, given its higher degree of functional autonomy and spatial isolation, nor improved their access to high-quality urban infrastructure, including public security., Neste trabalho, visa-se investigar sob quais condições o efeito-território, acometendo as populações pobres do bairro central Calabar e do bairro periférico Vila Verde, Salvador, Brasil, se vê mitigado pela proximidade a condomínios da classe alta. Com base em entrevistas, evidencia-se que existem tanto mecanismos que prejudicam o indivíduo, como a influência do tráfico de drogas, quanto mecanismos que beneficiam sua vida, como a mobilização coletiva da comunidade. Discute-se que as articulações entre os grupos socialmente distantes sofreram importantes alterações ao longo da trajetória de expansão das classes média e alta, sendo que a relação entre proximidade e integração socioeconômica se vê condicionada pela existência de espaços públicos, pela autonomia funcional do bairro e pelo impacto do crime. Conclui-se que a recente construção do condomínio Alphaville II não ampliou as possibilidades de articulação social com os segmentos mais pobres que moram no bairro Vila Verde, dada sua maior autonomia funcional e seu maior grau de isolamento espacial. Tampouco criou externalidades positivas para a população do seu entorno geográfico em termos de acesso a serviços urbanos e de segurança pública, em contraste com o bairro de Calabar.

Neste artigo analiso as experiências produtivas associadas ao empreendedorismo das pessoas beneficiárias de políticas de economia social em assentamentos irregulares na cidade de Rosário, Argentina. Um estudo etnográfico que combinou técnicas de entrevistas em profundidade, observação participante e análise de narrativas biográficas me permitiu resgatar os sentidos, valores, práticas e significados elaborados por pessoas empreendedoras. Apresento as modalidades de implementação das políticas sociais da Secretaria de Economia Social de Rosário; descrevo as características e as estruturas produtivas dos empreendimentos e, no final, examino os significados e as práticas realizadas pelas pessoas destinatárias dessas políticas, em resposta às tensões e reapropriações das propostas estatais., En este artículo analizo las experiencias productivas vinculadas al emprendedurismo de destinatarios/as de políticas de economía social en asentamientos irregulares de la ciudad de Rosario, Argentina. Parto de un estudio etnográfico que combinó técnicas de entrevistas en profundidad, observación participante y análisis de narrativas biográficas que me permitieron restituir los sentidos, valores, prácticas y significaciones elaboradas por las personas emprendeduristas. Presento las modalidades de implementación de las políticas sociales de la Secretaría de Economía Social de Rosario; describo las características y estructuras productivas de los emprendimientos y finalmente me detengo en los sentidos y prácticas puestos en juego por las y los destinatarios de dichas políticas, en respuesta a las tensiones y reapropiaciones de las propuestas estatales., This article analyzes entrepreneurship-linked productive experiences of people targeted by social-economic policies in irregular settlements in the city of Rosario, Argentina. Based on an ethnographic study that combined in-depth interviews, participant observation, and analysis of biographical narratives that allowed me to understand the meanings, values, practices, and meanings produced by entrepreneurial people, I examine the implementation of the policies of the Secretaría de Economía Social of Rosario; I describe the traits and productive structures of the enterprises; and finally, I delve into the meanings, practices and reappropriations of the recipients of the state proposals.

Despite considerable achievements in the reduction of poverty over the last decades,poverty remains conspicuously high and profound. While fast urban population growth, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, has contributed to poverty reduction, new development challenges like the urbanisation of poverty emerge. This paper investigates the persistence of urban poverty within the theory of poverty traps among urban households in Nigeria and Tanzania. Using household panel data from the World Bank Living Standard Measurement Study, we test whether consumption-based poverty traps exist in these contexts. Our results show that initially poor households experience an increase in well-being over time, while richer households face a decline and remain vulnerable to falling back into poverty. However, a sticky consumption floor as well as divergence of the floor with the mean show that despite upward dynamics amongst the poor, some are being being left behind. Finally, we argue that improved urb an data is needed to identify the vulnerable middle, and to design structural policies preventing them from falling back into poverty.

This paper provides an autoethnographic account through tourist favela Santa Marta, Rio de Janeiro. It aims to grasp the role of tourists' practices and performances and their potential to re-signify and transform the physical, social, and cultural landscape of slummed communities at urban destinations. Tourism in informal urban settlements is a phenomenon studied from different disciplines and perspectives, mainly covering representational and ethical issues. The paper incorporates insights from the Performative Turn and relational studies to guide the author's reflection over her cultural experience as a favela tourist/researcher. These stories compound the myriad of heterogeneous elements making and shaping the favelas' complex and dynamic assemblages. They also unveil multiple underlying issues that could be further analyzed from different scopes. Finally, favela tourism is seen as an avenue to foster social change. Autoethnography was first being applied to slum tourism research, and it proved to be a useful method to embrace the subjectivities of the field.

Using a developmental-affordances framework, this thesis investigates child-friendliness of designated child-friendly public places in Jakarta by exploring how children from low-income neighbourhoods use and make meaning of these places to fulfill their psychosocial needs. The children perceived these places as ‘the beyond playground’ where they activated affordances for play, work and rest. Children associated these activities with their competence in forming relationships with friends and adults outside their family, exercising autonomy, and mastering cultural skills. Collaboration between stakeholders supported children to benefit from these places for their psychosocial development; while intergenerational and gender tensions constrained navigation of their play spaces.

In the past two decades, Earth observation (EO) data have been utilized for studying the spatial patterns of urban deprivation. Given the scope of many existing studies, it is still unclear how very-high-resolution EO data can help to improve our understanding of the multidimensionality of deprivation within settlements on a city-wide scale. In this work, we assumed that multiple facets of deprivation are reflected by varying morphological structures within deprived urban areas and can be captured by EO information. We set out by staying on the scale of an entire city, while zooming into each of the deprived areas to investigate deprivation through land cover (LC) variations. To test the generalizability of our workflow, we assembled multiple WorldView-3 datasets (multispectral and shortwave infrared) with varying numbers of bands and image features, allowing us to explore computational efficiency, complexity, and scalability while keeping the model architecture consistent. Our workflow was implemented in the city of Nairobi, Kenya, where more than sixty percent of the city population lives in deprived areas. Our results indicate that detailed LC information that characterizes deprivation can be mapped with an accuracy of over seventy percent by only using RGB-based image features. Including the near-infrared (NIR) band appears to bring significant improvements in the accuracy of all classes. Equally important, we were able to categorize deprived areas into varying profiles manifested through LC variability using a gridded mapping approach. The types of deprivation profiles varied significantly both within and between deprived areas. The results could be informative for practical interventions such as land-use planning policies for urban upgrading programs., QC 20220125

In this article we present advances in research carried out in a special education school located in a town in the first cordon of the Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires. In this regard, we inquire about the conditions, in pandemic times, in which teaching practices are deployed in response to the processes of inclusion of students with disabilities in public secondary schools located in contexts of urban poverty. Teaching practices in general were hampered due to the lack of presence in schools and the scarce resources that both teachers and students had to get through these times. In particular, the schooling processes of students with disabilities were doubly affected, both by disability and by urban contexts marked by structural poverty and environmental degradation. Therefore, from a qualitative research approach, through in-depth interviews and semi-structured surveys, we investigate the micro-details of the teaching practices deployed in times of COVID-19. This matters insofar as it offers a multiple and intersectional view that intersects disability with urban poverty that provides conclusive data on the materialities in which, during the pandemic, the processes of inclusion in common education schools developed. These data make it possible to visualize the conditions of inequality in which the right to education of the group is guaranteed and which health measures must be taken into account for the return to the presence of this school year., En el presente artículo presentamos avances de investigación realizada en una escuela de educación especial emplazada en una localidad del primer cordón de la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Al respecto, indagamos sobre las condiciones, en tiempos pandémicos, en que se despliegan las prácticas docentes atendiendo a los procesos de inclusión de estudiantes con discapacidad en escuelas secundarias públicas emplazadas en contextos de pobreza urbana. Las prácticas docentes en general, se vieron obstaculizadas debido a la no presencialidad en las escuelas y los escasos recursos con que, tanto docentes como estudiantes, contaban para atravesar estos tiempos. En particular, los procesos de escolarización de estudiantes con discapacidad se vieron doblemente afectados, tanto sea por la discapacidad como por los contextos de la urbe marcados por la pobreza estructural y degradación ambiental. Por tanto, desde un enfoque cualitativo de investigación, mediante entrevistas en profundidad y encuestas semi-estructuradas, indagamos en los microdetalles de las prácticas docentes desplegadas en tiempos de COVID-19. Esto importa en tanto ofrece una mirada múltiple e interseccional que cruza la discapacidad con la pobreza urbana que arroja datos contundentes sobre las materialidades en que, durante la pandemia, los procesos de inclusión en las escuelas de educación común se desarrollaron. Estos datos permiten visualizar las condiciones de desigualdad en que se garantiza el derecho a la educación del colectivo y cuáles medidas sanitarias han de ser tenidas en cuenta para el regreso a la presencialidad del presente ciclo lectivo.

Abandoned spaces can be understood as an urban phenomenon related to those obsolete buildings that have gradually lost their condition of habitability. Thereafter, the objective of this article is to analyze the nature of its geo-spatial distribution, emphasizing the correlation between this phenomenon and the socio-economic inequality of the population. To this end it offers a geospatial analysis focused on three border cities in the north of Mexico —Mexicali, Nuevo Laredo and San Luis Río Colorado—. A descriptive-comparative methodology was carried out based on digital and physical surveys of the abandoned spaces, with which databases were created for each of the cities. Thus, using statistical and spatial analysis techniques it was possible to obtain the models and results. The article closes with a comparative discussion between the three cities, as well as with the differences and coincidences detected., Los espacios abandonados pueden comprenderse como un fenómeno urbano relacionado con aquellas edificaciones obsoletas que han ido perdiendo gradualmente su condición de habitabilidad. De esta manera, el objetivo del presente artículo es analizar cuál es la naturaleza de su distribución geo–espacial, haciendo énfasis en exponer y examinar la correlación que existe entre este fenómeno y la desigualdad socio–económica de la población. Para ello, se presenta un análisis geo–espacial enfocado en tres ciudades fronterizas del norte de México —Mexicali, Nuevo Laredo y San Luis Río Colorado—. Se implementó una metodología descriptivo–comparativa basada en efectuar levantamientos digitales y físicos de los espacios abandonados, con lo cual se conformaron bases de datos para cada una de las ciudades. De este modo, usando técnicas de estadística y análisis espacial fue posible obtener los modelos y resultados. Como conclusión, se presenta una discusión comparativa entre las tres ciudades, mostrando las diferencias y coincidencias detectadas.

This article analyzes the ways to make a living of young people participating in state labor inclusion programs in contexts of urban poverty in Rosario, Argentina. The focus on the universe of possibilities, relationships, and expectations that shape the reproduction of the lives of male and female young people allows understanding tensions, resignifications, and adaptations of the daily management of these policies. Particularly, it is highlighted how local practices and dynamics are incorporated into daily interactions between state workers and youth., Este artigo analisa as formas de ganhar a vida dos jovens que participam dos dispositivos estatais orientados à inclusão laboral em contextos de pobreza urbana na cidade de Rosário, Argentina. O foco está no universo de possibilidades, relações e expectativas que configuram a reprodução da vida dos e das jovens e permite compreender tensões, ressignificações e adaptações da gestão cotidiana destas políticas. Em particular, é destacada a forma como as práticas e dinâmicas locais são incorporadas e postas em prática nas interações cotidianas entre os trabalhadores do Estado e os jovens., En este artículo se analizan los modos de ganarse la vida de jóvenes que participan de dispositivos estatales orientados a la inclusión laboral en contextos de pobreza urbana de la ciudad de Rosario, Argentina. El foco puesto en el universo de posibilidades, relaciones y expectativas que configuran la reproducción de la vida de los y las jóvenes permite comprender tensiones, resignificaciones y adaptaciones de la gestión cotidiana de estas políticas. Particularmente se destaca cómo se incorporan prácticas y dinámicas locales que son puestas en juego en las interacciones cotidianas entre trabajadores estatales y jóvenes.

In a context of rapidly increasing urbanisation and deepening global inequalities, slum tourism has thrived. This paper presents a discursive analysis of tourists’ online reviews of two township tours in Cape Town, South Africa. We investigate how, and to what ends, tourists collectively construct townships as places of hope on TripAdvisor; we question how these reviews feed into broader narratives of urban poverty in the global south. We show how tourists draw on both neoliberal and colonial discourses to construct townships as places of hope–vibrant cultural spaces, rich in non-material assets, inhabited by happy, hard-working residents. We show that by producing slums as productive cultural spaces, tourists are able to resist the stigma associated with slum tourism and position themselves as ethical, enlightened and morally superior tourists. We argue that neoliberal and colonial discourses operate together to produce sanitised representations of townships that both obscure inequalities between poor residents and wealthy tourists from the global north and depoliticise issues like poor infrastructure in townships. In discussing the broader implications of the study, we highlight the importance of producing nuanced representations of townships that acknowledge residents’ assets and excellence, while also foregrounding how they live within the oppressive constraints inherent in enduring systems of inequality.

This article aims to characterize a subgroup of the inhabitants of the street that lives in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (CABA). We refer to a population enrolled in a housing “circuit” that articulates residence in a room for rent in a hotel-pension with living in public space. This group has certain peculiarities in front of the "traditional" inhabitant of the street who is who develops his daily life mainly in the field of the street, a situation that also exists in a habitual and growing way. It is interesting to stop at the experience of inhabiting the street, from a broad perspective that contemplates those who "discontinuously" also inhabit it. This population, called as intermittent street inhabitants, is produced and reproduced from the form assumed by the public policy addressed to these sectors. We refer to a program that is based on the delivery of “housing subsidies” to rent a room in a hotel-pension. This program turns out to be one of the main policies that the city has to mitigate the housing problem. From politics it is conceived that access to this subsidy is a response or "solution" to the emergency caused by living in the street. However, as we will try to capture in this work, this type of interventions not only does not lead to a definitive solution, but, on the contrary, they collaborate in the reproduction of the social and housing problem in which the beneficiaries of the program meet. The results present in this article are based on the findings, based on primary sources, of the doctoral theses of the authors. One of them analyzed the life experience of the inhabitants of the street and the other worked the problem of the inhabitants of the hotel-pension. Based on the search for contact points and differentiation between the two investigations., En este artículo se propone caracterizar a un subgrupo de los habitantes de la calle que vive en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (caba). Hacemos referencia a una población inscripta en un circuito habitacional que articula la residencia en una habitación de alquiler en un hotel-pensión con el habitar en el espacio público. Este grupo posee ciertas particularidades frente al “tradicional” habitante de la calle, que es quien desarrolla su vida cotidiana principalmente en el ámbito de la calle, situación también existente de manera habitual y creciente. Interesa detenerse en la experiencia del habitar la calle, desde una mirada amplia que contemple a quienes de manera “discontinua” también habitan en ella. Esta población, denominada habitantes de la calle intermitentes, se produce y reproduce a partir de la forma que asume la política pública dirigida a estos sectores. Hacemos referencia a un programa que se basa en la entrega de “subsidios habitacionales” para alquilar una habitación en un hotel-pensión. Este programa resulta ser una de las principales políticas que posee la ciudad para mitigar la problemática habitacional. Desde la política se concibe que el acceder a este subsidio resulta una respuesta o “solución” a la emergencia que suscita encontrarse habitando en la calle. Sin embargo, como se intentará plasmar en este trabajo, este tipo de intervenciones no solo no llevan a una solución definitiva, sino que, por el contrario, colaboran en la reproducción de la problemática social y habitacional en la cual los/as beneficiarios/as del programa se encuentran. Los resultados presentes en este artículo están fundamentados en los hallazgos, basados en fuentes primarias, de las tesis doctorales de las autoras. Una de ellas, analizó la experiencia de vida de los habitantes de la calle y la otra trabajó la problemática de los habitantes de los hoteles-pensión. A partir de la búsqueda de puntos de contacto y de diferenciación entre ambas investigaciones se originó el, A redação a seguir constitui uma reflexão crítica que decorre da experiência do Programa Bienvenidos (Boas-Vindas) da Fundação Gente de la Calle, no Chile, particularmente, do vínculo com migrantes em situação de rua ou em risco de serem, desde 2016 até hoje. No presente texto, defende-se a tese de que, no caso do migrante em situação de rua, operam elementos de identidade como sacrifício e fratura, que entrelaçam um cenário de violações profundas, que se materializam em maiores probabilidades de ficar nessa situação. Para apoiar esta afirmação se aborda o contexto migratório no Chile, em primeiro lugar, com ênfase especial na construção social do sujeito e, em segundo lugar, em base à configuração subjetiva que ocorre no migrante ao tentar realizar seu projeto migratório, onde o sacrifício e outros fatores como desenraizamento e falta de redes “íntimas”, não institucionais, são elementos que aprofundam a fratura de identidade, constituindo a identidade do migrante, no horizonte de uma nuda vida, o que evidencia uma violência estrutural, radicalizada em tais assuntos, na qual estaríamos eventualmente sujeitas todas as pessoas. O migrante experimenta um tipo de vida que incorpora a acentuação de nossa fragilidade humana e, por isso, ele pode se considerar um mensageiro de nosso tempo.

In 2019, an exploratory qualitative study was carried out in a social housing neighborhood located on the outskirts of the city of Santiago, Chile whose purpose was to understand the perception of its Chilean residents regarding the massive arrival of Haitian migrants to the place. The results show not only their dissimilar and ambivalent perceptions regarding the impact of the arrival of this new population to their residential habitat but also a greater precariousness in both groups living conditions., En 2019 se realizó un estudio cualitativo exploratorio en un barrio de vivienda social de localización periférica en la ciudad de Santiago, Chile, cuyo propósito fue conocer la percepción de residentes chilenos con relación a la llegada masiva de migrantes haitianos al lugar. Los resultados muestran no sólo percepciones disímiles y ambivalentes entre los chilenos respecto del impacto del arribo de esta nueva población sobre su hábitat residencial, sino también, una mayor precarización de las condiciones de habitación para ambos grupos.

In this article we present research results about the dynamics of schooling of students with disabilities in a special education school located in contexts of urban poverty in the Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires. We describe in a dense way the conditions of schooling, as well as the multiple tasks in which inclusion between the intersection of disability and poverty is effective. The methodological strategy is based on quantitative techniques - from statistical sources - and qualitative ones, specifically in-depth interviews with the teaching staff of this school. Among the main results through the construction of analytical categories, we propose that this school, given the proposed intersection, becomes a strainer school. This has a direct impact on the schooling dynamics of the students and on the subjectivity of the teachers who, daily, struggle to reverse that notion and, far from not being involved, make it a power., Neste artigo, apresentamos resultados de pesquisa sobre a dinâmica da escolarização de alunos com deficiência em uma escola de educação especial localizada em contextos de pobreza urbana na Região Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Descrevemos de maneira densa as condições de escolaridade, bem como as múltiplas tarefas nas quais a inclusão entre deficiência e pobreza é efetiva. A estratégia metodológica baseiase em técnicas quantitativas - de fontes estatísticas - e qualitativas, especificamente entrevistas detalhadas com o corpo docente desta escola. Entre os principais resultados da construção de categorias analíticas, propomos que essa escola, dada a interseção proposta, transforma-se em uma escola filtro. Isso tem um impacto direto nas dinâmicas escolares dos alunos e na subjetividade dos professores que, diariamente, lutam para reverter essa noção e, longe de não estarem envolvidos, a potencializam., En este artículo, presentamos resultados de investigación, acerca de las dinámicas de escolarización de estudiantes con discapacidad, en una escuela de educación especial emplazada en contextos de pobreza urbana de la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Describimos, de manera densa, las condiciones de la escolaridad, así como los múltiples haceres en que se hace efectiva la inclusión entre la intersección discapacidad y pobreza. La estrategia metodológica se basa, por medio de técnicas cuantitativas —de fuentes estadísticas— y cualitativas, específicamente en entrevistas en profundidad al cuerpo docente de esta escuela. Entre los principales resultados, por medio de la construcción de categorías analíticas, proponemos que esta escuela dada la intersección planteada se vuelve una escuela colador. Ello, impacta de modo directo en las dinámicas de escolarización de los estudiantes y en la subjetividad docente que, a diario, luchan por invertir esa noción y, lejos de no ocuparse, la vuelven potencia.

The aim of this study is to analyse the suburbanization of poverty in the Metropolitan Zone of Mexico City, this is a topic scarcely treated in the urban development literature on Latin American metropolis. Specifically the distribution of poor population by metropolitan rings is analysed, in order to identify the main concentrations of population with high and very high marginalization degrees; and these results are related to the access to two main public services, health and piped water inside dwellings. Trends are analysed with a comparison of census data for the years 2000 and 2010 at metropolitan level, confirming a concentration process of poor groups either in the suburban or the peripheral zones. One of the main findings is that interior and external suburban zones present the bigger concentrations of the population with the highest economic disadvantages with notable lack of access to public services. These results put in evidence the existence of large deteriorated suburban zones., Resumen: El tema de la suburbanizacion de la pobreza en la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México es poco analizado en la literatura sobre desarrollo urbano en las metropolis latinoamericanas. Específicamente en este trabajo se analiza la distribución de la población pobre por contornos metropolitanos para identificar las principales concentraciones de población con grados de marginación altos y muy altos y su relación con su acceso a servicios públicos como salud y agua entubada dentro de la vivienda. Para analizar las tendencias se comparan datos censales de 2000 y 2010 a nivel intrametropolitano, encontrándose un proceso de concentración de grupos pobres en las zonas suburbanas y en la periferia urbana. Entre los hallazgos se aprecia que los suburbios interiores y exteriores presentan las concentraciones más grandes de estos grupos en desventaja economica, con marcadas carencias de acceso a servicios públicos. Estos resultados ponen en evidencia la existencia de grandes zonas deterioradas en zonas suburbanas centrales.

This article aims to characterize a subgroup of the inhabitants of the street that lives in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (CABA). We refer to a population enrolled in a housing “circuit” that articulates residence in a room for rent in a hotel-pension with living in public space. This group has certain peculiarities in front of the "traditional" inhabitant of the street who is who develops his daily life mainly in the field of the street, a situation that also exists in a habitual and growing way. It is interesting to stop at the experience of inhabiting the street, from a broad perspective that contemplates those who "discontinuously" also inhabit it. This population, called as intermittent street inhabitants, is produced and reproduced from the form assumed by the public policy addressed to these sectors. We refer to a program that is based on the delivery of “housing subsidies” to rent a room in a hotel-pension. This program turns out to be one of the main policies that the city has to mitigate the housing problem. From politics it is conceived that access to this subsidy is a response or "solution" to the emergency caused by living in the street. However, as we will try to capture in this work, this type of interventions not only does not lead to a definitive solution, but, on the contrary, they collaborate in the reproduction of the social and housing problem in which the beneficiaries of the program meet. The results present in this article are based on the findings, based on primary sources, of the doctoral theses of the authors. One of them analyzed the life experience of the inhabitants of the street and the other worked the problem of the inhabitants of the hotel-pension. Based on the search for contact points and differentiation between the two investigations. a, A redação a seguir constitui uma reflexão crítica que decorre da experiência do Programa Bienvenidos (Boas-Vindas) da Fundação Gente de la Calle, no Chile, particularmente, do vínculo com migrantes em situação de rua ou em risco de serem, desde 2016 até hoje. No presente texto, defende-se a tese de que, no caso do migrante em situação de rua, operam elementos de identidade como sacrifício e fratura, que entrelaçam um cenário de violações profundas, que se materializam em maiores probabilidades de ficar nessa situação. Para apoiar esta afirmação se aborda o contexto migratório no Chile, em primeiro lugar, com ênfase especial na construção social do sujeito e, em segundo lugar, em base à configuração subjetiva que ocorre no migrante ao tentar realizar seu projeto migratório, onde o sacrifício e outros fatores como desenraizamento e falta de redes “íntimas”, não institucionais, são elementos que aprofundam a fratura de identidade, constituindo a identidade do migrante, no horizonte de uma nuda vida, o que evidencia uma violência estrutural, radicalizada em tais assuntos, na qual estaríamos eventualmente sujeitas todas as pessoas. O migrante experimenta um tipo de vida que incorpora a acentuação de nossa fragilidade humana e, por isso, ele pode se considerar um mensageiro de nosso tempo. a, En este artículo se propone caracterizar a un subgrupo de los habitantes de la calle que vive en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (caba). Hacemos referencia a una población inscripta en un circuito habitacional que articula la residencia en una habitación de alquiler en un hotel-pensión con el habitar en el espacio público. Este grupo posee ciertas particularidades frente al “tradicional” habitante de la calle, que es quien desarrolla su vida cotidiana principalmente en el ámbito de la calle, situación también existente de manera habitual y creciente. Interesa detenerse en la experiencia del habitar la calle, desde una mirada amplia que contemple a quienes de manera “discontinua” también habitan en ella. Esta población, denominada habitantes de la calle intermitentes, se produce y reproduce a partir de la forma que asume la política pública dirigida a estos sectores. Hacemos referencia a un programa que se basa en la entrega de “subsidios habitacionales” para alquilar una habitación en un hotel-pensión. Este programa resulta ser una de las principales políticas que posee la ciudad para mitigar la problemática habitacional. Desde la política se concibe que el acceder a este subsidio resulta una respuesta o “solución” a la emergencia que suscita encontrarse habitando en la calle. Sin embargo, como se intentará plasmar en este trabajo, este tipo de intervenciones no solo no llevan a una solución definitiva, sino que, por el contrario, colaboran en la reproducción de la problemática social y habitacional en la cual los/as beneficiarios/as del programa se encuentran. Los resultados presentes en este artículo están fundamentados en los hallazgos, basados en fuentes primarias, de las tesis doctorales de las autoras. Una de ellas, analizó la experiencia de vida de los habitantes de la calle y la otra trabajó la problemática de los habitantes de los hoteles-pensión. A partir de la búsqueda de puntos de contacto y de diferenciación entre ambas investigaciones se originó el

A pesquisa averigua as constantes interrupções na implementação de programas habitacionais e urbanos e como essas descontinuidades afetam a realidade da população. Observa-se a ocorrência de equívocos na implementação dos empreendimentos sem considerar a qualidade e a efetividade das intervenções. A ineficiência das políticas públicas cria no imaginário dos mais pobres a ilusão de que é possível conquistar a moradia por seus próprios meios, particularizando uma questão que não pode ser equacionada sem o comprometimento do Estado. Essa investigação tem como base a Vila Parolin, assentamento precário localizado na região central de Curitiba, Paraná. O estudo fundamenta-se em relatos de moradores, documentos oficiais dos órgãos públicos e textos teóricos. Avalia-se o impacto de ações habitacionais nos assentamentos precários, como o poder público dialoga com a população e se contribui para coibir ou fomentar a transformação desses empreendimentos em espaços de segregação urbana e vulnerabilidade social., The research investigates the constant interruptions in the implementation of housing and urban programs and how these discontinuities affect the reality of the population. It is observed the occurrence of mistakes in the implementation of the undertakings without considering the quality and effectiveness of the interventions. The inefficiency of public policies creates in the imagination of the poorest the illusion that it is possible to win housing by their own means, particularizing an issue that cannot be solved without the commitment of the State. This investigation is based on Vila Parolin, a precarious settlement located in the central region of Curitiba, Paraná. The study is based on reports from residents, official documents from public agencies and theoretical texts. The impact of housing actions on precarious settlements is assessed, as the public power dialogues with the population and contributes to curb or promote the transformation of these enterprises into spaces of urban segregation and social vulnerability., Peer Reviewed

The urban concentration of deprived masses is the basic mechanism for the reproduction of social disadvantage: “space matters” indeed. Although large areas of chronic rural poverty exist, especially in the less developed countries, it’s the urban character that has mostly attracted the academic as well as political attention to poverty in industrialized countries. Moreover, it was in the urban context that the concept of absolute and relative poverty had been set as a universal standard to estimate the extension of the phenomena. Furthermore, the social and economic transformation of the last few decades has led to the reemergence of severe forms of impoverishment in practically all cities in the industrialized world helping to maintain this focus

The presence of informal settlements in large cities of the developing world is a concrete expression of urban poverty. The residents of Brazilian favelas are more likely to be exposed to environmental risks, lower life quality and risks of eviction. Additionally, there is a common generalization of associating favela residents with illegality, criminality and pollution. Using a political ecology and environmental justice perspective, I study Vila Nova Esperança’s community in São Paulo, whose residents actively resisted the state-driven ‘degradation narrative’ that blamed them for degrading the recently created Tizo Park. To claim their right to stay, residents of Vila Nova Esperança collectively created a counter-narrative, cleaning their neighborhood, planting vegetables and building living spaces with reused materials. I aim to understand how the environmental initiatives developed by residents support their struggle for staying in the area and getting access to public urban infrastructure. To understand what people are doing and what they take from it, I used participant observation, individual and focus group interviews. In addition, I conducted a quantitative online content analysis to assess the potential role played by online media in disclosing Vila Nova Esperança as a role model. I describe the factors that enable and legitimize the environmental initiatives, as well as the tangible and intangible benefits which improve residents’ life quality. By changing the space they live in, residents go through a selfrecognition process that shows them they are capable and empowers them. This process attracted external actors to collaborate as partners and caught attention from the media. Throughout the years, Vila Nova Esperança has successfully gotten the right to stay and achieved access to basic services and infrastructure, provided by the same state agencies that once were seen as enemies. Drawing on the study of Vila Nova Esperança, it is possible to understan, A presença de assentamentos informais em grandes cidades do mundo em desenvolvimento é uma expressão concreta da pobreza urbana. Moradores das favelas brasileiras estão mais sujeitos a estarem expostos a riscos ambientais, pior qualidade de vida e riscos de serem removidos. Além disso, há uma frequente generalização que associa moradores de favelas com ilegalidade, criminalidade e poluição. Usando uma perspectiva de ecologia política e justiça ambiental, pesquiso a comunidade Vila Nova Esperança em São Paulo, cujos moradores ativamente resistiram à ‘narrativa de degradação’ conduzida pelo estado, que os culpava por degradar o recém-criado Parque Tizo. Para reivindicar o direito de permanência, moradores da Vila Nova Esperança coletivamente criaram uma contra-narrativa, limpando seu bairro, cultivando uma horta e construindo espaços de convivência com materiais reutilizados. Meu objetivo é entender como as iniciativas ambientais desenvolvidas pelos moradores auxilia em sua luta para permanecer no local e ter acesso a infraestrutura urbana pública. A fim de entender o que as pessoas fazem e o que ganham com isso, usei observação participante, entrevistas individuais e grupos focais. Adicionalmente, realizei uma análise quantitativa de conteúdo online, para avaliar o potencial papel da mídia em divulgar a Vila Nova Esperança como um caso exemplar. Descrevo os fatores que possibilitam e legitimam as iniciativas ambientais, assim como os benefícios tangíveis e intangíveis que melhoram a qualidade de vida dos moradores. Ao transformar o espaço em que vivem, os moradores passam por um processo de auto-reconhecimento que lhes mostra que são capazes e os empodera. Este processo atraiu atores externos para colaborar como parceiros e chamou a atenção da mídia. Ao longo dos anos, a Vila Nova Esperança exitosamente conseguiu o direito de permanecer e logrou obter serviços e infraestrutura básicos, fornecidos pelas mesmas agências estatais antes vistas como inimigas. Baseando-se

Los equipamientos colectivos, entendidos como lugares en los que se configuran procesos sociales y dan origen al capital social, son una alternativa para la transformación y el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida en los patrones espaciales de alta diferenciación social y segregación. Por ello, surge la reflexión sobre cómo las posibilidades de acceso a los flujos y las interacciones que se materializan en equipamientos colectivos pueden llegar a determinar las condiciones de segregación de individuos y grupos sociales. Por medio de una revisión sociológica y geográfica mediante análisis espaciales y una articulación conceptual, se establece la importancia de los equipamientos como lugares de producción de capital social, para reducir la inequidad y la pobreza en un contexto urbano. Se concluye que existe una relación verificable entre la accesibilidad a equipamientos colectivos de educación, cultura y recreación, y la calidad de vida en Bogotá. Finalmente, se estima que una política para el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida en las ciudades latinoamericanas debe propender por fortalecer los lugares que permitan el cruce de horizontes cognitivos y la interacción de los miembros de la sociedad en el ámbito de su vida cotidiana.

The main problems of Latin American cities are poverty and inequality and therefore they constitute central issues of social research and urban studies. This article analyzes the way in which the territorial dimension of poverty and inequality is currently expressed, since these processes are not only the spatial expression of economic and social processes but also the serious deficiencies and new inequities in the access and quality of urban goods and services causes an amplification of structural inequalities., Los principales problemas de las ciudades latinoamericanas son la pobreza y la desigualdad y por ello son temas de central importancia de la investigación social y de los estudios urbanos en particular. En este artículo se analiza la manera como se expresa en la actualidad la dimensión territorial de la pobreza y de la desigualdad, ya que estos procesos no sólo son la expresión espacial de procesos económicos y sociales, sino que las graves carencias y nuevas inequidades en el acceso y calidad de los bienes y servicios urbanos provoca una amplificación de las desigualdades estructurales.

This article aims to problematize the real estate market in popular settlements in Chile. It proposes that, nowadays, access to a home in these neighborhoods is sometimes achieved through an individual commercial transaction, often parallel to current formal rules. Based on the characterization of Chilean informal market and real estate, it explores the affections associated with households of this bracket, nowadays presented as merchandise, and inquiries into how popular settlements keep forming as territories marked by small-scale solidarity economies., En este artículo se problematiza sobre el mercado inmobiliario en asentamientos populares en Chile. Se indica que, hoy en día, el acceso a una vivienda a veces se logra por una transacción comercial individual, a menudo paralela a las normas formales vigentes. A partir de la caracterización del mercado informal y de los bienes inmobiliarios, que hoy aparecen como mercancías, se profundiza en los afectos asociados a las viviendas, y en cómo los campamentos siguen conformándose como territorios marcados por economías solidarias a pequeña escala.

Los equipamientos colectivos, entendidos como lugares en los que se configuran procesos sociales y dan origen al capital social, son una alternativa para la transformación y el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida en los patrones espaciales de alta diferenciación social y segregación. Por ello, surge la reflexión sobre cómo las posibilidades de acceso a los flujos y las interacciones que se materializan en equipamientos colectivos pueden llegar a determinar las condiciones de segregación de individuos y grupos sociales. Por medio de una revisión sociológica y geográfica mediante análisis espaciales y una articulación conceptual, se establece la importancia de los equipamientos como lugares de producción de capital social, para reducir la inequidad y la pobreza en un contexto urbano. Se concluye que existe una relación verificable entre la accesibilidad a equipamientos colectivos de educación, cultura y recreación, y la calidad de vida en Bogotá. Finalmente, se estima que una política para el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida en las ciudades latinoamericanas debe propender por fortalecer los lugares que permitan el cruce de horizontes cognitivos y la interacción de los miembros de la sociedad en el ámbito de su vida cotidiana., Urban facilities, understood as spaces in which social processes are shaped and where social capital is created, are an alternative for the transformation and improvement of quality of live in spatial patterns of high social differentiation and segregation. Thus, a reflection on how possibilities of access to the flows and interactions that materialize in urban facilities can determine the conditions of segregation of individuals and social groups. Through a sociological and geographic review using spatial and conceptual analysis, this article establishes the importance of facilities as places of production of social capital, to reduce inequality and poverty in urban contexts. It concludes there is a verifiable relationship between access to urban facilities of education, culture, and recreation and quality of life in Bogota. Finally, it considers that a policy to improve the quality of life in Latin American cities should seek to strengthen spaces that allow for individuals to cross cognitive horizons and the interaction of members of society in their daily lives.

In the tenth month of Meiji 5 (1872), the Tokyo Prefectural Government issued an edict banning begging (kanjin kinshirei). Until then, the practice had been carefully regulated but never fully prohibited. On the contrary, from the beginning of the Tokugawa period, the city government permitted members of the hinin (beggar) status group to subsist by gathering alms in the city's commoner neighborhoods. That arrangement enabled the authorities to guarantee the daily survival of thousands of the city's poorest residents, while permanently shifting the financial burden for their care to urban landholders and tenants. Until the 1870s, begging was regulated via a network of neighborhood-level arrangements in which individual members of the hinin fraternity established client relationships (shikiri kankei) with specific city neighborhoods. In exchange for policing unauthorized begging in their client neighborhoods, members of the hinin fraternity were granted exclusive begging rights. Ownership of those rights ensured the survival of members of the hinin fraternity and their dependents. Accordingly, they were treated as an asset and passed down from one generation to the next. The 1872 ban on begging, however, formally abolished those relationships and reclassified the practice as a criminal offense. No longer a legitimate livelihood in which a portion of the city's poor were permitted to engage, begging was now officially cast as a practice that encouraged indolence and petty crime, and led one to eschew productive labor. This paper examines the ban's historical impact and efforts to regulate begging following its promulgation.

En este trabajo se busca demostrar que la metodología oficial para la medición de la pobreza en México, oculta la presencia de ésta en los conjuntos habitacionales de interés social, asimismo, se considera que dadas las características de los conjuntos habitacionales que fueron construidos posteriormente a los cambios a la política de vivienda realizados en 1988,es decir, en el contexto del neoliberalismo, representa un detonador de desigualdad para sus habitantes, quienes enfrentan mayores desventajas respecto al resto de la población que se localiza en zonas con mayor infraestructura o mejor situadas. Por lo anterior, se propone un concepto y una metodología alternativa para la medición de la pobreza y la desigualdad que tenga aplicación en los conjuntos habitacionales de interés social., This paper seeks to demonstrate that the official methodology for the measurement of poverty in Mexico, hides its presence in the housing complexes of social interest, also, it is considered that given the characteristics of the housing complexes that were subsequently built to the Changes to housing policy made in 1988, that is, in the context of neoliberalism, represents a trigger for inequality for its inhabitants, who face greater disadvantages compared to the rest of the population that is located in areas with greater infrastructure or better located. Therefore, an alternative concept and methodology is proposed for the measurement of poverty and inequality that has application in housing complexes of social interest., Peer Reviewed

Unprecedented eviction, peripheral resettlement and simultaneous redevelopment of the urban spaces in the biggest megacity of postcolonial India – Mumbai reflect its development paradox, accumulation and dispossession processes, and rapidly transforming state, market, civil society and community relations. The vision of transforming Mumbai into a ‘world-class’, ‘slum-free’ city emerged in late 1990’s whereby the macro-structural adjustment programs and liberalization of the market conjoined with the local populist politics to engender an institutional proposal for state-controlled, market-based and civil society-mediated mass clearance of slum settlements from central locations of the city, creation of gigantic substandard housing stocks in the city’s peripheries and utilization of the civil society-urban poor community engagement to negotiate, coerce and co-opt the urban poor for resettlement.In this context, this paper endeavors to ask: what kinds of juridical-administrative logics and institutional narratives foster eviction, displacement and leads to simultaneous differential subjectivities of dispossession and vulnerabilities. How the urban poor community tend to negotiate with these technologies of accumulation? And in what ways grassroots’ mobilization and resistance influence these models of accumulation? Based on ethnographic engagements, this paper would argue that the narratives of illegality and informality of the state of housing for the urban poor acts as material sites for the state’s formal intervention. Parastatal institutions, juridical and administrative apparatus of the state conjoin to activate the processes of dispossession and market-induced free-housing mechanisms act as a driver for unprecedented displacement and simultaneous ghettoization of urban poverty. Further, displaced and resettled urban poor experience spiral of marginalities and vulnerabilities in these resettlement colonies that reflect violations of environmental, architectural

Objetivo: La segregación residencial en las ciudades sudamericanas divide a los ciudadanos en función de su capacidad económica. Como resultado, las ciudades están formadas por barrios con características urbanas diferenciadoras en función del grupo económico. En esta investigación se estudia como característica urbana la diversidad económica, entendida como la representación en un barrio del mayor número de sectores económicos, y se explora su posible relación con la pobreza multidimensional. Metodología: El estudio se realizó tomando el caso de la ciudad de Quito con una desagregación a nivel de parroquias o barrios como se hace referencia también a lo largo del artículo. La diversidad económica se la calculó utilizando la metodología de Shannon-Weaver y la pobreza multidimensional se basó en la metodología de Alkire y Foster (2007) y se adaptó al Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010. Se aplicaron herramientas de estadística descriptiva para medir la posible asociación entre las variables. Conclusiones: El análisis muestra elevados niveles de correlación entre la diversidad económica en cada barrio y su índice de pobreza multidimensional. Originalidad: La metodología aplicada permite encontrar un grado de asociación inverso entre la pobreza y la diversidad económica, sus conclusiones pueden ser abordadas desde perspectivas urbanistas o económicas para la implementación de políticas públicas a nivel subnacional., Objectiu: La segregació residencial a les ciutats sud-americanes divideix els ciutadans en funció de la seva capacitat econòmica. Com a resultat, les ciutats estan formades per barris amb característiques urbanes diferenciadores en funció del grup econòmic. En aquesta investigació s'estudia com a característica urbana la diversitat econòmica, entesa com la representació en un barri del major nombre de sectors econòmics, i es explora la seva possible relació amb la pobresa multidimensional. Metodologia: L'estudi es va realitzar prenent el cas de la ciutat de Quito amb una desagregació a nivell de parròquies o barris com es fa referència també al llarg de l'article. La diversitat econòmica es la va calcular utilitzant la metodologia de Shannon-Weaver i la pobresa multidimensional es va basar en la metodologia de Alkire i Foster (2007) i es va adaptar al Cens de Població i Habitatge 2010. Es van aplicar eines d'estadística descriptiva per mesurar la possible associació entre les variables. Conclusions: L'anàlisi mostra elevats nivells de correlació entre la diversitat econòmica en cada barri i el seu índex de pobresa multidimensional. Originalitat: La metodologia aplicada permet trobar un grau d'associació invers entre la pobresa i la diversitat econòmica, les seves conclusions poden ser abordades des de perspectives urbanistes o econòmiques per a la implementació de polítiques públiques a nivell subnacional., Objective: Residential segregation in South American cities divides citizens according to their economic capacity. As a result, cities are formed by neighborhoods with differentiating urban characteristics depending on the economic group. In this research, economic diversity is studied as an urban characteristic, understood as the representation in a neighborhood of the greatest number of economic sectors, and its relationship with multidimensional poverty. Methodology: The study was conducted taking the case of the city of Quito with a disaggregation level of parishes or neighborhoods, as is also referred to throughout the article. Economic diversity was calculated using the Shannon-Weaver methodology and multidimensional poverty was based on the methodology of Alkire and Foster (2007) and adapted to the 2010 Population and Housing Census. Descriptive statistics tools were applied to measure the possible association between the variables. Conclusions: The analysis shows a direct relationship between the economic diversity in each neighborhood and its poverty rate. Originality: The methodology applied allowed to find a degree of inverse association between poverty and economic diversity, its conclusions can be approached from urban or economic perspectives for the implementation of public policies at the subnational level., Peer Reviewed

Impacts of climate change are often acute for those who live in informal settlements, the places where poverty, inequality and deprivation are concentrated in cities across the developing world. To broaden the strategies to address this issue, many cities are now embracing ecosystem-based adaptation and resilience. But, in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) the approach is yet to make much headway. This paper examines how climate change impacts on poor urban people via one component of urban ecosystem − urban green structures (UGS) − in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It examines: the UGS of importance to the city's informal dwellers and the range of derived services; changes over time to these UGS and derived services; and emerging adaptation practices. Using qualitative methods, the study has three key findings. First, cultural ecosystem services are of greatest importance to informal dwellers, although they do harness a range of other services. Second, the city's UGS have undergone dramatic changes due to both climatic and non-climatic factors. This has resulted in a gradual decline in the quantity and quality of UGS-derived services for the urban poor. Third, in responding to these changes, informal settlement dwellers have relied mostly on their personal, and sometimes on their collective, resources and capabilities. There are some innovative practices that draw on external institutions, but access to external support for informal communities has remained consistently low. City authorities should approach and plan greening ‘for’ (not ‘in’) informal settlements as a targeted environmental improvement endeavour – referred to here as ‘creative urban planning’.

Vietnam's urban population is growing rapidly: by 2020 45% of Vietnamese are forecasted to be residing in cities. Even though poverty today remains predominantly a rural phenomenon, there is a need to better understand the landscape of poverty in urban areas. Drawing on small-area estimation methods we estimate welfare outcomes at the level of individual towns and cities in Vietnam, including even the smallest towns. Such estimates could not be produced using national sample surveys alone. Results show an inverse relationship between poverty and city size in Vietnam, with the urban poor being disproportionately concentrated in small towns and cities. This relationship is robust to the location of the poverty line as well as to alternative city-size definitions. Interestingly, our evidence of a clear gradient between absolute poverty and city size is not replicated for subjective welfare, measured by self-reported food sufficiency. The absolute poverty-city size gradient does, however, accord with the observation of striking variation in service availability across cities of different size in Vietnam. Small town residents are typically confronted with far lower per-capita availability of basic services than are large city dwellers. The results suggest that policymakers concerned to tackle urban poverty in Vietnam should not neglect attending to smaller towns. Addressing inequalities in access to key basic services across the entire urban population may represent one means to this end.

The article is an ethnographic exploration of the representations and operation of social assistance in an impoverished urban neighborhood of Tegucigalpa, Honduras. It analyzes how its inhabitants produce multiple meanings, moralities, and social relationships around a Spanish Catholic NGO that provides them with financial and social assistance. It purports that these meanings, moralities, and social relationships are the central axis of a subaltern reciprocity system which, in turn, creates different forms of subjectivity, social bonds, and obligations. I probe into the connection between reciprocity, moral economy, and agency to transcend academic approaches that restrict popular political action to domination or resistance. Finally, I also propose that the role of religious organizations in contexts of great inequality is not limited to the old charity model., Este artículo explora etnográficamente cómo se representan y operan las ayudas sociales en dos colonias urbanas empobrecidas de Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Para ello analiza los múltiples significados, moralidades y relaciones que producen sus habitantes frente a una Organización No Gubernamental (ONG ) española de base católica, como eje de los sistemas de reciprocidad de algunos grupos subalternos, la cual produce subjetivaciones, vínculos y obligaciones sociales. Interrogo la articulación entre reciprocidad, economía moral y agencia, más allá de ciertas aproximaciones que limitan a la oposición dominación-resistencia la gestión de la política de las clases populares. También invito a resituar analíticamente el papel de las organizaciones religiosas en contextos de gran desigualdad, que no se restringe a un reducto de viejas estructuras de beneficencia., Este artigo explora etnograficamente como são representadas e como operam as ajudas sociais em duas colônias urbanas marginalizadas de Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Para isso, analisa os múltiplos significados, moralidades e relações que produzem os seus habitantes frente a uma Organização Não Governamental (ONG ) espanhola de base católica, como eixo dos sistemas de reciprocidade de alguns grupos subalternos, a qual produz subjetivações, vínculos e obrigações sociais. Interrogo a articulação entre reciprocidade, economia moral e agência, mais além de certas aproximações que limitam à oposição dominação-resistência a gestão da política das classes populares. Também incentivo a resituar analiticamente o papel das organizações religiosas em contextos de grande desigualdade, que não se restringe a um reduto de velhas estruturas de beneficência.

El artículo reflexiona, en un primer momento, acerca de las trayectorias de enfoque de la pobreza urbana y sus repercusiones en la organización socioespacial dentro de la sociología estadounidense, europea y latinoamericana. A partir de esta hipótesis existe una pluralidad de planteamientos paralelos en la construcción de las tres narrativas teóricas. Estas tienen consenso acerca de la creciente polarización socioespacial que está vinculada al aumento de las desigualdades socioeconómicas, la reestructuración del sistema productivo, la retracción o reconfiguración del estado de bienestar social acompañada del endurecimiento de criterios de elegibilidad que condicionan el acceso a programas de transferencia de renta, y la estigmatización de determinados grupos minoritarios o étnico-raciales en el mercado laboral y habitacional. En un segundo momento, el debate se enfoca en la cuestión de cómo el proceso de segregación residencial se convierte en un mecanismo retroalimentador de la pobreza por medio de su impacto en el bienestar y el desempeño socioeconómico del individuo, desde la hipótesis del efecto-territorio.La yuxtaposición de desventajas en el territorio, entendida como una dimensión intermedia entre agencia y estructura, debe tener en cuenta la estratificación espacial de las inequidades socioeconómicas para la elaboración de políticas urbanas, en las que se destacan tres orientaciones: los people-based policies que proveen una asistencia temporal a determinados grupos marginales que viven en barrios desfavorecidos por medio de programas de desegregación y movilidad residencial, de la fiscalización rigurosa de leyes antidiscriminatorias en el mercado inmobiliario y la concesión de créditos inmobiliarios que benefician a las personas de bajos recursos. Los place-based policies definen el barrio como unidad de intervención al invertir en infraestructura y mobiliario urbano y en la creación de puestos de trabajo en atención a las demandas de la población local, co, The article carries out an initial reflection on the approaches to urban poverty and its repercussions on socio-spatial organization in America, European, and Latin American sociology. Numerous parallel proposals stemming from this hypothesis contribute to the construction of the three theoretical narratives, which agree on the following points: the growing socio-spatial polarization linked to the increase of socioeconomic inequalities; the restructuring of the productive system; the retraction or reconfiguration of the social welfare state, accompanied by harsher eligibility criteria that condition access to income transfer programs; and the stigmatization of certain minority or ethnic-racial groups in the job and housing markets. Secondly, the discussion focuses on the question of how the residential segregation process becomes a mechanism that reinforces poverty due to its impact on individuals’ wellbeing and socioeconomic performance, on the basis of the territory-effect hypothesis. The juxtaposition of disadvantages in the territory, understood as an intermediate dimension between agency and structure, should take into account the spatial stratification of socioeconomic inequalities for the design of urban policies, among which three orientations stand out. People-based policies provide temporary assistance to certain marginal groups living in poor neighborhoods, through desegregation and residential mobility programs, strict monitoring of antidiscrimination laws in the real estate market, and housing loans that benefit low-income persons. Place-based policies define the neighborhood as intervention unit by investing in infrastructure and street furniture and in the creation of jobs in response to the local population’s demands, in order to broaden opportunity structures and further attract middle class groups. Additionally, by requiring the construction of housing that is accessible to the low-income population in suburban areas, they promote social and ethnic, Este artigo se propõe a refletir, em primeiro lugar, sobre as trajetórias de abordagem da pobreza urbana e as suas repercussões na organização socioespacial dentro da sociologia estadunidense, europeia e latino-americana. Parte-se da hipótese que exista uma pluralidade de paralelas na construção das três narrativas teóricas, com consenso que a crescente polarização socioespacial se atrela ao acirramento das desigualdades socioeconômicas, à reestruturação do sistema produtivo, à retração ou reconfiguração do Estado de Bem-estar social acompanhada pelo endurecimento dos critérios de elegibilidade que condicionam o acesso aos programas de transferência de renda, à estigmatização de determinados grupos minoritários sociais ou étnico-raciais no mercado laboral e habitacional. Em segundo lugar, o debate gravita em torno da questão de como o processo de segregação residencial se converte em um mecanismo retroalimentador da pobreza através do seu impacto no bem-estar e no desempenho socioeconômico do indivíduo, partindo da hipótese do efeito-território. A superposição de desvantagens na vizinhança, entendida como dimensão intermediária entre agência e estrutura, urge levar em consideração a estratificação espacial das inequidades socioeconômicas dentro da elaboração de políticas urbanas, com destaque para três propostas: os people-based policies providenciam uma assistência temporária a determinados grupos residuais que habitam bairros desfavorecidos através dos programas de dessegregação e de mobilidade residencial, da fiscalização rigorosa das leis antidiscriminatórias no mercado imobiliário e da concessão de créditos imobiliários que beneficiam as pessoas de baixa renda. Os place-based policies focalizam o bairro como unidade de intervenção, ora ao investir em infraestrutura e equipamento urbano e na criação de postos de emprego em atendimento às demandas da população local, a fim de ampliar as estruturas de oportunidades e aumentar a atratividade para os grupos da class

Having access to family planning (FP) services is a cornerstone for economic and social development. Because of reproductive health disparities between income groups, progressive policies have been passed in the Philippines to reduce the gaps. One example is the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health act that provides people living in poverty with FP services. Moreover, it attempts to promote responsible parenthood, which involves both mothers and fathers. By interviewing 16 women and men, residing in two poor urban communities in Metro Manila, this thesis set out to explore their respective role and responsibilities in matters concerning FP. The findings demonstrate a gendered division of roles and responsibilities where women bear the main responsibility in preventing pregnancies while men lack concern, which corresponds and adds to the literature on the field. Using concepts of power, gender norms and roles, and agency this thesis argues that constructed gender norms and roles inform women and men on how to be involved in FP. Despite the sample size, the findings direct attention to prevailing power structures that not only burden mothers but also impede fathers from getting informed and from becoming responsible fathers.

This paper explains why, two years before the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century, urban dwellers living in poverty in Mexico and Cuernavaca continue having the informal land market as the fundamental route of access to the housing in a period in which mortgage credit has had the greatest expansion in history. Informal employment and wages below 2.6 times the minimum wage are identified as causes of their exclusion from market supply, while federal subsidy programs for informal workers have a low impact and do not affect land prices. The crisis of 2009 meant the stagnation of an apparent advance of the formal on the informal urbanization. For the case study, the association between poverty and economic and urban informality is verified, while data from an applied survey provide details about the characteristics of the inhabitants, their satisfaction at becoming homeowners, progressivity in the housing construction, their level of access to micro-financing for housing improvements and personal expenses, and of their residential mobility., Neste artigo se explica porquê, a dois anos de que comece a terceira década do século xxi, os habitantes urbanos em situação de pobreza no México e Cuernavaca, continuam a ter como via fundamental de acesso à habitação, a ocupação informal do solo, em um período no que o crédito hipotecário tem tido sua maior expansão na história. Identifica-se o emprego informal e os salários por baixo de 2.6 vezes o salário mínimo como causas de sua exclusão da oferta de mercado, em tanto que os programas federais de subsídio para trabalhadores informais têm um baixoimpacto e não incidem no fator solo. A crise do 2009 significou o estancamento de um aparente avanço da urbanização formal sobre a informal. Para o caso de estudo se comprova a associação entre pobreza e informalidade económica e urbana, em tanto que dados de um inquérito aplicado aportam detalhes sobre características dos habitantes, seu grau de satisfação por converter-se em proprietários, a progressividade na construção da habitação, seu nível de acesso a icrofinanciamento para melhoras à habitação e gastos pessoais, e sua mobilidade residencial., En este artículo se explica por qué, a dos años de que inicie la tercera década del siglo xxi, los habitantes urbanos en situación de pobreza en Cuernavaca, México, continúan teniendo como vía fundamental de acceso a la vivienda, la ocupación informal del suelo, en un periodo en el que el crédito hipotecario ha tenido su mayor expansión en la historia. Se identifica al empleo informal y los salarios por debajo de 2,6 veces el salario mínimo como causas de su exclusión de la oferta de mercado, en tanto que los programas federales de subsidio para trabajadores informales tienen un bajo impacto y no inciden en el factor suelo. La crisis del 2009 significó el estancamiento de un aparente avance de la urbanización formal sobre la informal. Para el caso de estudio se comprueba la asociación entre pobreza e informalidad económica y urbana, en tanto que datos de una encuesta aplicada aportan detalles sobre características de los habitantes, su grado de satisfacción por convertirse en propietarios, la progresividad en la construcción de la vivienda, su nivel de acceso a microfinanciamiento para mejoras a la vivienda y gastos personales, y su movilidad residencial.

Villas, asentamientos, barriadas, slums, shantytowns: What are the definitions we have chosen to talk about the informal city, and what sense do we assign when using them? A challenge regarding the terms used refers to communication: this becomes particularly evident in international congresses. For example, to what urban spaces do we refer exactly when we say villa? What are the commonalities between different conceptualizations such as the Argentine, Colombian and Peruvian ones? Are the terms 'shantytown' or 'slum' relevant in the Latin American debate? What does the term 'informal' refer to in 'urban informality': to a legal condition, an urban planning one, or an aesthetic one? A second challenge, moreover, is to trace or question the very borders of the concept in order to continue advancing with the expansion of the disciplinary field while maintaining clarity in the analysis. The definition, for example, becomes crucial when it comes to tracing the origins of the villas of Buenos Aires. This paper aims to briefly review the definitions and conceptualizations of the informal city that have been developed and used so far in order to give greater precision to our analyzes. This revision includes both international and Argentine literature, although it focuses on the case of Buenos Aires given that its ultimate interest is to discuss the historical antecedents of informality in that city in the longer run., Villas, asentamientos, barriadas, slums, shantytowns: ¿cuáles son las definiciones que hemos elegido para hablar de la ciudad informal, y con qué sentido asignamos al utilizarlas? Un desafío en cuanto a los términos utilizados refiere a la comunicación: esto se vuelve particularmente evidente en los congresos internacionales. Por ejemplo, ¿a qué espacios urbanos referimos exactamente al decir “villa”? ¿Qué puntos en común hay entre distintas conceptualizaciones tales como la argentina, colombiana y peruana? ¿Son relevantes los términos shantytown o slum en el debate latinoamericano? ¿A qué refiere el término “informal” en “informalidad urbana”: a una condición jurídica, una de planeamiento urbano, o una estética? Un segundo desafío, además, es el de trazar o cuestionar las fronteras mismas del concepto para continuar avanzando con la expansión del campo disciplinar manteniendo claridad en el análisis. La definición, por ejemplo, se vuelve crucial a la hora de indagar en los orígenes de las villas porteñas. Este artículo se propone revisar brevemente las definiciones y conceptualizaciones de ciudad informal que se han elaborado y usado hasta el momento en aras de otorgar mayor precisión a nuestros análisis. Esta revisión incluye tanto literatura internacional como argentina, aunque se enfoca en definitiva en el caso de Buenos Aires dado que su interés último es el de analizar los antecedentes históricos, en el largo plazo, de la informalidad en dicha ciudad.

The article carries out an initial reflection on the approaches to urban poverty and its repercussions on socio-spatial organization in America, European, and Latin American sociology. Numerous parallel proposals stemming from this hypothesis contribute to the construction of the three theoretical narratives, which agree on the following points: the growing socio-spatial polarization linked to the increase of socioeconomic inequalities; the restructuring of the productive system; the retraction or reconfiguration of the social welfare state, accompanied by harsher eligibility criteria that condition access to income transfer programs; and the stigmatization of certain minority or ethnic-racial groups in the job and housing markets. Secondly, the discussion focuses on the question of how the residential segregation process becomes a mechanism that reinforces poverty due to its impact on individuals’ wellbeing and socioeconomic performance, on the basis of the territory-effect hypothesis. The juxtaposition of disadvantages in the territory, understood as an intermediate dimension between agency and structure, should take into account the spatial stratification of socioeconomic inequalities for the design of urban policies, among which three orientations stand out. People-based policies provide temporary assistance to certain marginal groups living in poor neighborhoods, through desegregation and residential mobility programs, strict monitoring of antidiscrimination laws in the real estate market, and housing loans that benefit low-income persons. Place-based policies define the neighborhood as intervention unit by investing in infrastructure and street furniture and in the creation of jobs in response to the local population’s demands, in order to broaden opportunity structures and further attract middle class groups. Additionally, by requiring the construction of housing that is accessible to the low-income population in suburban areas, they promote social and ethnic, Este artigo se propõe a refletir, em primeiro lugar, sobre as trajetórias de abordagem da pobreza urbana e as suas repercussões na organização socioespacial dentro da sociologia estadunidense, europeia e latino-americana. Parte-se da hipótese que exista uma pluralidade de paralelas na construção das três narrativas teóricas, com consenso que a crescente polarização socioespacial se atrela ao acirramento das desigualdades socioeconômicas, à reestruturação do sistema produtivo, à retração ou reconfiguração do Estado de Bem-estar social acompanhada pelo endurecimento dos critérios de elegibilidade que condicionam o acesso aos programas de transferência de renda, à estigmatização de determinados grupos minoritários sociais ou étnico-raciais no mercado laboral e habitacional. Em segundo lugar, o debate gravita em torno da questão de como o processo de segregação residencial se converte em um mecanismo retroalimentador da pobreza através do seu impacto no bem-estar e no desempenho socioeconômico do indivíduo, partindo da hipótese do efeito-território. A superposição de desvantagens na vizinhança, entendida como dimensão intermediária entre agência e estrutura, urge levar em consideração a estratificação espacial das inequidades socioeconômicas dentro da elaboração de políticas urbanas, com destaque para três propostas: os people-based policies providenciam uma assistência temporária a determinados grupos residuais que habitam bairros desfavorecidos através dos programas de dessegregação e de mobilidade residencial, da fiscalização rigorosa das leis antidiscriminatórias no mercado imobiliário e da concessão de créditos imobiliários que beneficiam as pessoas de baixa renda. Os place-based policies focalizam o bairro como unidade de intervenção, ora ao investir em infraestrutura e equipamento urbano e na criação de postos de emprego em atendimento às demandas da população local, a fim de ampliar as estruturas de oportunidades e aumentar a atratividade para os grupos da class, El artículo reflexiona, en un primer momento, acerca de las trayectorias de enfoque de la pobreza urbana y sus repercusiones en la organización socioespacial dentro de la sociología estadounidense, europea y latinoamericana. A partir de esta hipótesis existe una pluralidad de planteamientos paralelos en la construcción de las tres narrativas teóricas. Estas tienen consenso acerca de la creciente polarización socioespacial que está vinculada al aumento de las desigualdades socioeconómicas, la reestructuración del sistema productivo, la retracción o reconfiguración del estado de bienestar social acompañada del endurecimiento de criterios de elegibilidad que condicionan el acceso a programas de transferencia de renta, y la estigmatización de determinados grupos minoritarios o étnico-raciales en el mercado laboral y habitacional. En un segundo momento, el debate se enfoca en la cuestión de cómo el proceso de segregación residencial se convierte en un mecanismo retroalimentador de la pobreza por medio de su impacto en el bienestar y el desempeño socioeconómico del individuo, desde la hipótesis del efecto-territorio.La yuxtaposición de desventajas en el territorio, entendida como una dimensión intermedia entre agencia y estructura, debe tener en cuenta la estratificación espacial de las inequidades socioeconómicas para la elaboración de políticas urbanas, en las que se destacan tres orientaciones: los people-based policies que proveen una asistencia temporal a determinados grupos marginales que viven en barrios desfavorecidos por medio de programas de desegregación y movilidad residencial, de la fiscalización rigurosa de leyes antidiscriminatorias en el mercado inmobiliario y la concesión de créditos inmobiliarios que benefician a las personas de bajos recursos. Los place-based policies definen el barrio como unidad de intervención al invertir en infraestructura y mobiliario urbano y en la creación de puestos de trabajo en atención a las demandas de la población local, co

Este artigo explora etnograficamente como são representadas e como operam as ajudas sociais em duas colônias urbanas marginalizadas de Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Para isso, analisa os múltiplos significados, moralidades e relações que produzem os seus habitantes frente a uma Organização Não Governamental (ONG ) espanhola de base católica, como eixo dos sistemas de reciprocidade de alguns grupos subalternos, a qual produz subjetivações, vínculos e obrigações sociais. Interrogo a articulação entre reciprocidade, economia moral e agência, mais além de certas aproximações que limitam à oposição dominação-resistência a gestão da política das classes populares. Também incentivo a resituar analiticamente o papel das organizações religiosas em contextos de grande desigualdade, que não se restringe a um reduto de velhas estruturas de beneficência., Este artículo explora etnográficamente cómo se representan y operan las ayudas sociales en dos colonias urbanas empobrecidas de Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Para ello analiza los múltiples significados, moralidades y relaciones que producen sus habitantes frente a una Organización No Gubernamental (ONG ) española de base católica, como eje de los sistemas de reciprocidad de algunos grupos subalternos, la cual produce subjetivaciones, vínculos y obligaciones sociales. Interrogo la articulación entre reciprocidad, economía moral y agencia, más allá de ciertas aproximaciones que limitan a la oposición dominación-resistencia la gestión de la política de las clases populares. También invito a resituar analíticamente el papel de las organizaciones religiosas en contextos de gran desigualdad, que no se restringe a un reducto de viejas estructuras de beneficencia., The article is an ethnographic exploration of the representations and operation of social assistance in an impoverished urban neighborhood of Tegucigalpa, Honduras. It analyzes how its inhabitants produce multiple meanings, moralities, and social relationships around a Spanish Catholic NGO that provides them with financial and social assistance. It purports that these meanings, moralities, and social relationships are the central axis of a subaltern reciprocity system which, in turn, creates different forms of subjectivity, social bonds, and obligations. I probe into the connection between reciprocity, moral economy, and agency to transcend academic approaches that restrict popular political action to domination or resistance. Finally, I also propose that the role of religious organizations in contexts of great inequality is not limited to the old charity model.