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This paper describes the organizational features of community-controlled economic development ventures associated with heritage sites located in two contrasting rural communities, one in Ireland and the other in Belize. The paper demonstrates that sustainable community organizations share institutional governance features that reflect general principles previously identified by scholars of common pool resources and community heritage tourism projects. The paper argues that archaeologists or heritage specialists working with local communities to develop sustainable economic development projects are more likely to succeed if attention is paid to the establishment of appropriate governance institutions for the project that are rooted in local conditions but follow proven governance principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic development of archaeological sites usually refers to tourism. The economic role of actual research is frequently ignored. This paper critically examines the benefits that field research yields, especially at the community level and particularly in the developing world. Its focus is on the economic impact of archaeology field school programmes populated by US-based students. Although most funding for field research is directed towards projects in developed countries, a significant portion is available - and directly supports - projects in developing countries. This paper presents data on archaeological field schools collected in the past five years from four different data sources - the Archaeological Institute of America, the Institute for Field Research, University of California Los Angeles Field Programs, and the Institute of International Education - and summarizes trends at the global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers archaeology, economic development, and government through a critical approach. It discusses the role of democracy, the rule of law, and the relationship between economic development and public policies aimed at improving the lives of ordinary people. It is argued that diminishing social inequalities are a shared concern and public policies are set up by democratic states to cope with this goal. The paper then turns to archaeology as a practice resulting from economic development and public policies. For the first century and a half, the discipline has been scholarly, elitist, and often colonialist. More recently, archaeology has been increasingly considered as a socially relevant endeavour in the Americas. Economic development, democracy, and the rule of law have been related in the last few decades. The paper concludes by stressing the role of public archaeology for a progressive role for archaeology in economic development in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. China has made tremendous progress in its economic development in the past two decades. Accompanying this economic development has been an evident shift in the modes of transport, from walking and cycling to the use of motorcycles and, increasingly, four-wheel vehicles. Such changes are likely to have also produced changes in the patterns and numbers of road traffic injuries, including increases in motorcycle injuries. However, such changes have not been well documented. The work described in this paper sought, therefore, to document the changes in motorcycle ownership, motorcyclist mortality and injury rates in China since 1987. Methods. National traffic ownership and injury data from 1987 to 2001 were obtained from the National Bureau for Traffic Administration. Additionally, traffic ownership and injury records from 1997 to 2001 were collected from local police offices from 20 counties in Guangxi Region, Population data were obtained from the national and county statistics bureaus. Motorcycle ownership, fatality and injury trends over time were calculated. Results. Nationally, motorcycles accounted for 23.4% of all registered motor vehicles in 1987, increasing to 63.2% in 2001. Motorcyclist fatalities and injuries increased 5.5-fold and 9.3-fold, respectively, between 1987 and 2001. In 1987, 7.5% of all traffic fatalities and 8.8% of all traffic injuries were sustained by motorcyclists, with the corresponding proportions increasing to 18.9% and 22.8%, respectively, in 2001. The changing proportions of both traffic fatalities and injuries sustained by motorcyclists were positively correlated with the change in the proportion of motorcycles among all motor vehicles. In the 20 counties in Guangxi, motorcyclist fatality and injury rates also increased between 1997 and 2001. Moreover, these rates were considerably higher than the national rates. Conclusions. Motorcyclist injury in China is a serious public health problem. Motorcyclist fatalities and... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years terms such as 'community', 'local', 'economic development', and 'sustainability' have featured prominently in the discourse of preservation. Yet we have seen little evidence of the successful application of these concepts as most organizations have published broad, vague missives about economic potential and community benefit rather than providing meaningful measures of their results and avoiding discussion of their failures. What are the measures of successful preservation and economic development, and what are the 'returns' both tangible and intangible, of these types of projects? In this paper, I discuss the nature of the prevailing discourse and some potential metrics for measuring success, and then apply these metrics to projects of the Sustainable Preservation Initiative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural heritage is one of the most important and ubiquitous tourism resources in the world, and heritage tourism is one of the most salient forms of tourism today. Many places look to the built environment or other forms of heritage for their socio-economic development through tourism. The development implications of heritage tourism are well established in the research literature. This paper describes the role of cultural heritage in social and economic development and examines several emerging trends in the field of heritage tourism that have salient bearings on destination development. These include the heritage tourism market, heritagization of the everyday past, the value of authenticity, branding heritage places, the spread of cultural routes, intersections between heritage and other forms of tourism, and the heritagization of non-traditional heritage spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the development of the Wildebeest Kuil Rock Art Centre, in South Africa, open for just over a decade. The run-up to the project's launch was not without difficulties, caused by both community and official mandates. Yet despite achieving a measure of critical acclaim the site has only niche market appeal. Sustainability was possible only after securing operational subsidization. As that support begins to be scaled down, Wildebeest Kuil, as a case study, compels an assessment of its specific successes and shortcomings relative to issues of a more general nature that enhance or impede the role of South African archaeological sites in economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ask how prioritizing the commodifiable aspects of heritage transforms the relationships that define it, this paper begins by tracing the historical development of mercantile perspectives on archaeological objects, sites, and landscapes in the central Andes. From colonial looting and the mining of treasure to the illustrated emphasis on testimonial value which gave rise to modern national archaeologies in the early twentieth century, contingent encounters define processes of mercantilization, including current drives to deploy archaeology to produce commodities for the tourism industry. After scrutinizing the roles of heritage legislation, local government, entrepreneurs, local communities, and archaeologists in this process, the differing intentions, mechanisms, and effects of commoditization are highlighted. The production of essentialized identities and the invisibilization of meaningful relations between people about things and places are exclusions emanating from the marriage of archaeology and development. These are showcased in the budding cultural tourism context of the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, as an attempt to chart the ethical minefield of emergent hybrid indigeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note is a comment on the papers and presentations by Paul Burtenshaw, Alexander Herrera, and Arjo Klamer. It aims to provide a simple conceptual framework to help bridge the gap between cultural and economic values in archaeology, by considering the meaning of and circular interaction between the key concepts of cultural assets, values, stakeholders and conservation. It further explores the notion of sustainability and scaling up as significant elements of an effective and high impact approach to conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of archaeology for economic development represents a non- traditional use of resources normally valued for their cultural aspects. Economic benefits and uses are often presented in opposition to cultural ones in much of heritage management theory and practice. This divide has lead to a lack of data and an inadequate consideration of the economic value of archaeology and its place in economic development. Based on research in Scotland and in Jordan, this paper presents concepts to help bridge the gap between these values and provide a more holistic view of archaeological resources which considers the relationships between cultural and economic values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China’s previous strict adherence to a policy of peaceful development has been offset in recent years by a more proactive and assertive stance in pursuit of core national interests, creating considerable concern among its regional neighbors. International relations experts in China and elsewhere are divided about whether its future relationship with the United States will be predominately competitive or whether economic interdependence and a common interest in a peaceful and stable Asia-Pacific will encourage a renewed emphasis on cooperation. Support for a cooperative approach is evident on both sides, however. This may be sufficient, with appropriate policies, to reverse the current adversarial trend. Given the huge stake that China, the United States, and the international community have in a workable bilateral relationship, hopes to get it back on track are realistic, but both sides will need to address inconsistencies in their current foreign policies and exercise greater mutual restraint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the impacts of the recession that hit the U.S. economy starting in 2007 and its political journalistic and intellectual imperative views on who caused the crisis. It mentions that Americans were conditioned by a quarter-century of good economic stability and believed to had moved into a new era of reliable economic growth. It also notes on the importance of the financial contributions of the banking industry in the U.S. which has help the economic stability of the country.

A reprint of the article "Feeble Critiques: Capitalism's Petty Detractors," by Jagdish Bhagwati, which appeared in the fall 2009 issue of "World Affairs," is presented. The author comments on the myths and perceptions on the role of capitalism in the economy. He stresses that the slow economy of anti-capitalists China and India cannot lift their citizens from poverty because economic growth comes from high income and jobs. He also refutes the claims of U.S. labor unions that trading with poor countries will deflate incomes.

The author reflects on the positive outlook of New York University economist Nouriel Roubini on the Obama administration's projection to the end of the recession, and growth ahead. According to the author, Roubini has been known for his pessimism and this outlook comes as a surprise. Further discussion on what Roubini believes as unintended consequences of the decisions made in 2009 is presented. Roubini explains potential for growth is slower, and sustainable growth may mean investing slowly in infrastructure and rebuilding human capital.