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In the last few decades, as Toronto neighbourhoods have become more diverse, they simultaneously have become more inequitable. Poverty and income disparity have increasingly become concentrated along neighbourhood lines. There is, however, little research on the discursive and experiential explorations of people living in these neighbourhoods and how these spaces are produced. This paper centers the culturalist constructions of space and its implications for racialized young people's negotiations of belonging in an east-end Toronto 'priority neighbourhood.' Drawing on a critical framing analysis of newspaper discourses, this paper illustrates how young people who inhabit these spaces are differentially positioned. Through interview data, I examine how youth and youth service providers living in Malvern (a 'priority neighbourhood') negotiate production and representation of racialized spaces. Au cours des dernières décennies, plus les voisinages de Toronto deviennent plus diversifiés, simultanément ils sont devenus inéquitables. La pauvreté et la disparité des revenus se concentrent de plus en plus le long des quartiers voisins. Il existe cependant peu de recherches sur les explorations discursives et expérientielles des personnes vivant dans ces villes voisines et sur la façon dont ces espaces sont conçus. Cet article se concentre sur les constructions culturalistes de l'espace et ses implications dans les négociations racialisées des jeunes occupant un « quartier prioritaire » du nord-est de Toronto. En se basant sur une analyse critique du recadrage des discours médiatiques, cet article illustre comment les jeunes qui habitent ces espaces sont différemment positionnés. À travers les données des entretiens, j'examine comment les jeunes et les prestataires de services pour les jeunes vivant à Malvern (un « quartier prioritaire ») négocient la production et la représentation d'espaces racialisés. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public interest in the influence of neighbourhoods on immigrant integration in Canadian society has been growing in recent years; yet, there are few studies that explain the effect of neighbourhoods on immigrant experiences of exclusion in Canada. Drawing on in-depth interviews (12 males and 13 females) and a focus group discussion (five females and three males) conducted with Ghanaian immigrant youth between the ages of 18 to 30 from the Ghanaian community in the Jane and Finch neighbourhood of Toronto in May to June, 2011, this paper discusses the experiences of social and spatial exclusion among Ghanaian immigrant youth. Drawing on socio-spatial dialectics, the findings suggest that Ghanaian immigrant youth experiences of socio-spatial exclusion are intertwined in a dialectical process involving the Jane and Finch neighbourhood and the general public. In particular, the youth negotiate access to employment opportunities, shopping malls and counter exclusion through reformulation of resumes, and masking of their actual neighbourhoods. This paper fills an important gap in our knowledge of the lived experiences of African immigrant youth and contributes to our understanding of the dynamics of neighbourhood stigmatization and its impact on residents' integration into the larger society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiculturalism is a contested concept and policy in the current context. Many European leaders have declared its failure, and scholars have traced a global backlash against multicultural policies, especially in Europe. Canadians, on the other hand, are more likely to view it positively, as a badge of citizenship or belonging. Being multicultural has become closely intertwined with what it means to be Canadian, especially for immigrants and their children. The focus of this paper is to unpack these meanings of multiculturalism among one immigrant group, most of whom are now Canadians, and their children: Sri Lankan Tamils in the Greater Toronto Area. Our aim is to better understand how members of this group view the relationship between their Canadian and Tamil identities in the context of multiculturalism. In particular, we are interested in the 'uptake' of the concept, practice, and policy of multiculturalism among Sri Lankan Tamil newcomers to Canada. Drawing on interviews and focus groups with both immigrants (first generation) and Sri Lankan Tamils born in Canada (second generation), we illustrate some of the ways in which multiculturalism operates as frontstage behaviour and as a more tacit backstage concept among those in the Greater Toronto Tamil diaspora. We argue that Canadian multiculturalism functions as 'banal nationalism' in Canada, as daily practices of tacit nation-building are produced and repeated on a daily basis among Sri Lankan Tamil Canadians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The migration of South Asians from one country to another is becoming increasingly common. This movement comes with post migratory challenges that extend to second-generation South Asians who have to negotiate socialization into two often conflicting sets of values, beliefs, attitudes, and practices: those within and those outside the home. One such challenge faced by second generation South Asians is the negotiation and formation of cross-gender heterosexual relationships. Using qualitative data, specifically in-depth interviews with second-generation South Asian Christians, Muslims, and Hindus in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), this paper examines how intersections of gender, ethnicity, and religion shape participants' perceptions of and experiences with intimate cross-gender relationships. The results indicate that there are variations within each source of identity, and acceptance of and experiences with intimate cross-gender relationships differ depending on how these identities intersect and interact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the possibilities of discovering, sharing, and transforming school-community linkages through proactive outreach programs that are of particular relevance to public elementary schools catering to a large refugee and immigrant population. The authors argue that community-school linkages, as currently understood and discussed in the literature, are primarily focused on unidirectional relations, but certainly have the potential of furthering the particular needs of these children and their families in more productive ways. A wealth of untapped opportunities and creative capacities exist in the community that provide the potential for 'bridging and bonding' social capital where the response is sensitive to power relations that can arise from hegemonic interactions. School-community linkages are crucial for displaced communities further isolated and stigmatized in underserved and deprived pockets of the city. These are particularly evident in Toronto's post-war suburbs, such as Scarborough, where the concentration of neighbourhood poverty is well documented, but where the energy and creativity in the production of its social and cultural landscape, and the commitment of its citizens, are less noted. Based on an outreach workshop held in one such school, the potential of a sustainable emancipatory school-community framework is explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There exist different models of multicultural education that school boards can adopt such as the enrichment model, the enlightenment model, the empowerment model and the intercultural education model. This paper is a case study examining how, between 1960 and 1975, the Board of Education for the City of Toronto, experienced a paradigm shift in their approach towards immigrant students, from a focus on integration to an empowerment model of multicultural education. While in the sixties, the board promoted integration through their New Canadian classes, ESL classes and the promotion of heritage languages, after the adoption of the federal policy of Multiculturalism, the board demonstrated a change in the semantics related to diversity, an increase in its partnerships with community-based organizations and a new enthusiasm for bilin-gual/bicultural pilot projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

That immigration leads to the emergence of ethnic neighborhoods in North American cities is not a new phenomenon in urban geography. New arrivals often participate in the development of local economies by creating small businesses to serve the needs of their compatriots. They also participate in the transformation of centrally located neighborhoods in large cities. The emergence of the Polish neighborhood on Roncesvalles Street in Toronto and the Jewish neighborhood of Côte-des-Neiges in Montreal exemplify this pattern. However, the importance of ethnic economies in such neighborhoods has gone largely unexplored. This paper examines the relationship between geographic location, immigrant entrepreneurs and the role of small ethnic businesses in two Canadian urban areas: Côte-des-Neiges in Montréal and Parkdale in Toronto. Data from interviews with local businesspeople in these two areas are used to examine the pertinence of the concepts of ethnic/open and ethnic/closed markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the housing experiences of two relatively recent African immigrant groups- the Angolans and the Mozambicans in Toronto's rental market through an analysis of their settlement experiences, housing-search processes, and ultimate outcomes. The evidence indicates that both groups encounter significant barriers and challenges in securing affordable and adequate housing. Of these barriers, one of the most commonly cited is prejudice and discrimination by landlords based on race or skin colour. In this context, race and cultural background can be seen as major barriers to equal treatment for members of certain visible minority groups in Toronto's rental housing market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have used the concept of immigrant enclave economy to describe the business and labour relations of immigrant firms, as distinct from those relations found in the core and peripheral sectors. The research has focused on whether the immigrant enclave economy offers similar or different returns to enclave employers and workers compared to their counterparts in the open market. Thus far, the literature on enclave economy has not sufficiently explored the enclave consumer market. Using advertisements in one of the largest Chinese daily newspapers in Toronto, this paper attempts to reconstruct business and consumer activities in the Chinese enclave economy. The findings indicate that both Chinese and non-Chinese businesses participate in the economy, although they tend to focus on different products or services. The Chinese firms place more advertisements in the Chinese newspapers, but non-Chinese firms contribute a disproportionate share of advertising revenue. The data also show that the geographical location of firms is closely related to the residential concentration of immigrants. The study indicates that the Chinese enclave consumer market is substantial and multifaceted, and that it overlaps with the core economy in many ways. The need to broaden the concept of immigrant enclave economy to include the enclave consumer market is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]