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Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the Quebec pulp and paper industry fell by more than 30 percent from 1990 to 2006. We use an energy demand model to analyze the contributions to this decrease of energy prices, product mix, technological change, and biomass use. The product mix is made of pulp, and cardboard, and paper. Pulp is an intermediate product for the industry, but not necessarily so for mills; vertical integration varies across mills and presents different opportunities to transfer heat between stages of production. Chemical and mechanical pulping processes are used to form two groups of pulp and paper mills. We find that changes of product mixes contributed the most to reduce GHG emissions, followed to a lesser extent by increases of fuel prices relative to electricity. The estimated electricity and fuel price elasticities are low. However it is still possible to significantly reduce GHG emissions by substituting natural gas for heavy fuel oil; such a substitution could be brought about by a small change of their relative price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses silvicultural programs carried out by Ontario's pulp and paper companies in the decade after World War I. Abitibi Power and Paper Co.'s management of its timber on a sustained yield basis; Industrial forestry initiatives of the period; Historians' argument that only nominal progress was made towards improving forestry practices during the period.

Background: Internet scholars are uncovering and connecting histories of early internets across the globe, but the Canadian context remains underexplored. Drawing on unpublished and declassified documents of the Canadian Armed Forces at Ottawa's Directorate of History and Heritage, this article investigates the history and significance of SAMSON (Strategic Automatic Message Switching Operational Network), an early Canadian internet that experienced a series of setbacks beginning almost immediately at its advent in 1965, until the project was completed in 1984. Analysis: Canada's internet infrastructural techno-politics are examined through Brian Larkin's framework of examining technical ways through which the political is constituted. Conclusions and implications: This paper shows how this early internet was a techno-political system that shaped and was shaped by Canada's pursuit of its national identity amid fears of U.S. influence and rising demands for self-determination within the Québécois and Indigenous nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The founding of Halifax in 1749 was a watershed in British imperial policy. The settlement was state-funded and served political, not commercial, aims. Mapping—the creation and representation of geographic knowledge—was essential to Halifax's success because it shaped Britain's relationship to the land and subsequently influenced how Britons in the settlement interacted with each other and with resistant groups. Cartographic knowledge was never static, but instead was affected by cultural, political, and economic realities that directed the work of local commissioned surveyors like Charles Morris, and metropolitan public mapmakers like Thomas Jefferys. From 1744 to 1755, geographic imaginings of Halifax changed to address specific imperial goals: first, reconnaissance maps and surveys delimited boundaries and provided data; second, early settlement geographic knowledge established Britain's claim to the Halifax region by controlling the Native presence and emphasizing British strength; and third, 'popular' cartography rallied support for the empire by promoting attractive imperial images among Britons. Geographic knowledge produced from the Halifax settlement indicates that spatial information was Janus-faced: maps and reports negotiated a fine line between value-free geographic information and imperially favourable geographic imaginations. In each case mapping and its cartographic evidence were key independent variables in the socio-political organization of power that situated early modern Canada in a British Atlantic world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

French as a second language (FSL) teachers in Canada face unique circumstances and challenges in the profession, from their initial teacher preparation into the beginning years of teaching and beyond. These challenges play a role in the long-standing FSL teacher shortage across Canada. To better understand the complexity and nuance of issues facing teachers of FSL in minority settings, we conducted a study in 2021 across different regions in Canada that included 29 focus groups with a total of 89 participants from three key stakeholder groups: teacher educators working in faculties of education; school district and board representatives; and FSL teachers, with a focus on recently graduated novice teachers. In our analysis, we found that participants' unique and contextualized experiences are framed around two key points of convergence in our data: access and conceptualizations. We present and discuss these findings, considering practical and ideological elements stemming from these points of convergence. We then conclude the paper with a synthesis of the complexities and interconnectedness inherent in the factors related to FSL teacher preparation and support, including a reflection on what this might ultimately tell us about the FSL teacher shortage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasingly complex problems that advanced societies like ours face cannot be solved by outdated dichotomies between knowledge and interests. Instead a pluralist and pragmatist approach is needed, and two cases are explored: pollution from Canadian pulp and paper mills and hearings on siting nuclear reactors in seismically sensitive zones in the United States. Both suggest the need for pluralism — recognizing the diverse knowledge and interests involved. Integrating those knowledge and interests (pragmatism) helps determine a solution space from which to select specific solutions for the problem. The pluralist and pragmatist approaches are, finally, shown to be preferable to vague notions of muddling through and to two forms of dichotomies between knowledge and interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In October 2018, Canada legalized recreational cannabis. Key goals of legalization included reducing access by minors and eliminating the illicit market. Now, three years into the legal regime, important public policy questions are beginning to emerge. With police being tasked to enforce the Cannabis Act and associated provincial/territorial legislation, there is a critical need to understand their experiences, including the successes they have had, challenges they have experienced, and issues that remain unresolved. This paper begins to address these issues by presenting results from a qualitative study involving law enforcement personnel who, through their primary roles and responsibilities, have been actively involved in overseeing cannabis enforcement (in supervisory roles) since legalization in October 2018. Three key findings emerged from the analyses, and all were tied to the overarching perception that the illicit cannabis market has persisted since legalization: 1) there is a small but significant pattern of abuse of the medical system of production and distribution, specifically tied to designated grower provisions; 2) there are many challenges associated with halting online sales of illicit cannabis; and 3) the issue of unregulated sales of cannabis from Indigenous reserves remains a "hot button" political issue, in need of resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Canada, 84% of COVID-19 related deaths have been in long-term care (LTC) homes, making the proportion of Canadian COVID-19 deaths double the average of all other countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to date. This paper attempts to examine how such a devastating proportion of LTC residents could have become the victims of the virus in a country which openly proclaims to have successfully flattened the curve of the virus. This paper examines this question by drawing on Agamben's figure of the Muselmann and his thinking about the relation between the state of exception to the rule; specifically, how each secretly institutes each other. In particular, Thobani's and Weheliye's rethinkings of the Muselmann as the site of racialized logics and assemblages are mobilized to illuminate the techniques used to script the bodies of these LTC residents as bare life so their suffering and deaths come be seen as natural and expected in an ever-extending state of emergency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerns surrounding the use of force by police officers appear to be growing, fuelled by perceptions that the police use force too frequently, research showing that force is applied disproportionately to members of certain groups, and the view held by some that the mechanisms for holding police responsible for unjustified force are inadequate. In this paper, we advocate for the creation of a national use-of-force database in Canada to gain a better understanding of these issues, adding our voice to those who have already been actively calling for this. We describe some of the potential benefits that would be associated with such a database, including the fact that it would enhance police transparency and accountability, while also increasing our understanding of when and why force is used and what strategies may be useful for reducing inappropriate applications of force. We also highlight some of the challenges we think would be encountered, including mandating nationwide participation, overcoming resistance from the police community, establishing sensible case inclusion criteria, and standardizing data collection. While these are significant challenges, we believe not only that they are possible to overcome but that doing so will provide real value to Canadian society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty reduction strategies (PRSs) have proliferated across Canada in recent years at different levels of government. In this article, we address the question of what may reasonably be expected of such strategies, in particular the city of Toronto's PRS, drawing on the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper experience in the Global South. We argue that key limitations related to the tight fiscal environment in which these strategies have been implemented, their very heavy weighting on the social sectors, and the fact that they are often simple compilations of existing public programs and policies with minimal prioritisation make it highly unlikely that large-scale reductions in poverty will result. Their most important contribution is political, and their impacts on poverty are likely to be positive but modest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning about sexuality is an important part of development in early childhood but is not formally considered in early learning settings. This makes sexuality education for young children both rare and inconsistent across early learning settings. The purpose of this paper is to provide a unique contribution and inform the state of sexuality education in early learning settings in Canada, which is currently an understudied area. We describe the Canadian context of sexuality education in early learning settings and examine its presence in provincial and territorial early learning frameworks. We advocate for the inclusion of sexuality education in early learning settings because it can support children's development and construction of sexuality, is a critical factor in providing children with personal safety skills and a part of child sexual abuse prevention work, and also sets the foundation for equity and social justice in teaching children about diversity as a norm. We discuss the barriers which act to exclude sexuality education in early learning settings including a lack of curriculum and policy to guide early learning professionals in addressing and supporting this domain, fear of parent reactions, and theoretical constructions of childhood innocence. We conclude with practice and policy recommendations to move the field forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an era when reported hate crimes are increasing dramatically, it is troubling that there appears to be, at best, an uneven response to the problem from law enforcement in Canada. Our pilot study of policing hate crime in Ontario is the first attempt to understand whether and how law enforcement think about and act on hate crime. Interviews with officers in eight police forces across eastern and southern Ontario (N = 38) uncovered three clusters of factors that appear to shape how they manage hate crime: environmental, organizational, and individual. What we offer in this paper is a series of related recommendations for enhancing police responses to hate crime along each of the three dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an era when reported hate crimes are increasing dramatically, it is troubling that there appears to be, at best, an uneven response to the problem from law enforcement in Canada. Our pilot study of policing hate crime in Ontario is the first attempt to understand whether and how law enforcement think about and act on hate crime. Interviews with officers in eight police forces across eastern and southern Ontario (N = 38) uncovered three clusters of factors that appear to shape how they manage hate crime: environmental, organizational, and individual. What we offer in this paper is a series of related recommendations for enhancing police responses to hate crime along each of the three dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the geography textbook as a crossroad where different territorial ideologies are formulated, this paper aims to study the representations of the French-Canadian (then Quebecois) fact conveyed in the pedagogical material produced in Quebec between 1955 and 1978. Using a sample of textbooks, we attempt to shed light on the elements that characterize its ruptures. Through a discussion that interweaves the theoretical apparatus associated with the concepts of reference, historicity, and geographicity, we draw together contributions from a variety of disciplines. We observe that representations, combining the centrality of religious practices, of a specific genre de vie, and of linguistic realities, take place in the textbooks published by the Marist brothers, illustrating a relationship to the past, the present, and the future through the medium of geography. As a counterpoint, the Dagenais textbooks initiate a semantic distancing, putting forward a vocabulary allowing for a different description of the human environment. At the turn of the 1960s–1970s, the Hamelin-Grenier textbooks draw from a new discursive register reflecting on Quebec from a totalizing perspective. In other words, we observe that the pedagogical material designed to teach geography has recorded referential mutations highlighting a change of horizon in terms of collective projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the disparities in the responses to COVID-19 between Canada and some countries in the Global South. It is an attempt to consider how the impacts of the pandemic--lockdown and quarantines--are experienced differently based on the economic circumstances of the Global South versus the Global North. This short paper underlines how COVID-19 is narratively framed as a pandemic primarily because it has the ability to impact people in the Global North; it highlights the fact that endemic (and easily curable) diseases are common in the Global South but rarely receive such global attention and never have such resources made available to fight them. The author asks readers to consider the cost of the fight against COVID-19 on populations like the urban poor and migrants and refugees who are already vulnerable to mistreatment, hunger, malnutrition and death because of their precariousness within the neo-liberal global order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the contemporary moment of Black revolt and the struggle to defund and abolish police in Canada and North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual consent has been defined as the unambiguous willingness to engage in sexual activity that is expressed or verified by sexual partners. Despite the importance of expression and ascertainment of sexual consent, there is a marked disconnect between required elements of sexual consent in legal provisions and administrative policies, on one hand, and how individuals actually engage in their sexual interactions, on the other. We also lack an integrated theoretical model of factors that contribute to sexual consent expression and ascertainment to employ as a conceptual foundation to guide sexual consent promotion intervention efforts. This article adopts the perspective of the Information-Motivation-Behavioural Skills (IMB) model of sexual health to organize an overview of research concerning how individuals currently engage in what they view as "sexual consent" behaviours and how regulatory bodies conceptualize and regulate sexual consent, with a specific focus on the Canadian setting. According to the IMB model, deficits in consent related to information, motivation, and behavioural skills are responsible for the lack of sexual consent behaviour enactment, and research that identifies such deficits is discussed throughout the paper. The IMB model and the obstacles to sexual consent expression and ascertainment which are identified have implications for sexual assault adjudication, sexual assault prevention education, and sexual consent-related policy. Understanding how and why individuals currently ascertain and express consent is the crucial foundation upon which sexual consent education and regulation must be built. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the authors discuss the importance of replication and reproduction studies to building an evidence base in policing research. This evidence base, they note, is important to the task of informing sound policy and practice in policing and in relation to community safety efforts more generally. Despite the recognized value of such work, a scoping analysis of peer-reviewed Canadian policing research published over the past 10 years reveals that very few researchers engage in research aimed at replicating other studies. Potential remedies are suggested in the paper's conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the need for a Canadian clean innovation policy agenda to focus on organizational and institutional innovations within the public sector. The paper provides an introduction to innovation policy and how innovation can be directed to promote environmental sustainability. It then discusses the pitfalls that can lead to government failure in attempts to promote technological change. It then lists key institutional design principles to produce effective public-sector organizations capable of fruitfully engaging with the private sector to promote sustainability while avoiding the pitfalls discussed earlier. The article concludes by calling for further case-study research on how good institutional designs are achieved and what institutional designs best fit the Canadian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper begins with some basic innovation definitions and quickly reviews evidence of the relatively weak innovation performance of Canadian business. The core of the paper develops a thesis that explains why Canadian industry, on the whole, has not emphasized innovation in its business strategies but has prospered nonetheless. This raises the question of whether Canada’s low-innovation equilibrium can persist in the face of tectonic forces related to globalization, technology, and sustainability that require innovative responses from enterprises worldwide and, not least, from Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial stability risks have become topical in the wake of the global financial crisis and the subsequent extended period of very low interest rates. This paper investigates the significance of the mix of monetary and fiscal policies for financial stability through counterfactual simulations of three key historical episodes, using the Bank's main policy model, ToTEM (Terms-of-Trade Economic Model). The paper finds that there is an intimate relationship between the monetary/fiscal policy mix and the dynamics of both private sector and public sector debt accumulation. No attempt is made to develop criteria for policy mix optimization, since it is clear from the model simulations that the appropriate policy mix is highly state-dependent. This finding points to the need for a coherent framework for weighing the relative financial and macroeconomic consequences of accumulating public sector versus private sector debt. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that there are potential benefits to ex ante monetary/fiscal policy coordination, and that Canada's policy framework--where the monetary and fiscal authorities jointly agree on an inflation target while enshrining central bank operational independence--represents an elegant coordinating mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial stability risks have become topical in the wake of the global financial crisis and the subsequent extended period of very low interest rates. This paper investigates the significance of the mix of monetary and fiscal policies for financial stability through counterfactual simulations of three key historical episodes, using the Bank's main policy model, ToTEM (Terms-of-Trade Economic Model). The paper finds that there is an intimate relationship between the monetary/fiscal policy mix and the dynamics of both private sector and public sector debt accumulation. No attempt is made to develop criteria for policy mix optimization, since it is clear from the model simulations that the appropriate policy mix is highly state-dependent. This finding points to the need for a coherent framework for weighing the relative financial and macroeconomic consequences of accumulating public sector versus private sector debt. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that there are potential benefits to ex ante monetary/fiscal policy coordination, and that Canada's policy framework--where the monetary and fiscal authorities jointly agree on an inflation target while enshrining central bank operational independence--represents an elegant coordinating mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an investigation of L2 pragmatic development by a group of 19 Chinese EFL teachers who participated in a five-month program in Canada (SA group). A written discourse-completion task (WDCT) was administered to assess participants' pragmatic knowledge of how to make requests in English. They also completed a paper-based oral-interaction log twice during their sojourn. Compared with 19 English teachers at home (AH group), the SA teachers reported engaging in more interactive activities in English and being exposed to a greater number of different speech acts than did the AH group. They, like AH teachers, applied conventionally indirect strategies (ability, willingness, permission) the most frequently, then direct strategies (want and imperative), and then a non-conventional strategy (hint). They also demonstrated some improvement in their socio-pragmatic awareness of requests (i.e., a reduction in the use of the imperative in low-imposition scenarios). The lack of strong evidence of L2 pragmatic development in this study suggests that EFL teachers on an SA sojourn would benefit from pragmatics-oriented professional development before and/or during the time they spend in an English-speaking country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that the lines separating different modes of thought on the centre-left of the political spectrum—liberalism, social democracy, and socialism, broadly speaking—are permeable, and that they share many features in common. The example of Tom Kent illustrates the argument. A leading adviser to Lester B. Pearson and the Liberal Party from the late 1950s to the early 1970s, Kent argued for expanding social security in a way that had a number of affinities with social democracy. In his paper for the Study Conference on National Problems in 1960, where he set out his philosophy of social security, and in his actions as an adviser to the Pearson government, he supported social assistance, universal contributory pensions, and national, comprehensive medical insurance. In close association with his philosophy, he also believed that political parties were instruments of policy-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research to date on heterosexual couples that have never been able to engage in penile-vaginal intercourse (PVI) has been conducted almost exclusively outside of Canada and the United States and is primarily problem-focused, examining biomedical treatments of sexual dysfunction that cause the inability to have PVI (or unconsummated marriage as it is referred to in the literature). Almost nothing is known about the experience of the individuals affected by this phenomenon. This study used a phenomenological approach to answer the question: what is the lived experience of individuals in heterosexual relationships who have been unable to have penile-vaginal intercourse despite wanting to do so? The focus of this paper is on answering the following questions: (1) what is the meaning of PVI? and (2) what is the impact of the inability to have PVI on the relationship and sex life of individuals in heterosexual relationships who have been unable to have PVI? The study involved semi-structured interviews with 17 individuals residing in Canada and the United States. Study findings indicated that although all of the participants expressed a desire to be able to have PVI, the majority described satisfying relationships and sex lives without PVI. However, even participants who described satisfying sex lives tended to view PVI as having special significance over other sexual activities. Implications for healthcare providers and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1990, American composer, vocalist, filmmaker and choreographer Meredith Monk became witness to the condition of wilderness while in residency at the Banff Centre in northern Alberta, Canada. The resulting work, Facing North, a collaboration with long-time associate composer Robert Een, grew out of the combined senses of physical and metaphysical isolation engendered by the remote mid-winter setting and Monk's detachment from her normal, urban life. The piece (and accompanying tone poem later recorded and released in album form in 1992) portrays the interdependence of two people trying to come to terms with their simultaneous being and nonbeing, connection and disconnection, in what Monk perceived as an inimical northern landscape. In "Picture and Witness at the Site of the Wilderness" (2000) Canadian cultural theorist Jonathan Bordo argues that artists and their paintings of wilderness arise "from the very idea of wilderness as positing and effacing a witness to an unwitnessible condition (Bordo 2000: 228). Such depictions of wilderness, while representing a perceived denial or erasure of human presence, in fact require a witness to affirm the very condition of wilderness. In this paper I argue that in performing wilderness Monk engages in a similar process to the visual artists painting wilderness that Bordo examines. As part of an on-going research project entitled "Choreographing the North" this paper focuses on the rupture that is enacted when trying to represent absence through presence and how this relates to ideas of collecting and colonizing the North. In Facing North Monk performs the mythopoetic divide between cultured Self and untamed Other, realizing in the process that her presence in the wilderness, while resonant, is ultimately self-referential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although HIV point-of-care testing (HIV POCT) is available in many jurisdictions in Canada and elsewhere, challenges in access and uptake of POCT remain, particularly in non-urban settings. Our team undertook a scoping review of the HIV POCT peer-reviewed literature to determine how this type of testing could potentially be scaled-up in non-urban locations in Canada. We searched Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, EBM Reviews, PsycINFO and CINAHL. All English-Language, empirical quantitative and qualitative papers that examined the use of HIV point-of-care testing in non-urban areas including factors such as uptake, acceptability, loss to follow-up and linkage to care rates were included. We also identified models that use allied health professionals and/or provide testing outside of traditional clinical settings in efforts to improve access and uptake. We reviewed 3,142 references for eligibility and of these, 17 peer-reviewed studies met the eligibility criteria. HIV POCT programs were implemented and evaluated in non-urban settings, including community health centres, door-to-door outreach, hospital, pharmacy, primary care, prisons, and substance abuse clinics. The feasibility and acceptability of HIV POCT were demonstrated in diverse sites including dental offices, home testing, pharmacies, primary care, and sexual health/ HIV clinics. Innovative HIV POCT models are particularly relevant to non-urban settings, including attention to safeguarding privacy and confidentiality, improving overall health-care, and reaching diverse populations. However, testing innovations such as HIV POCT in non-urban communities in Canada will require additional research to understand how best to scale up novel approaches in contexts with limited or no current access to testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While open access started as a response to developments in journal publishing, attention is now turning to scholarly monographs. Using the experience of University of Calgary Press, as well as understandings from a neo-institutional framework of analysis, this paper examines how current open access scholarly publishing behaves at the nexus of three intersecting and competing interests: a) an uncoordinated policy environment that applies individual, institutional, and sectorial criteria; b) the exogenous market and technological pressures on contemporary publishing; and c) the embedded, symbiotic role that scholarly publishers play in academe. These factors have combined to create subtle, unintended, and potentially negative outcomes. For any implementation of a largescale open access funding or mandate to succeed in supporting a sustainable dissemination of diverse, independent, and relevant scholarly publishing, much greater formal policy coordination and a normative and financial commitment to developing new tools for measuring impact, success, and program effectiveness are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction and five articles that lead off the January 2018 issue compose a special section of the Journal of Scholarly Publishing (JSP). This group of papers came as a windfall to the current co-editors of JSP from a prior arrangement between Tom Radko, former editor of JSP, and Ruth Bradley-St-Cyr, guest editor of the special section. Assembling the contents of the special section was the work of Bradley-St-Cyr, who explains the provenance of and gives a context for the contents in the following introduction. The co-editors are grateful to Bradley-St-Cyr for curating these forward-facing contributions to JSP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many Black Canadian women are innovators in the third sector, the contributions of Black people to the social economy go largely unnoticed in the academic literature. The social economy is not only a place of refuge for African-Canadians; it also provides a way for racially marginalized communities to co-opt resources. In fact, racialized Canadians are driven to be active in the third sector by the systemic bias and racism in the Canadian economy and society. To understand the place of the social economy among racialized people, we must recognize that Black and racialized people are not merely on the receiving end of aid and support, but that they lead and work within the social services sector. This paper utilizes Black liberation theory—specifically the concepts of self-help and co-operation—to analyze the work of five Black women leaders in non-profit organizations that reach thousands of people in Toronto. This study confronts the erasure of Black women in the third sector, and argues for the need to link liberation theory with the field of social economics in order to fully understand the significance of the social economy for Black and racialized people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines embodiment as a strategy of meaning-making that can generate alternative narratives about Canada’s participation in the War on Terror. It takes as its point of entry Canadian artist Barb Hunt’s series Camouflage, which adapts worn camouflage military fatigues into artworks. The three pieces from this series discussed here—Incarnate, Fodder, and The Old Lie—make material the bodily forms of war to Canadian museum-goers in order to challenge the perceived disconnection of Canadian civilians from wars fought in the spaces of the Canadian elsewhere (i.e., outside of and remote from the “home” space of Canada). This paper examines Hunt’s practice as enabling a context for an embodied encounter that activates a critical and empathic engagement. Specifically, it explores the intersections of art, embodiment, and critical empathy as a provocation that can disrupt familiar ways of being-in-the-world, particularly in relation to the sense of war as occurring in a dislocated and distanced elsewhere. In this way, the intersection of Hunt’s art and embodied knowledges provides new insights into thinking through Canadians’ relationship to and implication in ongoing military activities occurring elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vision of the Canadian Sex Research Forum (CSRF) is to be Canada's leading organization dedicated to interdisciplinary, theoretical, and applied sexuality research. We sought to determine the composition of four previous CSRF Annual Conference (2013-2016) scientific programs. We double-coded 356 abstracts on first author region, discipline, and faculty status; presentation format (oral/poster); and several non-exclusive yes/no questions regarding study populations, topics, and methods. We calculated odds ratios (OR) to assess trends (per year) and likelihood of oral versus poster presentation. Most of authors were from psychology (86.5%), although this decreased over time (98.1% to 80.5%). Most abstracts used quantitative methods (82.9%) and there was a decrease over time in abstracts using qualitative (26.4% to 16.3%) and experimental (17.0% to 7.3%) methods. For study population and topic, there were increases over time in clinical population foci (7.6% to 23.6%) and decreases in race/ethnicity foci (3.8% to 0.8%) and methods topics (18.9% to 5.7%). Half of the abstracts were oral presentations (44.9%), which were more frequently awarded to faculty (81.1% vs. 38.6%), sexual practice topics (50.7% vs. 40.8%), relationship topics (52.3% vs. 40.7%), methodology topics (50.0% vs. 44.2%), and theory papers (71.4% vs. 43.3%). Oral presentations were less frequently awarded to single sex/gender populations (36.7% vs. 48.4%), student-only populations (35.3% vs. 51.2%), race/ethnicity foci (20.0% vs. 45.5%), and quantitative methods (43.4% vs. 52.5%). To achieve CSRF's vision of "interdisciplinary, theoretical, and applied research,'' we must undertake intentional strategic action (e.g., more content from non-psychology disciplines, more qualitative methods). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the linguistically diverse instructor and student populations at Canadian universities, mutually comprehensible oral language may not be a given. Indeed, both instructors who are non-native speakers of the language of instruction (NNSLIs) and students have acknowledged oral communication challenges. Little is known, though, about how the NNSLI population perceives its ability to teach in a second language (L2). This paper presents results pertaining to one part of a larger, exploratory study that investigated how NNSLI instructors perceive their ability to teach in their L2. Teachers' perceptions of themselves as able classroom teachers, referred to as teachers' sense of efficacy (Bandura, 1997; Woolfolk Hoy & Burke-Spero, 2005), are important for their potential positive impact on student learning. To examine how NNSLIs perceive their language ability to shape their classroom teaching, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with participants (n = 14) from English- and French-medium Canadian universities. Thematic analyses of the interview data revealed that self-perceptions of language ability influence instructional strategy choices. In addition, NNSLIs described going to great lengths to prepare their language for teaching and emphasized that this extra layer of teaching preparation is especially time-consuming. Results and implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on research exploring the contribution to social policy of social economy organizations (SEOs) in Atlantic Canada. Of particular interest is whether SEOs and government are engaged in what we have termed 'reciprocal relationships,' through inclusive, cross-sector alliances linked to improved policy planning and decision-making. Initial findings suggest that reciprocity of relationships between government and SEOs to enhance policy solutions and service provision is not yet fully realized and that SEOs remain structurally marginalized in the design and implementation of policy. The paper points to investment in appropriate support mechanisms to make government-SEO alliances meaningful and more durable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transferring income to families with children has long been a basic Canadian social policy. Though motivated by a range of goals, a central expectation has been that higher family income will lead to better child outcomes, especially in low-income families. This paper presents a synthesis of Canadian research estimating the effect of household income on measures of child development and well-being. While child outcomes and socioeconomic status (SES) are highly correlated, the effect of income on child outcomes, controlling for other SES factors, is found to be statistically significant but of much smaller magnitude than correlation alone indicates. The paper also discusses key theoretical and methodological issues in this area of research, identifies areas for future research, and draws implications for public policy design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Labatt brewery of London, Ontario, just 200 kilometres from the Canada-United States border, was the first Canadian brewery to attempt a strategic expansion into the United States. The paper examines the reasons why John Labatt decided to expand into the United States at the end of the nineteenth century. It analyzes both the 'push' and 'pull' factors that caused him to attempt to sell his ales, porters, and stouts in Chicago. The paper argues that while entrepreneurial factors played a central role in Labatt's geographic expansion into the United States, structural factors were more important as a factor in the ultimate inability of Labatt to capture a share of the Chicago market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses energy links between Canada, the United States, and Mexico and the state of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission-reduction policies. A review of GHG reduction policies reveals fragmented approaches with political stalemates at the national level. Closely integrated North American energy markets are potentially changing in different directions. While Canada is contemplating more diversification of energy trade, the United States is increasingly relying on domestic supply of energy and will soon be a net exporter of energy. The paper argues that carbon pricing needs to be harmonized in conjunction with trade flows and elaborates on how current, fragmented carbon pricing initiatives could be turned into a more harmonized carbon pricing system. It provides arguments in support of a binding absolute emissions cap with limited safety valves and price floors in a North American emissions-trading program. It also discusses lessons learned from the EU GHG emissions-trading system and their implications for the design of North American cap-and-trade regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muslim communities comprise one of the fastest growing populations in Canada and other Western countries. Healthcare providers and educators point to the lack of relevant and inclusive sexual health information as a major barrier in promoting Muslim young people's sexual health. Since evidence-based knowledge is critical to the development of relevant sexual health resources, we undertook a scoping review of primary and secondary research literature on sexuality and sexual health of Muslim young people. For the purpose of identifying relevant literature, we include studies of youth and young adults aged 12 to 30. We searched nine electronic databases encompassing multiple disciplines to identify recent peer-reviewed journal articles and grey literature published in English between 2005 and 2015. The search yielded 1187 articles; 306 duplicated articles were removed; 859 did not meet the inclusion criteria of Muslim young people and sexuality or sexual health; and a total of 22 articles were included in this review. This paper reports on the major themes identified through the review: (1) sexual health knowledge and perspectives on sex education; (2) socialization and conflicting values about sexuality; (3) gender, risks and sexual practices; and (4) sexual health information and service needs. We conclude that the lack of research on sexuality and sexual health of Muslim young people poses a challenge for policy-makers, service providers, sex educators and other stakeholders to gain sufficient understanding to guide the development of effective and inclusive sexual health programming for Muslim young people in Canada and other Western countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Income inequality is on the rise, and everyone, from President Obama and Pope Francis to Prince Charles and Standard & Poor’s, is talking about it. But these conversations about what are arguably the most significant changes in the distribution of incomes and earnings since the 1940s are leading to very different views on how public policy should respond. This is as true in Canada as it is in almost all of the other rich countries where inequality has risen. In this paper, I tell two stories about inequality—one from the perspective of those who feel it is not a problem worth the worry, and the other from the perspective of those who see it as the defining challenge of our time—to clarify the issues facing Canadians and what public policy should do about them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explains the findings of the MC3 Project (Meeting the Climate Change Challenge). This project brought together over 100 researchers, practitioners, civil-society leaders, and policy-makers, led by researchers from Royal Roads University, Simon Fraser University, and the University of British Columbia, with 12 major research partners from the public and private sectors, including the Union of British Columbia municipalities. Researchers conducted a detailed evaluation of 11 leading, yet different, municipalities across the province to identify the leading innovators and innovations on climate action. The case studies revealed the following key drivers of innovation, in order of prominence: the legislative and policy framework, supported by provincially led incentives and tools, access to partnership funding and intermediary support, and framing the issue as critically important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes four basic points about movement toward a low carbon economy in Canada: first, that it is important for political leaders, policy analysts, and researchers to approach the issue in terms of a transition to a carbon-emission–free society; second, that in Canada the development of regional pathways to a low-carbon economy is crucial; third, that we need ‘‘green development strategies’’ if we are to maximize the opportunities presented by this transition; and finally, that we should think about low-carbon politics as well as low-carbon economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histories of public health reform in Canada rarely mention New Brunswick, even though its innovative Department of Health, established in 1918, was the first full ministry of health in Canada. This paper traces the institutionalization of this public health reform by a small group of New Brunswick physicians, united by their immersion in American medical training and innovative public health ideologies. It reframes explanations of the rise of public health reform in Canada by widening an explanatory lens to encompass the exclusive influence of American models of disease and public health. It also breaks a negative regional stereotype of New Brunswick by highlighting the potential for reform and innovation in small and ostensibly less modern regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically analyzes Canadian filmmaker Sturla Gunnarsson's documentary Air India 182 in light of recent official efforts to remember and redress the 1985 Air India bombings. The author argues that the film, in line with official efforts, constructs a narrative of the bombings through a "war on terror" framing of remembrance that is at once specific to the recircuitries of race produced in the anxious aftermath of 9/11, and consistent with historically rooted operations of xenophobia and colonial power. The significance of such a framing is that it works not only to shape memory of the bombings as a certain kind of event (one with unambiguous perpetrators, victims and damages), it narrows the field of what are imagined as possible actions toward redressing or compensating for its losses. In other words, a war-on-terror framing of remembrance, as a discursive strategy or approach to "remembering" the bombings, limits the potential for a complex understanding of the politics out of which this event arose, restricting public debate over the kinds of responses that continue to be generated in its aftermath. Moreover, a war-on-terror framing of remembrance is understood here to employ neoliberal and settler-colonialist discourses of productive futurity and multicultural tolerance to make remembrance of the bombings concomitant with the construction of turbaned Sikhs and other racially and religiously minoritized citizen as "dangerous internal foreigners." As such, this paper bears implications beyond the documentary film, including the consequences of neoliberalism for the formation of public memory and for the making of race and nation in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dozen years after I first asked the question "is Canada postcolonial?," I have returned to consider it again. Of more concern now than the original question itself, however, is the productive set of questions it raises. These questions from the heart of this paper and are, I argue, at the core of contemporary postcolonial discourse in Canada: (1) What is the triangulated relationship between art, politics and place?; (2) What responsibility does an artist have to her subject matter?; (3) What are the ethics of representation?; (4) Who speaks for whom?; (5) Who profits?; and (6) How then to remember? To engage these serious questions, I turn to the controversy surrounding the cancellation of an art exhibition at the Museum of Anthropology in Vancouver. In early 2011, Pamela Masik was set to launch "The Forgotten" project, an exhibition of the portraits of sixty-nine women who were missing from Vancouver's Downtown Eastside. Citing "serious concerns" raised by the victims' families and community groups, the museum cancelled the show (Museum of Anthropology 2011). This was a controversy over the public role of art and the role of art in public spaces. It was also a pivotal case for considering cultural memory and victims' rights in the process of memorializing. This paper examines the exhibition and its cancellation and, by extension, art and public memory in a postcolonial framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By examining the police's use of tasers in Canada, this paper attempts to gain some purchase on non-lethal policing: social relations created through non-lethal weapons (NLWs) and modes of force that get under the skin without breaking it. This paper maps out how discourses of "less" lethality, the Braidwood commission's recommendations, military NLW strategy and closed notions of community coalesce within Canada's national-security regime to authorize the use of non-lethal force while at the same time obfuscating the taser's non-lethal capacities, which cause people to fall down and their bodies to leak in unprecedented ways. In closing, this essay outlines what I call a non-containerizing politics of touch that challenges this national-security regime and allows new frameworks for using tasers to develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically assesses the gap between Canada's criminal law standards of fault articulated in the 1950s and 1970s and its constitutional standards of criminal fault articulated in the 1980s and 1990s. This gap is explained in terms of the Court's ambivalence about subjective fault principles as manifested by its acceptance of criminal negligence. It is also explained by the Court's unique treatment of section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms as a right that, unlike any other right in the Charter, is only subject to reasonable limitation under section 1 of the Charter in extraordinary emergency situations. The paper then suggests that the gap between criminal and constitutional fault standards is not sustainable and can only be closed if the Court rethinks its approach to the limitation of section 7 rights. Maintenance of the gap may erode respect for common-law presumptions of subjective fault. If this occurs, Canada's apparently robust approach to the constitutionalization of fault will have actually diminished respect for and protection of subjective fault principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal water conservation is increasingly promoted as a key dimension of environmental sustainability at the municipal scale. Progress toward municipal water conservation in Canada has, however, been poor. This paper examines the governance dimension of water conservation, and presents evidence in support of the argument that conservation efforts on the part of water utilities (and sometimes municipalities) are often constrained by factors external to their jurisdiction. To explore these issues, this paper presents a case study of municipal water conservation in Canada. The analysis identifies governance-related barriers to water conservation and explores the relationship between these barriers and broader issues stemming from the multi-scalar, fragmented nature of environmental governance in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The story of the 1960s civil rights movement is conventionally viewed as a distinctly American phenomenon arising from that nation's longer history of slavery, civil war, segregation, and racial violence. The following paper challenges this convention by looking at the dynamic relationship between black activists in Halifax and Toronto and the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), a radical organization based in southern states from 1965 to 1967. Indeed, neither SNCC nor Canadian activists saw themselves in local or even national terms. While their aim was to transform local injustice, their sightlines were transnational. In this, singing proved instrumental. This paper takes two instances from 1965--the Selma, Alabama, solidarity protests in Toronto and the Freedom Singers Maritime Tour--to chart how activists on both sides of the border recognized music's strategic importance to public protest. Both events mark a high point in SNCC/Canadian solidarity. However, the productive intersection of north-south activism with singing was fleeting. By 1966 SNCC's internal transformations had adverse repercussions on its Canadian support base. At the same time, singing's place as the dominant realization of culture with revolutionary praxis also changed in ways that would privilege the visual over the aural. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the hundreds of private letters that women sent to the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in 1968-9 to explore women's changing interpretations of paid work in the twenty-five years after the Second World War. These working women often invoked their own experiences as evidence the commission should heed, although its staff tended to see the letters as subjective and personal, and thus less useful than official briefs. The letters offer us insight into how women negotiated and interpreted changing patterns of paid work, as the number of working mothers increased significantly in this era. An analysis of the letters revisits feminist debates about the concept of experience: while some feminist writers have become increasingly skeptical of using women's words as 'authentic' evidence from the past, others remain committed to the 'retrieval of experience,' arguing that we can use the concept in a way that does not reify experience, gloss over differences between women, or ignore the way in which it is interpreted by historical actors using the cultural resources at hand. Following from the second line of argument, the paper also suggests that the letters offer us a sense of connection to and feeling for the past, which should remain important aspects of feminist history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]