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The EU emits almost 4.5 billion tonnes of C[O.sub.2] equivalent per year, the ETE paper notes. This amount will need to be drastically reduced to transform the EU into a [...]

A new paper, 'Multiphase Modeling of Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Saline Aquifers,' is now available. The review paper, recently published by the National Ground Water Association (NGWA), covers carbon sequestration [...]

Sydney, Australia, Chemicals and Chemistry, Ammonia, Anions, Carbon Dioxide, Chemicals, Food Quality, Inorganic Carbon Compounds, Nitrogen Compounds, Australia and New Zealand, Oxides Keywords: Sydney; Australia; Australia and New Zealand; Chemicals and Chemistry; Ammonia; Anions; Carbon Dioxide; Chemicals; Food Quality; Inorganic Carbon Compounds; Nitrogen Compounds; Oxides EN Sydney Australia Australia and New Zealand Chemicals and Chemistry Ammonia Anions Carbon Dioxide Chemicals Food Quality Inorganic Carbon Compounds Nitrogen Compounds Oxides 160 160 1 07/03/23 20230706 NES 230706 2023 JUL 6 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Food Weekly News -- Fresh data on Chemicals and Chemistry are presented in a new report. [Extracted from the article]

A new report released at the COP28 climate talks in Dubai highlights the urgent need for major cuts to fossil fuel use in order to prevent the planet from surpassing the 1.5C warming threshold. Without these cuts, the world may have to rely on unproven carbon dioxide removal technologies to reduce global temperatures. The report emphasizes that radical transformations are necessary to prevent Earth from exceeding the warming limit. The hottest year on record, with temperatures 1.4C above pre-industrial levels, further underscores the need for action. The report also stresses the importance of a rapid transition away from fossil fuels and the need to increase carbon removal capacity. However, carbon removal should not be seen as a replacement for emissions reductions. The report concludes that while carbon removal technologies are still in their early stages, they will be an important tool in the fight against climate change. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents several ideas for the future of the tissue manufacturing industry in Europe that was presented at the Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI). It talks about Deep Eutetic Solvents (DES) that produce pulp at low temperatures. DryPulp and cureforming allow paper production with no water. Supercritical carbon dioxide can dry pulp and paper in the absence of steam and heat.

The article reports developments related to technological innovations. Scientists at the Ohio University are using algae to absorb carbon dioxide emissions from power stations. A more efficient way to remove ink from recycled paper was developed by researchers at the University of Florida. Springs and bearings one ten-thousandth the diameter of the human hair were created by scientists at the University of California.

The article presents several research on climate change. A research led by S. P. Long reveals that the rising carbon dioxide will fully offset yield losses due to future warmer, drier conditions. In a study conducted by K. E. Trenberth and D. J. Shea, they concluded that the global warming influence provides a background level that increases the risk of future enhanced activity. "The Handbook of Climate Trends Across Scotland," assesses the changes in Scottish climate over the last 40 years.

Focuses on the use of market incentives to control emissions in the U.S. as of November 1, 2001. Stand of anti-pollution activists on the market-driven approaches being used by the government; Description of the cap-and-trade mechanisms that set total pollution limits, implemented by the Environmental Protection Agency; Consideration being given by the Congress to multi-pollutant regulatory approaches that would blend acid rain and smog trading programs with emission curbs on toxic mercury and carbon dioxide.

The article discusses a study published in the journal "Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research" that developed a way to clean paper money to prolong its life by using supercritical carbon dioxide to remove sebum and motor oil while leaving security features such as holograms.

Bottom trawling, a destructive fishing technique that involves dragging large nets along the ocean floor to catch fish, is not only harmful to marine ecosystems but also contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. A recent study published in the journal Frontiers in Marine Science found that bottom trawling releases as much as 370 million metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere each year, more than twice the amount emitted by the global fishing industry's burning of fossil fuels. The released CO2 also acidifies the surrounding waters, which can harm marine life. While the impact of bottom trawling on CO2 emissions is significant in the fishing industry, it is relatively small compared to overall global emissions. However, the practice is expanding, and its effects on ocean acidity and CO2 emissions are not being adequately considered by policymakers. [Extracted from the article]

The author discusses developments relating to inventions and technological innovations as of February 1, 1934. Topics addressed include paper clips' facilitation of paperwork, the electrolytic treatment of sapphire-surfaced aluminum to improve illumination, and the development of cafeteria trays that are resistant to grease and stains. Also mentioned are the use of carbon dioxide gas as a carrier for lighter gases and the use of high-voltage electricity in agricultural pest control.

The article reports that M-real Corp. has exceeded its energy saving target in the production of Kemiart liners in Finland. It states that the firm also reduced its carbon dioxide footprints. It says that nine percent of energy per metric ton in its production were saved by the Kemiart liners mill. It notes that the mill uses high heat conductivity and creates little waste in corrugating and printing, and reduced energy consumption.

The global food crisis caused by population growth and declining food productivity due to climate change has led to the need for sustainable and nutritious food options. The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) has proposed microbial food production as a solution. Microbial food, produced using microorganisms, contains a high amount of protein and emits less carbon dioxide compared to traditional livestock and crops. The researchers discuss various strategies and raw materials for producing microbial food in a sustainable way, highlighting the potential for a future where microbial foods are commonly consumed for their nutritional value and taste. [Extracted from the article]

The method, called bottom trawling, resulted in 370 million metric tons of carbon emissions released every year between 1996 and 2020—40% of annual U.S. transportation emissions— according to researchers, who believe reducing global bottom trawling is essential in reducing carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers tips for cleaning bank notes, discussing the method of bleaching the notes in the sun and the method of dry cleaning the bank notes using highly pressurized and heated carbon dioxide.

This paper will firstly review the history of the global efforts to counteract climate change under the auspices of the UN and how these efforts have evolved and shifted over time. Looking forwards a reality check regarding fossil fuel use plus the opportunity for carbon dioxide removal techniques will be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the new logo of Edelmann Group entitled "Packaging CO2 Compensated" in Germany. It states that the new logo gives consumer a significant indication of folding cartons climate-friendly production. The company has captured relevant sources of carbon dioxide to cope high demands of a harmonious balance of carbon dioxide.

The article explores the connection between publishing and climate change, particularly focusing on the environmental impact of different publishing formats such as hard-copy books and ebooks. Despite ebooks initially appearing as a more eco-friendly alternative, their carbon footprint from electricity and manufacturing processes raises concerns, highlighting the need for indexers to adapt their skills to accommodate changing publishing trends in response to environmental challenges.

New research from the University of Illinois has shown that it is possible to engineer increased mesophyll conductance in plants, which plays a crucial role in photosynthesis. By increasing permeability and reducing the thickness of cell walls, researchers were able to improve CO2 diffusion and uptake in a model crop. This increase in mesophyll conductance could lead to increased photosynthesis without the need for more water, which is important for sustainable crop production. The team is now planning to test this modification in soybean to determine if it can improve photosynthesis, water use efficiency, and yield in a food crop. [Extracted from the article]

Looked at in terms of the ECS value, atmospheric water vapour increases the CO2 climate sensitivity slightly from 0.45°C to 0.5°C, and any "runaway overheating" is shown to be impossible. GRAPH: Carbon Dioxide: no big deal GRAPH: Carbon Dioxide: no big deal GRAPH: Carbon Dioxide: no big deal PHOTO (COLOR) PHOTO (COLOR) As the CO2 level begins to rise, along the horizontal axis towards today's figure of 400ppm, the line curves upwards steeply, to produce about a 6°C rise in temperature for 400ppm of CO2. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce the solution to two-phase flow in CO2/brine system with salt precipitation by applying mixed hybrid finite element (MHFE) method to pressure equation and finite volume (FV) method to saturation equation. Mixed finite element method solves pressure and velocity in two subspaces while hybrid method is an extension of mixed method, where the Lagrange multiplier is added to the former in order to ensure the continuity from one element to the adjacent elements. The authors propose the modeling of salt precipitation using core flood experimental result and adapt to be applicable for numerical modeling. Design/methodology/approach – The governing equations are discretized using Mixed Hybrid Finite Element-Finite Volume (MHFE-FV) method. This method has the feature of localized conservation which is attractive for application on heterogeneous porous media. In addition to this, the salt precipitation effect is modeled using the data from core flood experiment (Ott et al., 2011). The random data are linearized to obtain the relationship between salt precipitate and CO2 saturation and implemented to the algorithm for two-phase flow in CO2 and brine system. Findings – The solution of MHFE-FV scheme has good agreement with the solution using implicit pressure and explicit saturation (IMPES) reported by Negara et al. (2011), with average error of 4.20 percent. Localized conservation is demonstrated in the case of randomized heterogeneous porous media where fingering effects are explicitly observed. Salt precipitation prediction using the proposed method is able to predict the decrement of porosity by 16.71 percent and permeability by 22.19 percent. This results in the decreased amount of CO2 injected by 64.70 percent. Research limitations/implications – This paper presents the solution of two-phase flow in CO2 brine system during CO2 injection in saline aquifer using MHFE-FV method with the additional salt precipitation model obtained based on core flood experiment result. Practical implications – A methodology to predict the salt precipitation based on CO2 saturation. Social implications – Contribution to green house gas reduction. Originality/value – The authors use MHFE-FV to solve hyperbolic PDE to obtain accurate results of CO2 saturation, and subsequently use this to compute the salt precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to create the causal relationship between transportation behavior to Karimunjawa, the number of tourists and the amount of CO2 produced; calculate the reduction of CO2 emissions from the transportation to Karimunjawa based on several proposed policy scenarios; and formulate the managerial implication and recommendation to support the implementation of several proposed policy scenarios. Design/methodology/approach: This study develops a system dynamics‐based model by using three sub-systems, i.e. "the number of tourist sub-system," "the switching behavior of tourist travel sub-system" and "the CO2 emission sub-system." Findings: The simulation results have shown that, under the current situation, tourist travel behavior should be changed to maximum condition to get the minimum CO2 emission. Improvement of the behavior of tourist in selecting the mode of transportation and the departure point of mini-tour bus and ferry are an effective way to reduce the CO2 emission. Research limitations/implications: This study only considers limited variables as the driver of the level of change of the capacity of Karimunjawa and the road as well as the variables as the driver of tourism growth. This study only focuses on CO2 emission from the direct impacts of tourist travel; this study does not consider the indirect impact of tourism activity on CO2 emissions. International air travel is not included in the present study. Practical implications: From a managerial perspective, this study demonstrates that change in the tourist travel behavior is generally not effective in triggering CO2 emission reduction, unless it is accompanied by the strict restriction policy related to the tourist route. Social implications: This study has the potential to raise societal awareness that the causality of tourist growth and CO2 emissions should be seen as the impact of tourist travel behavior. In this case, to modify the travel behavior, tourist needs to change their mode of transportation to more sustainable transportation. Originality/value: This paper intends to fill the literature gap of the effect of tourism growth from two perspectives, namely, tourist travel behavior and environmental. The modeling of tourist transport and CO2 emission will provide an overview of the selection of the problem-solving mode for tourist transport that can give a significant contribution to the greenhouse gas emissions reduction to the environmental. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents tips on how to pack dry ice. Two 10 inch square blocks of 2 inch thick dry ice that is a standard 10 pound block will keep 20 pounds of frozen foods frozen for approximately three days. To make dry ice last longer, fill dead air space with wadded newspaper or regular ice frozen in milk cartons. Be careful to wrap the specimen in a towel to prevent the dry ice from creating freezer burn spots or mix dry ice and regular ice to save on shipping weight. Dry ice is available in grocery stores in many southwestern states.

The article reports on how the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is revealing new data about the universe. Also cited are the analysis by Natalie Batalha and her team at the University of California, Santa Cruz of the images from JWST, with discoveries like the presence of carbon dioxide on the WASP-39b exoplanet, and how the JWST could lead to discoveries on planet formation, galactic structure, and the distant universe.

Appropriate materials for injection pipelines and tubing for carbon dioxide geologic storage is fundamental to ensure asset integrity and save cost. This paper evaluates the corrosion behaviour of X65, 1Cr, 3Cr and 5Cr, which have the potential to be injection pipeline/tubing materials. The influence of steel Cr content on the general and localised corrosion behaviour was investigated at time periods from 6 to 192 h at 60 ⁰C and 100 bar. The evolution, morphology and chemistry of corrosion products on the surface of each material were evaluated using a combination of scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction and related to their overall corrosion protection. Results indicate that prior to the formation of protective films on the steel surfaces, the resistance of the materials to corrosion increase with increasing Cr content (Corrosion resistance: X65 < 1Cr<3Cr<5Cr). However, as corrosion products evolve, the protection afforded to the different steels significantly varies and decreases with increasing Cr content. × 65 becomes the material with the lowest general corrosion rate by the end of the 192 h experiments and 5Cr exhibits the highest corrosion rate (ranking of corrosion resistance: X65 > 1Cr>3Cr>5Cr). In terms of the corrosion products on X65, both inner amorphous and outer crystalline corrosion layers consist of FeCO 3. For the Cr-containing steels, the outer layer also comprises FeCO 3 , but the inner layer is enriched with Cr, and is predominantly amorphous Cr(OH) 3. The extent of localised corrosion (determined using surface profilometry) is noticeably less for X65 compared to the Cr-containing steels. The paper raises questions about the benefits that low Cr steels offer towards extending component design life compared to carbon steel under the test conditions considered here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to news originating from Wuhan, People's Republic of China, by NewsRx correspondents, research stated, "In this paper, chelator was used to accelerate CO2 mineralization curing cement paste. The mechanical properties and microstructure of CO2 curing cement paste with chelator were investigated through compressive strength test, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) test, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation." According to the news editors, the research concluded: "CO2 curing for 4 h and 48 h, the cement paste with 0.5% chelator could increase the carbon sequestration rate by 11.8% and 17.4% compared with ordinary cement paste, respectively.". [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: Chengdu; People's Republic of China; Asia; Agricultural; Agriculture; Carbon Dioxide; Chemicals; Climate Change; Global Warming; Greenhouse Gases; Sustainability Research; Sustainable Food and Agriculture; Water Resources EN Chengdu People's Republic of China Asia Agricultural Agriculture Carbon Dioxide Chemicals Climate Change Global Warming Greenhouse Gases Sustainability Research Sustainable Food and Agriculture Water Resources 174 174 1 09/04/23 20230907 NES 230907 2023 SEP 7 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Food Weekly News -- Current study results on Sustainability Research - Sustainable Food and Agriculture have been published. Chengdu, People's Republic of China, Asia, Agricultural, Agriculture, Carbon Dioxide, Chemicals, Climate Change, Global Warming, Greenhouse Gases, Sustainability Research, Sustainable Food and Agriculture, Water Resources. [Extracted from the article]

New research from the University of California San Diego suggests that diatoms, single-celled plankton that live in the ocean, are not solely reliant on photosynthesis for accumulating carbon. Instead, they also feed directly on organic carbon in the ocean, which could reduce estimates of how much carbon dioxide diatoms remove from the air through photosynthesis. This discovery has the potential to alter our understanding of the global carbon cycle, particularly in the context of climate change. The research team used genome-scale metabolic modeling to study the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium and found that it can grow faster when consuming organic carbon in addition to photosynthesis. The team also found evidence of bacteria feeding organic carbon directly to diatoms, suggesting a symbiotic relationship. This research challenges previous assumptions about diatoms' role in carbon cycling and highlights the need for a closer examination of the global carbon cycle. [Extracted from the article]

44.01, a startup backed by Sam Altman's Apollo Projects, is developing technology to store carbon dioxide (CO2) underground by injecting it into peridotite, a type of rock found worldwide. The CO2 undergoes a chemical reaction and turns into solid carbonate, effectively trapping it underground. The startup has raised $37 million in funding and aims to commercialize its technology in Oman and the United Arab Emirates. This method of carbon storage eliminates the risk of CO2 leakage and has the potential to sequester billions of tons of CO2, making it crucial for mitigating the effects of global warming. [Extracted from the article]

A new study suggests that climate change will worsen ground-level ozone pollution in the United States by 2050, potentially causing many areas to fall out of compliance with air quality standards and increasing risks to public health. Ozone is a reactive gas formed by the interaction of air pollutants, and warmer temperatures associated with climate change are correlated with increased ozone levels in polluted areas. The study predicts that between 5 million and 13 million additional people will be exposed to dangerously high levels of ozone in 2050. The findings highlight the need for effective emissions reduction efforts to mitigate the impact of climate change on air quality. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a study conducted by scientists at Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI) on green rice fields with the use of eddy covariance (EC) system in India. The study shows that lowland flooded rice ecosystem has the capacity in storing carbon in the soil and act as net carbon sink. It reveals that methane and carbon dioxide are major greenhouse gases that lend to global warming through trapping heat on the surface of the Earth.

Copyright of Plastverarbeiter is the property of Hüthig GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the discussion on burgeoning hydrogen economy. Topics include Brown hydrogen being produced from coal through gasification, a process releasing carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide; and clean hydrogen fuel from production to combustion made by electrolysing water using renewable energy.

The "Canned Oxygen: Market Shares, Strategies, and Forecasts, 2023 to 2029" report by Wintergreen Research, Inc. predicts rapid growth in the canned oxygen market, with a projected compound annual growth rate of 91.3% through 2029. Canned oxygen is being used by athletes to recover from energy depletion, by older individuals to exercise longer, and by people at high altitudes. It helps rid the body of carbon dioxide and promotes wellness through longer exercise. The report provides detailed market analysis, forecasts, and information on key players in the industry. [Extracted from the article]

Discount grocer Aldi has achieved its goal of eliminating plastic shopping bags from its more than 2,300 stores. This makes Aldi the first major U.S. retailer to eliminate plastic bags, cutting approximately 4,400 tons of plastic out of circulation annually. Aldi has also set a new sustainability goal of using natural refrigerants at all of its locations by the end of 2035, with plans to purchase carbon dioxide and propane refrigerants. The company has already received recognition from the EPA for its use of environmentally friendly refrigerants. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Logistra is the property of Huss Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

"The World Needs More Carbon Dioxide" is a presentation by Professor William Happer, who challenges the notion that carbon dioxide is a pollutant. He explains that CO2 is essential for maintaining the Earth's climate system and supports life by limiting the cooling of the planet. Prof. Happer also discusses the benefits of increased CO2 levels for agriculture and plant growth, highlighting how it reduces water usage and improves photosynthesis. The text argues against demonizing CO2 and emphasizes the need for a positive vision for young people. It also acknowledges the role of other factors, such as solar activity, in climate change and calls for further research in this area. [Extracted from the article]

This article, titled "Where Will be Our Home?" from BAZOOF! magazine, tells the story of Joey and Jackie Penguin on Christmas Eve. The penguins notice that the ice behind their house is melting due to global warming. Confused, they ask their parents about global warming, who explain that it is caused by the imbalance of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, particularly carbon dioxide. The parents propose taking action to combat global warming, such as saving electricity, recycling, and planting trees. The story ends with the children determined to start their mission the next day. [Extracted from the article]

For asset managers that invest on behalf of these asset owners in private markets, hiding in the shadows will no longer be an option, Peura said. (Bloomberg) -- Asset owners representing more than $11 trillion are warning private equity firms and other alternative managers handling unlisted assets to make sure they don't fall behind the rest of the investment industry in reducing financed emissions. "Since our commitment to decarbonized portfolios covers all our assets, a reshuffling of businesses and projects from one asset class in our portfolio to another isn't achieving our goals", said Patrick Peura, who co-authored the paper for the asset owner alliance and is also an engagement manager at Allianz SE. [Extracted from the article]

Metamorphic decarbonation in magmatic arcs remains a challenge to impose in models of the geologic carbon cycle. Crustal reservoirs and metamorphic fluxes of carbon vary with depth in the crust, rock types and their stratigraphic succession, and through geologic time. When byproducts of metamorphic decarbonation (e.g., skarns) are exposed at Earth's surface, they reveal a record of reactive transport of carbon dioxide (CO2). In this paper, we discuss the different modes of metamorphic decarbonation at multiple spatial and temporal scales and exemplify them through roof pendants of the Sierra Nevada batholith. We emphasize the utility of analogue models for metamorphic decarbonation to generate a range of decarbonation fluxes throughout the Cretaceous. Our model predicts that metamorphic CO2 fluxes from continental arcs during the Cretaceous were at least 2 times greater than the present cumulative CO2 flux from volcanoes, agreeing with previous estimates and further suggesting that metamorphic decarbonation was a principal driver of the Cretaceous hothouse climate. We lastly argue that our modeling framework can be used to quantify decarbonation fluxes throughout the Phanerozoic and thereby refine Earth systems models for paleoclimate reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlighted Arrhenius relationship between radiative forcing (heat warming) of carbon dioxide and its concentration in the atmosphere. Topics include the greenhouse effect is caused by the absorption of longwave, infrared radiation from the Earth by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere; and Changes in the concentration of these gases lead to a change in the radiative energy absorbed.

Nevertheless, Foote predicted that changing CO2 levels could change global temperatures, as we see today with CO2 at over 400 ppm. Foote found that moist air absorbs more solar radiation than dry air; and what she called carbonic acid gas, that is CO2, absorbs more radiation than ordinary air. Foote unquestionably preceded Tyndall in discovering the major roles of CO2 and water vapor. [Extracted from the article]

This article focuses on a study related to global warming. Engineer Stephen Salter of the University of Edinburgh is proposing a fleet of yachts that sprays water droplets into the clouds as the way to damp down global warming. In a paper presented at a climate-change conference in Edinburgh last week, Salter says that chimneys mounted on a fleet of 500 £1 million sprayer yachts would cancel a year's worth of global warming from carbon dioxide emissions over their 20-year lifetime. Instead of sails, the yachts will be propelled by spinning vertical cylinders known as Flettner rotors. The rotors, which were used to successfully cross the Atlantic in the 1920s, will double as chimneys for the water droplets.

The article explores the effectiveness of mouth taping in achieving healthy nasal breathing. Topics covered include the complexity of the respiratory system, the role of the nose as the organ of respiration, and how dental professionals can encourage proper breathing during sleep and encourage proper tongue rest posture on the palate to their patients.

The article discusses about the remote desert valley of the mountains of Oman, east of Saudi Arabia with rocks called peridotite. Topics of discussion includes the wall is made up of weathered mantle rock called peridotite. When rain percolates through cracks in the rock, it contains dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide from the air. The water and gases react with the rock, forming solid veins of new minerals in the rocks composing of magnesium carbonate.

Highlights • N photobioreactors in series modelled with 3N ODEs having Monod and Droop kinetics. • State variables: concentrations of algea and substrate, and internal cell quota. • Results: existence, uniqueness, stability and conditions for steady states. Abstract A photobioreactor (PBR) contains microalgae which under illumination consume carbon dioxide and substrate dissolved in water, and produce oxygen. The process is used in water recovery resource facilities with a continuous flow of wastewaster through the PBR. With several PBRs in series the reduction of substrate can be improved. This paper contains a thorough analysis of a model of PBRs in series, where each PBR is modelled with a system of three ordinary differential equations for the concentrations of dissolved substrate and biomass (algae), and the internal cell quota of substrate to biomass. Each PBR has a certain volume and irradiation. The absorption rate of substrate into the cells is modelled with Monod kinetics, whereas the biomass growth rate is modelled with Droop kinetics, in which both a minimum and a maximum internal cell quota are assumed. The main result is that the model has a unique stable steady-state solution with algae in all PBRs. Another stable steady-state solution is the wash-out solution with no algae in the system. Other steady-state solutions are combinations of these two with no algae in some of the first PBRs and algae in the rest of the PBRs in the series. Conditions on the illumination, volumetric flow and volumes of the PBRs are given for the respective solution. Numerical solutions illustrate the theoretical results and indicate further properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses climate change, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), and global temperature rise. An "Open Atmospheric Science Journal" paper preprint by climate scientist James Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Institute for Space Studies and nine co-authors presents a temperature forecast that exceeds a 2007 forecast of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Hansen believes that the preferred atmospheric CO2 concentration has been surpassed. INSET: Capturing carbon.