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The author offers information on exhibition "European Paper Week 2015" to be held from November 17-19, 2015 in Brussels, Belgium and talks of organization Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI), brochure on the future of paper industry, and European Union's Emission Trading System (ETS).

The article discusses the implementation paper released by the European union presidency to counter terrorism and also mentions that the commission has prepared an action plan against terrorist financing and money laundering.

The article focuses on the discussion paper on various aspects of counter-terrorism released by the Italian Presidency of the European Union on November 13, 2014 which aims to reflect the concrete proposals made by delegations from the Terrorism Working Party (TWP) and Committee for Territorial Cohesion (COTER). It says that the discussion paper highlights the problems of cross-cutting areas in which it suggests that TWP and COTER can closer coordinate to together approach cross-cutting areas.

The article offers information on nine simple rules for office paper recycling published by European Recovered Paper Council (ERPC) and designed to be used as poster or reminder in office.

Reports on the success of the Euro commercial paper (CP) market in 2003. Investment deals in October 2003; Views of JP Morgan head of CP marketing for Europe Peter Eisenhardt on the strength of the CP market; Reason for the preference of CP issuers to market in the U.S. INSET: Learning to live with corporate risk.

The article offers news briefs related to paper and pulp industry, which includes release of 2014 Key Statistics by the Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI), launching of European Union (EU) EmissionsTrading System (ETS), and industry wise study by CEPI.

The article reports that the negotiations for trade liberalisation of energy and raw materials of the European Union and the United States Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) are supported by the Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI).

Presents information on the general status of medium term notes (MTN) and commercial paper (CP) issues in Europe as of October 28, 2004. Top Euro MTN Issuers of the Week; Top Transport/Shipping Euro MTN Issuers by Outstandings; Asset Backed Euro CP Outstandings.

Presents tabular and graphical representations of medium term notes (MTN) and commercial paper issues as of July 16, 2004. Top euro MTN issuers as of July 15; Weekly euro MTN volumes of private markets arranged by currency; MTN structured league table.

Presents tabular and graphical representations of medium term notes (MTN) and commercial paper issues as of June 2004. Top euro MTN issuers as of June 3; Weekly euro MTN volumes of private markets arranged by currency; MTN structured league table.

The article offers information on European Commission's review of the Best Available Techniques Reference Document, BREF that will specify emission norms and other requirements for European paper and pulp industry.

Reports on the trading performance of various European cable companies in secondary markets as of September 17, 2004. Factors contributing to improved demand for cable papers; Update on the trading activities with the retail and telecommunications industries; Traders in emerging markets.

The article offers information on Two Team Project launched by Confederation of European Paper Industry (CEPI) in November 2013, which is crowd sourcing and open innovation project to identify technological concepts needed to reduce the carbon emission of European pulp and paper industry.

Editorial. Focuses on the implications of the European Union's addition of a proposal for a new energy policy. Possible adoption of a patently interventionist energy policy; Concern on the high cost of energy taxes in Europe; Impact on energy markets.

The article reports on the campaign Basta! launched by the Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI) to demand support from the European Union (EU) for lack of competitiveness of the industries at the global markets as of June 1, 2014.

The article reports on the draft paper on robotics issued by the European Union (EU) council, that recommends governance by a special legal status for robots running on autonomous code or powered by artificial intelligence (AI). Recommendations discussed include robot owners required to procure registration and insurance, smart autonomous robots required to follow basic civil laws, and potential of robots to have status of electronic persons with predefined rights and obligations.

Reports on the signing of the much anticipated Euro-commercial paper program of Lloyds TSB Bank through mandated arranger UBS in February 2004. Amount of the program of Citigroup, Credit Suisse First Boston, Deutsche Bank, JP Morgan and Lloyds TSB Bank; Schedule of the launching of the program; Remarks from Suzy Margretts of Lloyds on the program.

Focuses on the need for financing in central European cities, particularly between countries on the European Union fast-track and Commonwealth of Independent States. Regions with feasible borrowing plans; Actions taken by the Russian government to alleviate the crisis faced by European countries; Details on bad debt management.

Information on topics discussed at the Euroshop retail trade fair held in Germany in 2014 is presented which include increase in popularity of ice beds in the European supermarkets, increase in popularity of electronic-paper and increase in trend of colour zoning.

Reports on China's issuance of its first European Union policy paper. Highlighting of China's diplomatic idea of 'active participation'; Significance of the paper to China's foreign relations; Setting of clear objectives in developing China-European Union relations in the political, economic and cultural fields.

This paper outlines the importance of the studies of EU external perceptions in the Asia-Pacific region in the times of global multipolar redesign and an ongoing eurozone sovereign debt crisis. It links understanding of the concepts of EU external images and EU international 'branding' to the conduct of the EU's foreign policy. The paper also details the methodology of the transnational comparative research project 'The EU in the Eyes of Asia Pacific' which informs all contributions to this Issue. The paper then presents those contributions which explore EU external perceptions in nine Asia-Pacific locations, members of the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) process: China, Japan, South Korea, India, Singapore, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at analyzing whether and to what extent the EU constitutional principles elaborated by the ECJ case law (direct effect, primacy and State liability) may be applicable in the context of the Energy Community. Although the Energy Community Treaty is a sector specific agreement, its wording and its objectives closely resemble the EU Treaty. In addition, under Article 94 of the Energy Community Treaty, the Treaty provisions should be interpreted in the light of the ECJ case law. The paper discusses the legal nature of the Energy Community Treaty and the potential application of the EU constitutional principles within the Energy Community legal order. It further analyzes the status of international agreements in the constitutions of the Contracting Parties, in order to verify whether the direct effect and primacy of the Energy Community Treaty could be recognized in these countries in conformity with their constitutional arrangements. Finally, it outlines the benefits deriving from the explicit recognition of the EU constitutional principles in the Energy Community Treaty, in order to strengthen the degree of enforcement of Energy Community Law in the Contracting Parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of rail transport is the key to the integral development of the entire European transport system. In 2010, consultations were started to discuss the proposal of the European Commission for merging various EU directives relating to railway transport. In 2011, the European Transport White Paper was published; the paper lays down the transport policy for the current decade with a perspective up until the years 2030/2050. The principles of the White Paper are compliant with the general ideas of the Commission. Both of these documents see the strengthening of supervision at the national level as the key issue for improving the competitiveness of the rail sector; require the separation of ownership and using the first best infrastructure pricing solutions. The authors find that the following questions must be answered in order to implement these ideas: 1) how to allocate supervisory functions between the state and infrastructure manager; 2) which would be the best way for realising the unbundling of rail activities; 3) how can the sustainability of railways be ensured while using marginal cost pricing in the situation where formal transport policy does not allow state support for rail transport. The authors seek answers to these questions by comparing the situation in the Nordic and Baltic countries, as these two groups of countries illustrate two diametrically different approaches to the possible solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers an analysis of the medium-term notes (MTN) and commercial paper (CP) markets. The limited flows in the euro MTN (EMTN) market means that table positions remain almost identical to previous week performance. Barclays Capital is still at the top of the first table, which excludes self-led deals. The dealer has been one of the few able to engage in primary activity between negotiating buybacks. Deutsche Bank remains in seventh place. It placed a fixed rate Turkish lira note for the European Investment Bank of TL55 million.

Several charts are presented that list dealers of medium-term notes (MTN) and commercial papers (CP) in 2008, including dealers of private euro MTN (EMTN) and dealers of structured EMTN.

Several charts of medium-term notes (MTN) and commercial paper (CP) issues are presented, including dealers of private Euro MTN (EMTN), dealers of private EMTN including self-led, and dealers of private structured EMTN.

Focuses on the anticipation for bankers of eastern European borrowers to set up Euro-commercial paper (ECP) programs as of October 2003, following the entry of Hansapank into the ECP market. Countries expected to provide ECP programs; Issuance in European Union accession countries from 1998 to 2003.

Copyright of European Review of Private Law is the property of Kluwer Law International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The regulatory model of the European airline industry is very distinct. On the one hand, substantial competition law and merger control rules seek to safeguard its competitiveness. On the other hand, themarket is protected by themercantilist 'Control & Ownership' clause that prevent foreign nationals from owning and controlling EU air carriers. However, despite the fact that this limits the expansion of carriers from other States outside the EU, these operators are forced to acquire relatively small non-controlling shares. Such a pattern provides certain challenges in terms of enforcement since it is not covered by the notification requirement. At the same time, cooperation between air carriers is certainly not limited to those with common ownership structure. As a rule, cooperation and partial acquisition of shares were assessed under Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. According to the Commission, this is part of an "enforcement gap", which shall be overcome by a proposed ex ante control of acquisition of non-controlling minority shareholdings. The design of the system envisages an initial self-assessment followed by a Commission intervention. The EU Merger Regulation is not sector-specific; nevertheless, this paper will attempt to provide an impact assessment of the proposed solution in a sector that is very peculiar in terms of operational characteristics and legal environment, although some parts of the analysis will have cross-sector relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several reforms aiming to strengthen budgetary discipline in the European Union have been implemented since the outbreak of the European debt crisis. Arguably the most important one is the Fiscal Compact, which stipulates that each signatory country must enshrine in domestic legislation an upper limit on the structural budget deficit, that is, the deficit after cyclical and other temporary factors have been excluded. This paper analyses the contents of the Fiscal Compact and discusses challenges for its implementation and efficacy. The conclusion is that the Fiscal Compact may be challenging to implement and enforce because the rules are very complex and require complicated calculations that are subject to very large forecasting uncertainty. The Fiscal Compact could, however, lead to a stronger national commitment to fiscal prudence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article forecasts that the large number of deals in Europe's securitization market being retained by issuers will continue. It is noted that out of a total issuance volume of 299.5 billion U.S. dollars, 226.3 billion U.S. dollars, or 75 percent, had been retained. The debt crisis in the Eurozone has prompted many continental European participants out of the market.

The Horizon2020 project AURES II aims at contributing to the effective implementation of auctions for Renewable Energy Resources with research-based insights and policy recommendations. The paper focuses on the main design elements applied in the recent renewable auctions and their impact on the effectiveness and efficiency of renewable support allocation. Drawing on 10 European case studies, the analysis investigates whether there is a convergence in the auction design across countries, whether a general cost reduction trend can be observed, and looks at how successful previous auctions were in delivering contracted capacities. It also assesses the new trends and developments, and presents some emerging, innovative forms of auctions targeting carbon emission mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relates that Eastern Europeans are looking to membership in the European Union (EU) as a way to end their countries' complicated business regulations. Examples of bureaucratic rigmarole which plagues even simple transactions, such as buying gasoline while on a business trip; The importance of notaries in this environment; Problems with the legislation drafted to fix the problems.

Since the end of the cold war, the European Union's (EU's) global aspirations and capabilities have grown. This shift has seen the EU becoming an increasingly integral part of the international arena, both economically and politically. However, there has been a notable geopolitical shift in recent years towards the growing importance of Asia. New Zealand, geographically distant but traditionally culturally aligned with the EU, the nation that has traditionally enjoyed close economic, political and social relations with the EU but is increasingly focused on Asia, presents a unique perspective on this perceived realignment of power. This paper offers a unique perspective on the effectiveness of the EU's international outreach. Using international relations' 'small state theory' as an analytical tool, the paper draws on a series of longitudinal elite interviews conducted with New Zealand's political, economic, civil society and media elites over a decade. The paper qualitatively and quantitatively assesses whether the EU remains perceived as a relevant, important global actor in the eyes of New Zealand's elite. The paper makes a number of observations. Firstly, as a small state, New Zealand's foreign policy focus has tended to be preoccupied with economics and this preoccupation has meant a notable shift away from Europe. Second, although over the course of the interviews negative discussions about the EU's Common Agriculture Policy decreased, on the other hand there was increasingly less discussion about the EU's potential and a more concerted discussion about the importance of Asia to the New Zealand's economy and future. There are a number of reasons to account for this changing perception towards the EU, however, the internal friction currently facing the European Union and eurozone was consistently noted. Finally, although over time the interviewed elites believed that the EU's importance is diminishing, this acknowledgement was often made with regret. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at the 3 municipalities within the European Union that implement innovative records management and e-government solutions. Topics covered include the Swedish records management process in municipalities A and B that combine handling of digital and paper records in a long-term preservation approach, the Belgian hybrid management system handling both paper and digital records in municipality C, and records management laws applied like the Public Access and Secrecy Act of 2009.

On 16 March 2011 the European Commission published its proposal for a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base directive (CCCTB). The CCCTB is a set of rules by which groups of companies that are tax resident in the European Union (EU) or EU-located branches of third-country companies would be able to submit a single consolidated European corporate tax return.1 This implies that the group operating within the EU would be able to offset the losses of group members against the profits of other group members in order to arrive at the consolidated tax base, even when the group members are residents of different EU Member States. This paper will discuss how losses are treated under the proposed CCCTB directive. The first section will deal with losses on entering the CCCTB regime; the second section will address losses during the CCCTB regime while the third section will deal with losses after exiting the CCCTB regime. In the final section the paper will be concluded with a conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on a study on the impact of patents on research and development (R&D) funding constraints, conducted by researchers Hanna Hottenrott, Bronwyn Hall, and Dirk Czarnitzki in the U.S. in 2014. Topics discussed include the difference between small and large businesses when dealing with financial constraints, and the correlation between patent application and quality signal. Also mentioned is the data gathered from the European Patent Office and the European Patent Organization.

At a summit that was starting just as The Economist went to press in June 2004, heads of government of the 25 European Union (EU) countries were planning, after much haggling, to agree upon a new constitution for their Union. When EU leaders deadlocked in December 2003, Elmar Brok, a German who was a leading member of the convention, said that, if the constitution was not agreed on, Europe could slip back into the inter-state rivalries that led to the first world war. A failure to agree will not take Europe back to war, even if it could lead to a split within the EU. Nor would success necessarily mean the emergence of a new superpower called Europe. Point to any apparently significant aspect of the constitution--the Charter of Fundamental Rights or the creation of a European foreign minister--and somebody from Britain's Foreign Office will be at hand to explain that it is not as significant as it sounds. All the main achievements in European integration, from the single market to the abolition of frontier controls to the creation of a single currency, started life as words in a European treaty. Yet, for all that, there is considerable potential for the real world and the constitution to collide. Even if voters do not trash the putative constitution, European leaders might do it for them, by ignoring treaty commitments that prove too politically onerous.

Reports on efforts of Turkey's parliament to pass amendments to its constitution to stabilize the country's democracy and ultimately allow entrance into the European Union. Changes in legal rights of individuals; Law that gives men no higher status than women; Changes in punishments for crimes, including removal of the death penalty in most cases.

Copyright of European Review of Private Law is the property of Kluwer Law International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on a study entitled "Credit Risk in the Euro Area," by Benoît Mojon and Simon Gilchrist, which analyzes the level of financial distress being experienced by countries within the European area.

The article presents overviews of papers published in this issue, which are also submitted to the conference entitled "Hugh Beale and the Common European Sales Law (CESL)."

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the independence of regulatory authorities (RAs) under Italian law. In this paper, reflecting a widespread opinion in Italy, we will address the idea of the inadequacy on the part of the Italian legal framework in ensuring the independence of RAs. The structure of the paper is as follows. After a brief presentation of Italian RAs, independence from politics and independence from stakeholders are both separately considered in light of Italian law. Before concluding, we also offer some insights concerning judicial review of RAs' acts.A part of the debate regards how to ensure and to improve their independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the outbreak of the 2008/2009 global financial crisis, the economic balance between the traditional developed economies and the emerging ones has changed drastically, including that between the European Union and China. While the EU and its Member States are preoccupied by the eurozone debt crisis, stagnant economic growth and high domestic unemployment, China raised as the world's second largest economy and one of the quickest growing consumer market. This paper explores the change in perception of the EU as an economic actor in the eyes of Chinese mainstream news media and national elites under such context. It argues that the strategic partnership could improve only if the two sides understand the mutual perception clearly. It is found that China has increased its leverage for bargaining vis-à-vis the EU as well as the capacity to give some help to the EU. Although the image of the EU as an economic powerhouse has been slightly weakened, it did not turn the heavily trade-oriented EU-China relations more comprehensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The area of freedom security and justice (AFSJ) is currently one of the most dynamic EU integration areas. Largely absent from the debate on mutual recognition, which is the main regulatory practice in this policy field, within the AFSJ there has been the need to ensure a better balance between security focused instruments and due process rights in national courts. This paper discusses the impact of a proportionality test in the AFSJ and the function of the European Court in this balancing exercise. In addition the paper discusses the consequences, dangers and merits, of applying a margin of appreciation test in this area and what the EU can learn from Strasbourg with regard to the adequate protection of human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on reports published by the European Parliament's Special Committee on Organized Crime, Corruption and Money Laundering (CRIM) concerning several aspects of money laundering. The first report focuses on banks and finance in the context of funneling illicit profits from organized crime into legitimate business such as the financial system. The committee's second report seeks to explore an intricate relationship between money laundering, tax evasion, and tax havens.

London market leaders have written a paper warning of the dangers of the UK leaving the EU, pointing to risks of job losses and foreign capital fleeing the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the differences between adaptive behaviour and innovative behaviour of individuals according to Kirton adaptation-innovation (KAI) model and determine how these differences impact entrepreneurial potential dimensions. Research sample consisted of student population from three countries: Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (EU candidate countries) and Belgium (EU country). Research results will be valuable for the development of entrepreneurship in EU candidate countries. Data were collected from a sample of 1,008 university students from these three countries. KAI inventory, questionnaire on entrepreneurial traits (QET) and the scale of entrepreneurial potential (SEP) were used to obtain data. The canonical discriminant analysis determined differences and structure of differences between the adaptive and innovative persons, described by KAI model and their scores on the dimensions of the entrepreneurial traits model, as well as on entrepreneurial potential model.Design/methodology/approach In this study, the first research question concentrates on the existence of differences among students from Bosnia, Serbia and Belgium with regard to the dominant style of problem-solving according to KAI model to determine whether students from EU countries and non-EU countries differ in regard to problem-solving style. Second research question is the existence of differences in the development of entrepreneurial potential by EQT and SEP among student adaptors and student innovators according to KAI model to investigate to what extent the dominant style of solving problem contributes to differences in the development of entrepreneurial potential among students.Findings The research has confirmed the existence of significant differences between the adaptors and innovators described by the KAI model in terms of developed characteristics of entrepreneurial potential in the student population. Results of the research prove that young innovators possess to a greater extent developed key characteristics important for entrepreneurship, as well as intellectual and organizational skills, motivational factors and social capacity, self-confidence and constitutional factors. This research also revealed key differences among students with regard to the country of origin.Practical implications The practical implications of the research are reflected in the creation of the initial guidelines and structural support for the promotion of entrepreneurial potential in young people, where it can be concluded that it is particularly important to encourage innovation and creative approach to problem-solving, but also awareness of young individuals and development of their knowledge of entrepreneurship.Originality/value The main objective of this research was the examination of differences between students who belong to the category of adaptors and students innovators according to the KAI model (Kirton, 1976, 1998, 2003), with regard to the researched dimensions of entrepreneurial potential, to explicitly as possible identify differences in personal characteristics of young people who are predisposed for entrepreneurship and those who are not. Young innovators and adaptors significantly differ according to the researched dimensions of the EQT and SEP models of entrepreneurial potential and young innovators possess more developed entrepreneurial potential than adaptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]