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As female athletes age, their risk of musculoskeletal injuries increases. These injuries can have a negative impact on their health and athletic abilities. This article explores the most common conditions that aging female athletes may face, such as osteoarthritis, meniscal injuries, joint instability, rotator cuff injuries, and stress fractures. Hormonal and physiological changes, anatomical differences, and changes in bone mineral density can cause these injuries. To prevent such injuries, it is crucial to incorporate comprehensive injury prevention programs that include strength training, flexibility exercises, balance training, and appropriate warm-up and cool-down routines. These programs should be tailored to the individual's fitness level and musculoskeletal issues. Additionally, the article offers valuable insights into various techniques for managing and treating these injuries, such as non-surgical interventions, surgical options, and rehabilitation programs. Healthcare professionals, coaches, and athletes themselves must recognize and address these issues to improve performance, prevent injuries, and support the overall health and well-being of aging female athletes. In conclusion, maintaining physical fitness and engaging in structured exercise programs are crucial for aging female athletes to slow the decline in musculoskeletal strength and integrity. Proper first aid measures, appropriate medications, and a comprehensive exercise regimen can aid in recovery and regain strength, function, and mobility, enabling a return to competitive sports or other athletic pursuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase transformation sequence of the precipitation in Cu-Sc alloy is found as: supersaturated solid solution→Sc-rich atomic clusters→coherent metastable phase→Cu 4 Sc phase. The tetragonal structured lamellar Cu 4 Sc precipitates with orientation relationships of 0 2 ¯ 2 α / / 211 and 011 α / / [ 11 3 ¯ ] are homogenously distributed in the matrix. A combined process of cryogenic rolling and aging is designed for optimization of the mechanical and electric properties. An excellent integration of yield strength (695.8 MPa) and electrical conductivity (62.84% IACS) is achieved by cryogenic rolling and subsequent aging at 400 °C for 4 h. This high effective strengthening effect of Cu-0.4 wt% Sc alloy is probably due to the superposition of coherent strengthening and Orowan strengthening. [Display omitted] • A new type binary copper alloy with scandium addition is designed. • The process of cryogenic rolling and aging is designed for properties optimization. • Lamellar Cu 4 Sc precipitates of tetragonal structure are found in the matrix. • Precipitation strengthening effect attributes to the mechanism superposition. The precipitation behaviours during the aging process and the corresponding strengthening mechanism of a Cu-0.4 wt% Sc alloy were systematically investigated in this study. The phase transformation sequence of the precipitation in the aging process of the Cu-0.4 wt% Sc alloy was found to be: supersaturated solid solution→ Sc-enriched atomic clusters→ metastable phase→Cu 4 Sc phase. The tetragonal structured lamellar Cu 4 Sc precipitates, with a habit plane parallel to the {111} plane of the Cu matrix and orientation relationships of 0 2 ¯ 2 α / / 211 Cu4Sc and 011 α / / [ 11 3 ¯ ] Cu4Sc , are found homogeneously distributed in the matrix. A combined process of cryogenic rolling (CR) and aging was designed for optimization of the mechanical and electrical properties. Excellent integration of yield strength (696 MPa) and electrical conductivity (62.8 % IACS) of this alloy was achieved by cryogenic rolling and subsequent aging process at 400 °C for 4 h. The significant precipitation strengthening effect of this alloy is attributed to the Cu 4 Sc precipitates with an extremely small size of only 1.5–3 nm. The leading strengthening mechanism is considered as the superposition of both coherent strengthening and Orowan strengthening effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of different aging processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel Al–Cu–Li alloy have been investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It is found that the tensile properties of a novel Al–Cu–Li alloy are sensitive to aging processes, which correspond to different microstructures. σ (Al 5 Cu 6 Mg 2 ) and T 1 (Al 2 CuLi) phases are the major precipitates for the alloy in T6 aging condition (165 °C/60 h). After duplex aging condition (150 °C/24 h + 180 °C/12 h), σ, θ' (Al 2 Cu) and T 1 phases are detected. Only the T 1 phases can be found in the T8 state alloy (6% pre-strain+135 °C/60 h). The failure modes of alloy in T6 and duplex aging conditions are dimple-intergranular fracture, while typical quasi-cleavage fracture in T8 condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]