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A simple, reliable high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)‒densitometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of β-sitosterol, a significant bioactive phytosterol, in Manilkara zapotaL. P. Royen leaves. This method is combined with mass spectroscopy (MS) for relevant structural identification, responsible for their antioxidant and antiinflammatory therapeutic potential. The pet ether (PE), chloroform (CH), ethyl acetate (EA), and hydro-ethanolic (HE) leaf extracts were prepared using the cold maceration technique. These extracts were screened for preliminary qualitative tests, and based on the screening results, secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, phenols, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins were further quantified. Antioxidant potential was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and nitric oxide (NO) free radical scavenging assays. antiinflammatory activity was evaluated through protein denaturation and human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stability methods. Additionally, an HPTLC method was developed and validated for β-sitosterol quantification. Among all the extracts, the ethyl acetate leaf extract exhibited the highest steroidal content [50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) 2.92 ± 0.21 mg β-sitosterol equivalent (BSE)/g dry extract (DE)], flavonoid content [IC5022.9 ± 0.25 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g DE], and phenolic content [IC50103.8 ± 0.23 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g DE]. The ethyl acetate extract also demonstrated the highest efficacy against DPPH (IC5016.35 ± 1.49), ABTS (IC5017.52 ± 2.36), FRAP [41.32 ± 0.02 mg ascorbic acid (AA)/g crude extract], NO (IC5017.13 ± 2.06), protein denaturation (IC5031.75 ± 2.1), and HRBC membrane stability (IC5024.8 ± 2.44). Correlation analysis further supported these findings. Furthermore, following the International Council for Harmonisation guidelines, an HPTLC method was developed, and 434.4 ng of β-sitosterol was quantified, with the highest content found in the ethyl acetate extract. Therefore, M. zapotaleaf extract exhibits beneficial antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects due to its richness in phytosterols. This extract has the potential to be further explored as a therapeutic agent against inflammatory diseases.

Older adult's ability to self-manage illness is dependent on their ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL). Forty-five percent of those older than 65 years will have ongoing clinical needs after hospital discharge and require postacute care (PAC) services in settings such as home healthcare (HHC) and skilled nursing facilities (SNF). The Improving Medicare Post-Acute Care Transformation Act of 2014 requires PAC providers to begin collecting and reporting ADL data to build a coordinated approach to payment and standardize patient assessments and quality measurement. The aim of this integrative review was to compare the methods of assessing ADLs in HHC to SNF. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement was used to ensure results were reported systematically. A scientific literature search without date restriction within the PubMed and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases was conducted. Two independent investigators assessed study quality using the quality appraisal instrument developed by Kmet et al. Study quality was high. Of the 18,749 articles identified by the search, 8 met inclusion criteria and four tools were identified that are used to assess ADLs in SNF and HHC. Although SNF and HHC collect similar ADL information, the range of content covered, item definitions, scoring, and psychometrics are not comparable across settings.

The submental flap is a reliable alternative to free flaps in the reconstruction of cutaneous facial and oral cavity defects. The thin, pliable, easily harvested flap has minimal donor site morbidity. The flap is controversial due to the potential involvement of level I lymph nodes within the flap. We describe 40 cases of head and neck reconstruction with the submental flap following resection of various cancers, and assess the oncologic safety of this flap at our centre.