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Epsilon toxin (ETX) is an exotoxin produced by Clostridium perfringenstype D that induces enterotoxaemia or necrotic intestinal infection in small ruminants and bovine. Immunization is an essential element in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. In recent literature, nanocarriers have exhibited the capacity to deliver protection, stability, and regulated distribution properties to protein-based antigens. Furthermore, egg albumin is a highly adaptable protein nanocarrier in vaccine delivery systems due to its biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic, and non-immune-modulating properties. In this study, we assessed the efficacy, safety, immunogenicity, and dose-effect relationships of the nanoparticle-advanced toxoid vaccine (G1) in contrast to the commercially available vaccine (ETV) (G2). Two different vaccines (1 ml) were inoculated in experimental animals (rabbits) on days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The geometric mean titers (GMT) of Groups 2 and 3 were recorded on the respective day of inoculation. The findings reveal that the GMT of group 2 was significantly higher than group 3. The use of nanoparticles to detain toxins demonstrated enhanced immune protection against the harmful effects caused by the toxins. This work is anticipated to explore new opportunities in developing improved vaccinations using nanoparticles to combat the pathogenicity/ virulence factors that present potential risks to livestock.

Background: Accurately determining the fluid status of a patient during resuscitation in the emergency department (ED) helps guide appropriate fluid administration in the setting of undifferentiated hypotension. Our goal was to determine the diagnostic utility of point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS) for inferior vena cava (IVC) size and collapsibility in predicting a volume overload fluid status in spontaneously breathing hypotensive ED patients. Methods: This was a post hoc secondary analysis of the SHOC-ED data, a prospective randomized controlled trial investigating PoCUS in patients with undifferentiated hypotension. We prospectively collected data on IVC size and collapsibility for 138 patients in the PoCUS group using a standard data collection form, and independently assigned a fluid status (volume overloaded, normal, volume deplete) from a composite clinical chart review blinded to PoCUS findings. The primary outcome was the diagnostic performance of IVC characteristics on PoCUS in the detection of a volume overloaded fluid status. Results: One hundred twenty-nine patients had completed determinant IVC assessment by PoCUS, with one hundred twenty-five receiving successful final fluid status determination, of which one hundred and seven were classified as volume deplete, thirteen normal, and seven volume overloaded. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted using several IVC size and collapsibility categories. The best overall performance utilized the combined parameters of a dilated IVC (> 2.5 cm) with minimal collapsibility (less than 50%) which had a sensitivity of 85.7% and specificity of 86.4% with an area under the curve (AOC) of 0.92 for predicting an volume overloaded fluid status. Conclusion: IVC PoCUS is feasible in spontaneously breathing hypotensive adult ED patients, and demonstrates potential value as a predictor of a volume overloaded fluid status in patients with undifferentiated hypotension. IVC size may be the preferred measure.

An Apricot is an important but highly perishable stone fruit. It suffers huge post-harvest losses mainly due to brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola. The current study investigates the effect of essential oils (EOs) to reduce postharvest losses in apricot due to brown rot. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of the EOs were accomplished before testing them on apricots and different oil contents were assessed with their respective concentrations on the post-harvest longevity of the apricots. The study was designed in two phases. Initially, five different plant-based essential oils Lemon, Mint, Clove, Cinnamon, and Lavender were assessed In vitro against the mycelial growth of artificially inoculated M. fructicola.Oil concentrations were 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1% respectively. Mint and Clove oils maintained a minute microbial load (below 10 mm mycelial growth) and showed lower sensory acceptance toward M. fructicolawhich means that both oils were highly effective against M. fructicola.In the second phase of this study, apricot fruits were assessed for their decaying percentages during storage at 20 ºC after oil treatment. Again, Mint, Lavender, and Clove oil maintained trifling fungal rot diameters (4, 2, and 6 mm respectively) and exhibited repudiation toward M. fructicola. Different concentrations of oils were tested during the study: however, the maximum oil concentration i.e. 1% proved suitable in each case for post-harvest preservation during storage to Monilinia fructicola. Major postharvest loss-preventing oils against brown rots in both experiments were Clove, Mint, and Lavender. The present study provides a baseline for the effective postharvest application of plant-based essential oils and temperature conditions during postharvest storage of apricot to reduce losses and increase their availability in distant markets.

Natural products such as camel milk, a nutritional powerhouse with a high content of proteins, vitamins, lipids, amino acids, oligosaccharides, nucleotides and minerals, offer numerous health benefits. Both camel milk and urine are known for their remarkable properties, including antiviral, anticancer, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial effects. In particular, lactoferrin, a globular glycoprotein found in camel's milk, has strong antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Camel milk also contains immunoglobulins and lysozyme, which contribute to its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. These camel secretions have shown promising potential in cancer therapy, with applications in the treatment of breast, hepatocellular and lung cancer. Particularly intriguing is the fact that camel urine has quickly taken center stage in the development of new drugs for various diseases. This review comprehensively examines the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of camel milk and urine. It also delves into the fascinating world of nano biomolecules in the physiological fluids of camels, demonstrating their ability to penetrate tissue and exhibit exceptional stability under extreme conditions. The fusion of nano technology and compositional characteristics of camel milk and urine holds great promise for the development of novel medical substances specifically tailored for cancer treatment.

ABSTRACTThis systematic literature review was conducted to better understand the epidemiology and burden of varicella across the Middle East, gain insight into the evidence to support using universal varicella vaccination (UVV), and identify potential data gaps. Both epidemiology and economic data on the burden of varicella were limited and varied significantly. Most of the data focussed on varicella burden in the absence of a UVV program. In the absence of UVV, varicella incidence is increasing across this region with varicella infection associated with substantial morbidity. Although limited, data on the impact of vaccination at a population level indicated UVV programs reduce varicella incidence and hospitalizations, in line with global experience. Further research and action are needed to better understand varicella epidemiology in the Middle East, increase awareness and understanding in the region, and provide local data to support national public-health decisions regarding the implementation of UVV programs.

In this research, Salmonellaspecies were isolated from the animal, insect and human enteric sources in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. These species were characterized by different microbiological and molecular techniques including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. Furthermore, sequencing of the amplicons confirmed all ten isolates as Salmonellastrains. The antigenic cross-reactivity was found maximum between the HB1 (strain isolated from honeybee) antiserum and its antigen with an antibody titer of 1:128, while the HB1 antiserum showed a cross-reactive titer range of 1:8 to 1:64. On the basis of the highest geometric mean titer (GMT) shown by the antiserum of the HB1 antigen, it was selected as the best candidate for a cross-reactive live Salmonellaoral antigen. Moreover, the HB1 antigen was used a live oral antigen (1 × 1010CFU/ml) in a safety test in rabbits and proved to be avirulent. During the animal trial, three different oral doses of the HB1 live oral antigen were evaluated in four different rabbits’ groups (R1, R2, R3, and R4). The dose number 2 of 0.5 ml (two drops orally and repeated after one week) gave the best GMT measured by indirect hemagglutination (IHA) as compared to the other two doses, while R4 group was kept as control. Results of the challenge protection test also validated the efficacy of the double dose of the HB1 live vaccine, which gave the highest survival percentage. Results of this study lay the foundation for a potential cross-reactive live oral Salmonellavaccine that has proved to be immunogenic in rabbits.

In this research, Salmonellaspecies were isolated from the animal, insect and human enteric sources in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. These species were characterized by different microbiological and molecular techniques including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. Furthermore, sequencing of the amplicons confirmed all ten isolates as Salmonellastrains. The antigenic cross-reactivity was found maximum between the HB1 (strain isolated from honeybee) antiserum and its antigen with an antibody titer of 1:128, while the HB1 antiserum showed a cross-reactive titer range of 1:8 to 1:64. On the basis of the highest geometric mean titer (GMT) shown by the antiserum of the HB1 antigen, it was selected as the best candidate for a cross-reactive live Salmonellaoral antigen. Moreover, the HB1 antigen was used a live oral antigen (1 × 1010CFU/ml) in a safety test in rabbits and proved to be avirulent. During the animal trial, three different oral doses of the HB1 live oral antigen were evaluated in four different rabbits’ groups (R1, R2, R3, and R4). The dose number 2 of 0.5 ml (two drops orally and repeated after one week) gave the best GMT measured by indirect hemagglutination (IHA) as compared to the other two doses, while R4 group was kept as control. Results of the challenge protection test also validated the efficacy of the double dose of the HB1 live vaccine, which gave the highest survival percentage. Results of this study lay the foundation for a potential cross-reactive live oral Salmonellavaccine that has proved to be immunogenic in rabbits.

Colloidal fouling of reverse osmosis (RO) elements can seriously impair the performance of membranes resulting in loss of productivity. The source of silt in water is varied and often includes bacteria, clay, colloidal silica, and corrosion products. Various pre-treatment chemical can be used to agglomerate the fine colloidal particles which in-tern can be removed easily however if the incorporation of pre-treatment chemicals with the fine colloidal particles fails then these pre-treatment chemicals can also become a source of membrane fouling. In addition, cationic polymers may co-precipitate with the negatively charged anti-scalants resulting in membrane fouling. Several methods have been proposed to predict the colloidal fouling potential of feed water such as the modified fouling index (MFI) and the most commonly used silt density index (SDI). SDI is an important design parameter for an RO membrane water treatment process. In this investigation the effect of SDI index was investigated to predict the fouling tendency of different pore size membranes. The SDI index showed elevated values (~12) with big pore size (2, 3, 5, 10µm) membranes however lower fouling index values (~6) were recorded with membrane pore sizes near to 0.45µm even with different kind and make of membranes.

In the paper we establish some new results depending on the comparative growth properties of composite entire or meromorphic functions using generalised L∗-order and generalised L∗-type and Wronskians generated by one of the factors.