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Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) have been found in various farm animal species throughout the world. It was the objective of this study to estimate the prevalence of MRSA in different cattle food chains (milk, beef, and veal) in Germany, to analyze the MRSA diversity along each food chain and to compare the characteristics of the different subtypes. Samples were collected between 2009 and 2012 from dairy herds (bulk tank milk), veal herds (dust from the stables), veal calves, and beef cattle at slaughter (nasal swabs) and carcasses of veal calves (surface cuts) and beef as well as veal at retail. Sampling was proportionally distributed over the country according to the cattle population (on-farm sampling), slaughterhouse capacity (abattoir samples), and the human population (meat at retail). Methicillin-resistant S. aureuswere isolated using harmonized methods from all sample types and populations investigated. The highest proportion of positive samples was found in nasal swabs from veal calves at slaughter in 2012 (144/320; 45.0%) and the lowest rate in bulk tank milk in 2009 (14/388; 4.1%). Most isolates, irrespective of the origin, were from spatypes t011 and t034. Both have been assigned to the clonal complex (CC) 398. Few isolates (15/632; 2.4%) were from spatypes not associated with the CC398. Spa-type patterns were similar along individual food chains but differed between food chains. Antimicrobial resistance patterns differed between isolates from the different food chains and spatypes. Isolates from the veal chain displayed the highest resistance rates. We conclude that there is substantial diversity in the MRSA prevalence across different cattle production sectors.

Malignant tumours have long been thought to be rare in prehistoric skeletal samples. Numerous recent findings have contradicted this view. Well-documented cases are of great importance in palaeopathological research. We report a malignant tumour in a medieval skeleton (Sulzburg, southwest Germany) of a child, briefly review palaeopathological research on tumours and include clinical description of the illness. The macroscopic and radiological results leave no doubt about the validity of the diagnosis of osteosarcoma. The osteosarcoma had attacked the proximal femur and extensively invaded the soft tissues. The histological appearance of the tumour is typical of osteosarcoma. Diagnosis, differential diagnoses, the possible aetiology of the tumour and the fate of the afflicted individual are discussed. It is possible that the development of this osteosarcoma was affected by the proximity of the community to a lead-silver mine. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Malignant tumours have long been thought to be rare in prehistoric skeletal samples. Numerous recent findings have contradicted this view. Well‐documented cases are of great importance in palaeopathological research. We report a malignant tumour in a medieval skeleton (Sulzburg, southwest Germany) of a child, briefly review palaeopathological research on tumours and include clinical description of the illness. The macroscopic and radiological results leave no doubt about the validity of the diagnosis of osteosarcoma. The osteosarcoma had attacked the proximal femur and extensively invaded the soft tissues. The histological appearance of the tumour is typical of osteosarcoma. Diagnosis, differential diagnoses, the possible aetiology of the tumour and the fate of the afflicted individual are discussed. It is possible that the development of this osteosarcoma was affected by the proximity of the community to a lead‐silver mine. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Non‐invasive imaging techniques are of great value in palaeopathology. Computed tomography (CT) is widely established to visualize changes in human remains that occurred both pre and post mortem. Since 1999 an advanced form of helical CT—so called Multislice‐CT (MSCT)—has become available for clinical purposes. We now present for the first time three historic cranial lesions of doubtful aetiology visualized by MSCT. Both original images and virtual reconstructions of the specimens are of high quality. In combination with peri‐lesional bone density measurements these images allow an improved assessment of aetiology. The cases presented are diagnosed by MSCT as being of intra vitamnature in two individuals and of post mortem character in one case. Time consuming post‐processing analysis and the still small number of scanners presently available may limit application of this new technique. Nevertheless, based on our preliminary results, we strongly recommend non‐invasive evaluation by MSCT to be used for non‐clinical purposes such as palaeopathological research. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract: Three dimensional islands of InAs have been grown on Si (100) by using molecular-beam epitaxy to obtain nanometer-scale quantum dots. Morphological examination by atomic force microscopy revealed the formation of islands with narrow size distributions and high densities. For an approximate coverage of 1.2 monolayers of lnAs beyond the growth mode transition, our observations of a rapid evolution of island morphology are explained in terms of strain relaxing mechanisms in the early stages of InAs/Si heteroepitaxy.

This paper draws attention to problems of assessment and interpretation of frequencies of the retention/displacement of teeth (impacted teeth and germ impaction), presents diagnostic criteria, comments on the incidence and frequency of retention/displacement and other disturbances in recent probands, lists the order in which teeth are affected, and discusses the causes of these disturbances. Reasons for the existing lack of anthropological data on the subject are suggested, and the potential usefulness of representative surveys of large samples of prehistoric populations is stressed.