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The lithology and age distribution of a seismic unit characterised by landward dipping reflectors suggest progressive underthrusting and uplift of trench deposits along the inner slope of the Middle America Trench. The fastest uplift and deformation rates, and the most rapid change in tilt of dipping reflectors coincide near the base of the trench slope and diminish rapidly landwards.

The identification of species at risk of extinction is a central goal of conservation. As the use of data compiled for IUCN Red List assessments expands, a number of misconceptions regarding the purpose, application and use of the IUCN Red List categories and criteria have arisen. We outline five such classes of misconception; the most consequential drive proposals for adapted versions of the criteria, rendering assessments among species incomparable. A key challenge for the future will be to recognize the point where understanding has developed so markedly that it is time for the next generation of the Red List criteria. We do not believe we are there yet but, recognizing the need for scrutiny and continued development of Red Listing, conclude by suggesting areas where additional research could be valuable in improving the understanding of extinction risk among species.