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To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02429.x Byline: Margaret W. Baker (*), Andrea Z. LaCroix (*[dagger]), Chunyuan Wu ([dagger]), Barbara B. Cochrane (*[dagger]), Robert Wallace ([double dagger]s.), Nancy F. Woods (*[dagger]) Keywords: elder mistreatment; domestic violence in later life; frailty; postmenopausal women; Women's Health Initiative Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether midlife and older women who reported prior-year physical abuse, verbal abuse, or both abuse types had higher mortality risk than peers who did not report prior-year abuse. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Community. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred sixty-thousand six hundred seventy-six community-dwelling women ages 50 to 79 at baseline enrolled in one of two major Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study components who responded to baseline abuse questions. Observational study enrollment was N=93,676 (1994-1998; 90 months average follow-up). Clinical trial enrollment was N=68,132 (1993-1998; 96 months average follow-up). MEASUREMENTS: Total mortality was measured from 1993 to 2005 using all available data sources. Blinded physician adjudicators measured cause-specific mortality. Ninety-six percent of death records were adjudicated. RESULTS: Prior-year self-reported abuse prevalence was 11.3%. Women who reported physical abuse had the highest age-adjusted mortality rate, followed by women who reported both abuse types. Abuse independently predicted mortality risk after controlling for age, education, ethnicity, and WHI component. High mortality risk remained for physically abused women (hazard ratio (HR)=1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.09-2.18) after adjusting for demographic and health-related factors. Further adjustment for psychosocial variables diminished this association (HR=1.40, 95% CI=0.93-2.11), but high risk remained. CONCLUSION: Community-dwelling middle-aged and older women who reported prior-year physical, verbal, or both types of abuse had significantly higher adjusted mortality risk than women who did not report abuse. These findings highlight the need for longitudinal research into prevention of abuse in later life and accompanying excess mortality and emphasize the importance of abuse prevention in later life. Author Affiliation: (*)School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington ([dagger])Women's Health Initiative Clinical Coordinating Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; and Departments of ([double dagger])Epidemiology and (s.)Medicine, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Article note: Address correspondence to Margaret W. Baker, School of Nursing, University of Washington, Box 357266, Seattle, WA 98195. E-mail: mwbaker@u.washington.edu

Elder mistreatment (EM) is a widespread and serious problem. Elders who are mistreated face negative consequences, including higher mortality risk when compared to nonmistreated peers. Factors such as childhood physical [...]

Methods of conveying bad news have received surprisingly little attention considering their broad application in the business world. Widely accepted is advice offered by textbooks for delivering written bad news: [...]

Reciprocal accommodation may be the best technique for women to achieve and be accepted in important upper levels of management. Reciprocal accommodation is based on linguistic theory of accommodation, and occurs when women engage in communication strategies perceived to be empowering, while simultaneously those in upper management acknowledge women's right to those strategies and the influence they represent. Although some statistics indicate that women have made great strides in achieving parity with men in obtaining management positions, a closer look reveals that most of the management position held by women are at lower levels. Women are still frozen out of the powerful upper levels of management. Reciprocal accommodation is complex process, but may be the best means for women and their companies to achieve success in ending gender discrimination.

An explanatory factor analysis was used to create a preliminary conceptual model of independence for older, community dwelling Americans. Three factors for a preliminary conceptual model of independence were identified, namely, physical function, social ability, and physical health.

COPD has a substantial burden seen in both patient quality of life and health-care costs. One method of minimizing this burden is the implementation of clinical pathways (CPWs). CPWs bring the best available evidence to a range of health-care professionals by adapting guidelines to a local context and detailing essential steps in care.

Given the current professional behavioral health workforce shortage, nursing professional development practitioners require educational resources to fully support registered nurses across settings in responding to patients with behavioral health symptoms. Mental Health First Aid is an 8-hour training to help nonprofessional bystanders assess a mental health crisis, provide initial help, and connect to supports and self-help resources in the local community. Mental Health First Aid was acceptable and useful to 60 RNs and can be supplemented with additional content.

Optimizing patient-hospitalist interactions heightens patient satisfaction, improves patient health outcomes, and improves hospitalist job satisfaction. A study was conducted to recognize hospitalist communication that enhance encounters, identify hospitalist behaviors for improvement interventions, and explore the association of time and gender with communication quality.

GULFPORT -- A multimillion-dollar scheme to defraud Hancock Bank's Ocean Springs main branch began when former branch operations manager Margaret Migues worked as a bank teller, later recruiting co-worker Willie [...]

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) occurs when filarial parasites are transmitted to humans through mosquitoes. The filarial worms affect the lymphatic system which leads to abnormal enlargement of body parts, chronic pain, disability, and social discrimination. In 1999, a commitment was made to eliminate LF from the Pacific Region by 2010. The Pacific Program to Eliminate LF began, with Vanuatu being one of the 16 endemic countries included in this program. In 1997/1998 a LF prevalence baseline survey was conducted to determine the need for mass drug administration (MDA) in Vanuatu. In 1999, the Vanuatu Lymphatic Filariasis Control Program was established, and nationwide MDA was implemented from 2000 to 2004. LF prevalence was collected during the MDA through sentinel site and spot check surveys, and after 5 years of MDA. MDA implementation methods included health worker training, social mobilization, and culturally appropriate health promotion strategies. LF prevalence at baseline was 4.79%; after MDA this declined to 0.16% in 2005/2006. Average MDA coverage ranged from 75.5–81.5% across 5 years. All three evaluation units surveyed in 2005/2006 were below the 1% threshold required to stop MDA. The LF Control Program between 1997 and 2006 was successful in reducing LF prevalence to <1%. High MDA coverage was a critical component of this success. This period of the Vanuatu LF Control Program played an important role in helping to eliminate LF in Vanuatu.

Plant secretory (Class III) peroxidases are redox enzymes that rely on N-glycosylation for full enzyme activity and stability. Peroxidases from palm tree leaves comprise the most stable and active plant peroxidases characterized to date. Herein, site-specific glycosylation and microheterogeneity of windmill palm tree (Trachycarpus fortunei) peroxidase are reported. The workflow developed in this study includes novel tools, written in R, to aid plant glycan identification, pGlycoFilter, for annotation of glycopeptide fragmentation spectra, gPSMvalidator, and for relative quantitation of glycoforms, glycoRQ. Mass spectrometry analysis provided a detailed glycosylation profile at the 13 sites of N-linked glycosylation on windmill palm tree peroxidase. Glycan microheterogeneity was observed at each site. Site Asn211 was the most heterogeneous and contained 30 different glycans. Relative quantitation revealed 90% of each glycosylation site was occupied by three or fewer glycans, and two of the 13 sites were partially unoccupied. Although complex and hybrid glycans were identified, the majority of glycans were paucimannosidic, characteristic of plant vacuolar glycoproteins. Further studies pertaining to the glycan structure–activity relationships in plant peroxidases can benefit from the work outlined here.

Elder mistreatment (EM) is a widespread and serious problem. Elders who are mistreated face negative consequences, including higher mortality risk when compared to nonmistreated peers. Factors such as childhood physical abuse or neglect, depression, and dependence on others for activity of daily living assistance make elders vulnerable to mistreatment. Geriatric syndromes, such as frailty, may also contribute to EM vulnerability, whereas chronic stress may be a mediator in early mortality. Research is needed to understand the role that geriatric syndromes and chronic stress play in EM mortality risk. In the meantime, psychiatric/mental health nurses can provide leadership for and contribute to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention efforts.

The article features the orchid genus, Sophronitis sincorana, which was formerly known as Laelia sincorana. Sophronitis sincorana originated in Bahia, Brazil and grew in dry and desert-like conditions of the fossilized-sandstone tablelands of Serra do Capa-Bode. The plant requires bright light with continuous strong air, warmer temperatures and fertilizer.

Purpose. This phase I study was conducted to determine the dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT), maximum‐tolerated doses, and recommended phase II doses of the combination of weekly intravenous paclitaxel and oral eniluracil/5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU). Patients and Methods. Patients received paclitaxel i.v. over 1 hour weekly for four consecutive weeks of each cycle. Oral eniluracil/5‐FU was administered orally twice daily for 28 consecutive days starting on day 1 of each cycle. Cycles were repeated every 35 days. Patients were accrued at six different dosing combinations. Weekly paclitaxel doses ranged from 60 mg/m2to 80 mg/m2, and oral eniluracil/5‐FU doses ranged from 8.0/0.8 mg/m2to 11.5/1.15 mg/m2twice daily. Results. Thirty‐seven patients received 126 cycles of therapy. Myelosuppression was minimal at all dose levels, with no grade 4 neutropenia or thrombocytopenia reported. DLT was reported in three out of six patients enrolled at the highest dose level and consisted of grade 3 diarrhea (two patients) and grade 3 mucositis (one patient). No DLTs were reported in patients enrolled at lower dose levels. One complete response and three partial responses were reported in patients with taxane‐resistant metastatic breast cancer. Conclusion. The combination of paclitaxel and eniluracil/5‐FU was generally well tolerated. The recommended doses for further phase II testing are paclitaxel 80 mg/m2i.v. weekly for 4 weeks plus eniluracil/ 5‐FU 10.0/1.0 mg/m2orally twice daily on days 1‐28 with cycles repeated every 35 days.

Favism is an acute hemolysis occurring in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient (Mediterranean variant) individuals after intake of fava beans. Divicine (D), 2,6-diamino-4,5-dihydroxypyrimidine, is present in high amounts in the beans, and is suspected to play a role in hemolysis. Its mechanism of action was studied in a cell-free system and in G6PD (Mediterranean variant)-deficient red cells (RBC). Upon hydrolysis of the inactive β-glucoside vicine, reduced divicine is formed. Oxygen acts as a one- or two-electron acceptor; superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide are formed, respectivley, together with the semiquinoid free-radical form of D. This free radical gives an electron spin resonance (ESR) signal, which is similar to that of the alloxan free radical. Added reduced glutathione (GSH) is rapidly oxidized with a stoichiometry of one to one, and the ESR signal is abolished. Additional GSH is oxidized by hydrogen peroxide and by a slow redox cycle which continuously regenerates oxidized D. The fast-direct and the slow-indirect oxidation result in nonstoichiometric oxidation of GSH.D added to G6PD-deficient RBC rapidly oxidizes GSH with an end point kinetics and a stoichiometry of one to one. Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion are scavenged in the RBC and no redox cycling is taking place. No GSH is regenerated even after long incubation periods. After the primary event, i.e., oxidation of GSH and —SH groups, a number of metabolic, rheologic, and membrane modifications, together with increased erythrophagocytosis take place in G6PD-deficient, D-treated RBC only. There is almost complete correspondence between D effects and RBC changes during the favic crisis. Among these effects, increased erythrophagocylosis, membrane cross-bonding, and formation of Heinz bodies seem to be causally related with the hemolytic process.

Practitioners and consultants, who have developed much of the theory on the direct mail sales letter, emphasize one point: The reader must be enticed to read the letter. One way to entice the reader is to use an indirect arrangement of support: Invitation, Benefits and Proof, Acceptance, and Teaser. Other reader-directed principles are 1) create the look of a personalized letter and 2) employ strategies to promote readability.

Intragastric nicotine (4 mg/kg) protects against 40% ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury and raises mean blood pressure. We postulated that this protective effect was mediated by the ganglionic stimulatory property of nicotine and therefore could be abolished by ganglionic blockers. Rats were pretreated with intraperitoneal hexamethonium (10 mg/kg) or mecamylamine (2 mg/kg) to block peripheral or central autonomic ganglia, respectively. Intragastric vehicle or nicotine (4 mg/kg) was then administered. The total lengths of the linear gastric corpus mucosal lesions induced by intragastric 40% ethanol were measured by an unbiased observer using a caliper. The results showed that both intraperitoneal hexamethonium and mecamylamine pretreatments protected against 40% ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury. Neither modified the protective effect of intragastric nicotine. The protective effect of hexamethonium and mecamylamine was associated with a significant increase in the volume of gastric mucus and gastric juice. The increase in the volume of gastric content (mucus and juice) was partially responsible for the protective effect of these ganglionic blockers. In a separate experiment, intraperitoneal nicotine (4 mg/kg) also protected against 40% ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury and raised mean blood pressure. These data indicate that the protection against 40% ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury is not unique to intragastric nicotine. Such protection can be induced by ganglionic blocking doses of hexamethonium and mecamylamine, or a ganglionic stimulatory dose of intraperitoneally administered nicotine. Whether ganglionic stimulation or blockade plays a role in the mechanism of intragastric nicotine protection, however, remains to be determined. Further studies of the regulation of gastric mucus production and gastric juice volume may shed light on the mechanism of protection afforded by intragastric nicotine.

To elucidate the role of a- and ß-adrenoceptors in the mechanism of intragastric nicotine protection against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury, the following studies were performed. At 0.5-hr prior to the injury study, rats were pretreated with: subcutaneous control, prazosin (0.5 mg/kg) or yohimbine (5 mg/kg) to block a1- or a2-adrenoceptors; or intraperitoneal control, metoprolol (2 mg/kg) or butoxamine (4 mg/kg) to block ß1- or ß2-adrenoceptors, respectively. At 1-hr intervals, rats received intragastric vehicle or nicotine (4 mg/kg) and 40% ethanol (10 ml/kg). Total lengths of the linear gastric corpus mucosal lesions were measured by an unbiased observer using a caliper. In a separate study, 0.5-hr after subcutaneous control or yohimbine (5 mg/kg), rats were treated with intragastric vehicle or nicotine (4 mg/kg). One hour later, gastric mucus volume, gastric juice volume and pH, and titratable acid in the gastric juice were measured. In the rat stomach, the intragastric nicotine protection against 40% ethanol-induced mucosal injury was not blocked by selective a1-(prazosin), ß1-(metoprolol), or ß2-(butoxamine) adrenoceptor antagonists. The protection was significantly reduced although not completely abolished by selective a2-(yohimbine) adrenoceptor antagonist. Yohimbine also significantly reduced basal and nicotine-stimulated increase in gastric mucus volume. These data suggest that a2-adrenoceptors are involved in the protective effect of intragastric nicotine against 40% ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury possibly by a mucus-dependent mechanism.

The effect of tetramethylammonium (TMA), a ganglionic stimulant, on gastric mucosal injury induced by 40% ethanol was examined. In studies I–III, rats were treated with intragastric vehicle or TMA (1 or 10 mg/kg). In study I, 1 hr after the treatment, 40% ethanol was given intragastrically. The length of the linear corpus mucosal lesions was measured unbiasedly with a caliper after another hour. In study II, mean blood pressure was assessed before and after the treatment. In study III, 1 hr after the treatment, gastric mucus and juice volumes, and titratable acid were measured. In study IV, 40% ethanol (10 ml/kg) was administered intragastrically immediately after 0.2 or 1.4 ml of intragastric vehicle treatment. One hour later, gastric lesion score was assessed as in study I. Results show that (1) intragastric TMA dose-dependently protected against 40% ethanol-induced gastric injury; (2) neither dose of intragastric TMA increased mean blood pressure; (3) there was a dose-related increase in gastric mucus secretion for TMA 1 and 10 mg/kg, and a significant increase in gastric juice volume only for TMA 10 mg/kg; and (4) the rats treated with 1.4. ml of vehicle plus 40% ethanol had significantly less injury than those treated with 0.2 ml of vehicle plus 40% ethanol. We conclude that the protective effect of intragastric TMA can be explained by its dose-related effect in enhancing gastric mucus secretion for TMA 1 and 10 mg/kg and the significantly greater increase in gastric juice volume for TMA 10 mg/kg. Even though parenteral TMA is a recognized ganglionic stimulant, the protective effect of intragastric TMA is unlikely to be due to its ganglionic stimulatory property, as neither 1 nor 10 mg/kg intragastric TMA increases mean blood pressure. However, the possibility that intragastric TMA acts as a local stimulant of intramural ganglia cannot be excluded.

Abstract: Reported are the subcellular distributions of selenium (Se), gold, glutathione peroxidase, and enzyme markers for nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, and soluble fraction of rat liver and kidney in normal and gold-injected rats. Gold thioglucose increased the Se content of kidney and liver and decreased Se-dependent gluthathione peroxidase activity. The Se in control liver and kidney was found predominantly in the soluble fraction: 73% in liver and 62% in kidney. The Se redistribution in these tissues closely followed the subcellular distribution of gold and Se concentrated mainly in fractions with high lysosomal enzyme-specific activity. The nuclear fraction of kidneys from gold-injected rats contained 46% of the gold and 30% of the Se and had an eightfold increase in lysosomal enzyme-marker activity over activity in the nuclear fraction from kidneys of control rats.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether there are any significant correlations between the subscores and total scores of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the Rorschach Inkblot Test, as scored by the Rorschach Index of Repressive Style. Twenty-six teachers of Grades 3, 4, and 5 and 51 fourth grade students were given, by group administration, the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the Rorschach Inkblot Test. Results show that although neither the Total Verbal, Total Non-verbal nor Over-all Torrance scores correlate significantly with either the Rorschach Human Movement score or with the Rorschach Total Movement score (HM + FM + m), there are significant relationships between the Total RIR, mscore and the Over-all Torrance score. The main conclusion is that the Rorschach HMand Total Mscore measure artistic, associative, intuitive creativity, while the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and RIRTotal score measure divergent thinking.

To elucidate the mechanism of intragastric nicotine protection against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury seen in a previous report and in our preliminary study, the following studies were performed. Rats were pretreated with naloxone (8 mg/kg intraperitoneal, 0.5 hr prior to study) to block opiate receptors; or capsaicin (125 mg/kg subcutaneous 10 days prior to study) to denervate the afferent sensory fibers; or indomethacin (2.5 mg/kg intragastric or 5 mg/kg subcutaneous, 1 hr prior to study) to inhibit endogenous prostaglandin synthesis. At 1-hr intervals, nicotine (4 mg/kg) or vehicle and 40% ethanol were then given intragastrically. Total gastric corpus mucosal lesion length was measured unbiasedly. In separate studies, gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF) was assessed by hydrogen gas clearance before and after intragastric nicotine or vehicle; luminal mucus volume, gastric juice volume, and acid output were measured 1 hr after either intragastric nicotine or vehicle administration. The results showed that the acute protective effect of intragastric nicotine was associated with a significantly larger luminal mucus volume. It was not blocked by naloxone, capsaicin, or indomethacin. There was no increase in GMBF. The larger gastric residual volume did not account for the protection. We conclude that the mechanism mediating nicotine protection is unique and is independent of opiate receptors, capsaicin-sensitife afferent sensory nerve fibers, endogenous prostaglandin generation, or dilution of the injurious agent. The increase in luminal gastric mucus volume may contribute to the protective effect of intragastric nicotine against gastric mucosal injury produced by 40% ethanol.

There are conflicting reports on the role of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of basal intestinal blood flow. The effect of inhibition of NO on intraduodenal hydrochloric acid (HCl) induced intestinal hyperemia remains to be confirmed. We investigated the effect of inhibition of endogenous NO on basal intestinal blood flow, HCl-induced intestinal hyperemia, and duodenal villous injury. Superior mesenteric artery blood flow in rats was measured by pulsed Doppler flowmetry and duodenal villous injury evaluated by histology. Intravenous NG-nitro-

1. a. The erythrocytic stages of the malarial parasite, Plasmodium gallinaceum, were treated continuously with large amounts of either sulfadiazine or quinine and observed at frequent intervals to determine the rate of action of these drugs.

With K. F. Semsroth, formerly of this Institute, one of us (Mellon) initiated experiments that have been substantially amplified and extended through the assistance of the above collaborators. The few original experiments were the outgrowth of unpublished studies by one of us (Mellon), attempting to correlate the antiseptic action of iodine with its wound healing power—the inference appearing justified that it might be partially accounted for by its neutralization of certain toxic products of protein decomposition, originating perhaps from the tissues or from microorganisms. In support of this point of view Eppinger,1found that iodine neutralized the toxicity of putrifying meat pulp. He inferred from his experiments that the toxicity was due to certain unsaturated protein cleavage products, of which allylamine is a type. From our standpoint, the pertinent pathological effect of allylamine as shown by him is a marked increase of endothelial permeability.It was, therefore, natural to see whether allylamine applied to wounds would delay their healing, and to observe whether the effect on the endothelium was reflected in detectable morphologic alterations in the vessel walls. Both effects were observed, the latter being of a noteworthy character, consisting in their close similarity to the experimental arteriolitis of Klinge2as shown in his hyperergic vascular lesions, and to the necrotizing arteriolitis and malignant nephrosclerosis of Fahr.3

A personal narrative is presented which explores the authors' experience of attending a square dancing event in Great Britain and visiting other places as well.

Offers information on the miniature Chinese orchid Holcoglossum flavescens. Other names; Origin and habitat; Light, temperature, humidity, water, fertilizer and rest period requirements; Growing media; Flowering season.

The article discusses the management of sex-based metastatic malignancies such as breast cancer and prostate cancer and the impact of their treatments on the bone. The author suggests that orthopaedic surgeons should understand the effects of cancer treatments such as antihormone and chemotherapy and the techniques and indications for surgical stabilization. Information on how tumor cells can damage the bone is also offered.

Presents the poem `One River Mile.'

Several letters to the editor are presented on articles from past issues including "Introducing Harry Whittier Frees: World-Famous Animal Photographer" by Mary L. Weigley from the Spring 2014 issue, "Wish You Were Here!" from the Spring 2014 issue, and "Sharing the Commonwealth" from the Fall 2013 issue.