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Understanding the fundamental reactivity of polymetallic complexes is challenging due to the complexity of their structures with many possible bond breaking and forming processes. Here, we apply ion mobility mass spectrometry coupled with density functional theory to investigate the disassembly mechanisms and energetics of a family of heterometallic rings and rotaxanes with the general formula [NH2RR’][Cr7MF8(O2CtBu)16] with M = MnII, FeII, CoII, NiII, CuII, ZnII, CdII. Our results show that their stability can be tuned both by altering the d-metal composition in the macrocycle and by the end groups of the secondary ammonium cation [NH2RR’]+. Ion mobility probes the conformational landscape of the disassembly process from intact complex to structurally distinct isobaric fragments, providing unique insights to how a given divalent metal tunes the structural dynamics.

The development of hormonal contraceptives stands out as a key contribution of biochemistry to the 20th century, part of the wider ‘sexual revolution’ that dramatically changed society in many Western countries. But unbeknown to them, the pioneers of the contraceptive pill had been beaten to the idea by a few hundred million years, by a rather unlikely group of organisms that have been using hormones as contraceptives since their own sexual revolutions back in the swinging Palaeozoic. Since their successful conquest of land in the Ordovician, land plants had been restricted in the genetic mixing and expansion of populations by their relative immobility. A series of key innovations in the seed plant group, and in particular in flowering plants, enabled plants to mate and to disperse their offspring over much longer distances, by harnessing the wind or animals to provide mobility. However, all this ‘outsourcing’ created new challenges; coordinating and optimizing reproductive effort is not straightforward when it depends on a third party. Here, I discuss some of the key signalling molecules – sex hormones, as it were – that plants use to plan their families and manage their fertility, and why this matters to us, now more than ever.

Hornworts comprise a bryophyte lineage that diverged from other extant land plants >400 million years ago and bears unique biological features, including a distinct sporophyte architecture, cyanobacterial symbiosis and a pyrenoid-based carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM). Here, we provide three high-quality genomes of Anthoceroshornworts. Phylogenomic analyses place hornworts as a sister clade to liverworts plus mosses with high support. The Anthocerosgenomes lack repeat-dense centromeres as well as whole-genome duplication, and contain a limited transcription factor repertoire. Several genes involved in angiosperm meristem and stomatal function are conserved in Anthocerosand upregulated during sporophyte development, suggesting possible homologies at the genetic level. We identified candidate genes involved in cyanobacterial symbiosis and found that LCIB, a ChlamydomonasCCM gene, is present in hornworts but absent in other plant lineages, implying a possible conserved role in CCM function. We anticipate that these hornwort genomes will serve as essential references for future hornwort research and comparative studies across land plants.

A Seattle, WA, architectural firm, headed by David Nordfors and Guy Thomsen, began the transition to computerization in 1990. Thomsen enrolled in a nine-month computer-aided design course and used his acquired knowledge to help in the change. Details of the transition are discussed.

The article discusses teaching as an art and a craft that can be upgraded by observing pupils and teachers who make teaching and learning happen. This can be done by making notes about the structure of the lesson, observing pupils reaction to different teachers, working of seating plans and later processing these observations and turning them into positive responses.

The author suggests valuable tips to new teachers to help create a cordial atmosphere in the staffroom and gain the confidence of colleagues.

Valuable advice is given to teachers to handle extreme behavior in a situation that has gone out of hand due to a fight among students.

Tips to teachers on behavior management are presented. Teachers should be assertive, talk tough and be in control to convey to students that they are in charge of the class.

The author gives teachers advice on how to manage unacceptable behavior among students in the classroom. The importance for teachers to command respect from the pupils is reiterated.

The article discusses methods that may help teachers control an unruly class. The importance for students to get to know that the teacher is in charge of the class is reiterated.

The important of an ambience relevant and suitable to the purpose of the area is emphasized with suggestions to being about change if necessary to create a more conducive atmosphere.

The spatio-temporal production of flowers is key to determining reproductive fitness in most flowering plants and yield in many crop species, but the mechanisms regulating this ‘reproductive architecture’ are poorly characterized. Here, we show that in members of the Brassicaceae, total flower number is largely independent of inflorescence number and that the proportion of flowers initiated on the secondary inflorescences represents ~50% of total floral production, irrespective of secondary inflorescence number. This ‘50% rule’ acts as a coordinating principle for reproductive development in Brassicaceae, and similar principles may operate in other species. Our findings suggest that inflorescences continue to compete with each other for a fixed pool of meristematic potential after their activation. In Brassicaceae, half of the flowers are formed on secondary inflorescences, independently of the absolute number of flowers. This rule is valid in several species and various Arabidopsismutants.

The article focuses on developing causal reasoning among 11-12-year-old students. Topics discussed include teaching events resulted from the interplay of historical actors with social, political, economic and cultural conditions; posing counterfactual questions among history students; and the use of counterfactual approaches for developing historical thinking among children.

Following electrospray ionization, it is common for analytes to enter the gas phase accompanied by a charge-carrying ion, and in most cases, this addition is required to enable detection in the mass spectrometer. These small charge carriers may not be influential in solution but can markedly tune the analyte properties in the gas phase. Therefore, measuring their relative influence on the target molecule can assist our understanding of the structure and stability of the analyte. As the formed adducts are usually distinguishable by their mass, differences in the behavior of the analyte resulting from these added species (e.g., structure, stability, and conformational dynamics) can be easily extracted. Here, we use ion mobility mass spectrometry, supported by density functional theory, to investigate how charge carriers (H+, Na+, K+, and Cs+) as well as water influence the disassembly, stability, and conformational landscape of the homometallic ring [Cr8F8(O2CtBu)16] and the heterometallic rotaxanes [NH2RR′][Cr7MF8(O2CtBu)16], where M = MnII, FeII, CoII, NiII, CuII, ZnII, and CdII. The results yield new insights on their disassembly mechanisms and support previously reported trends in cavity size and transition metal properties, demonstrating the potential of adduct ion studies for characterizing metallosupramolecular complexes in general.

The article focuses on the hidden cogs in the supplementary schools system in Great Britain. Topics include the lack of regulation in supplementary schools stated to have put the majority doing good work under spotlight. Topics include information on the Polska Szkola w Glasgow school in Glasgow, Scotland, one thing that a supplementary school absolutely must have in order to thrive include a clear ethos, a shared sense of values and mission and not such schools focused on a cultural education.

The article offers the author's insights on Captain Lee Jones of the British Army who owns three university degrees under the educational programme of the armed forces agency. Topics discussed include the largest apprenticeship provider in the country is the British Army, the association between career progression in the army and incremental qualifications, and the trainee learning development officer (LDO) or teacher.

The article discusses the shortcomings of teaching creativity in schools. Issues covered include James Kaufman's "Four-C" model of creativity, the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) which measures divergent thinking based on flexibility, fluency, originality, and elaboration, and the difficulty of providing evidence that creativity could be taught.

The article focuses on the importance of religious education for school children in Great Britain. Topics discussed include the need to teach about religion and faith in classrooms, objection from some people to the funding of religious education on the basis of their non-beliefs and the evolution of the national state school system in England. Other topics discussed include the need of inclusion of religious education in the national curriculum and the author's visit to Jerusalem.

The author discusses the need for teachers in Great Britain to engage in a debate or practice in a state of unconsciousness to teach knowledge or skills. He believes that any skills such as analysis and creative thinking are nothing without knowledge. He mentioned the books "Cultural Literacy" and "The Knowledge Deficit," by Ed Hirsch. The author also mentioned the concept of Massachusetts miracle.

The article presents information on student rules for the classroom. The author looks at the responsibility to make up missed work, how students change their uniforms, and how to interact with teachers in the hallways. The article also discusses the relationship between students and first-year teachers.

The purpose of the current study was to define exercise-induced changes in indices of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic properties in patients with chronic heart failure (HF), compare these changes in patients with HF and a reduced ejection fraction (EF) versus HF and a preserved EF, and compare the hemodynamic responses to activities of daily living with symptom-limited upright exercise.

The article presents the author's experiences with the transition from new teacher to experienced teacher, particularly noting the importance of using others as a tool for adjustment and advice. It comments on the need for teachers to become the leaders of education in Great Britain, the relationship between student and teacher, and the importance of continuing professional development. INSET: A voice from FE: Sarah Simons.

The author, a British public school teacher and behavior expert, discusses the psychology of teachers and the emotional attachment to exceptional, memorable or at-risk students. He mentions students from dysfunctional families, students with discipline problems, and teacher influence, as well as ways teachers can inspire academic achievement. A sidebar by another special education teacher discusses a case study of an autistic student. INSETS: Case study: Stephanie;Case study: Jack.

OBJECTIVES: The authors reconfigured the emergency care system of Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge. The medical admissions unit and the emergency department (ED) have been combined into one emergency assessment unit. This paper aims to determine if reconfiguration has reduced non-elective hospital admissions and reduced mortality for non-elective admissions. DESIGN: A retrospective ‘before and after’ study in a teaching hospital. Routinely collected data were used to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach. SETTING: One acute trust in the UK. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Inhospital mortality rates and standardised admission ratios (SAR) between 2003 and 2009. RESULTS: There was a significant trend towards improved survival, both for non-elective admissions and deaths in the ED (z=–3.92; p>0.001), despite the age and acuity of patients increasing. There was a marked decrease in the SAR. Formal complaints, incident reports and the proportion of patients leaving before treatment declined, whereas the proportion of patients re-admitted as an emergency within 28 days did not change. CONCLUSIONS: Integrating emergency care within a hospital reduces hospital admissions, is associated with reduced inhospital mortality and a better quality of care.

In this article the author discusses aspects of several misconceptions related to educational neuroscience. He cites claims of educational neuroscience that understanding the brain can boost grades and cure attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), among other things, argues that there is a lack of sufficient evidence of such claims, and discusses hemispheric dominance, learning styles, and emotional intelligence.

Intracardiac pressures in heart failure HF have been measured in patients while supine in the hospital but change at home with posture and activity. The optimal level of chronic ambulatory pressure is unknown. This analysis compared chronic intracardiac pressures to later HF events and sought a threshold above which higher pressures conferred worse outcomes.

The article discusses the importance for teachers to manage the behavior of their classroom beginning on the first day of school. It is suggested that teachers should remember its their classroom, not their students and to be in the classroom before students arrive. Another suggestion is to observe other teachers and imitate their successful non-verbal cues. Other tips for managing the class on the first day are given.

The article offers information for teachers on how to handle extreme behavior such as fights in their classroom. It is suggested that if something does occur it doesn't necessarily mean the teacher is terrible. A teacher standing in between most fights will stop it but if not try to isolate the students to discuss the problem. Other tips for teachers on handling extreme behavior are to get help from another teacher, and to stay calm.

The article discusses how teachers can avoid giving up on classroom management and letting their class behave poorly. It is suggested that poor behavior occurred because the teacher somehow managed to let it happen. A teacher's actions should also tell students what is expected of them not just words. Several tips for teachers to strengthen their behavior management skills are given.

The article offers tips for teachers on how to handle their students' low level disruptions while they are teaching. Low level disruptions are described as the most common bad behavior among students with talking at inappropriate times, and calling out while the teacher is talking. It is suggested that teachers have clear guidelines at the beginning of the school year. Also suggested is to get the students on task, and ignore the disruptive behavior if possible.

The article discusses classroom management for teachers. It is suggested that students want to know who is in charge and one of the characteristics students look for in a teachers is discipline because it helps them feel safe. The author believes that children respect strength and that they can identify indecision.