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A study is conducted to quantitatively analyze the effect of repeated cool water ingestion on gastrointestinal (GI) pill temperature. Findings suggest that a GI pill ingested immediately prior to physical activity cannot measure core body temperature accurately during the next 8 hours when cool water is regularly ingested.

The possible role of carbohydrate (CHO) receptors in influencing exercise performance of cyclists completing two performance trials in which they had to accomplish a set amount of work as quickly as possible is investigated. The results demonstrate that carbohydrate mouth rinse has a positive effect on 1-hour time trial performance.

Six endurance cyclists completed two performance trials in which they has to accomplish a set amount of work as quickly as possible were analyzed to investigate the effect of glucose infusion on glucose kinetics and performance. The results demonstrated that glucose infusion had no effect on 1-h cycle time-trial performance, despite an increased availability of plasma glucose for oxidation and evidence of increased glucose uptake into the tissues.

This study compared the physical demands and progression of basic training for male and female British Army recruits in single-sex platoons. Thirty male and 30 female recruits were monitored for energy expenditure (EE) (doubly labeled water), physical activity (3-dimensional accelerometry) and cardiovascular strain (percent heart rate reserve) during 6 weeks over the 14-week course. First time pass rate was similar for male (60%) and female (57%) recruits. Average daily percent heart rate reserve (female 31 +/- 4%; male 32 +/- 5%), physical activity levels (female 2.2 +/- 0.2; male 2.3 +/- 0.2) and percentage improvements in 2.4-km run time (female 10 +/- 4%; male 10 +/- 5%) were similar for both sexes (p > 0.05), although male recruits had 12% higher physical activity counts (p < 0.01). Although the absolute physical demands of basic training were greater for male recruits, the relative cardiovascular strain experienced was similar between sexes.

Improvements in electron-beam writing techniques have allowed us to compensate for electron-beam system drift, making feasible the exposure of 800×800 µ m gratings with period as small as 0.14 µ m. Placement errors due to drift, calibration errors, and nonplanar substrates are measured with verniers. Gratings patterned with interferometric photolithography provide an absolute reference for a measure of stage nonlinearity (runout.) Simulation of fracture formation in silicon nitride films has given us a tool for the prediction of structures that will fail during fabrication, and a way of evaluating stress relief patterns in arbitrary structures. We have used two sets of simple patterns to identify the critical stress intensity factors in thin, free-standing films of nonstoichiometric silicon nitride.

Reports that United States tax laws provide substantial incentives to domestic companies who wish to export goods. Use of `foreign sales corporations' to increase after-tax export profits; Exemption on foreign trading income.