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In this research, we reassess the interplay between renewable energy consumption and key economic indicators in Fiji, using data spanning 1991 to 2020. Applying the ARDL bounds test for cointegration, we detect a long-run correlation among renewable energy use, service sector labor productivity, urbanization, ICT exports, and unemployment. Our analysis reveals significant long-term effects: higher labor productivity and unemployment rates encourage renewable energy consumption, whereas urbanization and ICT exports tend to decrease it. At the same time, short-term observations indicate that unemployment is negatively correlated with renewable energy adoption. Our study contributes fresh perspectives on sustainable growth amidst climate change for island countries like Fiji.

Amid concerns that high levels of stress among local officials may impede effective governance and economic strategies, this study aims to explore the direct impact of such stress on efforts to enhance regional economic development. Thus, this study conducts interviews with 957 grassroots cadres, the local officials in western China, to examine the influence of their psychological stress on the initiative to promote regional economic development (hereafter shortened to the growth-promoting initiative), which reveals an inverted U-shaped relationship between grassroots cadres' psychological stress and their growth-promoting initiatives. The sense of mission strengthens the relationship between stress and growth-enhancing initiative. Conversely, the psychological contract does not significantly affect this relationship. These findings provide valuable guidance for addressing the psychological stress of Chinese grassroot cadre, refining organizational management, tailoring incentive systems, and ultimately catalyzing regional economic development.

Existing research concerning determinants of climate change mitigation technology (CCMT) development mainly focuses on the role of climate policy, environmental awareness, or R&D intensity. What has been rarely noticed is that the oil price, as an indication of primary energy costs, can make countries with high energy intensity lean toward renewable energy consumption and invest more in the innovation activities of CCMT. Employing a panel investigation of 30 economies from 1990 to 2019, We find strong evidence that rising oil prices promote CCMT performance. The positive effect of increased oil prices on CCMT is imposed by lowering energy intensity, increasing renewable energy consumption, and promoting energy-technology R&D. Such an impact is more pronounced for CCMT related to energy generation and efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions, and transportation. To obtain more concrete policy implications, we also explore heterogeneities of this promoting effect across different levels of economic development and oil dependence.

Central bank independence (CBI) is vital for maintaining stable economic expectations. Our work employs a panel of 161 economies during the period 1970–2019 to investigate the relationship between gender equality and CBI. By estimating a two-way fixed-effect model, we find that gender equality improvement promotes CBI. This baseline conclusion is confirmed to be robust to fungible indicators, cross-sectional dependence, and endogenous concern. One of these checks, which has a dynamic model specification, shows that CBI’s effect could last for more than three years. Moreover, a set of extended investigations reveals heterogeneity, whereby the positive effect of gender equality on CBI is more profound in economies where there is less political segmentation of the product market, more existing educational resources, and fewer restrictions on accessing information from freely-expressed media. Based on our findings, relevant suggestions are provided for global investors and development banks.

This research examines the relationships between stock prices of solar enterprises and the COVID-19 pandemic for 18 enterprises from OECD countries and 3 enterprises from non-OECD countries from January 2, 2020 to March 8, 2021. The empirical results show that there exists a cointegration relationship between the pandemic and solar stock prices. Moreover, the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on solar stock prices exhibit heterogeneity, as the COVID-19 pandemic affects solar stock prices negatively in the full sample and OECD countries, whereas the pandemic negatively affects solar stock prices in both the short run and long run, but the effects are not significant in non-OECD countries. We conduct a series of robustness tests, including changing variables and employing the Markov switching regression for time-series analysis, and the results support our main findings. According to the empirical results, investors should be prudent about investing in solar enterprises, while policymakers should balance pandemic control and maintain economic performance when implementing prevention policies.

This research investigates the time-varying correlation as well as long-run cointegration relationship between the carbon prices of the European market and the China market during the period 2013–2020. We adopt the Lagrange Multiplier (LM) unit root and cointegration test based on the univariate unit root test with one structural break and wavelet coherency analysis in the time–frequency domain. Overall, we validate a long-run cointegration among carbon prices of different markets when considering structural breaks. Additionally, there is a significant correlation among the carbon prices in the long term, but a weaker correlation in the short term, as presented by wavelet coherency. Hence, there is a solid foundation for the integration of China’s carbon market with the global carbon market.

The A-type Aurora kinase is upregulated in many human cancers, and it stabilizes MYC-family oncoproteins, which have long been considered an undruggable target. Here, we describe the design and synthesis of a series of pyrimidine-based derivatives able to inhibit Aurora A kinase activity and reduce levels of cMYC and MYCN. Through structure-based drug design of a small molecule that induces the DFG-out conformation of Aurora A kinase, lead compound 13was identified, which potently (IC50< 200 nM) inhibited the proliferation of high-MYC expressing small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines. Pharmacokinetic optimization of 13by prodrug strategies resulted in orally bioavailable 25, which demonstrated an 8-fold higher oral AUC (F= 62.3%). Pharmacodynamic studies of 25showed it to effectively reduce cMYC protein levels, leading to >80% tumor regression of NCI-H446 SCLC xenograft tumors in mice. These results support the potential of 25for the treatment of MYC-amplified cancers including SCLC.

This research investigates the impacts of three categories of epidemics on crude oil price using both an interaction term as well as a system of simultaneous equations, employing data from throughout the world for the period 1976 to 2018. Our empirical evidence confirms that epidemic strength is a key factor influencing oil price, and that the effect spreads from the stock market due to speculative investor behavior. Considering the wide heterogeneity of national development and income, the contagion channel of the stock market does not exhibit differences among countries based on variation in income level, but the influence of epidemics on oil price and on the contagion channel is significant in OECD countries. One policy implication is that countries should enact synergistic governance to prevent epidemic-based contagion. Moreover, national governments need to increase communication of information and decrease information asymmetry in the stock market.

We study the influence of natural disasters on technological innovation for a panel of 49 countries. After controlling for endogeneity issues and using several measures of natural disasters (occurrences, deaths, affected people, and economic damages) we find that natural disasters have a significantly negative effect on technological innovation. We also study the disaggregated effects of natural disasters and find that earthquakes, extreme temperatures, floods, and storms influence innovations most.

In a meta-analysis of three GWAS for susceptibility to Kawasaki disease (KD) conducted in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan and follow-up studies with a total of 11,265 subjects (3428 cases and 7837 controls), a significantly associated SNV in the immunoglobulin heavy variablegene (IGHV) cluster in 14q33.32 was identified (rs4774175; OR = 1.20, P= 6.0 × 10−9). Investigation of nonsynonymous SNVs of the IGHVcluster in 9335 Japanese subjects identified the C allele of rs6423677, located in IGHV3-66, as the most significant reproducible association (OR = 1.25, P= 6.8 × 10−10in 3603 cases and 5731 controls). We observed highly skewed allelic usage of IGHV3-66, wherein the rs6423677 A allele was nearly abolished in the transcripts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of both KD patients and healthy adults. Association of the high-expression allele with KD strongly indicates some active roles of B-cells or endogenous immunoglobulins in the disease pathogenesis. Considering that significant association of SNVs in the IGHVregion with disease susceptibility was previously known only for rheumatic heart disease (RHD), a complication of acute rheumatic fever (ARF), these observations suggest that common B-cell related mechanisms may mediate the symptomology of KD and ARF as well as RHD.

In the context of significant environmental changes, the urgency of adopting green innovation has become increasingly apparent as a central mechanism for adjusting industrial structures in China. This transition serves not only as a crucial way to address pressing environmental challenges, but also as a fundamental strategy to improve the ecological efficiency of urban areas. Existing research mainly keeps a close eye on the unidirectional relationship between variables such as technological innovation and environmental protection. There is less relevant literature that has researched the cointegration relationship among green innovation, industrial structure, and eco-efficiency of cities. The essential role of green innovation and industrial structure in reaching a higher eco-efficiency of city are discussed in this research and the relationship among these three variables are analyzed by the evidence from cities in China from 2011 to 2019. The fact that the variables are cointegrated in the long run is evidenced by the results for the full sample. The sub-sample results report that in the eastern region, green innovation, industrial structure upgrading, and industrial structure rationalization could improve urban eco-efficiency. However, in Midwest regions where economic development is relatively backward, green innovation's effect on urban eco-efficiency is not in a significant positive way. The results obtained in this paper have implications for different cities in China to formulate corresponding policies on green innovation, industrial structure, and urban eco-efficiency.

It is important to examine how international economic sanctions affect public health responses and outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the need for effective global health strategies amidst geopolitical tensions. This research empirically examines how economic sanctions affect the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic in target countries for the period February 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022. We use a difference-in-differences (DID) estimator and our sample includes 181 countries, 83 of which are subject to economic sanctions. We document evidence that economic sanctions have a significant negative impact on the spread of the epidemic in the targeted countries by increasing daily confirmed cases and deaths. These negative effects are also more pronounced (i) with a longer duration of sanctions and (ii) for Asian countries. Furthermore, we find that the negative effect of economic sanctions is weaker when government responses are more severe.

This paper contributes to mitigating the debate on whether carbon taxes have positive or negative effects on climate change by presenting an investigation on the relationship between carbon taxes and renewable energy consumption. Taking advantage of the panel CS-ARDL model, we distinctly inspect the dynamics of the CO2 tax–renewable energy consumption nexus in both short and long runs, based on a dataset of 39 economies covering 1991–2019. Our findings suggest that in the short run, a CO2 tax initially impedes renewable energy consumption but promotes it in the long run, with more significant effects observed in advanced economies. Additionally, the marginal effect of a CO2 tax on renewable energy consumption is not influenced by its initial level or change direction. In accordance with our findings, we provide several implications for decision-makers.

Much attention has been paid to the complex risk transmission between carbon and energy markets along with the increasing global financial market integration. This research thus uses the DCC-MVGARCH model and spillover index method to investigate volatility linkages between the European carbon emissions and energy markets. The results make it clear that there are indeed volatility correlations and bidirectional spillover effects for the above two markets. In particular, the volatility correlations and the spillover index dramatically change when global economic turbulence and political events occur. Apart from the strongest volatility correlation between coal and carbon markets, the volatility spillover effect from the renewable energy market to the carbon market is gradually increasing. The role of the carbon market is also changing: the net information recipient becomes a transmitter from phase II to phase IV. Therefore, our findings provide investors with flexible portfolio strategies by making full use of dynamic volatility linkages between the two markets. This research also gives a decision-making basis for market regulators to improve the carbon market's risk management mechanism. It means that regulators should pay close attention to potential market risk sources. Further policy recommendations are put forward in the conclusion section.

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This paper investigates the impact of government ideology on energy efficiency using data for a panel of 23 OECD countries over the 1980–2013 period. With dynamic panel data method applied, our evidence suggests that government ideology is a significant determinant of energy efficiency. Specifically, we show that left-wing parties are associated with energy efficiency improvements. Overall, our results are robust to the two measures of energy efficiency variables, alternative measures of government ideology variables, using annual and 3-year averages of the data, the inclusion of economic and political variables, and to model specifications.

AbstractUnlike most previous works which commonly define globalization as a strict economic characteristic, using the overall globalization index and its three sub-dimensions – economic, social and political integrations to proxy openness, this paper examines the effect of globalization on economic growth associated with autocratic institutional in China, using the a two-step dynamic panel generalized method of moments technique in a panel of 30 provinces, municipalities and the autonomous regions over the period of 1970–2006. We find that different globalization indices have different impacts on regional economic growth. Also, autocracy may harm regional development, but these conclusions are very sensitive to different globalization variables specifications. Further, considering the interactive effects between globalization and economic growth, we show that in the period of higher global integration, the higher democracy (lower autocracy) may harm economic growth in the case of China. We emphasize that democracy is clearly not a necessary condition for the purpose of economic growth in China.

We apply the panel unit root tests, heterogeneous panel co-integration analysis, and panel-based error correction models (ECM) to examine the long-term co-integrated relationship between national income and fishery consumption in a panel of 101 countries for the period 1970–2006. In addition, we utilise a panel dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) model, to assess the effect of national income on fish consumption, and vice versa. Our empirical results provide clear support for a positive long-term co-integrated relationship between national income and fishery consumption after allowing for a heterogeneous country effect. Further, we display a bi-directional causality among these variables via the dynamic panel-based ECM in the long-term, and demonstrate that fish is a common food. Finally, our full sample is divided into developed, developing, southern hemisphere countries (SHC) and northern hemisphere countries (NHC) to discover the broader effect of income on fish consumption if any, and vice versa, among different levels of economic development and diverse regions. This facilitates our understanding and provides more insight into the characteristic of fishery among different levels of economic–geography conditions. We propose fishery policy recommendations through our findings.

This research illustrates the impact of energy insecurity on green innovation based on green patent data from 1970 to 2018 in 40 sample countries. Through the bootstrap-based bias-corrected FE (BCFE) estimator analysis with the advantages of bootstrap-based bias correction in panels with cross-sectional dependence and in high-order dynamics, we first find that increased insecurity of fossil energy has an incentive impact on green innovation. Second, through sub-sample regression, we find that energy insecurity in non-OECD countries has a more significant positive impact on green innovation than OECD countries. Third, energy insecurity under the leadership of the left-wing party has no impact on green innovation, while the right-wing party exhibits a positive effect. Fourth, for oil-exporting countries and importing countries, the impact of energy insecurity on green innovation is significantly different. Finally, this paper examines the mediator role of energy and environmental policies and energy consumption structure through causal inference and confirms the mechanism for the impact of energy insecurity on green innovation.

AbstractThis paper adopts an advanced panel cointegration method which incorporates multiple structural breaks to examine the long-run relationship between real output (RGDP) and the Konjunkturforschungsstelle (KOF) index of globalization (overall and its three main sub-indices), employing annual data of G7 countries from 1970 to 2006. Our empirical findings provide strong evidence that overall globalization and its social dimension are cointegrated with RGDP, and most of the structural break points are discovered during the period of the oil crisis (the mid-1970s) and the process of European Union integration. In addition, in evaluating whether or not the structural breaks affect the RGDP through globalization, we discover that both the overall globalization index and the social globalization index have a directly positive impact on RGDP but indirectly exhibit negative impacts on real output via the channel of social globalization.

Globalization is commonly defined as a strict economic path by most previous works, but it is really a fuzzy concept with unrestrained dimensions. While the ideological location of an incumbent political party is a powerful predictor of its policy position, the role of a political party in the globalization-growth nexus has never been fully empirically investigated. By applying Pedroni's panel cointegration technique instead of a time-series or traditional panel data approach, this paper aims to empirically re-examine the co-movement and the causal relationship among economic growth, the overall globalization index, and its three main dimensions—economic, social, as well as political integrations—by using panel data for 23 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries for 1970 to 2006. Certainly, the political party variable is taken into account as the advanced test is promoted, and we finally discover that all variables move together in the long run. Based on the results of the panel causality test, though the evidence of short-run causality is very weak, it does show long-run unidirectional causality running from the overall index of globalization, economic globalization, and social globalization to growth. Finally, the critical role of the political party is deeply discussed in relation with our results.

Using daily data from January 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021, this research explores COVID-19 shocks on the stock market of 15 representative oil exploration and production enterprises from 7 countries. We measure the COVID-19 epidemic from two levels, government response stringency index and number of confirmed cases, and employ stock prices and stock market returns to reflect the stock market. Our research results confirm that both the government response stringency index and the number of confirmed cases have a significantly negative influence on stock prices. We further find that the negative reaction of the stock market to the government response stringency index is greater than that from confirmed cases. Finally, we conclude that the government response stringency index have a significantly positive effect on stock market returns of oil exploration and production enterprises. Similar findings arise from analyzing specific enterprises. Overall, our conclusions provide some useful information for the decision-making of oil exploration and production enterprises’ investors and policy makers.

Abstract: This paper applies the newly developed panel cointegrated technique [R. Larsson, J. Lyhagen, M. Lothgren, Likelihood-based cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels, Econom. J. 4 (1) (2001) 109–142] that allows for multiple cointegrated relationships to empirically re-examine the long-run money demand function for six selected countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) in 1979–2000. At the center of focus is a discussion on the regional money demand phenomena with challenges and potential benefits, because of these GCC member adoption this monetary integration policy. It is determined that there are at least two cointegrated relations in the four-dimensional vector error correction model for the variables of the real money balance, the real scale variable, the nominal interest rate, and the exchange rate. The coefficient restriction test is also conducted, and it substantiates that the full panel test significantly rejects the hypothesis of the quantity theory of money for the long-run elasticity of income equal to unity, and we are able to reject the null hypothesis when the semi-elasticities of the nominal interest rate and exchange rate are equal to zero. Some critical policy implications emerge from the results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The rapid spread of COVID-19 in 2020 has brought a profound impact on the global economy and forced countries around the world to adopt different intervention measures. Has COVID-19 and these government interventions affected exchange rate volatility? To answer the question, this research explores the impact of COVID-19 and the relevant government response policies on exchange rate volatility in 20 countries during the period of January 13, 2020 to July 21, 2020 by using system GMM estimation. The empirical results indicate that an increase in confirmed cases does significantly raise exchange rate volatility. The various policies adopted by governments in response to the pandemic, such as closing schools, restrictions on internal movements, and public information campaigns also inhibit exchange rate volatility. Furthermore, the economic response policies implemented by governments during the pandemic, including income support, fiscal measures, and international aid, have a restraining effect on exchange rate volatility. Our findings herein provide valuable information and implications for policymakers and financial investors around the world.

The title reaction affords a variety of bicyclic silylmethylene‐substituted cyclopentane derivatives.

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Abstract: The motivation behind this paper is to re-investigate the stability of the long-run money demand function (MDF) in a non-linear cointegrating framework for G-7 countries. Previous studies on non-linearity in the MDF are only related to the short-run dynamics and assume that long-run cointegrating relations are linear, which according to economic theory need not be the case. Thus, we really need to focus on the variables in the long-run MDF and their determinants through the adoption of a cointegrating smooth transition regression (CSTR) test developed by [I. Choi, P. Saikkonen, Testing linearity in cointegrating smooth transition regressions, Economet. J. 7 (2004) 341–365]. The reason is due to this model being more general than the traditional STR model in that it may contain several transition functions and has more than a single transition variable. Our evidence demonstrates the existence of a non-linear cointegrating relationship, and as such several transition variables should be of more concern under the non-linear hypothesis. Overall, we propose more possibilities that will bring about the unstable phenomenon of the long-run MDF. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]