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A nanocomposite microneedle (ZCQ/MN) patch containing copper/zinc dual-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with quercetin (ZCQ) was developed as a combination therapy for androgenic alopecia (AGA). The degradable microneedle gradually dissolves after penetration into the skin and releases the ZCQ nanoparticles. ZCQ nanoparticles release quercetin (Qu), copper (Cu2+) and zinc ions (Zn2+) subcutaneously to synergistically promote hair follicle regeneration. The mechanism of promoting hair follicle regeneration mainly includes the regulation of the main pathophysiological phenomena of AGA such as inhibition of dihydrotestosterone, inhibition of inflammation, promotion of angiogenesis and activation of hair follicle stem cells by the combination of Cu2+and Zn2+ions and Qu. This study demonstrates that the systematic intervention targeting different pathophysiological links of AGA by the combination of organic drug and bioactive metal ions is an effective treatment strategy for hair loss, which provides a theoretical basis for development of biomaterial based anti-hair loss therapy.

Dienogest is effective in reducing endometriosis‐related pain symptoms. This study aims to investigate and compare the pharmacokinetic profiles and safety of test formulations to reference formulations of dienogest in healthy Chinese female volunteers under fasting or fed conditions. The purpose of this single‐center, randomized, open‐label, 2‐sequence, 2‐period crossover clinical trial was to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetic profiles of the 2 formulations under fasting and fed conditions. Additionally, 48 healthy female volunteers were selected and divided at random into the fasting and the fed group. After dosing, the venous blood was collected through indwelling catheters. Dienogest plasma concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry after the plasma samples were prepared with the protein precipitation method. Under either fasting or fed conditions, the pharmacokinetic parameters (maximum observed concentration, area under the concentration–time curve [AUC] from time 0 to the last measurable concentration, and AUC from time 0 to infinity) for dienogest between the test and reference products, geometric mean ratio, and 90%CI were all within the range of 80%–125%. The 2 dienogest products were bioequivalent. Based on maximum observed concentration and AUC from time 0 to the last measurable concentration, the generic dienogest was bioequivalent to the original dienogest in this study conducted under fasting and fed conditions in healthy Chinese women (study CTR20190063 on chinadrugtrials.org.cnregistry).

The goal of the Length and Information Optimization Criterion (LIC) is to handle datasets containing redundant information, identify and select the most informative subsets, and ensure that a large portion of the information from the dataset is retained. The proposed R package, called LIC, is specifically designed for optimal subset selection in distributed redundant data. It achieves this by minimizing the length of the final interval estimator while maximizing the amount of information retained from the selected data subset. This functionality is highly useful across various fields such as economics, industry, and medicine. For example, in studies involving the prediction of nitrogen oxide emissions from gas turbines, self-noise of airfoils under stochastic wind conditions, and real estate valuation predictions, LIC can be used to explore the performance of random distributed block methods in parallel computing environments.

Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 derivative that has been used to treat duodenal and gastric ulcers, and to prevent ulcers caused by nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in many countries. Misoprostol can also be used for medical abortion. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of misoprostol tablets (test product) by comparing them with Cytotec (200 μg) (reference product). To assess the bioequivalence between test and reference products, a two‐sequence, two‐period crossover study was conducted with 48 healthy Chinese subjects enrolled under fasting conditions. A validated liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) assay was used to determine the concentration of misoprostol acid in plasma. A mixed model analysis of variance was used to calculate the bioequivalence of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. The point estimate of geometric mean ratios with 90% confidence intervals for the maximum observed concentration (Cmax) and the area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC0‐t) for misoprostol acid in reference and test products were 107.8% and 106.5%, respectively (range 80%–125%). Additionally, none of the secondary PK parameters presented significant differences. No severe or more than moderate adverse events were detected in the 48 subjects. However, one subject discontinued the treatment due to drug‐related gastrointestinal reactions. All adverse events were mild with rates of 19.2% and 22.9% after the administration test and reference products, respectively. Overall, the bioequivalence between the two misoprostol products was demonstrated in fasting conditions, and all subjects tolerated both treatments.

A novel series of peptidomimetic aldehydes was designed and synthesized to target 3C protease (3Cpro) of enterovirus 71 (EV71). Most of the compounds exhibited high antiviral activity, and among them, compound 18pdemonstrated potent enzyme inhibitory activity and broad-spectrum antiviral activity on a panel of enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. The crystal structure of EV71 3Cproin complex with 18pdetermined at a resolution of 1.2 Å revealed that 18pcovalently linked to the catalytic Cys147 with an aldehyde group. In addition, these compounds also exhibited good inhibitory activity against the 3CLproand the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), especially compound 18p(IC50= 0.034 μM, EC50= 0.29 μM). According to our previous work, these compounds have no reasons for concern regarding acute toxicity. Compared with AG7088, compound 18palso exhibited good pharmacokinetic properties and more potent anticoronavirus activity, making it an excellent lead for further development.

Biomass burning (BB) is a major source of trace gases and particles in the atmosphere, influencing air quality, radiative balance, and climate. Previous studies have mainly focused on the BB emissions of carbon and nitrogen species with less attention on chlorine. Reactive chlorine chemistry has significant effects on atmospheric chemistry and air quality. However, quantitative information on chlorine emissions from BB, particularly the long-term trend and associated atmospheric impacts, is limited both on regional and global scales. Here, we report a long-term (2001–2018) high-resolution BB emission inventory for the major chlorine-containing compounds (HCl, chloride, and CH3Cl) in Asia based on satellite observations. We estimate an average of 730 Gg yr−1chlorine emitted from BB activity in Asia, with China contributing the largest share at 24.2% (177 Gg yr−1), followed by Myanmar at 18.7% and India at 18.3%. Distinct seasonal patterns and significant spatial and interannual variability are observed, mainly driven by human-mediated changes in agricultural activity. By incorporating the newly developed chlorine emission inventory into a global chemistry-climate model (CAM-Chem), we find that the BB-chlorine emissions lead to elevated levels of HCl and CH3Cl (monthly average up to 2062 and 1421 parts per trillion by volume (pptv), respectively), subsequently resulting in noticeable changes in oxidants (up to 3.1% in O3and 17% in OH radicals). The results demonstrate that BB is not only a significant source of air pollutants but also of oxidants, suggesting a larger role of BB emissions in the atmospheric chemistry and oxidation process than previously appreciated. In light of the projected increase in BB activity toward the end of the century and the extensive control of anthropogenic emissions worldwide, the contribution of BB emissions may become fundamental to air quality composition in the future.Biomass burning releases substantial chlorine-containing species, driving significant long-term and widespread impacts on atmospheric chemistry and oxidation in Asia, revealing a crucial and previously underappreciated role in air quality and climate interactions.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk for stroke and unfavorable outcomes following stroke. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a potential contributor to the poor prognosis of diabetic ischemic stroke. Investigations on diabetic stroke are limited by the lack of non-invasive imaging techniques. In this study, we report a fast and ultra-sensitive MMP-activatable optical imaging probe (MMP-P12) to achieve non-invasive and real-time visualization of the dynamic expression of MMP-9 in diabetic stroke. Moreover, by using this probe, we aim to detect the therapeutic efficacy of CD28 SA in diabetic stroke. Serial near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging was performed on wild-type and STZ-induced diabetic mice after MMP-P12 probe injection on days 1, 3, and 7 post ischemic stroke. The dynamic change in MMP-9 expression after CD28 SA treatment was also imaged on days 1, 3, and 7 post stroke and confirmed by immunohistochemistry staining and western blotting. NIRF imaging showed that diabetic stroke mice presented a trend of higher levels of MMP-9. CD28 SA treatment significantly downregulated the expression of MMP-9 on day 7 post stroke. Glucose also had a downward trend in CD28 SA treated diabetic stroke mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that MMP-P12 probe successfully detect the dynamic change of MMP-9 in diabetic stroke by utilizing optical imaging. CD28 SA treatment decreased the expression of MMP-9 and could be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diabetic stroke.

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Biomimetic nanoparticles (NPs) combine the flexibility and reproducibility of synthetic materials with the functionality of biological materials. Here, we developed and characterized biomimetic poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs coated with human cancer cell membrane fractions (CCMFs) to form CCMF-coated PLGA (CCMF-PLGA) NPs. We evaluated the ability of these CCMF-PLGA NPs to disrupt cancer cell–stromal cell interactions and to induce an immune response. Western blot analysis verified the plasma membrane purity of CCMFs. Confocal fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry confirmed the presence of intact membrane-associated proteins including CXCR4 and CD44 following membrane derivation and coating. CCMFs and CCMF-PLGA NPs were capable of inhibiting cancer cell migration toward human mammary fibroblasts. Intravenous injection of CCMF-PLGA NPs significantly reduced experimental metastasis in vivo. Following immunization of Balb/c mice, near-infrared fluorescence imaging confirmed the migration of NPs to proximal draining lymph nodes (LNs). A higher percentage of CD8+and CD4+cytotoxic T-lymphocyte populations was observed in spleens and LNs of CCMF-PLGA NP-immunized mice. Splenocytes isolated from CCMF-PLGA NP-immunized mice had the highest number of interferon gamma-producing T-cells as detected by the ELISpot assay. CCMF-PLGA NPs hold promise for disrupting cancer cell–stromal cell interactions and for priming the immune system in cancer immunotherapy.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is highly lethal and most commonly diagnosed at an advanced stage; therefore, early detection with an effective approach is vital. However, due to the anatomical stealthiness and hypovascular features of PDAC, clinically available imaging techniques lack specificity and sensitivity for early detection. As important components of the tumour microenvironment, elevated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) levels during the early stages of tumour formation lead to tumour invasion and metastases by degrading the extracellular matrix. Thus, in the current study, we hypothesized that MMPs might be promising markers for early visualization and prognosis evaluation of PDAC. An MMP activatable probe, I780BP-PEG12, was synthesized utilizing a long wavelength near-infrared (NIR) fluorophore that could map the dynamic development of orthotopic PDAC in vivowith deep tissue penetration. Elevated MMP activity in tumours was detected as early as 4 days after tumour transplantation. At that time, the tumour diameter was approximately 3 mm, which is much smaller than the size visualized by clinical approaches. Furthermore, much higher levels of MMP activity were detected in PDAC under diabetic conditions, which promote the malignant actions of tumours. By noninvasively monitoring MMP alteration, tumour growth, and prognostic evaluation, we found that malignant actions under diabetic conditions were reversed by inhibition of MMPs. Generally, in addition to earlier visualization of PDAC, a probe targeting MMPs can facilitate dynamic monitoring of tumour progression and inhibitory treatment in vivo, which is beneficial for personal therapeutic strategy planning and optimization of PDAC management, especially for diabetic individuals.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal disease characterized by dense stroma. Obesity is an important metabolic factor that greatly increases PDAC risk and mortality, worsens progression and leads to poor chemotherapeutic outcomes. With omics analysis, magnetic resonance and near‐infrared fluorescence (MR/NIRF) dual‐modality imaging and molecular functional verification, obesity as an important risk factor is proved to modulate the extracellular matrix (ECM) components and enhance Fibronectin (FN) infiltration in the PDAC stroma, that promotes tumor progression and worsens response to chemotherapy by reducing drug delivery. In the study, to visually evaluate FN in vivo and guide PDAC therapy, an FN‐targeted nanoprobe, NP‐CREKA, is synthesized by conjugating gadolinium chelates, NIR797 and fluorescein isothiocyanate to a polyamidoamine dendrimer functionalized with targeting peptides. A dual‐modality strategy combining MR and NIRF imaging is applied, allowing effective visualization of FN in orthotopic PDAC with high spatial resolution, ideal sensitivity and excellent penetrability, especially in obese mice. In conclusion, the findings provide new insights into the potential of FN as an ideal target for therapeutic evaluation and improving treatment efficacy in PDAC, hopefully improving the specific management of PDAC in lean and obese hosts. Obesity is an important metabolic factor that substantially modulates extracellular matrix components, worsening progression and chemotherapeutic outcomes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. In this study, multiple approaches of omics, dual‐modality imaging and molecular functional verification reveals that obesity enhances the infiltration of fibronectin in the tumor stroma, promotes tumor progression and worsens the response to chemotherapy by reducing drug delivery.

Our study demonstrated the feasibility of using blood oxygen level–dependent MR imaging to quantify the magnitude of renal hypoxia after myocardial infarctions of different sizes in the context of multifactorial cardiorenal syndrome and revealed that renal hypoxia could potentially lead to tubulointerstitial injury in disease progression.

Following the ignition and solid-to-liquid phase transition of a fine (on the order of 10–100µm in diameter) iron particle, the self-sustained combustion of a liquid-phase droplet of iron and its oxides takes place. The objective of the current work is to develop an interpretive and explanatory model for the liquid-phase combustion of a single fine iron particle. A zero-dimensional physicochemical model is developed assuming fast internal processes, such that the combustion rate is limited by the rate of external oxygen (O2) transport. The model considers a particle covered by a shell of liquid-phase FeO enclosing a core of liquid-phase Fe. Stefan flow and diffusion are considered for the gas-transport of O2, while the gas-transport of gas-phase Fe and FeO are calculated via diffusion only. The outward gas-phase Fe and FeO consume inward-transported O2to stoichiometrically form hematite (Fe2O3), and the remaining oxygen that reaches the particle surface is entirely consumed to form liquid-phase FeO. The time history of simulated particle temperature shows consistent overprediction of the peak particle temperature when compared to experimental temperature measurements, indicating that the assumption of fast internal kinetics may be incorrect. The model is also unable to capture the apparent slow cooling rate observed in experiments. A further analysis is performed through a heuristic model with a calibrated reaction-rate law, where the internal diffusion of reactive Fe and O ions may become rate-limiting. The calibration of the pre-exponential factor in the Arrhenius term to match the experimental peak temperature yielded good agreement of time to peak temperature, as well as the slow cooling rate. The heuristic model considering internal diffusion predicts a plateau in peak temperature with increasing oxygen concentration. Possible uncertainties of the models, as well as future work, are discussed.

•Particle temperatures were measured by means of three-wavelength optical pyrometry.•High-speed cinematography was used to visualize the combustion process.•Iron particles ignited and burned brightly as generating micro-flames of nanometric particles.•Increasing the oxygen mole fraction was found to increase the peak particle temperature.•Particle size increase did not significantly affect the peak particle temperature.

This paper reports a method to measure the mechanical properties of a single cell using a microfluidic chip with integrated force sensing and a liquid exchange function. A single cell is manipulated and positioned between a pushing probe and a force sensor probe using optical tweezers. These two on-chip probes were designed to capture and deform the cells. The single cell is deformed by moving the pushing probe, which is driven by an external force. The liquid–liquid interface is formed between the probes by laminar flow to change the extracellular environment. The position of the interface is shifted by controlling the injection pressure. Two positive pressures and one negative pressure are adjusted to balance the diffusion and perturbation of the flow. The mechanical properties of a single Synechocystissp. strain PCC 6803 were measured in different osmotic concentration environments in the microfluidic chip. The liquid exchange was achieved in approximately 0.3–0.7 s, and the dynamic deformation of a single cell was revealed simultaneously. Measurements of two Young’s modulus values under alterable osmotic concentrations and the dynamic response of a single cell in osmotic shock can be collected within 30 s. Dynamic deformations of wild-type (WT) and mutant Synechocystiscells were investigated to reveal the functional mechanism of mechanosensitive (MS) channels. This system provides a novel method for monitoring the real-time mechanical dynamics of a single intact cell in response to rapid external osmotic changes; thus, it opens up novel opportunities for characterizing the accurate physiological function of MS channels in cells.

Objective:To describe satisfaction with the telehealth aspect of a pediatric obesity intervention among families from multiple rural communities and assess differences in satisfaction based on sociodemographic factors.Methods:This is a secondary analysis of data from a pilot randomized controlled trial of a 6-month intensive lifestyle intervention (iAmHealthy) delivered through telehealth to children 6–11 years old with BMI ≥85th%ile and their parents from rural communities. Parents completed a sociodemographic survey and a validated survey to assess satisfaction with the telehealth intervention across four domains (technical functioning, comfort of patient and provider with technology and perceived privacy, timely and geographic access to care, and global satisfaction) on a 5-point Likert scale. Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric rank test were used to compare mean satisfaction scores based on parent sociodemographics.Results:Forty-two out of 52 parents (67% White, 29% Black, 5% multiracial, and 50% with household income <$40,000) completed the survey. Mean satisfaction scores ranged from 4.16 to 4.54 (standard deviation 0.44–0.61). Parents without a college degree reported higher satisfaction across all domains compared with parents with a college degree, including global satisfaction (mean 4.64 vs. 4.31, p= 0.03). Parents reporting a household income <$40,000 (mean 4.70) reported higher scores in the comfort with technology and perceived privacy domain compared with parents with higher incomes (mean 4.30–4.45, p= 0.04).Discussion:Parents from rural communities, especially those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, were highly satisfied with the iAmHealthy telehealth intervention. These findings can be used to inform future telehealth interventions among larger more diverse populations. ClinicalTrials.govIdentifier: NCT04142034

An immature vascular phenotype in diabetes mellitus may cause more severe vascular damage and poorer functional outcomes after stroke, and it would be feasible to repair damaged functional vessels using endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) transplantation. However, high glucose induces p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, which can accelerate the senescence and apoptosis of EPCs. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of EPC transplantation and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor administration on diabetic stroke outcomes.

The objective of this study was to investigate the renal changes after intravenous administration of a high dose of either iodixanol or iopromide using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT).

This paper introduces an electromagnetic induction heating method which is demonstrated to be able to bond carbon nanotubes and metal electrodes. Dielectrophoresis method is taken to realize the parallel directional assembly between carbon nanotubes and metal electrode, and then localized induction heating is adopted to bond them. This technique offers a convenient and reliable way in the practical applications of carbon nanotube interconnection. The bonding principle and process are introduced, and the experiment results are also discussed. The results show that the bonding interface exhibits good contact and electrical property.

There are not any kind of e-textbooks could offer customized content, although e-textbooks in the teaching field has already spread. The purpose of this study is making e-textbooks to meet the individual needs of the audience. The study is bases on EPUB, XML and XHTML. It will explore how to realize personalized and customized e-textbook client. The study is bases on the frame of server and client.

Vertically aligned carbon nanotube films are good thermal interface materials because of their high thermal conductance and mechanical compliance. In this study, the authors bond carbon nanotube films and metallized silicon chips together using thermocompression method in a magnetic field to decrease the thermal contact resistance between them. Nickel is considered as the deposition metal because of its strong cohesion and good affinity on the carbon nanotube surface and it is ferromagnetic in nature. Bonding is demonstrated in vacuum chamber under the influence of temperature (300°C) and pressure (180 KPa). The resistance of the carbon nanotube film is measured with a thermal transient tester that can provide the structure function of the sample, so that people can know detailed thermal resistance. In general, the thermal contact resistance of the sample enhanced with magnetic field that the author measured is 34·24 mm2K/W that is 10% lower than the sample without enhancement. This study reveals that magnetic field can enhance the bonding strength to decrease the thermal contact resistance.

We prepared FA-targeted and 10-hydroxycamptothecin loaded chitosan nanoparticles (FA-HCPT-NPs) with a combination of emulsion-solvent evaporation and chemical crosslinking method. In vitro cytotoxicity test to the Human Cervix Carcinoma cells (HeLa) was evaluated by cell morphology and internalization observation. The specicity of the FA-HCPT-NPs targeting cancerous cells was demonstrated by comparative intracellular uptake of HCPT-NPs and commercial availible HCPT injection. Laser confocal scanning imaging proved that FA-HCPT-NPs could greatly enhance up-take by HeLa cells. The morphological changes of HeLa cells showed the FA-HCPT-NPs could inhibit HeLa cells more effectively than HCPT-NPs and HCPT. The results indicated that the novel FA-HCPT-NPs could be a potential drug delivery system for tumor cell-selective targeting therapy.

To overcome the shortcomings of the traditional passive-radar-seeker(PRS) for anti-decoy, a complex angle measuring method is proposed in this letter. The complex angle measuring method consists of monopulse angle and spatial spectrum estimation, two angle-measuring units. PRS can get the angle high-resolution features through the complex angle measuring method. So it is possible that PRS confronts decoy. Finally, the simulation results verify the feasibility and anti-decoy capacity of the complex angle-measuring method.

The random amplified polymorphic DNA marker (RAPD) was applied to detect the genetic relationships and diversity among 21 germplasm materials of Kudingcha species in Oleaceae, which involved 8 species, i.e., Ligustrum robustum(Roxb.) Blume, L. henryiHemsl., L. japonicumThunb, L. japonicumThunb. var. pubscensKoidz, L. lucidumAit., L. pedunculareRehd, Osmanthus masumuranusHayata, and L. delavayanmHariot. 20 RAPD primers selected were applied for the amplification on the 21 germplasm materials mentioned above. 427 bands were obtained, and the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) was 97.7%. The genetic similarity coefficients (GS) ranged from 0.1522 to 0.8322 with an average of 0.5466. There was a significant genetic difference among germplasm materials of Kudingcha species in Oleaceae, and UPGMA cluster based on the GS of RAPD could distinguish all test germplasm materials clearly and indicated the relationship of the 8 species mentioned above, all of which indicated that RAPD markers could be used for the studies of genetic diversity and relationship and classification of germplasm resources of Kudingcha species in Oleaceae. Analysis results of RAPD showed that L. japonicumThunb. var. pubscensKoidz has closer genetic relationship with L. pedunculareRehd and further genetic relationship with L. japonicumThunb. among all tested species. The authors suggest that further research is needed to study whether L. japonicumThunb. var. pubscensKoidz should be classified into a variata of L. japonicumThunb, or should be considered as an independent species. The analysis results supported that L. pururascensY. C. Yang should be combined into L. robustum(Roxb.) Blume.

The seminal work of Chow and Liu (1968) shows that approximation of a finite probabilistic system by Markov trees can achieve the minimum information loss with the topology of a maximum spanning tree. Our current paper generalizes the result to Markov networks of tree-wdith ≤k, for every fixed k≥2. In particular, we prove that approximation of a finite probabilistic system with such Markov networks has the minimum information loss when the network topology is achieved with a maximum spanning k-tree. While constructing a maximum spanning k-tree is intractable for even k=2, we show that polynomial algorithms can be ensured by a sufficient condition accommodated by many meaningful applications. In particular, we show an efficient algorithm for learning the optimal topology of higher order correlations among random variables that belong to an underlying linear structure. As an application, we demonstrate effectiveness of this efficient algorithm applied to biomolecular 3D structure prediction.

The superplasticm-d curves of Ti-6Al-4 alloy have been determined at different temperatures and strain rates; all were of themL=mmax type, and were of either fundamental, descending or ascending types. The latter two types were transformed from the former through the processes ofmL?mO, dL?dO andmL?mF, dL?dF, respectively. The highest total elongation, dF, was 1150% obtained at 950‡C and 1.55×10-3 s-1. The Chin Liu equation has been applied to all types ofm-d curves. The parameters characteristic of all types ofm-d curves have been obtained and were found to vary with temperature and strain rate. The total elongation, dF, is determined by the resultant effects of all other parameters, not by a singlem value, theoretically considered to be constant and determined practically by a tensile strain of about 30%–50% (m30%–50%) as usual.

The aim of this study was to develop a novel ocular drug delivery system based on the hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) inclusion complex coated with the synthesized chitosan-N-acetyl-l-cysteine conjugate (CS-NAC) for the hydrophobic drug quercetin. The inclusion complex was prepared by the solvent evaporation method, and the concentration of HP-β-CD and CS-NAC was optimized by isolated corneal penetration test. The optimized concentration of HP-β-CD and CS-NAC was 20% (w/v) and 0.1% (w/v), respectively. The CS-NAC/quercetin-HP-β-CD had the effect on improving the ocular penetration with little ocular irritation and could increase the ocular distribution significantly. Meanwhile, Coumarin-6 (C6) labelled CS-NAC/C6-HP-β-CD possessed enhanced fluorescence and located deeper into the epithelium of cornea at the same time point compared with the uncoated one. It could also transport drug through the corneal epithelium by intracellular routes except for intercellular routes. Furthermore, it could delay the occurrence of cataract about 1 d when administrated with full-dosage quercetin. The HP-β-CD inclusion complex coated with CS-NAC is a safe and promising ocular drug delivery system for improving the bioavailability and corneal penetration of hydrophobic drug like quercetin.

Dimensionality reduction in machine learning currently has become a very heated research filed. Traditional dimensionality reduction can be separated into two sub-fields of feature selection and feature extraction, but both of them are under local consideration. In this paper, an algorithm based on information theory, mutual information and maximum spanning tree will be proposed, in order to implement dimensionality reduction under global consideration rather than local consideration. Experimental results show it has a good performance, when the proposed algorithm is applied on gene sequences about cancer bioinformatics.

Dimensionality reduction in machine learning currently has become a very heated research filed. Traditional dimensionality reduction can be separated into two sub-fields of feature selection and feature extraction, but both of them are under local consideration. In this paper, an algorithm based on information theory, mutual information and maximum spanning tree will be proposed, in order to implement dimensionality reduction under global consideration rather than local consideration. Experimental results show it has a good performance, when the proposed algorithm is applied on gene sequences about cancer bioinformatics.