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Carboxylic acids are central metabolites in bioenergetics, signal transduction, and post-translation protein regulation. However, the quantitative analysis of carboxylic acids as an indispensable part of metabolomics is prohibitively challenging, particularly in trace amounts of biosamples. Here we report a diazo-carboxyl/hydroxylamine-ketone double click derivatization method for the sensitive analysis of hydrophilic, low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids. In general, our method renders a 5- to 2000-fold higher response in mass spectrometry along with improved chromatographic separation. With this method, we presented the near-single-cell analysis of carboxylic acid metabolites in 10 mouse egg cells before and after fertilization. Malate, fumarate, and β-hydroxybutyrate were found to decrease after fertilization. We also monitored the isotope labeling kinetics of carboxylic acids inside adherent cells cultured in 96-well plates during drug treatment. Finally, we applied this method to plasma or serum samples (5 μL) collected from mice and humans under pathological and physiological conditions. The double click derivatization method paves a way toward single-cell metabolomics and bedside diagnostics.

Precise control of circulating lipids is instrumental in health and disease. Bulk lipids, carried by specialized lipoproteins, are secreted into the circulation, initially via the coat protein complex II (COPII). How the universal COPII machinery accommodates the abundant yet unconventional lipoproteins remains unclear, let alone its therapeutic translation. Here we report that COPII uses manganese-tuning, self-constrained condensation to selectively drive lipoprotein delivery and set lipid homeostasis in vivo. Serendipitously, adenovirus hijacks the condensation-based transport mechanism, thus enabling the identification of cytosolic manganese as an unexpected control signal. Manganese directly binds the inner COPII coat and enhances its condensation, thereby shifting the assembly-versus-dynamics balance of the transport machinery. Manganese can be mobilized from mitochondria stores to signal COPII, and selectively controls lipoprotein secretion with a distinctive, bell-shaped function. Consequently, dietary titration of manganese enables tailored lipid management that counters pathological dyslipidaemia and atherosclerosis, implicating a condensation-targeting strategy with broad therapeutic potential for cardio-metabolic health.

Research on the expansion and fracture of explosively driven metal shells has been a key issue in weapon development and structural protection. It is important to study and predict the failure mode, fracture mechanism, and fragment distribution characteristics of explosively driven metal shells. In this study, we used the finite element-smoothed particle hydrodynamics (FE-SPH) adaptive method and the fluid–structure interaction method to perform a three-dimensional numerical simulation of the expansion and fracture of a metal cylindrical shell. Our method combined the advantages of the FEM and SPH, avoiding system mass loss, energy loss, and element distortion; in addition, the proposed method had a good simulation effect on the interaction between detonation waves and the cylindrical shell. The simulated detonation wave propagation, shell damage morphology, and fragment velocity distribution were in good agreement with theoretical and experimental results. We divided the fragments into three regions based on their shape characteristics. We analyzed the failure mode and formation process of fragments in different regions. The numerical results reproduced the phenomenon in which cracks initiated from the inner surface and extended to the outer surface of the cylindrical shell along the 45° or 135° shear direction. In addition, fragments composed of elements are identified, and the mass and characteristic lengths of typical fragments at a stable time are provided. Furthermore, the mass and size distribution characteristics of the fragments were explored, and the variation in the fitting results of the classical distribution function under different explosion pressures was examined. Finally, based on mathematical derivation, the distribution formula of fragment velocity was improved. The improved formula provided higher accuracy and could be used to analyze any metal cylindrical shells with different length-to-diameter ratios.

Large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) studies have identified multiple non-coding variantsassociated with genetic diseases by affecting gene expression. However, pinpointing causal variants effectively and efficiently remains a serious challenge. Here, we developed CARMEN, a novel algorithmto identify functional non-coding expression-modulating variants. Multiple evaluations demonstrated CARMEN’s superior performance over state-of-the-art tools. Applying CARMEN to GWAS and eQTL datasets further pinpointed several causal variants other than the reported lead single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). CARMEN scales well with the massive datasets, and is available online as a web serverat http://carmen.gao-lab.org.

In this paper, changes in entropy generation, entropy flow and damage are discussed under cyclic loading for AZ31 magnesium alloy. Results show that the entropy generation increases sharply at the beginning of the cycle, decreases to a certain extent and remains stable. The evolution law of entropy flow is similar to that of temperature in the magnesium alloy fatigue process. Fatigue damage rises exponentially and increases rapidly after the damage reaches 0.3. The relationship between the fatigue fracture entropy model and cycle times, which can predict the fatigue life well, is established. The relationship between the stable value of entropy generation and cyclic loading is also established. The fatigue limit is 102.25 MPa, and the error is 6.8%.

In this paper, changes in entropy generation, entropy flow and damage are discussed under cyclic loading for AZ31 magnesium alloy. Results show that the entropy generation increases sharply at the beginning of the cycle, decreases to a certain extent and remains stable. The evolution law of entropy flow is similar to that of temperature in the magnesium alloy fatigue process. Fatigue damage rises exponentially and increases rapidly after the damage reaches 0.3. The relationship between the fatigue fracture entropy model and cycle times, which can predict the fatigue life well, is established. The relationship between the stable value of entropy generation and cyclic loading is also established. The fatigue limit is 102.25?MPa, and the error is 6.8%.

Apicomplexan encompass a variety of intracellular parasites responsible for significant diseases in humans and animals, such as malaria and toxoplasmosis. Among these, Toxoplasma gondii(T. gondii) serves as an exemplary organism for understanding the intricate biological characteristics of the phylum. At the parasite's apical tip, a striated fiber was discovered and proposed to be evotionarily derived from the algal flagellum. However, the protein composition (the striated fiber assemblin, SFA) of this fiber remains poorly understood. Here, we took advantage of a proximity biotin labeling approach to identify potential SFA proteins by fusion of an engeneered biotin ligase TurboID with SFA2, from which we identified several novel components of the fiber. Evolutionary analysis suggested that SFA4 is conserved in the Apicomplexa phylum with the exception of piroplasmida, while SFA5 is specific to species of Sarcocystidae. Confocal imaging analysis showed that SFA4 and SFA5 are substantially co-localized with the bait SFA2. Using a new version (OsTIR1F74G) of the plant auxin-inducible degron system that we adapted in this study, we found that SFA4 and SFA5 were efficiently depleted by addition of a much lower concentration of inducer (5-Ph-IAA, instead of IAA). Detailed phenotypical analyses demonstrated that SFA5 is essential for daughter parasite formation and separation of parasite nuclei during division, supporting the localization of SFA5 at the striated fiber that connects the centriole and the apical conoid. The mouse assay suggested the essentiality of SFA5 in the parasites. Thus, this study provided a new repertoile of the stiated fiber, and new data supporting association of the fiber with parasite division.

Growing interest is being dedicated to smart soft matters because of their potential in controlling bioactives upon exposure to an appropriate stimulus. Herein, structuring of edible liquid oil into oleogels and emulgels as smart thermo-triggered soft vehicles for controllable release of diverse nutrients was developed. Edible liquid oil was trapped inside the crystal network structure of phytosterols and monoglycerides resulting in bicomponent solidlike oleogels. Subsequently, both water-in-oleogel (W/O) emulgels and glycerol-in-oleogel (G/O) emulgels were further fabricated by spatial distribution of the stabilizing interfacial crystals around dispersed droplets as well as the network crystals in the continuous phase. Rheological measurements showed that the gel strength of the oleogel-based emulgels depends on the fraction of the aqueous phase and is greater than that of corresponding oleogels due to a filler effect of dispersed aqueous droplets within the crystal network, offering an additional strategy to tune the structure and rheology. Comparatively, introducing glycerol endowed a higher gel strength for the oleogel-based emulgels than water, particularly at increased filler loads. In addition, these soft matters exhibited interesting thermoresponsive nature, which exhibit the flexibility for programmed release of coencapsulated bioactive components upon exposure to an appropriate thermal triggered switchable. The resulted smart thermo-triggered soft matters have emerging opportunities for application in functional active ingredient delivery by on-demand strategies.

Whipple shield, a dual-wall system, as well as its improved structures, is widely applied to defend the hypervelocity impact of space debris (projectile). This paper reviews the studies about the mechanism and process of protection against hypervelocity impacts using Whipple shield. Ground-based experiment and numerical simulation for hypervelocity impact and protection are introduced briefly. Three steps of the Whipple shield protection are discussed in order, including the interaction between the projectile and bumper, the movement and diffusion of the debris cloud, and the interaction between the debris cloud and rear plate. Potential improvements of the protection performance focusing on these three steps are presented. Representative works in the last decade are mentioned specifically. Some prospects and suggestions for future studies are put forward.

It is traditionally believed that cerebral amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposits are derived from the brain itself in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Peripheral cells such as blood cells also produce Aβ. The role of peripherally produced Aβ in the pathogenesis of AD remains unknown. In this study, we established a bone marrow transplantation model to investigate the contribution of blood cell-produced Aβ to AD pathogenesis. We found that bone marrow cells (BMCs) transplanted from APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice into wild-type (Wt) mice at 3 months of age continuously expressed human Aβ in the blood, and caused AD phenotypes including Aβ plaques, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), tau hyperphosphorylation, neuronal degeneration, neuroinflammation, and behavioral deficits in the Wt recipient mice at 12 months after transplantation. Bone marrow reconstitution in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice with Wt-BMCs at 3 months of age reduced blood Aβ levels, and alleviated brain Aβ burden, neuronal degeneration, neuroinflammation, and behavioral deficits in the AD model mice at 12 months after transplantation. Our study demonstrated that blood cell-produced Aβ plays a significant role in AD pathogenesis, and the elimination of peripheral production of Aβ can decrease brain Aβ deposition and represents a novel therapeutic approach for AD.

ABSTRACTSCAP (SREBF chaperone) regulates SREBFs (sterol regulatory element binding transcription factors) processing and stability, and, thus, becomes an emerging drug target to treat dyslipidemia and fatty liver disease. However, the current known SCAP inhibitors, such as oxysterols, induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and NR1H3/LXRα (nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 3)-SREBF1/SREBP-1 c-mediated hepatic steatosis, which severely limited the clinical application of this inhibitor. In this study, we identified a small molecule, lycorine, which binds to SCAP, which suppressed the SREBF pathway without inducing ER stress or activating NR1H3. Mechanistically, lycorine promotes SCAP lysosomal degradation in a macroautophagy/autophagy-independent pathway, a mechanism completely distinct from current SCAP inhibitors. Furthermore, we determined that SQSTM1 captured SCAP after its exit from the ER. The interaction of SCAP and SQSTM1 requires the WD40 domain of SCAP and the TB domain of SQSTM1. Interestingly, lycorine triggers the lysosome translocation of SCAP independent of autophagy. We termed this novel protein degradation pathway as the SQSTM1-mediated autophagy-independent lysosomal degradation (SMAILD) pathway. In vivo, lycorine ameliorates high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance in mice. Our study demonstrated that the inhibition of SCAP through the SMAILD pathway could be employed as a useful therapeutic strategy for treating metabolic diseases.Abbreviation:25-OHD: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ABCG5: ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 5; ABCG8: ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 8; ACACA: acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha; AEBSF: 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride; AHI: anhydroicaritin; AKT/protein kinase B: AKT serine/threonine kinase; APOE: apolipoprotein E; ATF6: activating transcription factor 6; ATG: autophagy-related; BAT: brown adipose tissue; CD274/PD-L1: CD274 molecule; CETSA: cellular thermal shift assay; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; COPII: cytoplasmic coat protein complex-II; CQ: chloroquine; DDIT3/CHOP: DNA damage inducible transcript 3; DNL: de novolipogenesis; EE: energy expenditure; EGFR: epithelial growth factor receptor; eMI: endosomal microautophagy; ERN1/IRE1α: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1; FADS2: fatty acid desaturase 2; FASN: fatty acid synthase; GOT1/AST: glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1; GPT/ALT: glutamic-pyruvate transaminase; HMGCR: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase; HMGCS1: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1; HSP90B1/GRP94: heat shock protein 90 beta family member 1; HSPA5/GRP78: heat hock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5; HSPA8/HSC70: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 8; INSIG1: insulin induced gene 1; LAMP2A: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2A; LDLR: low density lipoprotein receptor; LyTACs: lysosome targeting chimeras; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MBTPS1: membrane bound transcription factor peptidase, site 1; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; MST: microscale thermophoresis; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MVK: mevalonate kinase; PROTAC: proteolysis targeting chimera; RQ: respiratory quotient; SCAP: SREBF chaperone; SCD1: stearoyl-coenzemy A desaturase 1; SMAILD: sequestosome 1 mediated autophagy-independent lysosomal degradation; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; SREBF: sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor; TNFRSF10B/DR5: TNF receptor superfamily member 10b; TRAF6: TNF receptor associated factor 6; UPR: unfolded protein response; WAT: white adipose tissue; XBP1: X-box binding protein 1

Assembly of amphiphiles at the interface of two immiscible fluids is of great scientific and technological interest in offering efficient routes to smart vehicles for functional deliveries. Natural Quillajasaponin (QS) has gathered widespread interest within the scientific community as a result of its unique interfacial properties. Herein, spontaneously interface-driven self-assembly (SIDSA) of QS at the oil–water interface was systematically studied by morphology and spectroscopy. It was found to self-assemble into a micrometer-scale network in helical fibers by combined intermolecular π–π stacking and hydrogen bonding among saponins at the liquid–liquid interface. From SIDSA, multilayer films on the surfaces of dispersed droplets were formed and enhanced emulsion stability. Interfacial QS-based films on droplet surfaces were also shown to confine interfacial diffusion processes by serving as transport barriers. Furthermore, they can be exploited to control the release of volatiles from the dispersed liquid phase by regulating the interface film, which is shown by molecular dynamics to occur through a hydrogen-bonded mechanism. These results provide new insight into the interfacial assembly structure that can enable unique controllable release in a broad range of applications in food, beverages, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

Shock wave is emitted into the plate and sphere when a sphere hypervelocity impacts onto a thin plate. The fragmentation and phase change of the material caused by the propagation and unloading of shock wave could result in the formation of debris cloud eventually. Propagation models are deduced based on one-dimensional shock wave theory and the geometry of sphere, which uses elliptic equations (corresponding to ellipsoid equations in physical space) to describe the propagation of shock wave and the rarefaction wave. The “Effective thickness” is defined as the critical plate thickness that ensures the rarefaction wave overtake the shock wave at the back of the sphere. The “Effective thickness” is directly related to the form of the debris cloud. The relation of the “Effective thickness” and the “Optimum thickness” is also discussed. The impacts of Al spheres onto Al plates are simulated within SPH to verify the propagation models and associated theories. The results show that the wave fronts predicted by the propagation models are closer to the simulation result at higher impact velocity. The curvatures of the wave fronts decrease with the increase of impact velocities. The predicted “Effective thickness” is consistent with the simulation results. The analysis about the shock wave propagation and unloading in this paper can provide a new sight and inspiration for the quantitative study of hypervelocity impact and space debris protection.

A general γ-C(sp2)–H iodination method directed by an aliphatic keto group has been developed under transition-metal-free conditions for the first time, generating iodoarenes in good to excellent yields with excellent site selectivity. This protocol features a wide range of aryl-substituted ketones, short reaction times, mild reaction conditions, and scalable synthetic procedures. A possible reaction mechanism was also proposed based on several control experiments.

Micro-TATB particles with different sizes and 3D nanoporous TATB architectures with different specific surface areas were prepared through recrystallization to study short pulse duration shock initiation properties by electric gun technology. For micro-TATB, the initiation threshold significantly decreases with TATB average size ranging from 79.7 μm to 0.5 μm. For 3D nanoporous TATB architecture, the initiation threshold decreases and then increases with specific surface areas increased from 9.6 m2/g to 36.2 m2/g. The lowest initiation thresholds are obtained for the micro-TATB with average sizes of 1.3 μm and 0.5 μm, and 3D nanoporous TATB architecture with specific surface area of 22.4 m2/g. The shock initiation thresholds of micro-TATB and 3D nanoporous TATB architectures show significantly decreases with the porosity increased. The decomposition reaction and thermal conductivity properties were further investigated to understand the initial response mechanism. High porosity provides more collapse sites to generate high temperature for formation of hot spots. The low thermal conductivity and decomposition temperature could enhance the formation and ignition of the hot spots, and initial decomposition reaction of TATB. The effect of the decomposition temperature is higher than that of the thermal conductivity on the shock initiation properties. The enhanced decomposition reaction could promote energy release and transfer process from the ignition to the combustion. This work offers a new insight to understand the effects of microstructure on the shock initiation properties and the initial response mechanism of TATB.

In this paper, the gauge points setting is introduced in the SPH simulation to analyze the debris cloud structure generated by the hypervelocity impact of disk projectile on thin plate. Compared with the experiments, more detailed information of the debris cloud structure can be classified from the numerical simulation. However, due to the solitary dispersion and overlap display of the particles in the SPH simulation, accurate comparison between numerical and experimental results is difficult to be performed. To track the velocity and spatial distribution of the particles in the debris cloud induced from disk and plate, gauge points are locally set in the single-layer profile in the SPH model. By analyzing the gauge points’ spatial coordinate and velocity, the location and velocity of characteristic points in the debris cloud are determined. The boundary of debris cloud is achieved, as well as the fragments distribution outside the main structure of debris cloud.

Under the background of vigorously developing facilities of island/reef in the world, the economic value and strategic significance of the island/reef have become increasingly important. Unfortunately, they may easily become the attacking target of missiles in the war time. Therefore, aiming at the damage quantification of the targets in the island/reef under the missile attacking, a macroscopic damage assessment model for the target area is proposed in this paper. The model focuses on the construction of the assessment model framework. Firstly, the analytic hierarchy process and the grey relational analysis are applied to measure the importance of each target in the region through four indicators of the target hazard, striking urgency, damage advantage and mission relevance, respectively. Secondly, based on the damage mechanism of shock wave and fragments to target, the corresponding damage model is established, and the damage grade of each target in the evaluated area is obtained according to the damage criteria and grading standard. Finally, the model obtains the overall damage grade of the target area by employing the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, with synthesizing the importance and the damage grade of each target. Through the verification of an example, it demonstrates the certain feasibility of the model and provides a certain basis and reference for the subsequent research.

Glucose and fatty acids are the major sources of energy for human body. Cholesterol, the most abundant sterol in mammals, is a key component of cell membranes although it does not generate ATP. The metabolisms of glucose, fatty acids and cholesterol are often intertwined and regulated. For example, glucose can be converted to fatty acids and cholesterol through de novolipid biosynthesis pathways. Excessive lipids are secreted in lipoproteins or stored in lipid droplets. The metabolites of glucose and lipids are dynamically transported intercellularly and intracellularly, and then converted to other molecules in specific compartments. The disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism result in severe diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and fatty liver. This review summarizes the major metabolic aspects of glucose and lipid, and their regulations in the context of physiology and diseases.

polycrystalline CuxYyOz are made through solid state reaction. Ferromagnetism is found in this YCuO system at room temperature. The ferromagnetism quite probably originates from Cu2Y2O5 , the Copper Yttrium Oxide. The average magnetic moment per Cu2+ is estimated to be 0.04μB. Itinerant electron magnetism is a rational explaination for the observed ferromagnetism. The experiment shows that the excessive amount of Cu may lead more defects and further distortion in the lattice and decrease the exchange interaction. This reminds us that the Copper Yttrium Oxide is a substance not only should be avoided in fabricating YBCO superconductors but also should be considered as a potential substance of magnetic semiconductor.

High-order multiple emulsions are of great interest in both fundamental research and industrial applications as vehicles for their encapsulation capability of actives. In this work, we report a hierarchically multicompartmental highly stable triple emulsion by emulsifying and assembling of natural Quillajasaponin. Water-in-oil-in-(oil-in-water) (W2/O2/(O1/W1)) triple emulsion indicates that the compartmented system consisted of surfaced saponin-coated nanodroplets (SNDs) and dispersed oil globules, which in turn contained smaller aqueous droplets. The effects of formulation parameters, including lipophilic emulsifier content, oil fraction, and SND concentration, on the formation of multiple emulsions were systematically investigated. The assembly into fibrillar network of SNDs at the outer oil–water interface effectively protected the triple emulsion droplets against flocculation and coalescence, and strongly prevented the osmotic-driven water diffusion between the internal water droplets and the external water phase, thus contributing to superior stability during 180 days storage. All of these characteristics make the multicompartmentalized emulsions suitable to co-encapsulate a hydrophilic bioactive (gardenia blue) and two hydrophobic bioactives (eapsanthin and curcumin) in a single emulsion droplet hierarchically for the segregation and protection of multiple cargos. This approach offers a promising route toward accessing the next generation of functional deliveries and encapsulation strategies.

In hypervelocity impacts of projectiles into thin flat targets, shock initiation and interaction dominate the responses of projectiles and targets, and especially dominate the features of the debris cloud. To estimate the geometric features of the wave front during the first complete propagation in the spherical-projectile, the Geometric Propagation Model (GPM) is built in this paper to describe the geometry of the shock wave front, which proposes an ellipse contour as a function of time and equivalent speed. The GPM identifies the geometric features of the wave front as a function of time and impact velocity successfully. Combined with the GPM and SPH simulation, the shock pressure distribution and attenuation in the spherical-projectile have been obtained. Meanwhile, the attenuation of shock pressure and speed are presented as a function of impact velocity, respectively, and a method for obtaining the equivalent speed of the shock wave is proposed by the GPM. The GPM may be applicable to hypervelocity events involving any monolithic materials as long as the equivalent speed could be supplied from numerical simulation. The GPM proposed in this paper and the corresponding shock wave analysis provide a new insight into the processes of the quantitative analysis of the initiation of the debris cloud.

In the present manuscript numerical analysis on the ballistic performance of a tungsten particle/metallic glass matrix (WP/MG) composite rod is conducted by integrating with related experimental investigations. In the corresponding finite element method (FEM) simulations a modified coupled thermo-mechanical constitutive model is employed to describe the mechanical properties of metallic glass (MG) matrix, and geometrical models of the WP/MG composite rod are established based on its inner structure. The deformation and failure characteristics of the rod and target materials are analyzed in detail, and the influences of various factors on the ballistic performance of the WP/MG composite long rod are discussed. Related analysis demonstrates that the penetrating performance of the WP/MG rod is similar to that of the tungsten fiber/metallic glass matrix (WF/MG) composite long rod, i.e., a “self-sharpening” behavior also occurs during the penetration process, and correspondingly its penetrating capability is better than that of the tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) rod. However, the mass erosion manner of the WP/MG rod is different and the erosion is relatively severe, thus its penetrating capability is a little lower compared with that of the WF/MG one. Moreover, the impact velocity and the target strength have significant influences on the ballistic performance of the WP/MG composite rod, whereas the effect of initial nose shape is very little.

A new facile route was reported to use the natural triterpene Quillajasaponin (QS)-stabilized orange emulsions as a template for the development of flavor oil powders and oleogels achieved by the tunable oil fraction and drying mode. A fibrosis network interfacial film from self-assembly of QS at the oil–water interface possibility contributed to the fabrication of stable emulsion precursors and subsequent oil powder and oleogels by packing oil droplets in the network structure. An oil powder containing as high as 93 wt % orange oil was obtained by spray drying, showing excellent stability, flowability, and reconstitution ability. Upon the medium water removal rate of freeze drying, porous structured solid products followed by oleogels by a simple shearing can be formed. Upon oven drying, a translucent oleogel with high oil loading of 98.2 wt % was obtained from the high internal phase emulsion template. The resulting oleogels showed tunable rheological and texture properties, thixotropic recovery by modulating the oil fraction and water evaporation rate, and reversibility to reconstituted emulsions. Structuring liquid oil into solid materials by simply drying the continuous water from solely QS-based emulsions is very encouraging and provides new insights into various functional applications in the fields of foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agriculture.

The approximate compressible model is adopted to study the effects of strength and compressibility on the penetration by WHA long rod and copper jet into semi-infinite target in detail. For WHA rod penetrating PMMA at 2 km/s < V < 5 km/s, the compressibility has a significant effect on the penetration efficiency. We clarify how compressibility affects the penetration efficiency by changing the stagnation pressures of the rod and target. For WHA rod penetrating 4340 Steel and 6061-T6 Al at 2 km/s < V < 10 km/s, the effect of strength is strong and the effect of compressibility is negligible at lower impact velocity, whilst the effect of strength is weak and the effect of compressibility becomes stronger at higher impact velocity. For the copper jet penetrating 4030 Steel, 6061-T6 Al and PMMA, the virtual origin model is adopted, and the compressibility and strength are implicitly considered by the linear relation between the penetration velocity and impact velocity. The effects of compressibility and target resistance on penetration efficiency are studied. The results show that the target resistance has a significant effect on the penetration efficiency. However PMMA is much more compressible than copper and the huge difference of compressibility has a significant effect on the penetration by hypervelocity copper jet into PMMA.

Ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) using stoichiometric copper salts has recently been shown to permit decarboxylative C–N bond formation via an LMCT/radical-polar crossover (RPC) mechanism; however, this method is unable to function catalytically and cannot successfully engage unactivated alkyl carboxylic acids, presenting challenges to the general applicability of this approach. Leveraging the concepts of LMCT and radical-ligand-transfer (RLT), we herein report the first photochemical, iron-catalyzed direct decarboxylative azidation. Simply irradiating an inexpensive iron nitrate catalyst in the presence of azidotrimethylsilane allows for a diverse array of carboxylic acids to be converted to corresponding organic azides directly with broad functional group tolerance and mild conditions. Intriguingly, no additional external oxidant is required for this reaction to proceed, simplifying the reaction protocol. Finally, mechanistic studies are consistent with a radical mechanism and suggest that the nitrate counteranion serves as an internal oxidant for turnover of the iron catalyst.

Rab10 can increase insulin-stimulated activation of RalA in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Rlf is a new effector of Rab10 and is required for maximal glucose uptake in adipocytes. Rab10 recruits Rlf to activate RalA.

Amphipathic phospholipids translocated by scramblases play a central role in facilitating lipid movement across the membrane bilayer, especially at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes. Here, we present a protocol for assessing the activity of the ER-localized lipid scramblase TMEM41B. We detail an in vitrofluorescent liposome-based phospholipid scrambling assay and in vivometabolic labeling in living cells using alkyne-choline. The scramblase activity of other VTT (VMP1, TMEM41, and Tvp38) domain-containing proteins, such as TMEM41A and VMP1, can be assayed.

According to the dimensionless formulae of DOP (depth of penetration) of a rigid projectile into different targets, the resistive force which a target exerts on the projectile during the penetration of rigid projectile is theoretically analyzed. In particular, the threshold Vcof impact velocity applicable for the assumption of constant resistive force is formulated through impulse analysis. The various values of Vccorresponding to different pairs of projectile-target are calculated, and the consistency of the relative test data and numerical results is observed.

Strength properties and modulus characteristics were studied through laboratory experiment with different gradation types, different cement content of cement stabilized macadam. Test results show that, in the same conditions of aggregate types, the two important factors that influence cement stabilized macadam road performances are mixture types and cement content. With the improvement of the amount of cement, the mixture strength and modulus of resilience are growing; when we use a certain amount of cement, different types of cement gravel structure show different properties. And frame cement stabilized aggregate exhibit excellent road performance.

This paper study on AC-13 skeleton dense-graded asphalt mixtures by fractal theory, obtaining that both aggregate size and gradation have fractal character. Compared three kinds of asphalt mixture, we found that there was a strong correlation between fractal dimension of aggregate and aggregate size distribution. AC-13 skeleton dense-graded asphalt mixtures were tested. The results show that the aggregate fractal dimension has a good correlation with mixture’s bulk density, mineral aggregate gap rate, percentage of voids and asphalt degree of saturation too. The study is useful for reference to the readers who engage in further study of the fractal theory’s application to asphalt mixtures.

Nanocutting is one of the most important ultra–precision machining methods to obtain complex optical elements with high quality finish. Molecular dynamics is widely used to investigate the nanocutting mechanism due to the nano–scale cutting depth. For high efficiency and large scale simulation, multiscale method is significantly necessary. Quasicontinuum (QC) multiscale method, using the embedded atom method (EAM), is applied to study the effect of crystal orientation on nanometric cutting of single crystal copper. The results show that the generation and emission of dislocation and the distribution of residual stress in workpiece strongly depend on the crystal orientation and cutting direction. It is recommended to fabricate a higher quality surface when the cutting direction is along [101] on crystal orientation (111). Finally, it is proved that QC method is an efficient approach to study the nanocutting mechanism.

The mechanical properties of heat affected zone (HAZ) of two commercial high-Nb X80 grade pipeline steels with different alloy elements were investigated using thermal simulation performed on a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator. The results showed that the high-Nb steels have excellent weldability. Embrittlement regions appear in coarse grain heat affected zone (CGHAZ) and intercritically heat affected zone (ICHAZ); Softening region appears in fine-grain heat affected zone (FGHAZ), and the strength here was even lower than 555 MPa as required in the standard. Meanwhile, with the increase of heat input, the strength and the toughness of HAZ of steel with high Nb, C and lower alloy decrease notably. Therefore, take into account the welding procedure during manufacture of weld pipe, suitable amount of alloy elements, such as Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo and so on, is necessary for high Nb X80 heavy-thick steel plate.

The mechanical properties of heat affected zone (HAZ) of two commercial high-Nb X80 grade pipeline steels with different alloy elements were investigated using thermal simulation performed on a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator. The results showed that the high-Nb steels have excellent weldability. Embrittlement regions appear in coarse grain heat affected zone (CGHAZ) and intercritically heat affected zone (ICHAZ); Softening region appears in fine-grain heat affected zone (FGHAZ), and the strength here was even lower than 555 MPa as required in the standard. Meanwhile, with the increase of heat input, the strength and the toughness of HAZ of steel with high Nb, C and lower aloy decrease notably. Therefore, take into account the welding procedure during manufacture of weld pipe, suitable amount of alloy elements, such as Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo and so on, is necessary for high Nb X80 heavy-thick steel plate.

Large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) studies have identified multiple noncoding variantsassociated with genetic diseases by affecting gene expression. However, pinpointing causal variants effectively and efficiently remains a serious challenge. Here, we developed CARMEN, a novel algorithmto identify functional noncoding expression-modulating variants. Multiple evaluations demonstrated CARMEN’s superior performance over state-of-the-art tools. Applying CARMEN to GWAS and eQTLs datasets further pinpoints several causal variants other than reported lead single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). CARMEN scales well with the massive datasets and is available online as a web serverat http://carmen.gao-lab.org.

The examination of temperature sensor is a complicated process. Generally speaking that the examination is done by manual. But the manual detection has its disadvantages, such as connection trifles, inefficient and so on. In order to solve above disadvantages, this paper introduces a design of automatic detection system for temperature sensor based on virtual instrument. It elaborates the choice of hardware and the design of software. The system is mainly aimed at temperature sensor for resistance and insulation detection. Then we can determine whether the main parameters of temperature sensor are up to standard or not. The system realizes the automation of detection process. In the practical application, it has achieved better effect. In addition, this system can be used by other sensor detection when it has been part of the modification. So it has wide application range and higher practicability.

In this paper we have developed a new methodology for detecting the contour size of driver airbag based on image processing technology and Machine vision. Through the CCD camera we can obtain the image, and then do the following operations by a computer, such as binarization, edge extraction and so on the other image preprocessing. This methodology uses intelligent template matching technology to detect the airbags and by comparing with the predefined parameter to determine whether the contour size is qualified .The experimental results show that: this new detection method solves the disadvantage of traditional detection method, such as the low detection efficiency, the detection precision is not high, the poor detection repeatability, the higher rate of detection miscarriage of justice.

For liquefied gas valve external thread detections, the gauges traditional external thread detection. Although this method simply, easy to operate, but the detection process in contact with the thread and thus cannot guarantee the quality of the thread and the low detection efficiency. The external thread detection of liquefied gas valve based on image processing techniques adopts a non-contact detection. CCD camera collects image of the external thread and transmitted to the computer by the acquisition board. Thus image preprocessing, image segmentation and then get the thread edge contour. Finally, Matched thread profile .By comparing with the standard size tape to determine eligibility. The experimental results show that this method is feasible.

High-speed projectile usually has significantly nose blunting which may decrease performance of projectile. Since the peeling of molten surface layer is the primary cause of mass loss of projectile, the projectile made of refractory material may reduce nose blunting. Two possible schemes to distribute refractory material in projectile are suggested in the present manuscript, i.e. layering refractory material outside the projectile nose surface and using material with gradient melting heat to make projectile nose. Based on one numerical model previously constructed by our team, both schemes are able to reduce nose blunting and enhance performance of projectile.

By employing the theoretical model of a rigid sharp-nosed projectile perforating the ductile metallic target plate, the present paper re-analyzes the previously published experimental data of APM2 bullet and its hard steel core perforating aluminum armor plates and high-strength steel plates, respectively. Although the bullet deforms during the perforation, the test confirms that the hard steel core dominates in the perforation but the brass jacket, lead cap and end cap only have limited influence on the ballistics. Therein the perforation model of a rigid sharp-nosed projectile may be conducted to analyze the perforation of APM2 bullet. With increasing the thickness of ductile metallic target plate, the inertia effect of target will arise and obviously affect the terminal ballistics. The inertia effect of target must be considered in the scenario of thick target plate.

Effect of antimony on the microstructure, especially on the morphologies of rare earth-enriched phases, of mischmetal -containing AZ31 alloy was studied. The results showed that, by the addition of 0.8%Sb, the rare earth-enriched phases in AZ31-1.0％MM were transformed to dispersive tiny sphere-like Al-rare earth-Sb phases from coarse needle-like Al-rare earth phases. Meanwhile, rare earth-enriched phases transferred into α-Mg crystal grains from grain boundaries. On the other hand, the distribution of β-Mg17Al12 phases became more dispersive.

In this study, the effect of KBF4 addition on the microstructure of the Mg-6Zn-1Si alloy has been investigated by Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive Spectrometer(EDS). At 1.5wt% KBF4 addition, the morphology of Mg2Si phase completely changed from Chinese script type into uniformly, dispersedly distributed graininess or small block, with the average size of the Mg-6Zn-1Si alloy decreasing from 135μm to 82μm.

Designers are being increasingly pressurised to design buildings with high standards of energy e1ciency, performance and comfort. Computers are seen as an important modern design tool that can help lighten some of the designers' burdens. A myriad of computer applications already exists, ranging from complex 4nite-element applications to simple electronic nomographs. New development in this 4eld tends to be in the areas of integrated building design and knowledge-based systems.Researchers and scientists can develop tools with the potential to greatly enhance the quality of buildings. These tools will however fail if they are not widely accepted and used by designers. Only a few building designers currently exploit the full potential of computer design tools. The general use of computers seems to be restricted to CAD and steady state calculations. This can mainly be attributed to the complexity of, and time required for using the existing tools.

An optimum process for a two-step press forging of stepped holes in a metal sheet was proposed .Numerical simulation on the two-step process was carried out by using DEFORM-3D. Distributions of effective strain and effective stress were obtained. The study showed that the process not only can form the stepped, but also can increase the surface quality and strength of stepped holes in sheet metal parts, According to the numerical simulation’s process parameter , an experimental die was designed, the simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental data

An new technological scheme for a two-step cold press forging of step holes in a thick metal sheet was proposed . Finite element analysis on the two-step process is carried out by using DEFORM-3D. Velocity shade contours are obtained. The study shows that the technique can form step holes in thick sheet metal and increase their strength, According to the numerical simulation’s process parameter, an experimental die is designed, the FEA results are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Recently developed bulk metallic glass (BMG) alloys have attractive mechanical properties for structural applications, and tungsten fiber reinforced bulk metallic glass matrix composite(BMGC) would further improve the properties compared to un-reinforced BMG. With INSTRON1196 test machine system and SHPB experimental system, quasi-static and dynamic compression experiments on tungsten fiber reinforced bulk metallic glass matrix composite were carried out. The material flow stress is about 2200MPa in quasi-static, and the dynamic flow stress of the material is around 2800MPa with strain rate of 740 s-1. The specimen fails with the form of axial cracks

Small GTPases are key intermediates that operate at the crossroads of signaling and trafficking. During insulin-stimulated glucose transport, activation of the vesicular-localized small GTPase RalA leads to its engagement with the vesicle tethering exocyst complex, mediating the plasma membrane targeting of Glut4 vesicles. Activation of RalA is achieved via inhibition of the Ral GAP Complex (RGC), comprised of the regulatory subunit RGC1 and the catalytic subunit RGC2. RGC1/2 share homology with the Rheb GAP complex TSC1/2 and can also be inactivated by Akt-catalyzed phosphorylation to produce RalA activation and exocyst engagement. Disengagement between the GTPase and the exocyst occurs through phosphorylation of its effector Sec5 in its Ral-binding domain, thus allowing continuation of exocytic program and recycling of the tether. Phosphorylation of Sec5 is catalyzed by protein kinase C (PKC) and can be reversed by an exocyst-associated phosphatase activity. Therefore, integration of the GTPase cycle and the phosphorylation cycle orchestrates the engagement-disengagement switch between Ral GTPases and the effector exocyst.

For any On-orbit Space camera, the influence of flutter on the imaging process of TDICCD space camera is inevitable, thus causing the decline of image quality. This paper briefly introduces the principle of TIDCCD camera and how flutter affects the imaging process. Then through the analysis and calculation of practical program, we find the acceleration criterion to avoid the blur of image quality.

Al-3Ti-0.5B master alloy was prepared by reaction of Ti sponge, KBF4 with aluminum melt. The morphology and distribution of the second phases effected by the feeding methods have been discussed. And the grain refining performance and the resistance to fading of the master alloy were investigated. The result shows that the Al-3Ti-0.5B master alloy which was prepared by adding mixture of Ti sponge and KBF4 power into molten aluminum contains a large number of granular TiB2 phase and blocky TiAl3 phase. The average grain size of commercial purity aluminum was refined from 920μm to 120μm by adding 0.5wt.% of the master alloy. And the refining performance of the master alloy shows no obviously fading phenomenon when the holding time up to 30min.

The Mg-6Zn-6Al-0.5Mn-0.6Si-0.1Ca alloy has been produced in a steel crucible in an electric resistance furnace protectived by CO2+0.5%SF6. The microstructure of the as-cast alloy consisted of matrix–α(Mg) supersaturated solid solution, τ(Mg32(Al,Zn)49) ternary-phase and a small polygonal type Mg2Si phase in matrix. The τ(Mg32(Al,Zn)49) ternary-phase dispersion distribution in grain boundaries. After solution-treated, the amount of quasi-continuous net-shape ternary-phases reduce and small part of ternary-phases dissolve to the matrix which lead to the distribution on the matrix more uniform than as-casting condition in the alloy. The results of tensile, microhardness, impact toughness and corrosion property show that the alloy has better compressive properties.